Lecture—1

1. What is data?
Data—Data means facts or information used usually to calculate, analyze, or plan something
The quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer,
which may be stored and transmitted in the form of electrical signals and recorded on magnetic,
optical, or mechanical recording media.
2. What is information?
Information—Data that is (1) accurate and timely, (2) specific and organized for a purpose, (3)
presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and (4) can lead to an increase in
understanding and decrease in uncertainty.
3. How data differ from information?

Some differences between data and information:

 Data is used as input for the computer system. Information is the output of data.
 Data is unprocessed facts figures. Information is processed data.
 Data doesn’t depend on Information. Information depends on data.
 Data is not specific. Information is specific.
 Data is a single unit. A group of data which carries news and meaning is called Information.
 Data doesn’t carry a meaning. Information must carry a logical meaning.
 Data is the raw material. Information is the product.

4. How data transform into information?

5. How we can get knowledge from information?

6. Mention the characteristic for useful information?

 7. Component of system
Every system comprises of basic components which in coordination formulate a system. These are
as follows.
·
Input elements
The information entered into a system. For instance raw data input to the computer system.
·
Process
Any specific treatment defined in the system to be performed on the data entered into the system,
for instance, computation, analysis, application of any model.
·
Output elements
The results given by the system after the process has been performed on the data being input to the
system.
·
Control mechanism
Every system is expected to generate some sort of standardized output. Hence actual output needs
to be compared with what it is supposed to generate. This comparison of actual with expected
output is done with the help of control mechanism.
·
Feedback system
Once the control mechanism has been devised, it needs to a reporting mechanism, which should
respond with a corrective action, if required.
·
Objectives
We just mentioned that a control mechanism should compare actual output with expected/Ideal
output. But before this is being done, there needs to be a list of specific objectives which define
expected output.

8. Components of information system

Components of Definitions
information system
Data Input the system takes to produce information
Hardware A computer and its peripheral equipment: input, output and storage
devices; hardware also includes data communication equipment
Software Sets of instructions that tell the computer how to take data in, how to
process it, how to display information, and how to store data and
information
Telecommunications Hardware and software that facilitates fast transmission and reception
of text, pictures, sound, and animation in the form of electronic data
People Information systems professionals and users who analyses
organizational information needs, design and construct information
systems, write computer programs, operate the hardware, and maintain
software
Procedures Rules for achieving optimal and secure operations in data processing;
procedures include priorities in dispensing software applications and
security measures

9. Definition + Details—
Input— what is put in, taken in, or operated on by any process or system.
Output— Output is defined as the act of producing something, the amount of something that is
produced or the process in which something is delivered. In another words it’s the place where
power or information leaves a system.
Processing— perform a series of mechanism or operations on something in order to change or
preserve it. Or deal with (someone or something) using an official procedure
Feedback— it means information about reactions to a product, a person's performance of a task,
etc. which is used as a basis for improvement.
Control—it’s the power to influence or direct people's behavior or the course of events
10. How information technology differs from information system?
Information Technology usually refers to the underlying hardware and networks used to provide
data where and when necessary.

Information Systems usually refers specifically to the software used to transform raw data into
information from which decisions may be based.
11. Information system development

System Study

 problem identification and project opening

 background analysis
 inference or findings

Feasibility Study

 Economic feasibility - The likely benefits outweigh the cost of solving the problem which
is generally demonstrated by a cost/ benefit analysis.
 Operational feasibility - Whether the problem can be solved in the user’s environment
with existing and proposed system workings?
 Organizational feasibility – Whether the proposed system is consistent with the
organization’s strategic objectives?
 Technical feasibility - Whether the problem be solved using existing technology and
resources available?
 Social feasibility – Whether the problem be solved without causing any social issues?
Whether the system will be acceptable to the society?
Detailed System Study

 Keeping in view the problems and new requirements

 Workout the pros and cons including new areas of the system

System Analysis

Systems analysis is a process of collecting factual data, understand the processes involved,
identifying problems and recommending feasible suggestions for improving the system
functioning.

 What is being done?

 How is it being done?
 Who is doing it?
 When is he doing it? Why is it being done?
 How can it be improved?

System Design

Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of a new system, the new system must be
designed. This is the phase of system designing. It is the most crucial phase in the development of
a system. The logical system design arrived at as a result of system analysis and is converted into
physical system design.

Testing

Before actually implementing the new system into operations, a test run of the system is done
removing all the bugs, if any. It is an important phase of a successful system. After codifying the
whole programs of the system, a test plan should be developed and run on a given set of test data.

Implementation

 Acquisition and Installation of Hardware and Software

 Conversion
 User Training
 Documentation

Maintenance

 knowing the full capabilities of the system

 knowing the required changes or the additional requirements
 Studying the performance.

12. Information System development

 13. Information system model

14. Challenge and opportunity

Challenges-
 Workforce downsizing
 Information overload
 Employee mistrust
 Difficult to built
 Security breaches
Opportunities-
 Enhanced global competitiveness
 Capture market opportunities
  Support corporate strategy
 Enhance worker productivity
 Improve quality of goods and services

15. Information Technology outside organization

16. Show the pyramid of information system in your organization

 Lecture—2
1. What is MIS? What are the goals of MIS?
MIS—The MIS is defined as a system which provides information support for decision making in
the organization.
Goals—
 Provide managers with information regular
 Routine operational control
 Organize and plan better

2. State and explain any five characteristic of a good Management Information System.
 Management Oriented— For designing of MIS top-down approach should be followed.
Top-down approach suggests that the system development starts from the determination of
the management needs and overall business objectives. Management oriented
characteristic of MIS also implies that the management actively directs the system
development efforts.
 Management directed— Since MIS is 'for the' management it is imperative that it also
should have a very strong 'by the' management initiative. Management is involved in the
designing process of MIS and also in its continuous review and up gradation to develop a
good qualitative system. The system is structured as per directions factored by
management. This helps in minimizing the gap between expectations of management form
the system and the actual system.
 Integrated— Integration is significant because of its ability to produce more meaningful
information. For example, in order to develop an effective production scheduling system,
it is necessary to balance such factors as: set-up costs, work force, overtime rates,
production capacity, inventory level, capital requirements and customer services.
Integration means taking a comprehensive view of the subsystems that operate within the
company.
 Common data flows— Because of the integration concept of MIS, there is an opportunity
to avoid duplication and redundancy in data gathering, storage and dissemination. System
designers are aware that a few key source documents account for much of the information
flow. For example, customer’s orders are the basis for billing the customer for the goods
ordered, setting up accounts receivables, initiating production activity, sales analysis, sales
forecasting etc.
 Heavy planning element— MIS cannot be designed overnight. It requires very high
degree of planning which goes into creating an effective organization. The reason for this
kind of planning is to ensure that the MIS being built not only satisfies the information
need of the managers today but can also serve the organization for the next five to ten years
with modifications. Sometimes when the planning part is done away with, systems tend to
 perform well in the present but they tend to become obsolete with time. Planning helps to
avoid this problem.
3. Compare Structured and Unstructured Problem
Structured Problem— any problem which has been faced earlier, or a problem for which the
existing and desired state are clearly identified is structured problem.
Unstructured Problem— any unstructured problem is that which is faced first time no one knows
how to solve it. In unstructured problem experts often disagree about the best solution
4. Model for problem solving
 Decision Making Phase
a. Intelligence gathering
b. Design
c. Choice
 Implementation
 Monitoring

5. Three approaches of MIS development

For developing MIS, three approaches are used:

 Top down approach

A top-down approach is essentially the breaking down of a system to gain insight into its
compositional sub-systems in a reverse engineering fashion. In a top-down approach an overview
of the system is formulated, specifying but not detailing any first-level subsystems.

 Bottom up approach

A bottom-up approach is the piecing together of systems to give rise to more complex systems,
thus making the original systems sub-systems of the emergent system. Bottom-up processing is a
type of information processing based on incoming data from the environment to form a perception.

 Integrative approach.

Under Integrative approach we can overcome the limitations of the above two approaches when
used objectively. Integrative approach permits managers at all levels to influence the design of
MIS.
 6. What is Intelligence gathering?

 Definition of problem
 Data gathered on scope
 Constraints identified

7. What is programmed and Unprogrammed decision

Programmed Decision— Programmed decision are decisions that have made so many time in the
past that managers have developed rules or guideline to be applied when certain situation are
expected to occur. In certain situation, manager and employees do not really have to make
decision; it is already programmed for them in term of rule, policy and procedure.
Examples of programmed decisions are reordering printer cartridges and buying your favorite
toothpaste or shampoo at the supermarket.
Unprogrammed decision—Unprogrammed decisions are made in respond to unusual opportunity
or threats. Basically, these situations are unique, are poorly defined and largely unstructured. It
requires conscious thinking, information gathering and careful consideration of alternatives.
Examples of non programmed decisions are selecting a new cell phone provider and selecting a
college to attend.
8. What is decision support system? Give an example where this system used?
Decision support system— A decision support system (DSS) is a computer program application
that analyzes business data and presents it so that users can make business decisions more easily.
There are a lot of different ways managers can use decision support software to their advantage if
they are open to exploring decision support systems (DSS) applications and uses. Typically,
business planners will build a DSS system according to their needs and use it to evaluate specific
operations, including:

 A large stock of inventory, where decision support system applications can provide
guidance on establishing supply chain movement that works for a business.
 A sales process, where decision support systems software is a "crystal ball" that helps
managers imagines how changes will affect results.
 There specialized processes related to a field or industry.
9. What is rule based solution generation?
In computer science, rule-based systems are used as a way to store and manipulate knowledge to
interpret information in a useful way. They are often used in artificial intelligence applications and
research.
 10. Work of MIS in different levels

 Operational information:

Operational information relates to the day-to-day operations of the organization and thus, is useful
in exercising control over the operations that are repetitive in nature. Since such activities are
controlled at lower levels of management, operational information is needed by the lower
management.

For example, the information regarding the cash position on day-to-day basis is monitored and
controlled at the lower levels of management. Similarly, in marketing function, daily and weekly
sales information is used by lower level manager to monitor the performance of the sales force.

 2. Tactical information:

Tactical information helps middle level managers allocating resources and establishing controls to
implement the top level plans of the organization. For example, information regarding the
alternative sources of funds and their uses in the short run, opportunities for deployment of surplus
funds in short- term securities, etc. may be required at the middle levels of management.

 Strategic information:

While the operational information is needed to find out how the given activity can be performed
better, strategic information is needed for making choices among the business options.

The strategic information helps in identifying and evaluating these options so that a manager
makes informed choices which are different from the competitors and the limitations of what the
rivals are doing or planning to do. Such choices are made by leaders only.

11. Describe the impact of MIS

 Enhance communication among employees.

 Deliver complex materials throughout the institution.
 Provide an object system for recording and aggregate information.
 Reduce expenses to labor intensive manual activities.
 Support the organizations strategic goals and direction.

12. What is management according MIS?

Management in businesses and organizations is the function that coordinates the efforts of people
to accomplish goals and objectives by using available resources efficiently and effectively.

Management includes planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an

organization to accomplish the goal or target. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and
manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural
resources. Management is also an academic discipline, a social science whose objective is to study
social organization.

13. Who is manager

An individual who is in charge of a certain group of tasks, or a certain subset of a company.

Lecture—3

1. Types of organization

 Brick-and-mortar (or old-economy) refer to pure physical organizations

(corporations).

A brick-and-mortar business is one that serves its customers within a building or physical location,
as opposed to an online business. Brick-and-mortar businesses are businesses in the traditional
sense, where customers come face to face with the business in a specific location. Grocery stores,
banks and retail shops are all examples of brick-and-mortar businesses. Businesses that are
Internet-based, even those that sell physical products, are not considered brick and mortar.

 Virtual (or pure-play) organizations are companies that are engaged only in EC.

A virtual organization or company is one whose members are geographically apart, usually
working by computer e-mail and groupware while appearing to others to be a single, unified
organization with a real physical location.

One that
 Does not have a physical presence but exists electronically (virtually) on the internet,
 Is not constrained by the legal definition of a company, or
 Is formed in an informal manner as an alliance of independent legal entities.

 Click-and-mortar (or click-and-brick) organizations are those that conduct some e-

commerce activities, yet their primary business is done in the physical world.

This is a type of business model that includes both online and offline operations, which typically
include a website and a physical store. A click-and-mortar company can offer customers the
benefits of fast online transactions or traditional face-to-face service.

2. Types of e-commerce transactions with example

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)

In a Business-to-Consumer E-commerce environment, companies sell their online goods to

consumers who are the end users of their products or services. Usually, B2C E-commerce web
shops have an open access for any visitor
For example, someone buying a television set from an electronics retailer would be a B2C
transaction. The transaction preceding this, eg, the purchase of components, screens, plastics etc.
by the manufacturer, and the sale of the set from the manufacturer to the retailer would be B2B
transactions.

Business-to-Business (B2B)

In a Business-to-Business E-commerce environment, companies sell their online goods to other

companies without being engaged in sales to consumers. In most B2B E-commerce environments
entering the web shop will require a log in. B2B web shop usually contains customer-specific
pricing, customer-specific assortments and customer-specific discounts.

For example, a soft furnishings manufacturer may have to make several B2B transactions to buy
wood, fixings, covering and stuffing materials and springs in order to produce a three-piece suite
that is sold as a single B2C transaction.

Consumer-to-Business (C2B)

In a Consumer-to-Business E-commerce environment, consumers usually post their products or

services online on which companies can post their bids. A consumer reviews the bids and selects
the company that meets his price expectations.

Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)

In a Consumer-to-Consumer E-commerce environment consumers sell their online goods to other

consumers. A well-known example is eBay.

3. What is electronic business? What is e-commerce?

E-business (electronic business) is the conduct of business processes on the Internet. These
electronic business processes include buying and selling products, supplies and services; servicing
customers; processing payments; managing production control; collaborating with business
partners; sharing information; running automated employee services; recruiting; and more.

E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services, or the
transmitting of funds or data, over an electronic network, primarily the Internet. These business
transactions occur either business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer or
consumer-to-business.

4. E-business vs E-commerce

Basis for Comparison E-commerce E-business

Trading of merchandise, over the Running business using the
Meaning
internet is known as E-commerce. internet is known as E-business.
What is it? Subset Superset
 Basis for Comparison E-commerce E-business
Is it limited to
Yes No
monetary transactions?
What they carry out? Commercial transactions Business transactions
Approach Extroverted Ambiverted
Requires Website Website, CRM, ERP, etc.
Which network is
Internet Internet, Intranet and Extranet.
used?

5. Component of e-commerce
 × Career in Information System (Rejected)

MIS (Mid Term Exam)

Lecture-3
1) Difference between general auction and reverse auction?
General Auction— is a public sale in which goods or properties are sold to the highest
bidder.

A system where potential buyers place competitive bids on assets and services. The asset or
service in question will sell to the party that places the highest bid. In most cases, sellers will
pay a listing fee to the auctioneer, regardless of whether the item actually sells for the desired
price.

Reverse Auction—A reverse auction is a type of auction in which the roles of buyer and
seller are reversed. In an ordinary auction (also known as a forward auction), buyers
compete to obtain a good or service by offering increasingly higher prices. In a reverse
auction, the sellers compete to obtain business from the buyer and prices will typically
decrease as the sellers undercut each other.
2) What is e-catalogue?
A catalogue of goods for sale that is displayed on a computer screen and from which you can
order goods using your computer a computer program that allows you to search for
information on a particular subject.

3) What is electronic storefronts/e-mall?

An electronic storefront is an e-commerce solution for merchants who want to host a website
that advertises their products or services and for which consumer transactions are
generated online.

4) Describe E-tailing issues?

* Resolving channel conflict: A firm’s distribution channels compete with each other
and with the firm.

* Resolving conflicts within click-and-mortar organizations. When an established

company decides to sell direct online, it may create a conflict within its existing
operations in areas such as pricing, services, allocation of resources and logistical
support.

* Organizing order fulfillment and logistics. E-tailers face a difficult problem of how to
ship small quantities to a large number of buyers.
 * Determining viability and risk of online e-tailers. How long does a company operate
while losing money and how will it finance the losses.

* Identifying appropriate revenue models. It is necessary to identify appropriate

revenue/business models.

5) Mention all types of service industries according to B2C?

* Electronic banking, also known as cyber banking includes various banking activities
conducted from home or a business instead of at a physical bank

* International and Multiple-Currency Banking. International banking and the ability

to handle trading in multiple currencies, transfers of electronic funds and electronic
letters of credit are critical for international trade.
* Online Securities Trading can be placed from anywhere, any time. Investors can find
a considerable amount of information regarding a specific company or in a mutual
fund.

* Online Job Market. The Internet offers a perfect environment for job seekers and for
companies searching for employees.

* Travel Services. The Internet is an ideal place to plan, explore, and arrange almost any
trip.

* Real Estate. Real estate transactions are an ideal area for e-commerce. The customer
can view many properties, sort and organize properties according to preferences and
can preview the exterior and interior designs of the properties, shortening the search
process.

6) Draw consumer behavior model diagram?

7) What are the stimuli?

Market stimuli is the marketing environment which consist of the four Ps:
•Product— an article or substance that is manufactured or refined for sale.

•Price— the amount of money expected, required, or given in payment for something.

•Place— a particular position, point, or area in space; a location

•Promotion— activity that supports or encourages a cause, venture, or aim.

There are also other stimuli which consist of the following:

•Economic •Technological •Political •Cultural •Competitive

8) Mention the steps involved in Generic Purchasing Decision Model?

1. Need identification
Convince the consumer that the product or service the seller offers will fill the gap between
the actual and desired need

2. Information search
 product brokering (deciding what product to buy)
 merchant brokering (Deciding from what merchant to buy a product)

3. Alternative evaluation
The consumer will use the collected of information to develop a set of criteria to evaluate
and compare alternatives

4. Purchase and delivery

After evaluating the alternatives, consumer will make the purchasing decision, arrange
payment and delivery.

5. Post purchase behavior

Customer services and evaluation of usefulness of the product

9) Explain Market Research/The process of Market Research.

There are basically two ways to find out what customers want. The first is to ask them, and
the second is to infer what they want by observing what they do.

* Asking Customers What They Want: The Internet provides easy, fast, and relatively
inexpensive ways for vendors to find out what customers want by interacting directly
with them. The simplest way is to ask potential customers to fill in electronic
questionnaires.

* Observing Customer Behavior on the Web: The Web is a rich source of business
intelligence captured from a company’s Web sites. By analyzing the user behavior
patterns contained in the clickstream data inference about behavior can be made.

* Brand- and Vendor-Finding Agents and Price Comparisons

* Search Agents
 * Collaborative Filtering Agents

* Other Agents

10) Mention different ways of online Advertisement?

 Banners are electronic billboards and is the most commonly used form of advertising
on the Internet

 Keyword banners appear when a predetermined word is queried from a

search engine.

 Random banners appear randomly

 Pop-Up, Pop-Under, and Similar Ads.

 A pop-up ad appears in front of the current browser window.

 A pop-under ad appears underneath the active window.

 E-Mail Advertising.

 Electronic Catalogs and Brochures.

 Other Forms of Internet Advertising.

11) Mention Advertising issues and approaches?

* Unsolicited Advertising-The term "unsolicited advertisement" means any
material advertising the commercial availability or quality of any property, goods, or
services which is transmitted to any person without that person's prior express
invitation or permission

* Spamming

* Permission Marketing - Permission marketing is an approach to selling goods and

services in which a prospect explicitly agrees in advance to receive marketing
information. Opt-in e-mail, where Internet users sign up in advance for information
about certain product categories, is a good example of permission marketing.

* Viral Marketing - a marketing technique whereby information about a company's

goods or services is passed electronically from one Internet user to another.

* Interactive Advertising and Marketing- Interactive advertising uses online or

offline interactive media to communicate with consumers and to promote products,
brands, services, and public service announcements, corporate or political groups.

* On-line Promotions- Online advertising, also called online marketing or Internet

advertising, is a form of marketing and advertising which uses the Internet to deliver
promotional marketing messages to consumers.
 * On-line Coupons-An online coupon refers to a discount code or number that can be
redeemed on a website.

12) What is group purchasing and desktop purchasing?

Group Purchasing—the requirements of many buyers are aggregated so that they total a
large volume, and thus merit more seller attention. Once buyers’ orders are aggregated, they
can be placed on a reverse auction, and a volume discount can be negotiated.

Desktop Purchasing—in this variation of e-procurement, suppliers’ catalogs are

aggregated into an internal master catalog on the buyer’s server, so that the company’s
purchasing agents can shop more conveniently. Desktop purchasing is most suitable for
maintenance, replacement, and operations (MRO) indirect items, such as office supplies.

13) How group purchasing is a kind of reverse auction?

The requirements of many buyers are aggregated in group purchasing so that they total a
large volume, and thus merit more seller attention. Once buyers’ orders are aggregated, they
can be placed on a reverse auction, and a volume discount can be negotiated.

14) Difference between group purchasing and desktop purchasing?

Desktop Purchasing
An organizational unit subdividing an enterprise according to the requirements of
Purchasing. It procures materials and services, negotiates conditions of purchase with
vendors, and is responsible for such transactions.

Purchasing Group

A purchasing group corresponds to a buyer or group of buyers who perform the following
purchasing activities:

 Procuring certain articles or merchandise categories

 Acting as the contact for vendors

In simple word u can say purchasing org is the purchase department and the purchasing
group is the group of peoples with in it, who takes care for the purchase for different
department

15) What is MRO?

Maintenance, repair and operations (MRO)

16) What is systematic sourcing and spot sourcing?

Systematic Sourcing—A trading mechanism mostly used in B2B e-business. Prior to the
transactions, buyers and suppliers have established some kind of trading relationships. The
procurement of goods is made systematically, which is based on their pre-negotiated terms.
Spot Sourcing— A trading mechanism commonly used in B2C online shopping. The buyer’s
goal is to find the required goods at a lowest cost and the purchase of goods is usually made
immediately. Buyer-supplier relationship is mainly short-term.

17) What is E-government?

E-government (short for electronic government, also known as e-gov, Internet
government, digital government, online government, connected government) consists
of the digital interactions between a citizen and their government (C2G), between
governments and government agencies (G2G), between government and citizens (G2C),
between government and employees (G2E), and between government and
businesses/commerce (G2B). Essentially, e-government delivery models can be briefly
summed up as

 G2G (government to governments)

 G2C (government to citizens)
 G2E (government to employees)
 G2B (government to businesses)

18) Describe the ways of performing C2C?

Customer-to-customer (C2C) e-commerce refers to e-commerce in which both the buyer and
the seller are individuals (not businesses). C2C is conducted in several ways on the Internet,
where the best-known C2C activities are auctions.

* C2C Auctions.

* Classified Ads.

* Personal Services.

* Support Services to C2C.

19) What is E-wallet?

A digital wallet refers to an electronic device that allows an individual to make electronic
commerce transactions. This can include purchasing items on-line with a computer or using
a Smartphone to purchase something at a store.

20) Describe all managerial issues?

• Managing resistance to change. Electronic commerce can result in a fundamental
change in how business is done, and resistance to change from employees, vendors,
and customers may develop.

• Integration of e-commerce into the business environment. E-commerce needs to

be integrated with the rest of the business.

• Lack of qualified personnel and outsourcing. Very few people have expertise in e-
commerce.
 • Alliances. It is not a bad idea to join an alliance or consortium of companies to explore
e-commerce. Alliances can be created at any time.

• Implementation plan. Because of the complexity and multifaceted nature of EC, it

makes sense to prepare an implementation plan. Such a plan should include goals,
budgets, timetables, and contingency plans.

• Choosing the company’s strategy toward e-commerce. Generally speaking there

are three major options: (1) Lead (2) Watch and wait (3) Experiment.

• Privacy. In electronic payment systems, it may be necessary to protect the identity of

buyers.

• Justifying e-commerce by conducting a cost-benefit analysis is very difficult.

Many intangible benefits and lack of experience may produce grossly inaccurate
estimates of costs and benefits.

• Order fulfillment. Taking orders in EC may be easier than fulfilling them.

• Managing the impacts. The impacts of e-commerce on organizational structure,

people, marketing procedures, and profitability may be dramatic. Therefore,
establishing a committee or organizational unit to develop strategy and to manage e-
commerce is necessary.

21) Draw the e-commerce support service diagram/Ethical and Legal Issues in E-
Business
 Lecture-4

(1) What is Information Systems Planning?

Information system planning (BSP) is a method of analyzing, defining and designing the
information architecture of organizations.

(2) What is “RISK”?

Risk is the chance that an investment's actual return will be different than expected. Risk
includes the possibility of losing some or all of the original investment. Different versions of
risk are usually measured by calculating the standard deviation of the historical returns or
average returns of a specific investment. A high standard deviation indicates a high degree
of risk.

(3) What is Risk Management? Parts of Risk Management.

 Risk Assessment - Determining where risks lie, and how big they are

 Risk Mitigation - Prioritizing, evaluating, and implementing appropriate risk-

reducing controls

 Evaluation and Assessment – Since Risk Management is continuous and evolving, the
past year’s Risk Management efforts should be assessed and evaluated prior to
beginning the cycle again

(4) Mention the steps of Assessing RISK Management.

 Planning – Align your annual process with your budget; Specify your scope; Identify
and pre-sell stakeholders; embrace subjectivity

 Facilitated Data Gathering – Identify tangible and intangible assets, threats,

vulnerabilities, existing controls, probable impact

 Risk Prioritization – Determine probabilities, and combine impact with probability to

produce a risk statement

Lecture-5
(1) What is green computing?

Green computing is the environmentally responsible and eco-friendly use of computers and
their resources. In broader terms, it is also defined as the study of designing,
manufacturing/engineering, using and disposing of computing devices in a way that
reduces their environmental impact.

(2)What is open source software?

Open source software is software whose source code is available for modification or
enhancement by anyone. "Source code" is the part of software that most computer users
don't ever see; it's the code computer programmers can manipulate to change how a piece
of software—a "program" or "application"—works.

(3) Mention different types of software outsourcing?

– Mashups
 • Combinations of two or more online applications, such as combining
mapping software (Google Maps) with local content

– Apps

• Small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on your computer, or

on your cell phone

– iPhone, BlackBerry, Android

• Generally delivered over the Internet

(4) What is SOA? Give examples?

A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is an architectural pattern in computer software

design in which application components provide services to other components via a
communications protocol, typically over a network. The principles of service-orientation are
independent of any vendor, product or technology.

(5)Define IT infrastructure and describe its components.

Ans. IT infrastructure consists of all components that somehow play a role in overall IT and
IT-enabled operations. It can be used for internal business operations or developing
customer IT or business solutions.

Typically, a standard IT infrastructure consists of the following components:

 Computer hardware platforms

 Operating system platforms
 Enterprise software applications
 Data management and storage
 Networking/telecommunications platforms
 Internet platforms
 Consulting system integration services
(6) Identify and describe the stages and technology drivers of IT infrastructure
evolution.

Ans. Five stages of IT infrastructure evolution include:

 General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era (1959 to present):

 Personal computer era (1981 to present):
 Client/server era (1983 to present):
 Enterprise computing era (1992 to present):
 Cloud computing era (2000 to present):

(7) Assess contemporary computer hardware platform trends.

 • Computer hardware platforms

– Client machines

• Desktop PCs, mobile devices – PDAs, laptops

– Servers

• Blade servers: ultrathin computers stored in racks

– Mainframes:

• IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of blade servers

– Top chip producers: AMD, Intel, IBM

– Top firms: IBM, HP, Dell, Sun Microsystems

(8) Assess contemporary software platform trends.

There are five major themes in contemporary software platform evolution:

1. Linux and open-source software

2. Java
3. Enterprise software
4. Web services and service-oriented architecture
5. Software outsourcing

(9) Evaluate the challenges of managing IT infrastructure and management solutions.

Major challenges include dealing with infrastructure change, agreeing on infrastructure

management and governance, and making wise infrastructure investments. Solution
guidelines for these include using a competitive forces model to determine how much to
spend on IT infrastructure and where to make strategic infrastructure investments, and
establishing the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of information technology assets. A key point
to remember is that the total cost of owning technology resources is not only the original
cost of computer hardware and software but also costs for hardware and software upgrades,
maintenance, technical support and training.

(10) What problems does multi-touch technology solve?

In computing, multi-touch is technology that enables a surface to recognize the presence of

more than one or more than two points of contact with the surface. It also simply solves the
difficulty of using a mouse and a keyboard—some users cannot use or physically grasp a
mouse and the multi-touch enables those users to still use computers in today’s society

(11) What are the advantages and disadvantages of a multi-touch interface? How
useful is it? Explain.
Advantages:

 Flexibility: A major advantage of multi-touch systems is the ability to adapt them to

almost any imaginable problem that it should solve.
 Fast: Another specific positive aspect of multi-touch lies within the use of
simultaneously handled input devices.
 Simultaneous Usage: Apart from simultaneous usage of hands or devices, you can also
extract a lot of information out of a single means of input.
 Collaborative Touch Systems: Furthermore, multi-touch opens a whole new set of
possibilities for applications since multi-touch implies not only multiple hands or
devices but also multiple persons.

Disadvantages:

 Occlusion: On the negative side, multi-touch systems complicate the occlusion problem,
as several fingers, hands or devices are clouding even more parts of the touch screen
than on single-touch devices.
 Lack Clear Distinction: Some actions like scribbling notes or making finer drawings
cannot be reasonably performed with fingers and on small screens. This can make a
significant difference in the handling of the interface, as can be seen when trying to
rapidly handle a virtual keyboard in contrast to the real thing.

(12) Describe three business applications that would benefit from a multi-touch
interface.

There are three business application that would benefit from a multi-touch interface are:

The reading digital material

Such as e-books and e-mail should be supported with pinch zoom function, easy to drag or
double click and QWERTY on screen keyboard that supported multi-touch for 2 handed
typing.

The electronic signature software

Should manage the document workflow, safely and securely complete document legally-
binding signatures in minute from everywhere, anytime and can send, track, chart and sign
document.

The project quote estimate

Should have construction field estimator, make quotes for client and use 19 different
calculators and estimate material and costs.

(13) What management, organization, and technology issues must be addressed if you
or your business was considering systems and computers with multi-touch interfaces?

 Management - Cost, technology adoption, training and business objective

 Organization - Structure and capability
  Technology - Fast server, system ready for use, better serve and permanent hardware

(14) Should all firms move toward green computing? Why or why not?

All firms should make some effort to reduce their power requirements and promote green
computing. From a business standpoint it makes sense to reduce costs, both short term and
long term.

Rejected Slide Numbers

Lecture—6------1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 30, 33, 40, 41

Lecture—7------1, 2, 3, 6, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 22, 24, 27, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 44

Lecture—8------1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 15, 20-49

Mithila Yeasmin

mithilamituu@yahoo.com