Drilling Fluid 1

Drilling Fluid
No
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
Drilling Fluid
Questions
A measure of the total amount of hydroxyl ions in a solution as determined by titration with standardized acid. This test is
well-known water-analysis procedure to estimate hydroxyl, carbonate ion and bicarbonate ion concentrations.
A mud additive used to lower interfacial tension so that trapped gas will readily escape from mud
A series of double salts of aluminum sulfate and potassium sulfate. It is used as a colloidal flocculant in wastewater cleanu
A compound of sulfur that contains the S-2 ion. It is used to denote compounds that revert to the highly toxic H2S gas whe
acidified with 2-molar citric acid solution, as opposed to inert sulfide, which is stable.
The escaping tendency, or vapor pressure, of water molecules in an aqueous solution compared with that of pure water,
typically abbreviated aw. Activity is expressed mathematically as the ratio of two vapor pressures: aw / p/po, where p is
vapor pressure of the solution and po is vapor pressure of pure water.
The volume a solid occupies or displaces when added to water divided by its weight, or the volume per unit mass.
The salt of aluminum hydroxide and stearic acid, It is a grease-like solid. When mixed with oil (for example, diesel oil) and
the mixture sprayed onto the surface of a foamy water mud, it helps the gas bubbles break out of the mud
One of a group of organic compounds of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) in which the carbon atoms have linear, branched
chain (open), or both types of structures.
A group of organic chemicals with the general formula RCO-NH2 formed from reactions of ammonia (NH3) and a carboxyl
acid, RCOO-H+.
The mechanism by which partially hydrated cuttings stick to parts of the bottomhole assembly and accumulate as a
compacted, layered deposit.
Referring to a condition or a situation in which free oxygen exists in an environment.
A group of organic chemicals that are analogs of ammonia (NH3), in which either one, two or three hydrogen atoms of
ammonia are replaced by organic radicals.
An organic acid used in oil- and gas-well stimulation treatments. Less corrosive than the commonly used hydrochloric acid
this treatments can be more easily inhibited or retarded for treatments of long duration.
The formation of groups or clusters of particles in a fluid. In water or in water-base drilling fluid, clay particles form
aggregates in a dehydrated, face-to-face configuration.
A copolymer of 2-acrylamido-2methyl propane sulfonate and acrylamide. This polymers are highly water-soluble anionic
additives designed for high-salinity and high-temperature water-mud applications
Pertaining to an aqueous solution, such as a water-base drilling fluid, which has more hydrogen ions (H+) than hydroxyl
ions (OH-) and pH less than 7.
Pertaining to systems, reactions or life processes of species, such as bacteria, in which atmospheric oxygen is not present o
not required for survival
What is the term for a viscosity of a fluid that measured at a given shear rate at a fixed temperature.
The anhydrous mineral form of calcium sulfate, CaSO4.The presence of THIS in rock will influence the type of mud
selected for drilling the rock because when CaSO 4 dissolves in a water mud, Ca+2 and SO4-2 ions are formed.
A chemical property of an aqueous system that implies that there are more hydrogen ions (H+) in the system, or a potentia
to produce more hydrogen ions, than there are hydroxyl ions (OH-), or potential to produce hydroxyl ions.
A linear copolymer of acrylate (anionic) and acrylamide (nonionic) monomers, also called partially-hydrolyzed
polyacrylamide (PHPA).
One of two quantitative analysis procedures for measuring aromatic content of base oils for use in oil mud as proscribed by
the API.
A drilling fluid (or mud) that has gas (air or natural gas) bubbles in it, resulting in a lower bulk, unpressurized density
compared with a mud not cut by gas
A type of compound containing hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a symmetrical 6-carbon ring structure with single
(C-C) and double (C/C) bonds alternating around the ring.
A linear, nonionic polymer made of acrylamide monomers, CH2/CHCONH2 . High molecular-weight polyacrylamides are
used as selective flocculants in clear-water drilling, low-solids muds and wastewater cleanup.
A test to evaluate base oils that are used in oil mud. The test indicates if an oil is likely to damage elastomers (rubber
compounds) that come in contact with the oil
A group of high-viscosity or solid hydrocarbons obtained from naturally occurring deposits or from the residue of petroleum
refining, commonly used as additives for oil-base and water-base muds.It has a high softening point and polar sites that offe
emulsion-stabilizing qualities and affinity for clays and shales.
What is the term for a needle-like clay mineral composed of magnesium-aluminum silicate that can be used in saltwater mu
to provide low-shear rate viscosity for lifting cuttings out of the annulus and for barite suspension.It has no capability to
control the filtration properties of the mud.
A protective device to prevent electrolytic corrosion. This (often made of Mg or Al metal) are sacrificed intentionally to
protect a steel system, such as a buried pipeline or offshore platform
A chemical property of an aqueous system that implies that there are more hydroxyl ions (OH -) in the system, or a potentia
to produce more hydroxyl ions, than there are hydrogen ions (H +), or potential to produce hydrogen ions.
An additive that kills bacteria. It is commonly used in water muds containing natural starches and gums that are especially
vulnerable to bacterial attack.
A term used to express the results of the methylene blue test, which determines the amount of clay-like materials in a water
base drilling fluid based on the amount of methylene blue dye absorbed by the sample
A cone-and-plate rheometer designed to measure viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids at low shear rates and with more
accuracy than is attainable with a 6-speed, direct-indicating viscometer
An oil-base mud in which the activity, or vapor pressure, of the brine phase is balanced with that of the formations drilled
A coring fluid formulated with components that are not likely to alter the wettability in the pores of the rock sample and tha
has low dynamic filtration characteristics.
The amount of oxygen consumed by biodegradation processes during a standardized test. The test usually involves
degradation of organic matter in a discarded waste or an effluent.
A chemical system that resists a change in pH
A dense mineral comprising barium sulfate [BaSO4]. Commonly used as a weighting agent for all types of drilling fluids,
A type of salt in which chromium atoms are in the plus-7 valence state, such as potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7.
A type of mud that contains the three components that form a chemical buffer, whether by design or by coincidence.
A volume of 350 cm3. In mud laboratory experiments, 350 cm3 is the volume chosen to represent 42 US gallons (1 oilfield
barrel) [6.6 m3], so that 1.0 gram mass represents 1.0 lbm. This is a convenient concept for mud technicians to use when
mixing or pilot-testing mud samples.
A two-parameter rheological model widely used in the drilling fluids industry to describe flow characteristics of many type
of muds. Fluids obeying this model are called
A log that uses the variations in amplitude of an acoustic signal traveling down the casing wall between a transmitter and
receiver to determine the quality of cement bond on the exterior casing wall.
The concentration of a particular substance in a living organism, possibly with harmful effects
The temperature of the undisturbed formation at the final depth in a well
A laboratory test or other assessment utilizing a living organism, such as mysid shrimp, to determine the effect of a
condition to which the organism is exposed.
The volume per unit mass of a dry material plus the volume of the air between its particles
The quantity of positively charged ions (cations) that a clay mineral or similar material can accommodate on its negatively
charged surface, expressed as milli-ion equivalent per 100 g, or more commonly as milliequivalent (meq) per 100 g.
The temperature at the bottom of a well while fluid is being circulated

Describing the amount (in percent) of a material added to cement when the material is added based on the total amount
of a specific blend
A sample of mud from the deepest or current drilling depth of a well. The term refers particularly to a mud sample that has
experienced stagnant conditions at the bottom of the hole, including the temperature, pressure and other conditions at that
depth.
Refers to the continuous phase in oil-base drilling fluids. Oil-base drilling fluids are water-in-oil emulsions in which water
the dispersed phase and oil is the dispersion, or continuous, phase
Describing the amount (in percent) of a material added to cement, This is the method used to describe the amount of mos
additives in the dry form
A conventional cement slurry used as the cementitious component of a foamed cement slurry
A chemical that reduces the viscosity of a fluid by breaking long-chain molecules into shorter segments
Describing the amount (in percent) of a material added to a cement slurry based on the weight of water used to mix the
slurry. this convention normally is used only for salt [NaCl].
Solids added to a drilling fluid to bridge across the pore throat or fractures of an exposed rock thereby building a filter cake
to prevent loss of whole mud or excessive filtrate. It is commonly used in drilling fluids and in lost circulation treatments
a dimensionless quantity with no direct conversion factor to more common units of viscosity. The pumpability or
consistency of a slurry, measured in ?
The process by which complex molecules are broken down by micro-organisms to produce simpler compounds.
A polymer produced by a strain of bacteria.
A general term that refers to various salts and salt mixtures dissolved in an aqueous solution
To improve a mineral or ore for its designed use through chemical treatments or mechanical processes.
List of products considered unsuitable by the Oslo and Paris Commission (OSPAR) for discharge, including mercury,
cadmium and 'persistent oils and hydrocarbons of a petroleum origin
An aqueous solution of sodium, calcium or zinc bromide salt or mixtures of these salts. These dense aqueous solutions are
used for well completion and workover purposes.
The act of passing the mud around a piece of equipment, such as passing mud returns around the shale shaker screens or
going around a hydrocyclone device.
The particle size or fineness of a cement in cm 2/g or m2/kg, usually determined from air permeability tests using a device
known as a Blaine permeameter
An indicator used in place of methyl orange in alkalinity tests. It is green at pH values over 4.3, but yellow when pH is less
than 4.3.
Mud that is left somewhere in the wellbore when some other fluid is pumped into the well. This can occur when pumping
an oil mud into a well to displace a water mud.
A clay mineral that is composed principally of three-layer clays, such as montmorillonite, and widely used as a mud additiv
for viscosity and filtration control.
The residue deposited on a permeable medium when a slurry, such as a drilling fluid, is forced against the medium under a
pressure.
The elapsed time for mud to circulate from the suction pit, down the wellbore and back to surface.
The amount of oxygen needed to oxidize reactive chemicals in a water system, typically determined by a standardized test
procedure. It is used to estimate the amount of a pollutant in an effluent.
This term is a measurement of the thickness of the filter cake, usually recorded in 32nds-inch. Under dynamic conditions, I
depends on rate of deposition versus erosion caused by fluid circulation and mechanical abrasion by the rotating drillstring
An organic acid, properly called 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, with formula C 6H8O7. It is used to reduce the
pH of drilling fluids and hence for treatment of cement contamination. It also acts as a polymer stabilizer.
A finely divided, solid material, which when dispersed in a liquid medium, scatters a light beam and does not settle by
gravity; such particles are usually less than 2 microns in diameter.
A crystalline solid consisting of water with gas molecules in an ice-like cage structure. The general term for this type of
solid is
A test used to determine if a barite sample contains caustic-soluble sulfide or carbonate minerals.
A compound with formula CaCO3 that occurs naturally as limestone. Ground and sized calcium carbonate is used to increas
mud density to about 12 lbm/gal [1.44 kg/m3], and is preferable to barite because it is acid-soluble and can be dissolved wit
hydrochloric acid to clean up production zones
The common name for potassium hydroxide [KOH]. It is used in potassium-based water muds to increase pH and alkalinity
and to help maintain the K+ ion concentration
A large family of complex minerals containing the elements magnesium, aluminum, silicon and oxygen (magnesium,
aluminum silicates) combined in a sheet-like structure.
Solid particles of size less than 2 microns equivalent spherical diameter, also identified as clay by definitions in
International Standards Organization ISO/CD 13501
The common name for sodium hydroxide [NaOH]. It is used in most water-base muds to increase and maintain pH and
alkalinity.
A contamination problem caused by Ca+2 ions, usually occurring in fresh water, seawater and other low-salinity and low-
hardness mud systems.
A class of polymers added to a drilling-grade clay mineral during grinding, or added directly into a clay-based mud system
to enhance the clay's rheological performance.
An all-inclusive term to describe various progressive interactions between clay minerals and water.
Pieces of rock that came from the wellbore but that were not removed directly by the action of the drill bit. It can be
splinters, shards, chunks and various shapes of rock, usually spalling from shale sections that have become unstable
A rheological property of matter related to the cohesion of the individual particles of a given material, its ability to deform
and its resistance to flow.
The elapsed time required for a specific fluid to pass a designated depth or point in the annulus during pumping operations
It is normally used as a design criterion for mud removal in turbulent flow.
A chemical with formula Ca(OH)2. It is used in lime muds and as a treatment to remove carbonate ions. It is used as a
stabilizing ingredient in oil- and synthetic-base mud, essential to formation of fatty-acid soap emulsifiers.
A class of water-base drilling fluid that utilize dissolved Ca +2 as a component. Examples are lime mud, gyp mud and
calcium chloride [CaCl2] mud
The continuous phase of an emulsion. The internal phase is the dispersed droplets of emulsified fluid.
A chemical with formula CaO, When hydrated with one mole of water, it forms slaked lime, Ca(OH) 2. It is used in
preference to slaked lime at oil mud mixing plants because it generates heat when it becomes slaked with water and
therefore speeds up emulsification by the reaction to form calcium fatty-acid soap.
Drilling operations using a water-base drilling fluid that contains few solids. It is done in "hard rocks" in which density and
fluid loss are not critical
A term that, in the past, referred to a mud containing bentonite clay, water, caustic soda and perhaps barite (as needed for
density) usually with lignite or lignosulfonate present.
A drilling-fluid additive used primarily for fluid-loss control, manufactured by reacting natural cellulose with
monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide [NaOH] to form CMC sodium salt.
This chemical occurs naturally as the mineral anhydrite. It is used as a mud treatment when no pH increase is needed to
remove carbonate ion contamination in freshwater and seawater muds.
An item of solids-removal equipment that removes fine and ultrafine solids. It consists of a conical drum that rotates at 200
to 4000 rpm.
A polymer that is formed from two or more different structural units.
These acts of the US Congress outline responsibilities of operators for transportation, storage, treatment or disposal of
regulated "hazardous substances," which include certain oilfield materials.
A mud and solids-control system in which the only discarded waste is moist, drilled-up rock materials. Such systems are
used for drilling wells in environmentally sensitive areas
A quantitative analytical procedure for water-mud filtrate and for calcium in an oil mud.
A type of static filtration test for water-base drilling fluid that measures the filtration rate (time for free water to pass
between two electrodes) using filter paper as the medium.
A salt of cesium hydroxide and acetic acid, with formula CH 3COO-Cs+, used to make high-density completion fluids
The temperature at which a solution of a surfactant or glycol starts to form micelles (molecular agglomerates), thus
becoming cloudy
An instrument for measuring the viscosity of a fluid by passing the fluid at a known pressure gradient or velocity through a
length of tubing of known diameter.
A compound, CuCO3, that was used as a sulfide scavenger for water-base muds.
A neutral to slightly alkaline salt of cesium hydroxide and formic acid having the formula HCOO -Cs+.
A glycol that is soluble at low temperatures but starts to form micelles (molecular agglomerates), thus becoming cloudy, as
the temperature is raised.
A specimen of test material to be used in a corrosion test, usually a metal strip or ring shaped to fit into a testing cell or between joint
of drillpipe.
A specially designed fluid that is used for cutting cores with a core barrel and core bit.
A chemical used to bind metal ions to form a ring structure. It stabilize or prevent the precipitation of damaging compounds. In the oi
field, There are used in stimulation treatments and for cleaning surface facilities.
A drilling-fluid additive used primarily for fluid-loss control, manufactured by reacting natural cellulose with monochloroacetic acid an
sodium hydroxide
A high viscosity grade of drilling-fluid additive used primarily for fluid-loss control, manufactured by reacting natural cellulose with
monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide
The separation of phases of an emulsion with the lighter phase on top and denser phase on bottom. When oil muds are stagnant, the
less dense oil phase rises and the denser aqueous phase settles. This behavior is not necessarily related to emulsion weakness, nor
does it portend breaking, as does coalescence.
A 20- to 50-gallon [3.2- to 7.9 m3] container for liquid mud additives, usually located above the suction pit on a drilling rig. It is used to
slowly dispense various types of liquids into the active mud system
An anion with formula CO3-2. Carbonate chemistry involves a pH-dependent equilibrium between H 2O, H+, OH-, CO2, HCO3- and CO3-2.
The minimum rate required to achieve turbulent flow.

An analytical procedure to determine the concentration of carbonate species using the Garrett Gas Train (GGT) when performed to AP
specifications
The name given by API to the electrohygrometer method for testing oil mud and cuttings samples for water-phase activity, aw.
A low viscosity grade of drilling-fluid additive used primarily for fluid-loss control, manufactured by reacting natural cellulose with
monochloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide
A cellulose polymer that contains anionic carboxymethyl and nonionic hydroxyethyl groups added by ether linkages to the OHs on the
cellulose backbone. This polymer has seen limited use in drilling mud, but more use in brines and completion fluids.
A titration procedure standardized by the API to quantitatively determine Cl - (chloride ion) concentration by using silver nitrate as
titrant with potassium chromate as the endpoint indicator.
The particle size that has a specified chance of being removed by an item of solids control equipment.
The aging of cement under specific temperature and pressure conditions.
A type of salt in which chromium atoms are in the plus-6 valence state, such as potassium chromate, K 2CrO4. Chromium compounds o
various types have been used in lignite and lignosulfonate and other mud additives to enhance thermal stability. Since the late 1970s
they are prohibited in muds to be discarded offshore and in other environmentally sensitive areas of the US.
A natural starch derivative. it is used primarily for fluid-loss control in drilling muds, drill-in, completion and workover fluids. It is slight
anionic and can be affected by hardness and other electrolytes in a mud.
The spherical diameter corresponding to the ellipsoidal volume distribution of the screen opening sizes as measured by image analysi
techniques. Named after Al Cutt of Amoco who developed the technique.
Pertaining to a mud additive (usually lignosulfonate or lignite) that does not contain any chromium compounds
Rock pieces dislodged by the drill bit as it cuts rock in the hole. It is distinct from cavings, rock debris that spalls as a result of wellbore
instability.
The ability of a circulating drilling fluid to transport rock fragments out of a wellbore.
A lignite that has been treated (admixed or reacted with) chromic or chromate salt, such as potassium or sodium chromate or
dichromate or chromic chloride.
To grow, as in the process of droplet growth, through small drops merging when they come in contact. If this occurs repeatedly, a
continuous liquid phase forms. Through this phenomenon, emulsions break and form two distinct liquid phases that tend to separate
However, when the emulsion film around each droplet becomes weakened, droplets will begin to through this term. If not corrected
this can lead to total emulsion breakdown with solids becoming water-wetted.
The process of droplet growth as small drops merge together when they come in contact. If this occurs repeatedly, a continuous liqui
phase forms. Through this phenomenon, emulsions break and form two distinct liquid phases that tend to separate.
The negative terminal of an electrolytic cell or battery.

A lignosulfonate that has been treated by mixing or reacting into the molecular structure some form of chromium (either chromate o
chromic salt)
Referring in the strict sense (API Bulletin 13C) to any particle larger than 2000 microns
The elapsed time for mud to circulate from the suction pit, down the wellbore and back to surface.
a law passed by the US Congress to control the discharge of contaminants, particularly oil, into the waters of the US.
A salt of chromium in which chromium atoms are in the plus-3 valence state, such as chromic chloride
A surfactant-type mud additive intended to prevent formation shales and clays from sticking to the drilling assembly and also to
prevent gumbo shale from agglomerating and plugging the annulus and flowlines.
A chemical used in preparation and maintenance of an emulsion mud, which is a water mud containing dispersed oil (or a synthetic
hydrocarbon).
Formation solids contained in a mud system, generally considered to be detrimental to the drilling operation because they produce
high plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strengths and build poor-quality filter cakes.
A thinning agent used to reduce viscosity or prevent flocculation; incorrectly called a "dispersant." Most of it are low-molecular weigh
anionic polymers that neutralize positive charges on clay edges.
An oil-base mud with diesel oil as its external phase. it is the traditional oil mud and has a history of excellent performance for drilling
difficult wells.
A special fluid designed exclusively for drilling through the reservoir section of a wellbore.
The instrument used to measure viscosity and gel strength of drilling mud. It is a rotational cylinder and bob instrument
To reduce the viscosity of a suspension by adding a thinning agent
A clay-based, water mud that has had its viscosity reduced with a chemical treatment; incorrectly, called a "dispersed" mud. The
chemical used is a deflocculant, not a dispersant
a slurry that consists of bentonite, cement or polymers mixed into an oil; bentonite in diesel oil is commonly used as
A chemical that aids in breaking up solids or liquids as fine particles or droplets into another medium. This term is often applied
incorrectly to clay deflocculants
The act of reducing the viscosity of a suspension by adding a thinning agent
Any of a number of liquid and gaseous fluids and mixtures of fluids and solids (as solid suspensions, mixtures and
emulsions of liquids, gases and solids) used in operations to drill boreholes into the earth.
A condition whereby the drillstring cannot be moved (rotated or reciprocated) along the axis of the wellbore.
the act of breaking up large particles into smaller ones and distributing them throughout a liquid or gaseous medium.
A person responsible for testing the mud at a rig and for prescribing mud treatments to maintain mud weight, properties and chemist
within recommended limits
Pertaining to a cement that is not easily dispersed by a material known as a dispersant.
A type of gas detector tube that quantitatively measures a gas that is passed through the tube by the length of the stain i
generates chemically in the tube. It is used in Garrett Gas Train tests for sulfides and carbonates.
In water analysis, the soluble components in a sample or the residue left after evaporation of a sample
The loss of water from cement slurry or drilling fluid by the process of filtration
A chemical used to break emulsions (that is, to separate the two phases). The type of this term selected depends on the type of
emulsion, either oil-in-water or water-in-oil. It is used in the chemical analysis of oil and synthetic muds and to treat produced
hydrocarbons.
Pertaining to cement that is not easily dispersed by a material known as a dispersant when the slurry is mixed with water containing a
high concentration of salt
Equipment used to measure filtration under dynamic conditions.
The member of the drilling crew in charge of the mud-processing area during periods of circulation
A filtration process in which the slurry being filtered is being circulated over the filter cake, so that the cake is simultaneously eroded
and deposited
A mud test in which the mud sample is mildly agitated by rolling (or tumbling) for the duration of the test, usually
performed at a selected high temperature.
The process of adding fresh mud (or liquid phase) in order to reduce the solids content and maintain the properties of the drilling flui
in the active system
water added to maintain or dilute a water-mud system. The added water may be fresh water, seawater or salt water, as appropriate
for the mud.
The process of removing water from water-base drilling mud. It can involve chemical treatment for the flocculation and aggregation o
solids followed by mechanical separation, such as centrifugation, or mechanical treatments alone.
Pertaining to cement that is highly sensitive to the concentration of dispersant, often leading to slurry-stability problems.
During a titration procedure in analytical chemistry, the point at which reagent addition should be immediately stopped and the
volume of reagent recorded
Pertaining to cement that is highly sensitive to the concentration of dispersant when the slurry is mixed with water containing a high
concentration of salt
The weight of any cementitious material or blend based on the absolute volume of the cement. The term is normally used
to define a sack of cement blend in which part of the cement has been replaced
A device for measuring the moisture in a gaseous atmosphere, such as the air, usually as percent relative humidity. It
detect moisture by elongation and shrinkage of a fiber or sheet or by a device attached to a needle on a dial.
The molecular weight of an element, molecule or ion divided by its valence (or valence change for a redox reaction)
A chemical additive that creates an emulsion, a dispersion of one immiscible liquid into another, by reducing the interfacial tension
between the two liquids to achieve stability
The effective density exerted by a circulating fluid against the formation that takes into account the pressure drop in the annulus abov
the point being considered.
A dispersion of one immiscible liquid into another through the use of a chemical that reduces the interfacial tension between the two
liquids to achieve stability.
A branch of the US government that administers laws passed by the US Congress on environmental matters
A test for oil-base and synthetic-base muds that indicates the emulsion and oil-wetting qualities of the sample.
A water-base drilling fluid that contains dispersed oil or synthetic hydrocarbon as an internal phase
This unit of concentration is determined by dividing the number of equivalents of a substance by the weight of the solutio
that contains the substance, expressing the result as parts per million, and then dividing by the valency
A cement system exhibiting a bulk volumetric increase after setting. It is commonly used to eliminate or minimize the
effects of microannuli
A technique for displacing drilling mud from the annulus using a laminar-flow regime
the reagent used to titrate for calcium and magnesium ions (hardness ions) in water samples
In drilling fluid parlance, the absorption of a polymer film onto cuttings and wellbore walls to form a coat or barrier.
A particle size term referring in the strict sense (API Bulletin 13C) to any particle in the size range 44 to 74 microns
The act or means of controlling (usually lowering) the volume of filtrate that passes through a filter medium
A type of organic acid derived from animal and vegetable fats and oils. These are the raw materials used in the
manufacture of many drilling-fluid additives, such as emulsifiers, oil-wetting agents and lubricants.
A group of mud additives specifically designed to lower the volume of filtrate that passes through a filter medium.
A permeable material used in a filtration device through which filtrate passes and on which the filter cake is deposited
A salt formed when a fatty acid reacts with a metal oxide or hydroxide. Fatty acids and aluminum hydroxide form soaps used as grease
and as defoamer chemicals
A slang term for a globule of partly hydrated polymer caused by poor dispersion during the mixing process (commonly a result of
adding the product too fast).
A pressurized cell, fitted with a filter medium, used for evaluating filtration characteristics of a drilling fluid while it is either static or
stirred (to simulate circulation) in the test cell
A type of lost-circulation material (LCM) that is thin and flat in shape, with a large surface area. It can be prepared in various sizes. It
should be insoluble and inert to the mud system in which it is used. Its purpose is to seal off fluid loss zones in a well and help stop los
circulation.
A type of lost circulation material (LCM) that is long, slender and flexible and occurs in various sizes and lengths of fiber. It is added to
mud and placed downhole to help retard mud loss into fractures or highly permeable zones
A subjective description of a filtercake, especially its toughness, slickness and hardness.
he lowest temperature at which application of a flame to the test chamber of a tester causes vapors of the sample in the chamber to
ignite
The noncombustible residue from the burning of pulverized coal. It is pozzolanic and is frequently used to replace a portion of the
cement and reduce its density
The situation in which 10-second and 10-minute gel strengths for a drilling mud have similar values. It indicates that the mud will
remain pumpable with time if left static in the hole.
A cement system used to provide zonal isolation across generally nonproductive zones located above the zones of interest
A homogeneous, ultralightweight cement system consisting of base cement slurry, gas (usually nitrogen) and surfactants. These are
commonly used to cement wells that penetrate weak rocks or formations with low formation-fracture gradients
A coagulated mass of particles in a liquid. It can occur naturally but often are generated from a dispersed colloidal system to which a
flocculant chemical has been added
An additive used in preparation of foam used as a drilling fluid. These are usually nonionic surfactants and contain
polymeric materials.
a cationic amine salt in which the nitrogen atom has four groups bonded to it and carries a positive charge. It is used as oil-wetting
agents, corrosion and shale inhibitors and bactericides.
A chemical that causes a dispersed colloidal system (such as clay) to coagulate and form flocs.
The simplest aldehyde, having the formula HCHO. It is used in aqueous solutions as a preservative
The term used to describe what clays, polymers or other small charged particles do when they become attached and form a fragile
structure, a floc.
A chemical or isotopic marker that is uniformly distributed in the continuous phase of a drilling, coring, drill-in or completion fluid and
used to later identify the filtrate in cores or in fluids sampled from permeable strata
A class of salts made from neutralization of formic acid with a metal hydroxide or oxide
The volume of mud filtrate measured after 30 minutes in API static filtration tests
A reduction in the natural capability of a reservoir to produce its fluids, such as a decrease in porosity or permeability, or
both.
The process of separating components of a slurry by leaving the suspended solids as filter cake on a filter medium while the liquid
passes through. The process can be either static or dynamic.
Fluid in the pore space that can flow under normal reservoir conditions. This fluid may include water, oil or gas, and will flow on
production, injection or invasion.
A mud sample that exits directly out of the well from the annulus and is caught before it passes through the shale-shaker screens. It
contains drill cuttings entrained in the mud
Time, in seconds for one quart of mud to flow through a Marsh funnel. This is not a true viscosity, but serves as a
qualitative measure of how thick the mud sample is
A pressurized cell, fitted with a filter medium, used for evaluating filtration characteristics of a drilling fluid while it is either static or
stirred (to simulate circulation) in the test cel
Equipment used to measure filtration under dynamic conditions.
A series of alcohols with general formula C2nH4n+2On+1. The simplest member is ethylene glycol C2H6O2, widely used a
antifreeze. It may be used in drilling fluids as gas hydrate inhibitors.
The mineral form of lead sulfide, PbS, and the most common ore for lead smelting. In drilling muds, It has been used, although rarely
to construct extremely high density (kill-weight) muds by taking advantage of its 7.5 g/cm 3 density
The leakage of the liquid phase of drilling fluid, slurry or treatment fluid containing solid particles into the formation matri
An instrument used for quantitative analyses of sulfides and carbonates. Specific test methods have been published by AP
The fineness to which cement is ground. It also may refer to a specific production of cement, such as the lot number
A mud that is excessively viscous, having high gel strengths and high yield point. It may not be pumpable without exceeding limits on
pump pressure. Often caused by excessive solids content, especially colloidal solids, or, in the case of oil or synthetic muds, by low
temperature
A crystalline solid consisting of water with gas molecules in an ice-like cage structure
A type of lost-circulation material (LCM) that is chunky in shape and prepared in a range of particle sizes
A generic term referring to all possible routes for annular gas entry and propagation through and around the cement
sheath.
To strongly agitate the mud pits, particularly on bottom and in corners, with the mud guns
The rate of increase in temperature per unit depth in the Earth.
Products 'requiring strong regulatory control,' as determined by the Oslo and Paris Commission (OSPAR). The list includes heavy meta
such as zinc, lead and chromium
A generic term for soft, sticky, swelling clay formations that are frequently encountered in surface holes offshore or in sedimentary
basins onshore near seas. This clay fouls drilling tools and plugs piping, both severe problems for drilling crews.
The action in which mud particles (barite) become coated with an oily substance that causes the particles to agglomerate
The shear stress measured at low shear rate after a mud has set quiescently for a period of time (10 seconds and 10 minutes in the
standard API procedure, although measurements after 30 minutes or 16 hours may also be made
The operation of squeezing a gunk plug into a zone of lost circulation
A generic name widely used for a black, lustrous, carbonaceous resin classified as an asphaltite. Its proper name is uintaite
and it is found in Utah, USA
Products posing relatively little harm to the environment (specifically the marine environment), as determined by the Oslo and Paris
Commission (OSPAR). Examples of products that comprise this list include inert minerals such as bentonite,
The process of a mud becoming "gelled-up" or developing high gel strength

A qualitative pilot test used to determine whether water-wet solids (for example, barite) exist in an oil-base mud.
A calcium-based water mud system containing gypsum. It can be used for drilling shales, but it is also well-suited for drilling gypsum,
anhydrite and salt stringers
Dense solids, such as barite or hematite, which are added to a mud to increase its density, also known as weighting material.
The mineral form of ferric oxide [Fe2O3]. This ore used as a weighting material in drilling muds has a mica-like crystal structure that
grinds to particle size suitable for use in drilling fluids.
Water that contains hardness ions
Organic carboxylic acids of complex molecular structure (aromatic and phenolic) that comprise 10 to 90% of lignite. Decarboxylation o
This groups by hydrolysis in alkaline muds is a major source of carbonate and bicarbonate anions in water muds.
A weighted, hollow glass bulb with a long, graduated tube attached for measuring the density of a liquid. It is placed in the liquid and
the bulb sinks according to the density of the liquid. It is used in fluids that have no gel strength, such as brine, but are not reliable in
drilling fluids because of gelation.
A number on the scale of one to 40 according to the HLB system, introduced by Griffin (1949 and 1954). The HLB system
is a semi-empirical method to predict what type of surfactant properties a molecular structure will provide. The HLB system
is based on the concept that some molecules have hydrophilic groups, other molecules have lipophilic groups, and some
have both.
A test to measure static filtration behavior of water mud or oil mud at elevated temperature, up to about 380°F [193°C]
maximum (450°F [227°C] maximum if a special cell is used), usually according to the specifications of API.
Moisture (water vapor) in a gaseous atmosphere, such as in air

A nonionic starch derivative, analogous to hydroxyethylcellulose in its method of manufacture and most applications for drilling,
workover and completion fluids.
Pertaining to an attraction for water by the surface of a material or a molecule.
A type of viscometer generally used in laboratories to test drilling fluids at simulated downhole conditions.
A device to measure humidity
A small box mounted on a shaker screen that takes drilling fluid from the return flow line and distributes it across the surface of the
screens via adjustable weirs
For a hygroscopic material such as a clay or polymer to absorb water.
The pressure at any point in a column of fluid caused by the weight of fluid above that point.
In general chemistry, the term refers to metals that are more dense than iron, although some texts and chemical dictionaries do not
recognize this as a chemical term.
Pertaining to a repulsion of water by the surface of a material or a molecule
substance which, when mixed with water, hardens like stone because of a chemical reaction with the water.
A nonionic cellulose derivative with hydroxyethyl groups attached to the polymer structure. It is used as a viscosifier in brines and
saline fracturing fluids, workover fluids, completion fluids and drill-in fluids
An item of solids-control equipment consisting of an inverted cone, the mud being fed tangentially into the upper (larger diameter)
part. It is classified by the size of the cone as either desanders (typically 12 inches in diameter) or desilters (4 to 6 inches in diameter)
and will separate particles in the medium-, fine- and ultrafine-size ranges.
A clay mineral similar in structure to bentonite but with more negative charges on its surface
Hydroxypropyl starch is a derivative of natural starch, used primarily for fluid-loss control in drilling muds, drill-in, completion and
workover fluids. Being nonionic, it is only slightly affected by salinity and hardness in fluids
A fluid described by a three-parameter rheological model. It is preferred to power law or Bingham relationships because i
results in more accurate models of rheological behavior when adequate experimental data are availab
Pertaining to a property of a substance that allows the substance to take up water from the surrounding atmosphere
A mud that slows or stops hydration, swelling and disintegration of shales.
Any chemical reaction with water (H2O), such as degradation of lignite by decarboxylation of humic acid (a major
component of lignite), which is driven by This Term at high pH and begins at modest temperature
An outdated distinction between two types of oil muds. In the past, This mud were those with more than 5 vol.% emulsified water, an
oil-base muds were those with less than 5 vol.% water. Today, this distinction is not pertinent because the general term oil mud cover
all water concentrations
A group of minerals and inorganic compounds made up of iron and oxygen
A property of the interface between two immiscible phases. When the phases are both liquid,
A property of the interface between two immiscible phases. When one of the phases is air,
A dense mineral whose specific gravity is 4.67 g/cm3, composed of FeO·TiO2. It is used as a weighting agent for cement and mud
A visible sign of a chemical reaction. Examples include a color change, a voltage or pH reading or an inflection point on a graphical plo
of the data.
A group of compounds containing iron and sulphur
A synthetic hydrocarbon liquid made by the polymerization of ethylene, H2C/CH2. It is one of several synthetic fluids that have recent
been used as base for synthetic-base muds and in other applications where refined oils might otherwise be used except for HSE
concerns
a developer and publisher of international standards. It is a network of national-standards institutes from 157 countries, with one
member per country and a Central Secretariat that coordinates the system from offices in Geneva, Switzerland. What is this
organization
A stable compound of sulfur that contains the S-2 ion
the discontinuous phase of an emulsion, the dispersed droplets of emulsified fluid
Referring to any particle in the size range 250 to 2000 microns
Abbreviation for the Institute of Petroleum, a standardization body for the petroleum industry in Europe. Several industry
standard drilling-fluid tests are adopted from IP and ASTM procedures
An emulsion in which oil is the continuous or external phase and water is the internal phase
A simple alcohol (C3H7OH) used as a solvent in some mud analyses
Prevention, arrest or slowing down of any action.
A common two-layer clay that does not swell when exposed to water. It is used to make paper, pottery and bricks. It occur
naturally in shale and claystone, and therefore is a common component of drill solids in muds.
A mud with density high enough to produce a hydrostatic pressure at the point of influx in a wellbore that is sufficient to
shut off flow into the well.
A mud-flow device, also called a mud hopper, through which materials are put into the circulating mud system.
The time taken for cuttings to reach the surface.
The component of a tree that is extracted in the paper-manufacturing process and used as an additive in drilling fluids.
An oil mud designed and maintained with a minimum of colloid-sized solids, typically by omitting fatty-acid soap and lime
and minimizing organophilic clays and fluid-loss additives.
A synthetic hydrocarbon liquid made by the polymerization of ethylene, H2C/CH2. LAOs and other synthetic fluids are use
in synthetic-base drilling fluids and other applications in which refined oils might otherwise be used if not for HSE concern
A type of drilling-fluid solid having a lower density than the barite or hematite that is used to weight up a drilling fluid,
including drill solids plus the added bentonite clay.
A colloidal suspension or emulsion of specific organic materials. Certain latices may be used as cement additives. It is used
to provide gas-migration control, improve durability and improve bonding
A mud that has fewer solids than conventional clay-based muds of the same density and similar use. It design and
maintenance is accomplished primarily by substituting one or more polymers for the ordinary bentonite clay
A highly anionic polymer used to deflocculate clay-based muds. It is a byproduct of the sulfite method for manufacturing
paper from wood pulp
A type of water-base mud that is saturated with lime, Ca(OH)2, and has excess, undissolved lime solids maintained in
reserve
According to excess lime content, mention the three class of Lime muds?
Native clays that are generally unsuitable for use in a clay-based drilling mud. They are considered to be drill solids,
although they may give high values for bentonite-equivalent in a mud according to the methylene blue test.
The lethal concentration of a substance, reported in ppm, that kills 50% of a population of test organisms, such as mysid
shrimp, in a standard, controlled laboratory bioassay test.
A mud additive for lowering torque (rotary friction) and drag (axial friction) in the wellbore and to lubricate bit bearings if
not sealed
Pertaining to an attraction for oil by a surface of a material or a molecule. This term is applied to the oil-wetting behavior o
treatment chemicals for oil muds.
material used in a liquid form to modify the properties of cement for use in oil- or gas-well cementing
Solid material intentionally introduced into a mud system to reduce and eventually prevent the flow of drilling fluid into a
weak, fractured or vugular formation.
A lack of mud returning to the surface after being pumped down a well. It occurs when the drill bit encounters natural
fissures, fractures or caverns, and mud flows into the newly available space
A descriptive term for the strong affinity that a solid material (usually a colloid) has for the liquid in which the solid is
dispersed.
A colloid with a strong affinity for the liquid in which it is dispersed.
Lignite is found in surface deposits worldwide. Lignite is mined and put into piles where it can oxidize in the air before it is
dried, ground and bagged for use in drilling fluids. What is A mineral component of lignite, which is similar to brown coal?
A test to measure static filtration behavior of water mud at ambient (room) temperature and 100-psi differential pressure
usually performed according to specifications set by API, using a static filter press.
A descriptive term for the lack of affinity (or repulsion) that a solid material has for the liquid in which the solid is
dispersed.
A measure of the total amount of hydroxyl ions in a solution as determined by titration with standardized acid and methy
orange indicator.
A colloid that repels or lacks affinity for the liquid in which it is dispersed.
A test to determine the amount of clay-like materials in a water-base drilling fluid based on the amount of methylene blue
dye absorbed by the sample
A material added to a drilling fluid to perform one or more specific functions, such as a weighting agent, viscosifier or
lubricant.
A large tank that holds drilling fluid on the rig or at a mud-mixing plant
A procedure for determining magnesium ion (Mg+2) concentration in a water-base drilling fluid based upon analyses for
both calcium and total hardness
A cylindrical vessel in which a mud sample can be heated under pressure
A formal plan developed for a specific well with predictions and requirements at various intervals of the wellbore depth
A water-base drilling fluid containing a high concentration of methylglucoside

A device to measure density (weight) of mud, cement or other liquid or slurry
Water added to maintain or dilute a water-mud system
A small fish eye, typically invisible, but which can nevertheless cause formation damage by polymer plugging of pore
throats
The report sheets filled out by the mud engineer at the wellsite on a daily basis
A term used to describe an emulsion in a water-base mud in which the oil phase is internal (as in milk), and water is
external
Another term for mud-aging cell, a cylindrical vessel in which a mud sample can be heated under pressure
A mud distillation unit used to measure the water, oil and solids content of a mud
A conical-shaped funnel, fitted with a small-bore tube on the bottom end through which mud flows under a gravity head
On the basis of weight, the equivalent of parts per million, usually applied to small amounts of one solid admixed with
another solid
A desilter unit in which the underflow is further processed by a fine vibrating screen, mounted directly under the cones
A graduated cup used to take samples and to crudely measure volumes of mud for testing at the rig
Time, in seconds for one quart of mud to flow through a Marsh funnel
On a weight per volume basis, the SI unit of concentration, usually applied to dissolved material in a solution
Equality between the mass (density Ã— volume) of a mixture or blend such as a drilling mud or completion fluid and the
sum of the masses (density Ã— corresponding volume) of its components
A branch of the US Lands and Mineral Management Department formerly charged with supervising national resources
The mass per unit volume of a drilling fluid, synonymous with mud weight
A type of nonreactive, easily differentiated material placed in a small portion of a circulating mud system at a certain time
to be identified when it later returns to the surface from downhole
Mathematical relationship between the densities and the corresponding volumes of mixtures of liquid-solid slurries and
clear fluid blends, such as drilling muds and completion fluids
A compound containing hydroxide anions in association with two or more metal cations
A person responsible for testing the mud at a rig and for prescribing mud treatments to maintain mud weight, properties
and chemistry within recommended limits
A specific document that shows important physical and chemical characteristics of a chemical or product to alert a user,
transporter or other interested party to potential safety hazards that may be associated with the material
To add commercial materials to convert water or a water-clay slurry into a mud

A product similar to mixed-metal hydroxide, but based on silicate chemistry
The liquid that passes through a filter cake from a slurry held against the filter medium, driven by differential pressure
The mass per unit volume of a drilling fluid, synonymous with mud density
A mud-flow device, also called a jet hopper, in which materials are put into the circulating mud system
The place where mud additives are kept at the rig, also known as the sack room
The residue deposited on a permeable medium when a slurry, such as a drilling fluid, is forced against the medium under
pressure
The mud flowing into the well
The curved interface between two immiscible phases in a tube, such as in a pipette or graduated cylinder
The action of coating rock grains and plugging off the permeability of a productive reservoir during drilling
A mud sample taken from the suction pit (the last pit in the flow series) just before the mud goes into the pump and down
the wellbore
An unusual occurrence of hydrocarbon in which molecules of methane are trapped in ice molecules
A compound or complex ion that is formed by the union of water with methane
A crystalline solid consisting of water with methane molecules in an ice-like cage structure
The chemical unit from which a polymer is made
The mud returning through the flowline
A pH indicator used in alkalinity titration of mud filtrate and water samples
A mud sample taken after it has passed from the flowline and through the shale shaker screens to remove large cuttings
A measure of the total amount of hydroxyl ions in a solution as determined by titration with standardized acid and methy
orange indicator
An oven into which mud-testing cells are placed
A blue dye with a cationic charge on the molecule used as the reagent for the methylene blue test used to estimate cation
exchange capacity (CEC) of solids in a water-base drilling mud
The common name for the small shrimp species Mysidopsis bahia, which is used as the test organism in a US EPA bioassay
test protocol
A term that is generally synonymous with drilling fluid and that encompasses most fluids used in hydrocarbon drilling
operations, especially fluids that contain significant amounts of suspended solids, emulsified water or oil
A type of organic compound of carbon and hydrogen that contains one or more saturated cyclic (ring) structures, or
contains such structures as a major portion of the molecule
A mud in which the suspended solids are dispersed clays, sand, chert and other rock that originated from formations bein
drilled
A fluid that has a constant viscosity at all shear rates at a constant temperature and pressure, and can be described by a
one-parameter rheological model
A chemical reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water
A mud that does not conduct electricity sufficiently well to allow spontaneous potential (SP) logging or resistivity logging
Clays incorporated into a so-called native-solids mud when drilling shallow formations
NPDES stand for
To form a salt and water by chemical reaction between an acid and a base
A fluid whose viscosity is not constant at all shear rates and does not behave like a Newtonian fluid
A dispersion of oil droplets into an aqueous medium
A lignite that has been coated with a chemical that renders it dispersible in oil
an organization that for years set standards based primarily on what oil companies operating in the Middle East wanted in
mud materials
A mud in which the external phase is a product obtained from an oil, such as diesel oil or mineral oil
More generally, a mud system that has any type of nonaqueous fluid as the external phase
A chemical used in preparation and maintenance of an oil- or synthetic-base drilling fluid that forms a water-in-oil emulsio
(invert emulsion)
One of the layers that constitute the atomic structure of the clay group of layered silicate minerals
OSHA laws protect safety and health of workers and give workers the right to know what materials they are handling.
What does OSHA stand for
The surface of contact between a water layer and an oil layer
The movement of water from one aqueous system to another through a semipermeable membrane
An eight-carbon alcohol. Iso-... is used as a defoamer for water muds
The group of hydrocarbon compounds that has one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms in the linear
chain
The oil content of cuttings, normally expressed as grams of oil adsorbed per kilogram of dry cuttings
The pressure that must be applied to the low-salinity side of an osmotic system to prevent water movement into the high
salinity side by osmosis
Also known as octanol, an eight-carbon alcohol
A low-molecular-weight polymer typically with two to five monomer units
Ratio of the volume percent oil to the volume percent brine in an oil mud, in which each is expressed as a percent of the
total liquid in the mud
The Oslo and Paris Commission, formerly known as PARCOM
An invert-emulsion mud, or an emulsion whose continuous phase is oil
Ratio of the volume percent oil to the volume percent water in an oil mud, where each is a percent of the total liquid in th
mud
The volume percent of oil in a mud. The term should not be used to refer to the amount of synthetic fluid
A chemical that reacts with dissolved oxygen (O2) to reduce corrosion, such as sulfite (SO3-2) and bisulfite (HSO3-) ions
that combine with oxygen to form sulfate (SO4-2)
A chemical agent used in some brines and completion fluids to reduce corrosion resulting from, or exacerbated by,
dissolved oxygen
A water-base drilling fluid that contains dispersed oil or synthetic hydrocarbon as an internal phase
Pertaining to a material that associates with organic and oily surfaces and liquids and rejects aqueous systems
Clay minerals whose surfaces have been coated with a chemical to make them oil-dispersible
A chemical property of an aqueous system that implies that there are more hydroxyl ions (OH-) in the system, or a
potential to produce more hydroxyl ions, than there are hydrogen ions (H+), or potential to produce hydrogen ions
A cellulose derivative similar in structure, properties and usage in drilling fluids to carboxymethylcellulose. It is considered
to be a premium product because it typically has a higher degree of carboxymethyl substitution and contains less residua
NaCl than technical grade carboxymethylcellulose
A product that enhances dispersion of a substance (such as clay) into colloidal form
A fluid-loss control additive used in high-temperature, water-base muds. It shows good salt tolerance and temperature
tolerance
Abbreviation for density, pounds-per-gallon, more correctly written lbm/gal
The permanently frozen subsoil that lies below the upper layer (the upper several inches to feet) of soil in arctic regions
Abbreviation for the expression of concentration, parts-per-million

Hydrogen ion potential, which is the log10 of the reciprocal of hydrogen ion, H+, concentration
A polymer that ionizes in solution. Charged groups strongly affect behavior and interactions with colloidal clays, other
polymers and solvents
A test performed in a specialized filtration-type apparatus to determine the effectiveness of additives to prevent fluid loss
into a permeable medium
A laboratory test used to determine if a drilling fluid blocks movement of filtrate through pore spaces of a shale sample
A fluid that is left in the annular region of a well between tubing and outer casing above a packer
The fluid that remains in the tubing-casing annulus above the packer after the completion has been run and all circulation
devices have been isolated
To form an insoluble material in a fluid. It can occur by a chemical reaction of two or more ions in solution or by changing
the temperature of a saturated solution
A reaction by-product. In sandstone acidizing, the reaction between hydrofluoric acids [HF] or spent HF acids with
formation minerals can ... nondamaging products, such as silica, borosilicates or fluoborates
A series of alcohols with glycerol, C3H5(OH)3, (usually referred to as glycerin in the USA) being the simplest member
A drilling-fluid test to measure pH of muds and mud filtrates, usually performed according to API specifications
A pH indicator that is clear below pH 8.3 and red above 8.3. It is the indicator used in various alkalinity titrations
A type of fluid-mixing tank used in the preparation of treatment fluids or slurries that provides the agitation to achieve a
well-dispersed mixture
A large molecule made up of repeating units
The formation of an insoluble material in a fluid
A group of salts formed by neutralization of phosphorous or phosphoric acid with a base, such as NaOH or KOH
A large molecule made up of repeating units. Some are naturally occurring, such as xanthan gum, guar gum and starch.
Others are modified natural polymers, such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and hydropropyl starch and lignosulfonate.
Some are synthetic such as polyacrylates, polyacrylamides and polyalphaolefins
A generic name for low molecular weight, water-soluble polymers and oligomers containing a large number of hydroxyl
groups
A water-soluble starch that has undergone irreversible changes by heating in water or steam
Also known as isomerized olefin or IO, a synthetic hydrocarbon liquid made by the polymerization of ethylene
To mix with water and allow to react or yield in the water before use
A polymer or copolymer of an alkalene oxide, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), a polymer of ethylene oxide with genera
formula HO(CH2CH2O)nH, or polypropylene glycol (PPG), which is a polymer of propylene oxide
A class of water muds that use partially-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) as a functional additive, either to control
wellbore shales or to extend bentonite clay in a low-solids mud
One of the synthetic hydrocarbon liquids manufactured from the monomer ethylene, H2C/CH2. They have a complex
branched structure with an olefin bond in the alpha position of one of the branches
Also known as pyrophosphates, polymers made from various orthophosphates by dehydration with heat
The group of hydrocarbons consisting of linear molecules with the formula CnH2n+2
The addition of a mud product to fresh water prior to adding it into the mud system
A commonly used preservative for starch, xanthan gum, guar gum and other natural polymers that are prone to attack by
bacteria
A concentrated slurry of bentonite clay mixed in fresh water
Any relatively small quantity (less than 200 bbl) of a special blend of drilling fluid to accomplish a specific task that the
regular drilling fluid cannot perform
A small volume of mud used for a specific purpose in a drilling operation
An experimental test, or series of tests, used to predict mud behavior and guide future actions by the mud engineer
Another term for bactericide, an additive that kills bacteria

The Oslo and Paris Commission, formerly known as …
The product obtained by pulverizing clinker consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates. It is the most common typ
of cement used for oil- and gas-well cementing
A fluid in which the shear force is not proportional to the shear rate (non-Newtonian) and that requires a finite shear stres
to start and maintain flow
A device to measure density (weight) of a mud, cement or other liquid or slurry under sufficient pressure that the effect o
gas bubbles in the liquid is eliminated
A specialized apparatus used in the particle-plugging test. It is used to determine the ability of particles in the drilling fluid
to effectively bridge the pores in the filter medium and, therefore, the ability of the mud to reduce formation damage in
the reservoir
A parameter of the Bingham plastic model. It is the slope of the shear stress/shear rate line above the yield point
The process of placing a cement sheath around a casing or liner string

The first cementing operation performed to place a cement sheath around a casing or liner
The weight, or net volume, of solid particles that fall into each of the various size ranges, given as a percentage of the tota
solids of all sizes in the sample of interest
A solid or gel in a workover or drilling fluid that blocks off permeable zones to prevent loss of fluid into those permeable
zones or to protect those zones from damage
The ion of potassium, K+.
Hard granular nodules composed essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, with smaller quantities of calcium aluminates
and ferrites. It is produced by the heat treatment of cement raw materials in a kiln
The situation in which 10-second and 10-minute gel strengths for a drilling mud have dissimilar values, with the 10-minute
number being much higher than the 10-second number
A solvent used with water to break the emulsion of an oil-base or synthetic-base drilling fluid to prepare the sample for
chemical titrations to determine lime, calcium or chloride content according to API testing procedures
A class of muds that contain potassium ion (K+) dissolved in the water phase. They are the most widely accepted water
mud system for drilling water-sensitive shales, especially hard, brittle shales
A term used to describe the beginning of thickening of a cement slurry during the thickening-time test
US oilfield unit of concentration, usually abbreviated to lbm/bbl
A descriptive term for a fluid with shear-thinning characteristics that does not exhibit thixotropy
The lowest temperature (in °F or °C) at which a liquid remains pourable (meaning it still behaves as a fluid).
The temperature at which a fluid ceases to pour
A unit of concentration
The ability of the slurry to be pumped. It is usually measured by the API thickening-time test
A unit of measurement for viscosity, symbolized by P
The total time required for pumping the cement slurry into the well, plus a safety factor
A fluid described by the two-parameter rheological model of a pseudoplastic fluid, or a fluid whose viscosity decreases as
shear rate increases
A unit of measurement for pressure in the International System of Units (SI), symbolized by Pa
A compound whose electrons are not shared equally in chemical bonds
In chemistry, referring to a compound in which electrons are not shared equally in the chemical bond, resulting in partial
electrical charges
Dispersal of a substance into a colloidal form or dispersal of a clay in water to form a colloidal suspension
An abbreviation for pressure, volume, temperature. The term is used in fluid properties evaluations
A shorthand term for pressure, volume, temperature dependencies for fluid properties
A unit of concentration, frequently abbreviated to ppm
Linear, anionic polymer made from the monomer acrylic acid, CH2/CHCOO- H+.
Pertaining to material that possesses little or no cementitious value, but that is capable of reacting chemically with calcium
hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form compounds with cementitious properties
Also known as polyphosphate, a polymer made from an orthophosphate by dehydration with heat
To disperse a substance into a colloidal form or to disperse a clay in water to form a colloidal suspension
A clay that has been treated during manufacturing to enhance its dispersion
A mineral containing ferrous sulfide, FeS, that typically contains inclusions of free sulfur and other minerals
One of the synthetic hydrocarbon liquids manufactured from the monomer ethylene, H2C/CH2
A siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material that possesses little or no cementitious value
Abbreviation for the US oilfield unit of concentration, pounds per barrel, more correctly written as lbm/bbl
Abbreviation for concentration, parts-per-billion.

Planned and systematic monitoring, testing and documenting of practices to show that a product or procedure meets
established standards
Slang term for quaternary amine
A chemical with formula CaO, commonly called hot lime
A cationic amine salt in which the nitrogen atom has four groups bonded to it and carries a positive charge
A powdered form of tannic acid extract from the bark of the quebracho tree, used as a high-pH and lime mud deflocculan
The velocity gradient measured across the diameter of a fluid-flow channel, be it a pipe, annulus or other shape
Abbreviation for ...passed by the US Congress in 1976 and expanded in 1980 as CERCLA. Both acts are related to the
transportation, storage, treatment or disposal of hazardous substances
The volume percent (or fraction) of a mud that is not captured in the receiver when performing the water, oil and solids
test as prescribed by API
An additive for oil- and synthetic-base muds that provides high viscosity at low shear rates, which is useful when drilling
high-angle and horizontal wells and can be critical for cuttings carrying and to prevent sag and settling of weighting
material
The water content of air compared to the water content that the air could hold if it were saturated, expressed as a
percentage
An oil mud designed and maintained with a minimum of colloid-sized solids, typically by omitting fatty-acid soap and lime
and minimizing organophilic clays and fluid-loss additives
Mud that comes back to the surface and exits through the flowline after being pumped down the drillpipe
The characteristic of a cement slurry whose consistency changes from the point of departure or 30 Bc to 100 Bc in a short
time
A clay-based water mud that used tannates (from tannic acid) as clay deflocculant and mined lignite for fluid-loss control,
usually with lime
A contraction of reduction-oxidation, a type of chemical reaction in which one reactant is reduced (gains electrons) while
the other is oxidized (loses electrons).
Any pit not part of the active (circulatory) system
A cement slurry made with less mix water than is customarily used without modifying additives
Pertaining to rheology, generally, the study of how matter deforms and flows, including its elasticity, plasticity and viscosit
Pertaining to rheology, the science and study of the deformation and flow of matter
A mud test in which the mud sample is mildly agitated by rolling (or tumbling) for the duration of the test, usually
performed at a selected high temperature
One of several flow characteristics of a material, such as a drilling fluid, completion fluid, workover fluid or cement
Quantity that is double the filtrate volume collected from a filtration test between 7.5 to 30 minutes
Organic material having low solubility. They are usually large and complex polymeric molecules with noncrystalline
structure and no distinct melting point or other definitive properties
One of the four main components of petroleum, along with asphaltenes, aromatics and saturates (which include waxes)
Generally, the study of how matter deforms and flows, including its elasticity, plasticity and viscosity
The science and study of the deformation and flow of matter. The term is also used to indicate the properties of a given
fluid
Abbreviation for Recommended Practice
A unit of measure for portland cement. In the United States, it refers the amount of cement that occupies a bulk volume o
1.0 ft3
A luster, brightness or radiance. It appears as a spectrum of colors and is commonly caused by a thin film on a surface tha
diffracts light. A film of diesel oil on water has a multicolored luster and is an indicator of an oil spill or oil slick
A protective device to prevent electrolytic corrosion

A chemical with the formula NaHCO3. It is called bicarb at the drilling rig and is used to treat cement contamination in
water mud
A decline of cement strength at elevated temperatures
A test intended to indicate the presence of free oil when drilling fluid, drilled cuttings, deck drainage, well treatment fluids
completion and workover fluids, produced water or sand or excess cement slurry are discharged into offshore waters
A chemical with the formula Na2CO3. It is called soda ash at the drilling rig and is used to treat most types of calcium ion
contamination in freshwater and seawater muds
A form of corrosion in which susceptible types of metals will break by a combination of stress within the metal and the
specific type of corrosion
Settling of particles in the annulus of a well, which can occur when the mud is static or being circulated
A laboratory test or other assessment utilizing a living organism, such as mysid shrimp, to determine the effect of a
condition to which the organism is exposed
A soft, soluble evaporite mineral also known as halite or rock salt
The product formed by neutralization of an acid and a base
A sodium salt, Na2CrO4, in which chromium atoms are in the plus-6 valence state
A mineral composed of ferrous carbonate, FeCO3, and having 3.8 g/cm3 specific gravity. It is found as an accessory minera
in some shales and carbonate rocks and also in some barite and hematite ores
A sodium salt, Na2Cr2O7, in which chromium atoms are in the plus-7 valence state
The compound C6H5-HC/CH2, also known as styrolene, cinnamene and phenethylene
An influx of formation water, usually salty and sometimes hard, into the mud in the wellbore
A compound with the chemical formula NaOH. It is commonly known as caustic soda and used in most water-base muds t
increase and maintain pH and alkalinity
A common anaerobic bacterium, commonly abbreviated SRB, that can convert sulfate ions, SO4-2, into S-2 and HS-, with
the concomitant oxidation of a carbon source
A type of salt derived from silicic acid
A group of salts formed by neutralization of phosphorous or phosphoric acid with sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
A water mud containing varying amounts of dissolved sodium chloride, NaCl, as a major component
A detrital grain between 0.0625 mm and 2 mm in diameter
A category of size used to describe particles in a mud that will not pass through a 200-mesh screen (74 micrometers and
larger)
A generic term used to describe small formation particles known as fines that may be produced with the reservoir fluid
The ability of set cement to resist deterioration in the presence of sulfate ions
The anion, SiO4-4, found in solutions of sodium and potassium silicate, formed by dissolving silica or silicate minerals in
NaOH or KOH solutions
A type of shale-inhibitive water base drilling fluid that contains sodium silicate or potassium silicate polymeric ions
A cement in which the amount of tricalcium aluminate is controlled as specified by API Specification 10A
A test to determine the volume percent of solids in a mud that are retained on 200-mesh screen
Made by neutralizing a linear, anionic polymer made from the monomer acrylic acid, CH2/CHCOO- H+, with sodium
hydroxide (NaOH)
A group of seven hydrated forms of SiO2
Formed by dissolving silica or silicate minerals in NaOH solutions
Water that does not contain divalent cations, such as Ca+2, Mg+2 or Fe+2 and is therefore suitable for prehydrating
bentonite or polymers
SAPP is a sequestering agent used to treat cement contamination and a deflocculant for low-temperature water muds,
SAPP stand for
A general term for those gases that are acidic either alone or when associated with water
A gas containing hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide or mercaptans, all of which are extremely harmful
A solution that contains as much dissolved materials as it can hold at a given temperature
A compound of sulfur that contains the S-2 ion
A chemical used as a titrant with potassium chromate as the endpoint indicator, for a chloride test, a titration procedure
standardized by the API to quantitatively determine Cl- (chloride ion) concentration
A chemical that removes all three soluble sulfide species, H2S, S-2 and HS-, and forms a product that is nonhazardous and
noncorrosive
Ratio of the volume percent synthetic fluid to the volume percent brine in a synthetic mud, where each is expressed as a
percent of the total liquid in the mud
Pertaining to a type of filter medium in which the particles are fused together to give a designed permeability
A deposit or coating formed on the surface of metal, rock or other material

A mineral salt deposit that may occur on wellbore tubulars and components as the saturation of produced water is
affected by changing temperature and pressure conditions in the production conduit
A mineral deposit that can occur in the tubing, the gravel pack, the perforations or the formation
Calcium carbonate, such as limestone, marble or oyster shells, that has a specified minimum and maximum range of
particle sizes and may also have a specified distribution of sizes
To place a small volume or pill of fluid in a wellbore annulus to free differentially stuck pipe
To accurately place a fluid, or fluid interface, at a given position within the wellbore
A type of spontaneous brittle failure in steels and other high-strength alloys when they are in contact with moist hydrogen
sulfide and other sulfidic environments
Placing a small volume or pill of fluid in a wellbore annulus to free differentially stuck pipe
Accurately placing a fluid, or fluid interface, at a given position within the wellbore
A quantitative analysis of sulfides in the drilling fluid
NaCl solid particles that have a specified minimum and maximum range of particle sizes and may also have a specified
distribution of sizes
A treating chemical that is added to a drilling mud or other fluid to react with a contaminant to change the contaminant to
a less harmful compound
A small volume or pill of fluid placed in a wellbore annulus to free differentially stuck pipe
An asphaltic mud additive that has been reacted with sulfite to add anionic sulfonate groups to the complex molecular
structure
Common term for calcium hydroxide, a chemical with formula Ca(OH)2
Mud used to drill a well from surface to a shallow depth
A water-base mud designed for offshore drilling whose make-up water is taken from the ocean
A copolymer of polystyrene (containing sulfonate groups on the ring) and anhydrous maleic acid (a di-hydroxy acid)
A fine-grained, impermeable, sedimentary rock composed of clays and other minerals, usually with a high percentage of
quartz
The instantaneous volume (spurt) of liquid that passes through a filter medium prior to deposition of a competent and
controlling filter cake
Surface free energy that exists between a liquid and air
The process of creation, transportation and deposition of sediments
The process of separation of the components of a cement slurry during which the solids settle
A volume of mud that is more dense than the mud in the drillpipe and wellbore annulus
A small volume of fluid, often of a higher density than the main body of fluid, within the circulating or production-fluid
system that influences the flow or production characteristics of the well
The process of forcing a cement slurry through holes or splits in the casing or liner
The forcing, by pressure, of cement slurry into a specified location in a well, such as channels or perforations, for the
purpose of achieving zonal isolation
A chemical that preferentially adsorbs at an interface, lowering the surface tension or interfacial tension between fluids o
between a fluid and a solid
A clay mineral with long, slender, needle-like structure, similar to attapulgite
Dispersed particles in a slurry that can be separated by filtration and are not dissolved
A chemical whose molecular structure can envelop and hold a certain type of ion in a stable and soluble complex
Another term for chelating agent, a chemical used to bind metal ions to form a ring structure
Another term for chelating agent, a chemical added to an acid to stabilize iron
Ratio of the volume percent synthetic fluid to the volume percent water in a synthetic-base mud, where each is a percent
of the total liquid in the mud
A mixture of suspended solids and liquids
A fine-grained, fissile, detrital sedimentary rock formed by consolidation of clay- and silt-sized particles into thin, relatively
impermeable layers
A fine-grained, impermeable, sedimentary rock composed of clays and other minerals, usually with a high percentage of
quartz
Containing shale, a fine-grained, fissile, detrital sedimentary rock formed by consolidation of clay- and silt-sized particles
into thin, relatively impermeable layers
Containing shale, a fine-grained, impermeable, sedimentary rock composed of clays and other minerals, usually with a hig
percentage of quartz
The slang abbreviation for synthetic
The weight per unit volume of a cement slurry, usually given in units of kg/m3 or lbm/gal
Any of a number of fluids (liquids) manufactured from starting products of known composition and purity
A piece of equipment required to conduct the electrical stability (ES) test, a test for oil-base and synthetic-base muds that
indicates the emulsion and oil-wetting qualities of the sample
A drilling-mud additive used to control fluid loss in water muds ranging from freshwater to saturated-salt to high-pH lime
muds
Nonaqueous, water-internal (invert) emulsion muds in which the external phase is a synthetic fluid rather than an oil
The ability of a cement slurry to maintain homogeneity

Another term for gel strength in a fluid
The volume of slurry obtained when one sack of cement is mixed with the desired amount of water and other additives,
usually given in units of m3/kg or ft3/sk (sack)
A mud test in which the mud sample is not agitated
A test procedure published by the API that specifies the use of a shearometer tube and a set of weights to measure the
shear strength of a mud
A category of clay minerals that have a three-layer crystalline structure (one alumina and two silica layers) and that exhibi
a common characteristic of hydrational swelling when exposed to with water
A pressurized cell, fitted with a filter medium, used for evaluating filtration characteristics of a drilling fluid while it is static
in the test cell
The force per unit area required to sustain a constant rate of fluid movement
A collective term for organic salts made by reacting an aliphatic carboxylic acid with a base
Another term for sodium carbonate, a chemical with the formula Na2CO3
Any of a number of fluids (liquids) manufactured from starting products of known composition and purity
An instrument used together with a set of weights to conduct a shear-strength measurement test
A filtration process in which the slurry being filtered remains static
A test procedure published by the API that specifies the use of a shearometer tube and a set of weights to measure the
shear strength of a mud (lbf/100 ft2 or kPa)
Nonaqueous, water-internal (invert) emulsion muds in which the external phase is a synthetic fluid rather than an oil
A salt made with stearic acid, which is a fatty acid, a type of organic acid derived from animal and vegetable fats and oils
A sequestering agent used to treat cement contamination and a deflocculant for low-temperature water muds. The term i
sometimes abbreviated to SAPP
The last cement system pumped during primary cementing
A term describing the application of a cloud point glycol or polyglycol as a shale inhibitor
In chemical analysis, a procedure to determine the amount of a constituent in a sample by adding a measured volume of
reagent until the reaction between the constituent of interest and the reagent is completed, as shown by an appropriate
endpoint indicator
The shear stress measured at low shear rate after a mud has set quiescently for 10 minutes as per the standard API
procedure
The shear stress measured at low shear rate after a mud has set quiescently for 10 seconds as per the standard API
procedure
The duration that a cement slurry remains in a fluid state and is capable of being pumped
A measurement of the time during which a cement slurry remains in a fluid state and is capable of being pumped
A chemical analysis to measure the hardness ions in water-mud filtrates or in make-up water
Another term for deflocculant, a thinning agent used to reduce viscosity or prevent flocculation; incorrectly called a
"dispersant."
Also known as retort solids, the volume percent (or fraction) of a mud that is not captured in the receiver when performin
the water, oil and solids test as prescribed by API
The acids found in tannin
A chemical or other material placed in the borehole fluid and later detected to infer information about the borehole or th
drilled formations
A chemical or other substance placed in or around the borehole to measure fluid movement in injection wells
Chemical extracted from the bark of trees and used as clay deflocculant in water muds
Pertaining to the ability of a fluid, such as cement or drilling mud, to develop gel strength over time when not subject to
shearing, and then to liquefy when agitated
The force per unit cross-sectional area required to pull a substance apart
Also called a slug, a volume of mud that is more dense than the mud in the drillpipe and wellbore annulus
The characteristic of a fluid, such as a drilling mud, to form a gelled structure over time when not subject to shearing and
then to liquefy when agitated
A fluid-flow regime characterized by swirling or chaotic motion as the fluid moves along the pipe or conduit
A type of flow for single-phase fluids in which the velocity at any point may vary in both direction and magnitude with tim
A type of fluid flow characterized by swirling or chaotic motion as the fluid moves along the flow path
To perform a titration, a procedure to determine the amount of a constituent in a sample by adding a measured volume o
reagent until the reaction between the constituent of interest and the reagent is completed, as shown by an appropriate
endpoint indicator
The characteristic of a drilling fluid or a mud product pertaining to its response to prolonged heating, usually in a controlle
mud composition in a rolling- or static-aging test
Also known as geothermal gradient, the rate of increase in temperature per unit depth in the Earth
A solution that could contain more solute than is presently dissolved in it
In a U-tube manometer, the height of one leg of fluid changed by altering the density of some of the fluid in the other leg
A copolymer of vinyl acetate (ethylenic polymer) and anhydrous maleic acid (a di-hydroxy acid)
Viscosity-gel meter. This jargon is used to describe the direct-indicating viscometer, the instrument commonly used to tes
flow properties of drilling muds
A mud that contains no commercial weighting material
A class of polymers constructed with the monomer ethylene, H2C/CH2, with hydrogen replaced by various chemical group
A property of fluids and slurries that indicates their resistance to flow, defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate
The pressure exerted by a vapor escaping from a liquid

Abbreviation for viscosity
Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, the reagent used to titrate for calcium and magnesium ions (hardness ions) in water
samples. It is also known as EDTA or titraver
Measurement of the viscosity and gel strength of a drilling fluid
The residue deposited on a permeable medium when a slurry, such as a drilling fluid, is forced against the medium under
pressure
A fluid with water or brine as droplets dispersed into an external phase of oil
A drilling fluid (mud) in which water or saltwater is the major liquid phase as well as the wetting (external) phase
a high-specific gravity and finely divided solid material used to increase density of a drilling fluid
Also known as differential sticking, a condition whereby the drillstring cannot be moved (rotated or reciprocated) along th
axis of the wellbore
A situation in which the drilling assembly (pipe, drill collars and bottomhole assembly) is stuck in filter cake that was
previously deposited on a permeable zone
Referring to the volume of liquid measured in the filtration tests performed according to API specifications, in units of
cm3/30 minutes
Jargon applied to a mud additive used to control fluid loss
A mud that contains commercial weighting material such as barite or hematite
A process in which dirty water is stripped of its solids and made suitable for recycling into a mud system or disposal into
sewer systems or other places
A drilling fluid (mud) in which water or saltwater is the major liquid phase as well as the wetting (external) phase
A chemical used in preparation and maintenance of an emulsion mud, which is a water mud containing dispersed oil (or a
synthetic hydrocarbon)
In a cement slurry, the ratio of water to cement expressed as percent; the number of parts of water used to mix with 100
parts of cement
The process of removing colloidal materials from water
A test for water mud or oil mud, generally known as the retort test
Referring to mud weight, the mass per unit volume of a drilling fluid, synonymous with mud density
A dilution process which involves selective dumping of the active system (such as sand traps and "bottoms up" mud) and
replacement of the lost volume with fresh mud
A polysaccharide secreted by the bacteria genus Xanthomonas campestris, also known as XC polymer
An aromatic hydrocarbon molecule containing a benzene ring with two methyl side chains, formula C6H4(CH3)2
The volume occupied by one sack of dry cement after mixing with water and additives to form a slurry of a desired density
The specified minimum yield strength of steel used in pipe

A term used to specify the quality of a clay according to the number of barrels of 30-cp viscosity mud that one ton of the
clay would produce
The stress that must be applied to a material to make it begin to flow
parameter of the Bingham plastic model. It is the yield stress extrapolated to a shear rate of zero
Gel strengths that are very low, with both values near zero, when measured at 10 seconds and 10 minutes according to
standardized test procedures
A neutral double salt of zinc carbonate and zinc hydroxide in 2-to-3 stoichiometric proportions, 2ZnCO3·3Zn(OH)2
The elastic limit, or the point at which a material can no longer deform elastically
A very weak base, which can be used as a sulfide scavenger in oil-base or synthetic-base muds
A acidic salt, which is used to prepare dense, clear (solids-free) brine for well completion and workover operations
A neutral zinc salt, which can be used as a sulfide scavenger in water-base muds
An acidic salt, used as one of the standard saturated salt solutions for calibration of the electrohygrometer
A laboratory test to evaluate drilling-grade weighting material for potential abrasiveness
Group or cluster of particles in a fluid. In water or in water-base drilling fluid, clay particles form aggregates in a
dehydrated, face-to-face configuration.
The amount of mixing water specified in API Specification 10A for specification testing of cement to meet API requirement
Answer
Alkalinity Test
Antifoam Agent / Antifoam / Defoamer / Foam Breaker
Alum
Active Sulfide
Activity of Aqueous Solutions
Absolute Volume
Aluminium Stearate
Acyclic Compound / Aliphatic Compound
Amides
Accretion
Aerobic
Amines
Acetic Acid
Aggregation / Agglomeration
AMPS / Acrylamido Methyl Propane Sulfonate
Acid
Anaerobic
Apparent Viscosity
Anhydrite
Acidity
Acrylamide Acrylate Polymer
Aromatic Content Test
Air Cut Mud / Gas Cut Mud

Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Acrylamide Polymer
Aniline Point Test
Asphaltic Mud Additive
Attapulgite
Anodes
Alkalinity
Bactericide / Preservative / Biocide
Bentonite Equivalent
Brookfield Viscometer
Balanced Activity Oil Mud
Bland Coring Fluid
BOD / Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Buffer
Barite
Bichromate Salt / Dichromat Salt
Buffered Mud
Barrel Equivalent
Bingham Plastic Model
Bond Log
Bioaccumulation / Bioconcentration
Bottomhole Static Temperature / BHST
Bioassay / Shrimp Test
Bulk Volume
Base Exchange / CEC / Cation Exchange Capacity
Bottomhole Circulating Temperature / BHCT
By Weight of Blend / BWOB
Bottoms Up Mud Sample
Base Oil
BWOC / By Weight of Cement
Base Slurry
Breaker
By Weight of Water / BWOW
Bridging Agent / Bridging Material
Bearden Units of Concistency / Bc
Biodegradation
Biopolymer
Brine / Clear Brine
Beneficiate
Black List
Bromide Brain
Bypass
Blaine Finnes
Bromocresol Green
Bypass Mud
Bentonite
Cake / Mudcake / Wall Cake / Filter Cake
Circulation Time
COD / Chemical Oxygen Demand
Cake Thickness / Filter Cake Thickness

Citric Acid
Colloid / Colloidal / Colloidal Suspension
Clathrate
Caustic Extraction Test
Calcium Carbonate
Caustic Potash
Clay
Colloidal Solids
Caustic Soda / Sodium Hydroxied
Calcium Contamnation
Clay Extender
Clay Water Interaction
Cavings
Consistency
Contact Time
Calcium Hydroxide / Slaked Lime
Calcium Mud
Continous Phase / External Phase
Calcium Oxide / Quick Lime / Hot Lime
Clear Water Drilling
Conventional Mud
Cellulosic Polymer
Calcium Sulphate
Centrifuge
Copolymer
CERCLA / Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
Closed Mud System
Calcium Test
Capillary Suction Time Test
Cesium Acetate
Cloud Point
Capillary Tube Viscometer
Copper Carbonate
Cesium Formate
Cloud Point Glycol
Coupon / Corrosion Coupon

Coring Fluid
Chelating Agent / Sequestrating Agent
CMC / Carboxy Methyl Cellulose
CMC -HVT / CMC - Hi Vis
Creaming
Chemical Barrel
Carbonate Ion
Critical Rate
Carbonate Test
Chenevert Method
CMC -LVT / CMC - Low Vis
Carbocymethyl Hydroxyethylcellulose / CMHEC
Chloride Test
Cut Point
Curing
Chromate Salt
CMS / Carboxymethyle Starch
Cutt Point
Chrome Free
Cuttings
Carrying Capacity / Cuttings Lifting / Hole Cleaning
Chrome Lignite
Coalesce
Coalescene
Cathode
Chrome lignosulfonate
Coarse
Cycle Time / Circulation Time
CWA / Clean Water Act
Chromic Salt
DD / Drilling Detergent
Direct Emulsifier / Water-Mud Emulsifier
Drilled Solids
Deflocculant / Thinner
Diesel-Oil Mud
Drill-in Fluid
Direct-Indicating Viscometer / Fann Viscometer
Deflocculate
Deflocculated Mud
Diesel Oil Plug / Gunk Plug
Dispersant
Deflocculation
Drilling Fluid / Drilling Mud
Differential Pressure Sticking / Differential Sticking / Wall Sticking
Dispersion
Drilling Fluid Engineer / Mud Engineer
Difficult to Disperse / DTD
Draeger Tube
Dissolved Solids
Dehydration
Demulsifier
DTDS / Difficult to Disperse in Salt

Dynamic Filter Press / Filtration Tester
Derrickman
Dynamic Filtration
Dynamic Aging Test / Rolling Aging Test
Dillution
Dilution Water / Make up Water
Dewatering
Easy to Disperse / ETD
End Point
Easy to Disperse in Salt / ETDS
Equivalent Sack
Electrohygrometer / Hygrometer
Equivalent Weight
Emulsifier
ECD / Equivalent Circulating Density
Emulsion
EPA / Environmental Protection Agency
Electrical Stability Test / ES Test
Oil Emulsion Mud / Emulsion Mud
epm / Equivalents Per Million
Expanding Cement
Effective Laminar Flow

EDTA / Versenate / Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid
Encapsulation
Fine
Fluid Loss Control
Fatty Acid
Fluid Loss Control Material / Fluid Loss Additives

Filter Medium / Filter Media
Fatty Acid Soap
Fish Eye
Filter Press
Flake LCM(Lost Circulation Material)
Fiber LCM
Filter Cake Quality
Flash Point
Fly Ash
Flat Gels
Fill Cement / Lead Cement
Foamed Cement
Floc
Foaming Agent
Quarternary Amine / Film Forming Amine

Flocculant
Fomaldehyde
Flocculate
Filtrate Tracer
Formate
Filtrate Volume
Formation Damage
Filtration
Free Fluid / Free Water
Flowline Mud Sample / Mud Out Sample

Funnel Viscosity
Filter Cell
Filrtration Test
Glycol
Galena
Fluid Loss
GGT / Garret Gas Test
Grind
Gelled Mud / Gelled- Up Mud
Gas Hydrated
Grannular LCM
Gas Migration / Annular Gas Flow
Gun The Pits

Geothermal Gradient / Thermal Gradient / Temperature Gradient
Gray List
Gumbo
Greasing Out
Gel Strength / 10 minutes gel strengt / ten seconds gel strength

Gunk Squeeze
Gilsonite
Green List
Gelation
Glass Jar Test / Jar Test
Gyp Mud
HGS / High Gravity Solids
Hematite
Hard Water
Humic Acid
Hydrometer
HLB Number / Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance Number
Static Filter Press / HPHT Filtration Test / High Pressure High Temperature Filtration
Test
Humidity
HE Starch / Hydroethylcellulose Starch
Hydrophilic
HPHT Viscometer / High Pressure High Temperature Viscometer
Humidity Meter
Header Box
Hydrate / Hydration
Hydrostatic Pressure
Heavy Metal
Hydrophobic
Hydraulic Cement
HEC / Hydroethylcellulose
Hydrocyclone
Hectorite
HP Starch / Hydroxypropyl Starch
Herschel Bulkley Fluid
Hygroscopic
Inhibitive Mud
Hydrolysis
IEOM / Inverted Emulsion Oil Mud
Iron Oxide
Interfacial Tension
Surface Tension
Ilminite
Indicator
Iron Sulfide
IO / Isomerized Olefin / Polyolefin

ISO / International Organization for Standardization
Inert Sulfide
Internal Phase
Intermidiate
IP
Invert Emulsion
Isopropanol / IPA / Iso Prophyl Alcohol
Inhibition / Inhibit
Kaolinite
Kill Weight Fluid
Jet Hopper / Mud Hopper
Lag Time / Cycle Time
Lignin
Low Colloid Oil Mud / Relaxed Filtrate Oil Mud
LAO / Linier AlphaOlefin
Low Specific Gravity Solid / LGS
Latex
Low Solids Mud
Lignosulfonate / LS
Lime Mud
(1) low-lime, 0.5 to 2 lbm/bbl, (2) medium-lime, 2 to 4 lbm/bbl and (3) high-lime,
over 4 lbm/bbl
Low-Yield Clay
LC50
Lubricant
Lipiphilic
Liquid Additive
LCM / Lost Circulation Material
Lost Circulation / Lost Return
Lyophilic
Lyophilic Colloid
Leonardite
(LowPressure Low Temperature)LPLT Filtration Test / API fluid-loss test, static filter
press
Lyophobic
Mf
Lyophobic Colloid
Methylene Blue Test / MBT test / bentonite equivalent
Mud Additive
Mud Pit
Magnesium Test
Mud Aging Test
mud program
Methylglucoside drilling fluid

Mud balance/ mud scale
Makeup water/ dilution water
Microgel
Mud report
Milk emulsion mud
Mud cell
Mud retort/ mud still
Marsh funnel
mg/kg
Mud clenaer
Mud cup
Marsh funnel viscosity/ funnel viscosity
milligrams per liter

Mass balance
Minerals management system
mud density
mud tracer
material balance equation
mixed metal hydroxide
mud engineer/ drilling fluid engineer
Material safety data sheet
Mud up/ mudding up

Mixed metal silicate
Mud filtrate
Mud weight
Mud hopper
Medium
Mud house
Mudcake/ filtercake
Mud in
Meniscus
Mudding off
Mud in sample
Methane hydrate
Methane hydrate
Methane hydrate
Monomer
Mud out
Methyl orange
Mud out sample
Methyl orange alkalinity/ Mf
Mud oven
Methylene blue dye
Mysid shrimp
Mud
Naphthenic hydrocarbon
Native solids mud
Newtonian fluid
Neutralization
Nonconductive drilling fluid
Native clay
National pollutant discharge elimination system
Neutralize
Non-newtonian fluid
Oil in water emulsion
Organophilic lignite
Oil company materials association (OCMA)
Oil mud
Oil mud
Oil mud emulsifier
Octahedral layer
Occupational safety and health act
Oil water interface

Osmosis
Octanol
Olefinic hydrocarbon
Oil on cuttings
Osmotic pressure
Octyl alcohol
Oligomer
Oil/brine ratio
OSPAR
Oil base mud
Oil water ratio
Oil content
Oxygen scavanger
Oxygen scavanger
Oil emulsion mud/ emulsion mud
Organophilic
Organophilic clay
Pf/ alkalinity/ Pm
Polyanionic cellulose (PAC)
Peptizing agent
Polyanionic lignin
ppg
Permafrost
ppm
pH
Polyelectrolyte
Particle plugging test
Pore-pressure transmission
Packer fluid
Packer fluid
Precipitate
Precipitate
Polyglycerol
pH test
Phenolphthalein
Paddle blender/ paddle mixer
Polymer
Precipitation
Phosphate salt
Polymer
Polyol
Pregelatinized starch
Polyolefin
Prehydrate
PAG (Polyalkalene glycol)
PHPA (Partially hydrolized polyacrylamide) mud/ PHPA
PAO (Polyalphaolefin)
Polyphosphates
Paraffinic hydrocarbon
Prehydration
Paraformaldehyde
Prehydrated bentonite
Pill
Pill
Pilot test
Preservative
PARCOM
Portland cement
Plastic fluid
Pressurized mud balance
Particle plugging apparatus
Plastic viscosity
Primary cementing
Primary cementing
Particle size distribution
Plugging material
Potassium ion
Portland cement clinker
Progressive gels
PNP (Propylene glycol normal propyl ether)
Potassium mud
POD (point of departure)
Pounds per barrel
Pseudoplastic
Pour point
Pour point
Parts per billion
Pumpability
Poise
Pumping time
Power law fluid
Pascal
Polar compound
Polar
Peptization
PVT
PVT
Parts per million
Polyacrylate / acrylate polymer
Pozzolanic
Pyrophosphates
Peptize
Peptized clay
Pyrrhotite
Polyalphaolefin (PAO)
Pozzolan
ppb
ppb
Quality assurance
Quat
Quick lime
Quartenary amine
Quebracho
Rate of shear/ shear rate
RCRA (Resources conservation and recovery act)
Retort solids/ total solids

Rheology modifier
Relative humidity
Relaxed filtrate oil mud/ low colloid oil mud
Returns
Right angle set
Red mud/ quebracho
Redox
Reserve mud pit

Reduced water slurry
Rheological
Rheological
Rolling aging test/ dynamic aging test
Rheological property
Relative filtrate volume
Resin
Resin
Rheology
Rheology
RP
Sack
Sheen
Sacrificial anode
Sodium bicarbonate
Strength retrogression
Sheen test
Sodium carbonate
Stress corrosion cracking

Sag
Shrimp test/ bioassay
Salt
Salt
Sodium chromate
Siderite
Sodium dichromate
Styrene
Saltwater flow
Silica layer
Sodium hydroxide
Sulfate reducing bacteria
Silicate
Sodium phosphate
Saltwater mud
Sand
Sand
Sand
Sulfate resistance
Silicate anion
Silicate mud
Sulfate resistant cement

Sand test
Sodium polyacrylate
Silicic acid
Sodium silicate
Soft water
Sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP)
Sour gas
Sour gas
Saturated solution
Sulfide
Silver nitrate
Sulfide scavanger
Synthetic brine ratio/ SBR
Sintered
Scale
Scale
Scale
Sized calcium carbonate
Spot
Spot
Sulfide stress cracking
Spotting
Spotting
Sulfide test
Sized salt
Scavanger
Spotting fluid
Sulfonated asphalt
Slaked lime
Spud mud
Seawater mud
Sulfonated polystyrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (SSMA copolymer)
Sloughing shale
Spurt loss
Surface tension
Sedimentation
Sedimentation
Slug
Slug
Squeeze cementing
Squeeze cementing
Surfactant
Sepiolite
Suspended solids
Sequestering agent
Sequestering agent
Sequestering agent
synthetic water ratio/ SWR
Slurry
Shale
Shale
Shaly
Shaly
Syn
Slurry density
Synthetic based fluid
Stability meter
Starch
Synthetic base mud
Slurry stability
Shear strength
Slurry yield
Static aging test
Shear strength measurement test
Smectite clay
Static filter press
Shear stress
Soap
Soda ash
Synthetic base fluid
Shearometer
Static filtration
Shear strength measurement test
Synthetic base mud
Stearate
Sodium acid pyrophosphate
Tail cement
Thermally activated mud emulsion/ TAME/ cloud point glycol
Titration
Ten minute gel strength
Ten second gel strength
Thickening time
Thickening time
Total hardness test
Thinner
Total solids
Tannic acid
Tracer
Tracer
Tannin
Thixotropic
Tensile strength
Trip pill
Thixotropy
Tetrahedral layer
Turbulent flow
Turbulent flow
Turbulent flow
Titrate
Temperature stability
Thermal gradient
Ultrafine
Undersaturated fluid
U-tube effect
VAMA
VG meter
Unweighted mud
Vinyl polymer
Viscosity
Vapor pressure
Vis
Versenate
Viscosity and gel strength test
Wallcake
Water in oil emulsion
Water base drilling fluid
Weight material/ weighting agent
Wall sticking
Wall sticking/ differential sticking
Water loss
Water loss
Weighted mud
Wastewater cleanup
Water mud
Water mud emulsifier
Water to cement ratio
Water clarification
Water oil and solids test
Weight
Whole mud dilution
Xanthan gum
Xylene
Yield
Yield
Yield
Yield stress
Yield point
Zero zero gels

Zinc basic carbonate
Yield point
Zinc oxide
Zinc bromide
Zinc carbonate
Zinc chloride
abrasion test
aggregate
API Water
Alkalinity Test
Foam Breaker / Defoamer
Alum
Active Sulfide
Activitity Aqueous Solution
Absolute Volume
Alumunium Steareate
Aliphatic /Acyclic
Accreation
Aerob
Acetic Acid
Aggregation
Acrylamido Methyl Propane Sulfonate
Acid
Anaerob
Apparent Viscosity
Anhydrate
Acidity
Acrylamide Acrylate Polymer
Aromatic Content Test
Air Cut Mud

Aromatic
Acrylamide Polymer
Asphaltenes
Attapulgite
Anode
alkalinity
BOD
Buffer
Barite
Buffer Mud
Barrel
Bingham Plastic
BHST
Shrimp Test / Bioassay Test
Bulk Volume
CEC
Bottomhole Circulating Temperature

A laboratory test used to determine if a drilling fluid blocks movement of filtrate through pore
spaces of a shale sample
A laboratory test or other assessment utilizing a living organism, such as mysid shrimp, to determine
the effect of a condition to which the organism is exposed
A laboratory test to evaluate drilling-grade weighting material for potential abrasiveness
Pore-pressure
transmission
Shrimp test/
bioassay
abrasion test

Drilling Fluid 1

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Drilling Fluid 1

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Drilling Fluid

The temperature at the bottom of a well while fluid is being circulated

The minimum rate required to achieve turbulent flow.

The negative terminal of an electrolytic cell or battery.

The process of a mud becoming "gelled-up" or developing high gel strength

Moisture (water vapor) in a gaseous atmosphere, such as in air

The time taken for cuttings to reach the surface.

A water-base drilling fluid containing a high concentration of methylglucoside

To add commercial materials to convert water or a water-clay slurry into a mud

Abbreviation for the expression of concentration, parts-per-million

Another term for bactericide, an additive that kills bacteria

The process of placing a cement sheath around a casing or liner string

Abbreviation for concentration, parts-per-billion.

A protective device to prevent electrolytic corrosion

A deposit or coating formed on the surface of metal, rock or other material

The ability of a cement slurry to maintain homogeneity

The pressure exerted by a vapor escaping from a liquid

The specified minimum yield strength of steel used in pipe

Antifoam Agent / Antifoam / Defoamer / Foam Breaker

Activity of Aqueous Solutions

Acyclic Compound / Aliphatic Compound

AMPS / Acrylamido Methyl Propane Sulfonate

Acrylamide Acrylate Polymer

Aromatic Content Test

Air Cut Mud / Gas Cut Mud

Aniline Point Test

Asphaltic Mud Additive

Bactericide / Preservative / Biocide

Balanced Activity Oil Mud

Bland Coring Fluid

BOD / Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Bichromate Salt / Dichromat Salt

Bingham Plastic Model

Bioassay / Shrimp Test

Bottomhole Circulating Temperature / BHCT

By Weight of Blend / BWOB

Bottoms Up Mud Sample

BWOC / By Weight of Cement

By Weight of Water / BWOW

Bridging Agent / Bridging Material

Bearden Units of Concistency / Bc

Cake / Mudcake / Wall Cake / Filter Cake

COD / Chemical Oxygen Demand

Cake Thickness / Filter Cake Thickness

Colloid / Colloidal / Colloidal Suspension

Caustic Extraction Test

Caustic Soda / Sodium Hydroxied

Clay Water Interaction

Calcium Hydroxide / Slaked Lime

Continous Phase / External Phase

Calcium Oxide / Quick Lime / Hot Lime

Clear Water Drilling

CERCLA / Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

Closed Mud System

Capillary Suction Time Test

Capillary Tube Viscometer

Cloud Point Glycol

Coupon / Corrosion Coupon

CMC / Carboxy Methyl Cellulose

CMC -HVT / CMC - Hi Vis

CMC -LVT / CMC - Low Vis

Carbocymethyl Hydroxyethylcellulose / CMHEC

CMS / Carboxymethyle Starch

Direct Emulsifier / Water-Mud Emulsifier