Course No.

Course Name L T P Theory Sessional Practical Total

(Hrs) (Hrs) (Hrs) Marks Marks Marks Marks
Max Min Max Min Max Min
MCA-101 Information Technology 3 1 - 100 40 50 30 - - 150

UNIT-I
Basic concepts of IT, concepts of Data & Info, data processing, history of computers (generation, type of
languages), organization of computers, I/O devices, storage devices, system software, application software,
utility packages, numerical based on storage devices.

UNIT-II
Assembler : Elements of assembly language programming, a simple assembly scheme,
pass structure of assembler, design of two pass assemblers, a single pass assemblers.
Macros & Macro Processors : Macro definition & Call, Macro expansion Nested macro
calls, advanced macro facilities, design of macro processors.

UNIT-III
Compilers & Interpreters : aspects of compilation, memory allocation, compilation of
expression compilation of control structures, code optimization, interpreters.
Software Tools : Software tools for program development, editors, debug monitors,
programming environment, user interfaces.

UNIT-IV
Linker & Loaders : Relocation & linking concepts, design of linkers, self relocating
programs, a linker for MS DOS, linking for overlays, loaders : A two pass loader scheme,
Relocating loaders, subroutine linkage, Direct linkage loader, Binders overlays.

UNIT-V
Sequential file organisation, random file organisation, index structure, indexed file
organisation, alternate key indexed sequential files, multi key organisation, multi key
access, multi list file organisation, inverted files & their definitions, insertion, deletion,
operations with optimum utilization of memory, comparison of various type of file
organisation.

BOOKS
1. D.M. Dhamdhere “ System Programming & O.S.” 2nd Ed., Tata Mc. Graw Hill.
2. J. Donovan “System Programming” THM.
3. Rajaraman V. “Fundamental of Computers” (4nd edition.) Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi 2004.
4. Sardes D.H. “Computer’s today” McGraw Hill 1988.
5. S.Jaiswal, “Fundamental of Computer & IT”, Wiley dreamtech India..

Note : Paper is to be set unit wise with internal choice.

Lecture Number : 1
References : Information Technology Today - S. Jaiswal

Content of the Lecture

Information Concepts:
Data, Information, and Knowledge
• Data: raw facts
– Alphanumeric, image, audio, and video

• Information: collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional
value beyond the value of the facts themselves
– Value of Information is directly linked to how it helps decision makers
achieve their organization’s goals and can be measured
• in time required to make a decision
• Increased profits to the company

Figure : The Process of Transforming Data into Information

The Characteristics of Valuable Information

Computer Data Processing :-

Computer data processing Computer data processing is any process that uses a computer
program to enter data and summarize, analyze or otherwise convert data into usable
information. The process may be automated and run on a computer. It involves recording,
analyzing, sorting, summarizing, calculating, disseminating and storing data. Because data
are most useful when well-presented and actually informative, data-processing systems are
often referred to as information systems. Nevertheless, the terms are roughly synonymous,
performing similar conversions; data-processing systems typically manipulate raw data
into information, and likewise information systems typically take raw data as input to
produce information as output.

Data processing may or may not be distinguished from data conversion, when the process
is merely to convert data to another format, and does not involve any data manipulation.

History of Computers –

History of computers starts about 200 year ago, after birth of abacus; it’s a wooden rack
folding two horizontal wires with beads, strung on them. All regular arithmetic problems
can be solved by them.
Charles Babbage-

He began to design an atomic mechanical calculating machine, which he called a

difference engine in 1822.

Electronic Digital computer-

In 1942, John P Eckert, John W Mauchly and their associates at the Moore school of
electronic engineering of university of Pennsylvania decided to build a high-Speed
electronic computer to do the job. This machine known as ENIAC (“Electronic Numerical
Integrator and calculator”)

Advances in the 1950’s-

Two discoveries “Magnetic core memory” and the transistor-circuit element” made
computer more reliable and capable. ”RAM” capacities increased from 8,000 to 64,000
commercially available machine by the 1960’s with access times of 2 to 3 Ms (Mili
Seconds)They were very expansive.
· Batch Processing System

Advances in the 1960’s-

LARC machine, built for the live mode radiation lab of the University of California by
JBM

More recent advance-

During 1960’s, applications programming language remove the obstacle of single purpose
computers. Application language was available for controlling a great range of
manufacturing process, for using machine tools with computers.

Generations of modern computers

First generation of computers (1945-1956)-

The computers manufactured between 1942-1955 are called as the first generation
computers. They used Vaccum Tubes in their circuitry which were large and generated
much heat. Storage technique , which used punched cards, was primitive. The language
used was the machine language .
Second generation of computers (1956-1963)-

By 1948 with inventions of the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics. Transistor
replaces the last cumbersome vacuum tubes in TV, Radios and computers. Storage
technique was improved with the use of magnetic disks. The machine language was
replaced by high –level language like FORTRAN.

Third generation of computers (1964-1971)-

The integrated circuits (IC ) based on the Large Scale Integration (LSI) technology
replaced the transistors in the third generation computers. Each large scale integrated
circuit had hundred or more components packed together as an assembly. The LSI
technology led to the development of very small but powerful microcomputer. Integrated
circuits (IC) refers to the miniaturization of electronic circuits such that hundreds of
components are formed on a small chip of silicon. This chip is able to perform a variety of
functions that in the past required several different electronic components.

Fourth generation of computers (1971-Presents)

In this generation computers used VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) technology. The
VLSI devices have thousands or more components packed into an assembly. This
technology led to the development of microprocessors, where an entire CPU circuitry is
placed on a single chip. The circuits designed here, provided lower cost, less failures,
smaller size etc. All modern day computers like IBM, Apple Macintosh, SUN Spare
Stations etc, fall under this generation of computers.

Fifth generation of computers (Present-beyond)

Many aspects of fifth generation computer is still on idea or a theory, but not a reality.
Some of FGC ideas are already a reality, some computer are able to accept spoken a word
instruction (Voice record)
 Lecture Number : 2
References : Information Technology Today - S. Jaiswal

Content of the Lecture

Generation of Language-

First Generation Language (The machine language)-

The set of instructions written as strings of binary 1s and 0s, that can be understood by the
computer without using a translation program , is called a machine code or machine language
program.

Second Generation Language (The assembly language)-

It is a low-level programming language in which alphanumeric mnemonic codes

are used for the instructions in the instruction set and alphanumeric symbols are used for
addresses. The assembly language has the same structure and set of commands as machine
language but they enable a program to the name instead of numbers.

Third Generation Language (High level language)-

A programming language whose structure is application oriented and is independent of the

structure of the computer. Each statement of such a language is translated into many machine
language statements. HLL is design to be easier for a human to understand ex. FORTRAN,
ALGOL, COBOL

Fourth Generation Language (Application Specific languages)-

This refers to non procedural language that is the programmer

specifies what has to be done (i.e what the output should be) instead of how the task is to be
performed.
HLL built around database system invented by JIM MARTIN.

Fifth Generation Language –

In n1982 MITI decided it would spend 10 year and lot of money

artificial intelligence into programming. this solving the software crises

COMPUTER ORGANISATION

1. BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS

A computer as shown in Fig. 1 performs basically five major operations or functions

irrespective of their size and make. These are 1) it accepts data or instructions by way of
input, 2) it stores data, 3) it can process data as required by the user, 4) it gives results in
the form of output, and
5) it controls all operations inside a computer. We discuss below each of these operations.

1. Input: This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer system.
You should know that computer is an electronic machine like any other machine which
takes as inputs raw data and performs some processing giving out processed data.
Therefore, the input unit takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for
processing.

2. Storage: The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage.
Data has to be fed into the system before the actual processing starts. It is because the
processing speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU) is so fast that the data has to be
provided to CPU with the same speed. Therefore the data is first stored in the storage unit
for faster access and processing. This storage unit or the primary storage of the computer
system is designed to do the above functionality. It provides space for storing data and
instructions.

The storage unit performs the following major functions:

· All data and instructions are stored here before and after processing.
· Intermediate results of processing are also stored here.

3. Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is
called processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the
storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the
type of data provided. It is then sent back to the storage unit.

4. Output: This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful
information. Similarly the output produced by the computer after processing must also be
kept somewhere inside the computer before being given to you in human readable form.
Again the output is also stored inside the computer for further processing.
 5. Control: The manner how instructions are executed and the above operations are
performed. Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed
by control unit. It takes care of step by step processing of all operations in side the
computer.

2. FUNCTIONAL UNITS

In order to carry out the operations mentioned in the previous section the computer
allocates the task between its various functional units. The computer system is divided
into three separate units for its operation. They are 1) arithmetic logical unit, 2) control
unit, and 3) central processing unit.

2.1 Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU)

The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by Arithmetic Logical
Unit. The major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, logic and comparison.

2.2 Control Unit (CU)

The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which acts like the supervisor seeing
that things are done in proper fashion. The control unit determines the sequence in which
computer programs and instructions are executed.

2.3 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central processing
unit. You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system. It is just like brain that takes
all major decisions, makes all sorts of calculations and directs different parts of the
computer functions by activating and controlling the operations.

I/O Device-

Input Devices-
The input device are used to input data and instructions into a form that
computer can process, similarly to communicate the result of proceed data, out put device are
required.

Input device can be categorized in 5 forms.

Keyboards
Pointing devices
Source data entry devices
Audio input devices
Video input devices
O/P devices-

Soft copy output devices-

Soft copy refers to the data that is show on a display

screen or is in audio or voice form.

Display screen
Cathode ray tube
Black Panel display

Hard copy output devices-

Hard copy refers to printed output-
Printer
Plotter
Micro Film and Micro Finches
Voice Out put device
Sound Out put Device
 Lecture Number : 3
References : Information Technology Today - S. Jaiswal

Storage Devices-
Storage Devices are used to store large or small amount of data
based on the capacity of storing devices.
Before storage devices we need to understand memory.

Memory-
Some types of semi conductor memory are

ü Cache memory
ü Flash memory
ü Bubble Memory
ü Read only Memory
ü Random Access memory

Storage Devices
To evaluate various storage devices, the following factors are
considered important.

a) Storage Capacity
b) Access Speed
c) Access method
d) Rate of Transfer
e) Size And Portability
f) Cost

Organization of computer-
Each Computer installation consists of a series of devices that
operate together as an integrated unit or computer system.

Element of computer system

a) Input Unit
b) CPU
c) Auxiliary or Secondary storage unit
d) Out put Unit

Element of CPU
a) Primary Storage b) Control Unit ) Arithmetic and logic unit

Software is a set of instruction to perform a specific or set of function also is a set of data.
Software is often divided into two categories

1. System Software-
System software consist of low level program that interact with the
computer at a very basic level.
2. Application software-
 Application software can not run without a OS and system utilities.

Software

Application software System Software

General Purpose Specific Purpose Development

Execution

Public Domain Software-

Refers to any program that is not copy righted PD S/w is

free and can be used without restrictions. Ex. PHP , Some antivirus, Some
players

1- Free Ware
2- Share ware

Software creation and programming language-

S/w is used to solve a problem hence, 1st step is to create

an algorithm that is to say a formula or set of steps for solving a particular
problem.

System Software-
System software consist of low level program that interact with the computer at a very
basic level.

BIOS-Firmware-

One of the fundamental techniques in the PC design is the BIOS is a group small
program furnished by the PC manufacturing also called firmware.
BIOS or derived program –

The OS communicate with H/W in two ways

1- The OS communicate directory with H/W through drive programs.

2- The OS utilizes the BIOS programs.

Application Software -
Application software can not run without a OS and system utilities.

There are two types of application software-

1- General purpose software
2- Dedicated Software

1- General purpose software-

General purpose software is mass produced for broad range for common business
application such as Word processing, Graphics, payroll and accounting. Some popular
Gen purpose software project discuss below:-

Ø Word Processing
Ø Desktop Publishing
Ø Accounting Software

2- Application Dedicated Software-

This include specialize or customized applications design for very specific purpose.

Utility Package-

Most utilities are part of system program although they are also an
entity themselves. They help in designing application software-

-Operating System-
OS include many utility packages like format disk, disk
fragmentation, GUI, Sound, Etc.

-32 Bit Drivers-

In 32 Bit OS you can use 32 Bit driver instead of ROM BIOS

-File Systems-
File System is a storage media, when a disk a formatted in a drive it
becomes.

§ Format or Formatting
§ FAT (File Allocation Table)
§ Sectors
§ Clusters
§ File Fragmentation
§ De fragmentation
Lecture Number : 4
References : System Programming & Operating System - D.M. Dhamdhere

Content of the Lecture

Assemblers :-
An assembler is a program that accept as input an assembly language
program and produces its machine language equivalent along with information for the
loader Fig. below shows the function of an assembler.

Assembly
Language
Program

There are six steps that should be followed by the designer :

(i) specify the problem.

(ii) Specify data structures.
(iii) Define format of data structures.
(iv) Specify algorithm.
(v) Look for modularity (i.e capability of one program to be subdivided
into independent programming units).
(vi) Repeat (i) through (v) on modules.

Elements of assembly language programming-

a) Mnemonics operation codes
b) Symbolic operands
c) Data declarations

Statement Format-
[Label] <op code> <operand space> [<operand space>]

Simple Assembly Language-

In this Language each statements has two operands the 1st operands is always a register,
which can be any one of AREG, BREG, CREG, and DREG. The second operand refers to
a memory words using a symbolic name and an optional displacement.

Assembly Language Statements:-

a) Imperative Statements
b) Declaration Statements
c) Assembler Directives

A simple assembly scheme:-

Design specification of an assembler:-

 We uses 4 step approach to develop a design specification for an assembler.
a) Identify the information necessary to perform a task
b) Design a suitable data structure to record the information.
c) Determine the processing necessary to obtain and maintain the information.
d) Determine the processing necessary to perform the task.
Lecture Number : 5
References : System Programming & Operating System - D.M. Dhamdhere

Content of the Lecture

Pass structure of Assemblers:-

Two pass translation-
Two pass translation of an assembly language program can handle forward reference
easily. LC (Location Counter) processing is performed in the first pass and symbol
defined in the program are entered in to the symbol table.

Single pass translation-

LC processing and construction of the symbol table proceed as in two pass

translation.

Design of a two-pass assembler-

Pass 1-
a) Separate the symbol, mnemonic op code and operands fields.
b) Build the symbol table.
c) Perform LC processing
d) Construct IR
Pass 2-
Synthesize the target program

Advance assemblers directives:

Ø EQU
Ø LTROG

Pass I of the Assembler:

Pass 1 uses following data structure:
· OPTAB
· SYMTAB
· LITTAB
· Algorithm for assembler first pass.

Pass II of the Assembler:

· Algorithm for assembler two pass.

Lecture Number : 6
References : System Programming & Operating System - D.M. Dhamdhere

Content of the Lecture

Macro and Macro Processors:

Macro:-

A macro is a unit of specification for program generation through expression. A

macro consists of a name, a set of normal parameter and body of code. Macro has two
types of expansion:
· Lexical Substitution
· Semantic expansion

Macro definition and call:

It is enclosed with in macro header statements and a macro end statements. A

macro consists of:
· A macro prototype statements
· One or more model statements
· Macro pre preprocessor statements

Macro expansion:

· Expansion time control flow

· Lexical substitution
· Positional Parameter

Macro Call:

· Keyword parameter
· Default parameter specification
·
Nested macro calls:

A model a statement is a macro may contain a call to another macro such calls is
called nested macro calls.
Lecture Number : 7
References : System Programming & Operating System - D.M. Dhamdhere

Content of the Lecture

Advanced macro facilities:

· Facilities for alteration of flow of control during expansion.

1. Expansion time sequencing symbol
2. Expansion time statements AIF, AGO and ANOP.
· Expansion time variable:
1. Conditional Variable
2. Expansion time loops
· Attributes of parameter

Design of a macro preprocessor:

The macro preprocessor accepts an assembly program
containing definition and calls and translate it into an assembly program
which does not contain any macro definition or calls.

Design overview:
We begin the design by listing all tracks involved in macro
expansion.
 Lecture Number : 8
References : System Programming & Operating System - D.M
Dhamdhere

Content of the Lecture

Compilers :-

A compilers will accept complete set of program code as input and then
converts it to machine code.

Aspects of Compilation :-

A compiler bridges the semantic gap between a programming language domain and an
execution domain. Two aspect of compilation are :

(i) Generated code to implement meaning of a source program in the execution

domain.
(ii) Provide diagnostics for violations of programming language semantics in a
source program.

Some PL features which contribute to the semantic gap between a PL domain and an
execution domain. These are :

i. Data types
ii. Data Structures
iii. Scope rules
iv. Control structure.

Data Types :- A data type is the specification of :

(a) Legal values for variables of the type , and
(b) Legal operations on the legal values of the type.

Data Stuctures :- A PL permits the declaration and use of data structures like arrays,
stacks , records, lists etc.

Scope Rules :- Scope rules determine the accessibility of variables declared blocks of a
program. The scope of a program entity (e.g., a data item) is that part of a program here
the entity is accessible.

Control Structure :- The control structure of a language is the collection of language

features for altering the flow of control during the execution of a program. This includes
conditional transfer of a control, conditional execution, iteration control and procedure
calls. The compiler must ensure that a source program does not violate the semantics of
control structures.
Memory Allocation :

Memory Allocation involves three important tasks.

§ Determine the amount of memory required to represent the

value of a data item.
§ Use an appropriate memory allocation model to implement the
lifetimes and scope of data items.
§ Determine appropriate memory mappings to access the values
in a non scalar data item, e.g. values in an array.

Static and Dynamic Memory Allocation :-

Memory Binding :- A memory binding is an association between the ‘memory address’
attribute of a data item and the address of a memory area.
Memory binding can be static and dynamic in nature.

Static Memory allocation , memory is allocated to a variable before the execution of a

program begins. Static memory allocation is performed during compilation. No memory
allocation or deallocation actions are performed during the execution of a program. Thus
variables remains permanently allocated ; allocation to a variable exists even if the
program unit in which it is defined is not active.

Dynamic Memory allocation :-

In dynamic memory allocation , memory bindings are established and destroyed during
the execution of a program.
Dynamic memory allocation has two flavours :-

1. Automatic Allocation
2. Program Controlled Allocation

Automatic allocation :- In automatic dynamic allocation , memory is allocated to the

variables declared in a program unit when the program unit is entered during the execution
and is deallocated when the program unit is exited . Thus the same memory area may be
used for the variables of different program units .

Program controlled Allocation :- In program controlled dynamic allocation , a program

can allocate or deallocate memory at arbitrary points during its execution. It is obvious
that in both automatic and program controlled allocation, address of the memory area
allocated to a program unit cannot be determined at compilation time.

Some examples of these memory allocation models are FORTRAN

Lecture Number : 9
References : System Programming & Operating System - D.M
Dhamdhere

Content of the Lecture

Introduction to Software tools :

Computing involves two main activities – Program development and use of

application software .Language processors and operating system play an obvious role in
these activities. A less obvious but vital role is played by the program that help in
developing and using other programs .
These programs are called software tools, perform various housekeeping tasks involved in
program development and application usage.

Software Tool :- A software tool is a system program which

1. interfaces a program with the entity generating its input data, or
2. interfaces the results of a program with the entity consuming
them.

The entity generating the data or consuming the results may be a program or a user. Fig.
below shows a schematic of a software tool.

Software Tools for Program development

The fundamental steps in program development are :-

(i) Program design, coding and documentation
(ii) Preparation of programs in machine readable form.
(iii) Program translation, linking and loading
(iv) Program testing and debugging
(v) Performance tuning
(vi) Reformatting the data and/or results of a program to suit other programs.

Step 3 require use of language processors. All other steps involve transformations of
programs or data .

Program Design and coding :-

Two categories of tools used in program design and coding are

(vii) Program generators
(viii) Programming environments

Program generators generates a program which performs a set of functions described

in its specification. Use of a program generator saves sustained design effort since a
programmer

merely specifies what functions a program should perform rather than how the functions
should be implemented. Coding effort is saved since the program is generated rather than
coded by hand.
A programming environment supports coding by incorporating awareness of the
programming language syntax and semantics in the language editor.

Program Entry and Editing :

These tools are text editors or more sophisticated programs with text editors as front ends.
The editors functions in two modes :

(a) Command Mode : In the command mode, it accepts user commands specifying the
editing function to be performed.
(b) Data mode : in the data mode, the user keys in the text to be added to the file.

Failure to recognize the current mode of the editor can lead to mix up of commands and
data. This can be avoided in two ways .In one approach, a quick exit is provided from the
data mode .Another approach is to use the screen mode (also called what u see what u get
mode), wherein the editor is in the data mode most of the time . The user is provided
special keys to move the cursor on the screen. A stroke of any other key is taken to imply
input of the corresponding character at the current cursor position.
Lecture Number : 10
References : System Programming & Operating System - D.M
Dhamdhere

Prgram testing and Debugging

Important steps in program testing and debugging are selection of test data for the
program , analysis of test results to detect errors (if any), and debugging, i.e localization
and removal of errors. Software tools t assist the programmer in these steps come in the
following forms :

1. Test data generators :Test data generators help the user in selecting test data for
his program . Their use helps in ensuring that a program is thoroughly tested.
2. Automated test driver : Automated test drivers help in regression testing,
wherein a program’s correctness is verified by subjecting it to a standard set of
tests after every modification. Regression testing is performed as follows :
Many sets of test data are prepared for a program . These are given as inputs to the
test driver. The driver selects one set of test data at a time and organizes execution
of the program on the data.
3. Debug monitors help in obtaining information for localization of errors.
4. Source code control systems help to keep track of modifications in the source
code.

Enhancement of Program performance :

Program efficiency depends on two factors these are :

(a) The efficiency f the algorithm and.
(b) The efficiency of its coding.

An optimizing compiler can improve efficiency of the code but it cannot improve
efficiency of the algorithm. Only a program designer can improve efficiency of an
algorithm by rewriting it. However this is a time consuming process hence some help
should be provided to improve its cost effectiveness.

A profile monitor is a software tool that collects information regretting the execution
behavior of a program, e.g. the amount of execution time consumed by its modules and
presents it in the form of execution.

Program Documentation :

Most programming projects suffer from lack of up-to- date documentation.

Automatic documentation tools are motivated by the desire to overcome this
deficiency. This tools work on the source program to produce different forms of
documentation, e.g. flow charts, IO specifications showing files and their records etc.

Design of Software Tool :

(i) Program Preprocessing and Instrumentation

(ii) Program Interpretation and Program generation
Program Preprocessing and Instrumentation

Program preprocessing techniques are used to support static analysis of programs.

Tools generating cross reference listings and lists of unreferenced symbols; test data
generators, and documentation aids use this technique. Program instrumentation
implies insertion of statements in a program .The instrumented program is translated
using a standard translator. During execution, the inserted statements perform a set of
desired functions.
Profile and debug monitors typically use this technique . In a profile monitor, an
inserted statement updates a counter indicating the number of times a statement is
executed, whereas in debug monitors an inserted statement indicates that execution has
reached a specific point in the source program.

Program Interpretation and Program Generation :

The schematic of software tools using the techniques of interpretation and program
generation. Use of interpreters in software tools is motivated by the same reasons that
motivate the use of interpreters in program development, absence of a translation
phase in processing a program. Since most requirements met by software tools are
adhoc, its is useful to eliminate the translation phase. However, interpreter based tools
suffer from poor efficiency and poor portability. Since an interpreter based tool is only
as portable as the interpreter it uses. A generated program is more efficient and can be
made portable.
Lecture Number : 11
References : System Programming & Operating System - D.M
Dhamdhere

Editors

Text editors come in the following forms :

1. Line editors
2. Stream editors
3. Screen editors
4. Word Processors
5. Structure editors

Line Editors :

The scope of edit operations in a line editors is limited to a line of text. The line is
designed positionally, e.g, by specifying its serial number in the text, or contextually, e.g
by specifying a context which uniquely identifies it. The primary advantage of line editors
is their simplicity. Line editors maintain multiple representations of text. One
representation shows the text as a sequence of lines. The editor maintains an internal form
which is used to perform the edit operations. This form contains end of line characters and
other edit characters.

Stream Editors :

A stream editor views the entire text as a stream of characters. This permits edit
operations to cross line boundaries. Stream editors typically support character, line and
context oriented commands based on the current editing context indicated by the position
of a text pointer. The pointer can be manipulated using positioning or search commands.
Stream editors also typically maintain multiple representations of text.

Screen Editors :

A line or stream editor does not display the text in the manner it would appear if
printed. A screen editor uses the what u see what u get principle in editor design. The
editor displays a successful text at a time. The user can move the cursor over the screen,
position it at the point where user desires to perform some editing and proceed with the
editing directly. This is very useful while formatting the next to produce printed
documents.

Word Processors :

Word processors are basically document editors with additional features to

produce well formatted hard copy output. Essential features of word processors are
commands for moving sections of text from one place to another, merging of text, and
searching and replacement of

words. Many word processors support spell check option. With the advent of personal
computers, word processors have seen widespread use amongst authors, office personnel
and computer professionals. Wordstar is popular editor of this class.
 Tutorial -1

Q.No.-1.What are the essential components of computer? Draw the block diagram of
computer?
Q.No.-2. Describe generation of computer technology and differentiate between low
level language and High level language?
Q.No.-3. What is primary and secondary memory? Also explain the cache memory
,magnetic disk and flash memory?

Tutorial -2

Q.No-1. Explain the various types of Input and Output devices and explain the
working of each of them?
Q.No-2. Write down a brief note on application software, system software, utility
software?
Q.No-3. Explain the merits and demerits of followings:
1. machine language
2. assembly language
3. high level language
 Tutorial -3

Q.No.-1 What are the functions of an assembler? What is the basic step followed in
the design of an assembler?
Q.No.-2 Write down the algorithm of PASS-1 Assembler?
Q.No.-3What is assembly language and also explain its statement?

Tutorial- 4

Q.No.-3- what is two pass assembler? Explain the design of two pass assembler?
Q.No.-4- what are the macro instruction? What are basic task that any macro
processor must perform?
Q.No-3 explain in detail a two pass algorithm for implementing a macro?
 IT QUIZ
MCA Department

1) The computer you are controlling or working via a network.

(A) Remote computer
(B) Local computer
(C) Standalone computer
d) Host computer

2) A network of computers and other devices that is confined to a relatively small space.

a) Global network
b) Local area network
c) Peer-to-Peer network
d) Metropolitan network

3) A Microsoft Word document has an extension of ...

A. .xls
B. .dfg
C. .doc
D. .ppt
E. .mml
4) What is part of a database that holds only one type of information?
1) Report
2) Field
3) Record
4) File

5) Which part of the computer does an EIDE cable connect to?

1. Floppy drive
2. Hard disk drive
3. Sound card
4. Video card

6) SATA Hard drives have how many Jumper Settings?

A. 3 - master, slave, and Drive Select
B. 2 - Master and Slave (your answer)
C. SATA Drives don't have Jumpers
D. It depends on the Manufacturer.
7) What type of software is embedded within hardware?
A. Firmware
B. Driver
C. OS
D. Application

8) Who founded Microsoft?

A. Bill Gates and Paul Allen
B. Bill Gates and Steve Jobs
C. Bill Gates and George W Bush
D. Steve Jobs
E. Tamera S Higgins

9) What is the full form of AT & T ball lab?

A) American telecommunication & telegraph Bell lab.
B) American telegraph & telecommunication Bell lab.
C) American telephonic & telegraph Bell lab.
D) American telecommunication & telephonic Bell lab.

1. What do you mean by Web-Farm?

(A) A web server hosting a single web application.
(B) Multiple servers hosting a web application.
(C) A web server hosting multiple web application.

2. What do you mean by Web-Garden?

(A) A web server hosting a single web application.
(B) Multiple servers hosting multiple web application.
(C) A web server hosting multiple web application.

3. What is true about 2-tier application?

(A) Required dedicated LAN
(B) NO same O.S.(client & server)
(C) No .exe form in client.

4. What is SMTP?
(A)Simple Mailer transport protocol
(B) Simple mail transport protocol
(C) Single Mail transport protocol

5. What is true about XML-?

(A) User defines tag.
(B) Pre define tag
(C)Case sensitive
(D) Essay data transfer
(E) All
6. BAT’ extension refers usually to what kind of file?
(A) Compressed Archive file
(B) System file
(C) Audio file
(D) Backup file

7. What is the full form of URL?

(A) Uniform resource allocator.
(B)Uniform resource location.
(C) Uniform resource locator.
(D) Unicorn resource locator.

8. A half byte is known as.

(A) Bit
(B) Nibble
(C) Megabyte
(D) Kilobyte

9. What is the full form of WWW?

(A) world wide web
(B) web world wide
(C) wide world web
(D) World web wide

10. Virtual memory is?

(A) An extremely large main memory.
(B) An extremely large secondary memory.
(C) An illusion of an extremely large memory.
(D) A type of memory used in super computer.

11. The software which cannot be categorized as application software-

(A) Word Processor
(B) Spreadsheet
(C) MS-DOS
(D) DBMS

12. Memory of register is associated with-

(A) ALU
(B) Control Unit
(C) A & B
(D) Main Memory
13. Which one is top in memory hierarchy?
(A)Cache
(B)RAM
(C)Register
(D)Hard disk

14. A system program which helps the execution of user programmer is-
(A) System software
(B) Application Program
(C) Batch Operating system
(D) Utilities

15. The column of a table is referred as the-

(A) Tuple
(B) Attribute
(C) Entity
(D) Degree

16. Select, from, where etc statement comes under-

(A) DDL (data definition language)
(B) DCL (data control language)
(C) DRL (data relation language)
(D) DML (data manipulation language)

17. Which of the following was the first Intel processor introduced?
1. 3080
2. 4004
3. 8080
4. 8086
18. Which of the following operating systems is produced by IBM?
(A) OS-2
(B) Windows
(C) DOS
4) UNIX

19. Which of the following is currently a hard disk drive manufacturer?

1. Dell
2. Microsoft
3. Conner
4. Seagate
20) Which of the following is not a search engine?
1. Google
2. Zeal
3. Amazon
4. Hotbot

21) Which of the below does not have the ability to allow a user to communicate with
another computer?
1. Network Card
2. Serial Port
3. VGA Port
4. Modem.

22) How much disk space does a standard CD hold?

1. 650MB
2. 600MB
3. 500MB
4. 700MB

23) ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet, was developed by:

A) FAA
B) Department of Defense
C) NATO

24) Which is widely used in academic testing?

(A) MICR
(B) POS
(C) OCR
(D) OMR

25) The device that converts bits and bytes into signals that can travel over telephone lines and
vice versa is called?
(A) Sensor
(B) Modem
(C) Transistor
(D) None of these

26) This is a Web site that allows registered users to upload files and save favorite bookmarks so
that they can be accessed at any time from any computer on the Internet.
A) Bookmark portal
B) round tripping
C) jump page
D) blog
27) Which of the following is not a antivirus company?
1. AVG
2. Panda
3. Symantec
4. Xargon
28) Which one is the complete OOP’S language?
1) java
2) .net
3) C++
4) smalltalk or sumlea 67

29) Why was the first Intel Celeron processor not as popular as expected?
1. Had errors
2. No level 2 cache
3. Caused errors
4. Caused Excess heat

30) A CPU’s processing power is measured in-:

A) IPS
B) CIPS
C) MIPS
D) Neno-sec.

1. What is ACID?

2. What is Redundancy?

3. What is normalization Denormalization?

4. What are the names of OSI Model in order?

Physical
Data
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application

5. What is Deadlock & Interrupt?

6. What is the common between Class and Structure?

1. Both implement Interface.
2. Both have constructor.
3. Both have event & delegate.
7. Difference between DLL & EXE?
DLL EXE
1. In process out process
2. Multiple uses Single uses
3. Bind with exe Independent

8. What is the latest version of internet explorer?

9. Which file load in booting –
DOS.SYS
IO.SYS
CONFIG.SYS
10. What is client server technologies?
 Question Bank of Information technology MCA-101
UNIT-1
Basic Concept of IT

Q:-1 Describes briefly the basic concept of information technology?

Q:-2 What is information? What are the characteristics? Which are to be aimed at a
presentation of information?
Q:-3 Distinguish b/w data, information, knowledge and belief?
Q:-4 What are the different categories of data processing files, describes each of them in
brief?
Q:-5 classify the different generation of computer on the basis of technology used,
processing power and storage capacity of computer system?
Q:-6 Define machine language, assembly language, high language and fourth generation
language?
Q:-7 Discuss the merits and demerits of followings:
4. machine language
5. assembly language
6. high level language
7. earth generation languages
Q:-8 Discuss the feature of micro computer, mini computer and super computer also main
frame computer?
Q:-9 Discuss the various types of I/P and O/P devices and explain the Working of each of
them?
Q:-10 Discuss the main application of magnetic ink, character reader, optical character
reader and optical bar reader?
Q:-11 Write down the most important characteristics of storage device? Also explain the
Working of compact disk?
Q:-12 Write a short note on cache memory?
Q:-13 Discuss the technology used in optical storage?
Q:-14 Describe memory hierarchy With the help of block diagram?
Q:-15 Write down a brief note on utility?
 Question Bank of Information technology MCA-101
UNIT-2
Basic Concept of Assembler

Q:-1 What is the function of an assembler? What is the basic step followed in the design
of an assembler?
Q:-2 Write the elements of assembly language programming?
Q:-3 What is one pass assembler? Explain the design of one pass assembler?
Q:-4 Can you write an assembly language program Without using USING instructions?
How? What are the limitations?
Q:-5 What is the significance of symbol table in designing an Assembler?
Q:-6 What do you mean by table processing?
Q:- 7What is two pass assembler? Explain the design of two pass assembler?
Q:-8 What are the macro instruction? What are basic task that any macro processor must
perform?
Q:-9 Write short note on conditional macro expansion?
Q:-10 Write short note on macro call within macro?
Q:-11 Explain in detail a two pass algorithm for implementing a macro?
Q:-12 Describe how the macro processor can be implem4ented of macro calls With in
macros?
Q:-13 Describe how the macro processor can be implemented With ib pass one of the
assembler? Discuss the advantage and disadvantage?
Q:-14 Differentiate between USING and BALR? What happens to each of these at
assembly time and at execution time?
Q:-15 What is the difference between CR and CLR instructions?
 Question Bank of Information technology MCA-101
UNIT-3
Compiler And Interpreter

Q:-1What do you mean by aspects of compilation, describe them?

Q:-2 What do you mean by memory allocation? Explain it?
Q:-3 How does the compilation of expression is performed? Explain it?
Q:-4 Write a short note on the compilation of control structure?
Q:-5 What do you understand by code optimization in compilation process?
Q:-6 What is an interpreter?
Q:-7 What do you mean by pure and impure interpreters?
Q:-8 Distinguish B/W compiler and interpreter? How it differ from assembler?
Q:-9What are S/W tools? Give the diagram of S/W tools?
Q:-10 explain the software tools for program development?
Q:-11 Why is it necessary to relocate a program in memory?
Q:-12 What is a compiler? What are the various phases in the design of a compiler?
Q:-13 What do you mean lexical analysis?
Q:-14 What is a token in lexical analysis?
Q:-15 Differentiate between a pass and phase?
Q:-16 Differentiate between token and a Uniform Symbol? How the size of uniform
symbol is effected by the size of the token?
Q:-17 Differentiate between syntax analysis and semantic analysis?
Q:-18 What are the various optimization techniques used in compiler design?
Q:-19 What is storage class and describe briefly the various types of storage classes used?
Q:-20 What is the difference between syntax and semantics error?
 Question Bank of Information technology MCA-101
UNIT-4
Linker And Loader

Q:-1 Define the linkers?

Q:-2 What is linking?
Q:-3 What is relocation?
Q:-4 Write a short note on object model?
Q:-5 How Will design a linker?
Q:-6 Write a short note on self-relocating program?
Q:-7 How Will a linker for MS DOS?
Q:-8 Write a short note on linking for overlays?
Q:-9 Define the loader? Define the function of a loader?
Q:-10 What is compiler and Go loader? What are the advantage and disadvantage?
What are the various functions performed by a general loader?
Q:-12 What are the various types of loaders?
Q:-13 What are the disadvantages of ‘Compile and Go’ Loaders?
Q:-14 What are the advantages of DLL over Relocatable Loaders?
Q:-15 Describe different types of address constants defined in Direct Linking Loaders?
 Question Bank of Information technology MCA-101
UNIT-5
File Organization

Q:-1 What is file organization?

Q:-2 What is sequential file organization? Explain it?
Q:-3 Explain the index –sequential file organization?
Q:-4 Write the structure of index sequential files?
Q:-5 Explain random or direct file organization?
Q:-6 What is multi key file organization?
Q:-7 What is the need for multiple access path?
Q:-8 Explain the multi list file organization?
Q:-9 Describe the inverted file organization?
Q:-10 Describe various types file organizational?