Contents ix

2.3.4 Yield-Line Method ............................................................................. 77

2.3.4.1 Design Example: One-Way Simply Supported Slab ........... 78
2.3.4.2 Yield-Line Analysis of a Simply Supported
Square Slab ......................................................................... 81
2.3.4.3 Skewed Yield Lines ............................................................ 82
2.3.4.4 Limitations of Yield-Line Method...................................... 83
2.3.5 Deep Beams ....................................................................................... 83
2.3.6 Strut-and-Tie Method ......................................................................... 85
2.4 One-Way Slab, T-Beams, and Two-Way Slabs: Hand Calculations ................92
2.4.1 One-Way Slab; Analysis by ACI 318-05 Provisions ..........................92
2.4.2 T-Beam Design ...................................................................................97
2.4.2.1 Design for Flexure ..............................................................97
2.4.2.2 Design for Shear ............................................................... 100
2.4.3 Two-Way Slabs ................................................................................. 103
2.4.3.1 Two-Way Slab Design Example........................................ 106
2.5 Prestressed Concrete Systems ....................................................................... 108
2.5.1 Prestressing Methods ....................................................................... 111
2.5.2 Materials........................................................................................... 111
2.5.2.1 Posttensioning Steel .......................................................... 111
2.5.2.2 Concrete ............................................................................ 112
2.5.3 PT Design ......................................................................................... 113
2.5.3.1 Gravity Systems ................................................................ 113
2.5.3.2 Design Thumb Rules ........................................................ 115
2.5.3.3 Building Examples ........................................................... 118
2.5.4 Cracking Problems in Posttensioned Floors .................................... 120
2.5.5 Cutting of Prestressed Tendons ........................................................ 121
2.5.6 Concept of Secondary Moments ...................................................... 123
2.5.6.1 Secondary Moment Design Examples.............................. 124
2.5.7 Strength Design for Flexure ............................................................. 133
2.5.7.1 Strength Design Examples................................................ 134
2.5.8 Economics of Posttensioning ........................................................... 142
2.5.9 Posttensioned Floor Systems in High-Rise Buildings ..................... 143
2.5.9.1 Transfer Girder Example .................................................. 144
2.5.10 Preliminary Design of PT Floor Systems; Hand Calculations ........ 146
2.5.10.1 Preview ............................................................................. 146
2.5.10.2 Simple Span Beam ............................................................ 149
2.5.10.3 Continuous Spans ............................................................. 152
2.5.11 Typical Posttensioning Details ......................................................... 172
2.6 Foundations ................................................................................................... 172
2.6.1 Pile Foundations ............................................................................... 178
2.6.2 Mat Foundations ............................................................................... 179
2.6.2.1 General Considerations..................................................... 179
2.6.2.2 Analysis ............................................................................ 182
2.6.2.3 Mat for a 25-Story Building ............................................. 183
2.6.2.4 Mat for an 85-Story Building ........................................... 185
2.7 Guidelines for Thinking on Your Feet .......................................................... 187
2.8 Unit Quantities............................................................................................... 187
2.8.1 Unit Quantity of Reinforcement in Columns ................................... 188
2.8.2 Unit Quantity of Reinforcement and Concrete in Floor
Framing Systems .............................................................................. 197