TTL AND C-MOS

(a part of digital electronics)

Transistor-Transistor logic(TTL), introduced in 1964 by texas instruments, is a

widely used family of digital devices. It is a fast, economical and easy to use
device.TTL uses both active low and active high signal, so the logic used can be
negative as well as positive. This in turn leads to assertion level logic which is a
methode of drawing gate and labeling signal that enhance circuit analysis.

Digital integrated circuit

Advanced photographic technique allows the manufacturer to produce miniature

circuit on the surface of small piece of semiconductor material called a chip. The
circuit is called integrated circuit because the integral part of chip comprises of
transistors, resistors and diodes. This is called discrete circuit in whih components
are indivisually connected using an assembly.

Small scale integration(SSI) refers to ic less than 12 gates on the same chip,
medium scale integration(MSI) means 12 to 100 gates per chip. And large
scale integration(LSI) refers more than 100 gates per chip.

Two basics manufacturing technique for IC’s are- bipolar and metal oxide
semiconductor.

Bipolar families

Bipolar technology fabricate bipolar transistor in a chip and referred as SSI and MSI
because it is faster. The basic family in this category are:-

Diode transistor logic(DTL)

Transistor-transistor logic( TTL)

Emitter coupled logic (ECL)

DTL uses diodes and transistor. TTL uses transistor and become popular family
of SSI and MSI chips. ECL is the fastest logic family and uses high speed
application.

MOS FAMILY

Mos family dominates the LSI area as more MOSFET can be packed in the
same chip area. Following are in MOS category-

PMOS – P channel mosfet

NMOS – N channel mosfet

CMOS-complimentary mosfet

PMOS is the oldest and slowest so it is obsolete(outdated). N-MOS is use for

microprocessors and memories, so it dominates the LSI field. C-MOS , which is
PUSH- pull arrangement of n and p channel MOSFET , is extensively used
where low power consumption is needed. Like- pocket calculator.

7400 devices

The 7400 series, which is the line of TTL circuits introduced by texas
instruments in 1964, used most widely used of all bipolar IC’s. this TTL
family contains several of SSI and MSI that can be used to built all digital
circuits and system.

Standard TTL

The multiplier –emmiter input transistor is typical of gates and other devices
in 7400 series. Each of the emmiter behaves like a diode. Thus , q1 and the
40kΩ resistor act like a 2-input and gate. The remaining circuits inverts the
signal so overall circuit is called 2-input NAND circuit. The output transistor (Q3
and Q4) form a totem pole connection .one npn is series with another. This
kind of output stage is typical of most TTL devices.

Propagation delay time and power dissipation

A standerd TTL gate has a power dissipation of about 10 milliwatts. It may

vary from this value because of signal level, tolerances and so on. On an
average it is 10MW per gate.