Asst. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt Vatansever: Steel Structures I

STEEL STRUCTURES I
e r
e v
n s
a t a
t V
ey
ü n
. C
D r
f.
r o STEEL STRUCTURES I
st .P (CRN 12660)
A s
Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 1/
SCOPE
SCOPE
e r
v
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
se
n
1.1 Structural Steel Groups According to Their Composition
1.2 Typical Structural Steel Grades
a t a
V
1.3 Stress-Strain Relationship in Structural Steel
1.4 Other Important Properties of Structural Steel
y t
n e
ü
2. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
2.1 Principles of Structural Design
. C
D r
2.2 Steps for Design of Steel Structures
f.
o
2.2.1 Design Loads
r
.P
2.2.2 Specification and Standards for Structural Steel Buildings
st
3. SAFETY IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN
s
A
3.1 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
3.2 Allowable Strength Design (ASD)

CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
e r
e v
n s
a
Structural steel as a material is,
Homogeneous and isotropic,
a t
High strength,
t V
ey
n
High elastic modulus,
C ü
.
Equal tensile and compressive strength,
Ductile
D r
f.
r o
st .P
A s
1.1 Structural Steel Groups According to Their Composition
e r
v
Structural steels can be grouped according to their composition as follows;
se
Plain carbon steels (mostly iron and carbon, with less than 1% carbon),
t an
V a
t
Low-alloy steels (iron and carbon plus other components),
ey
ü n
C
High-alloy or specialty steels (similar in composition to the low-alloy
r .
steels but with a higher percentage of the components added to iron and
D
carbon)
f.
r o
st .P
A s
1.2 Typical Structural Steel Grades
e r
Structural Steels According to European (EN) and German (DIN) Standards
e v
Min. Yield Stress (Strength), Tensile Stress
n s
At the onset of rupture
Structural Steel Fy
N/mm2
(Strength),
Fu
a t a
min. elongation,%
V
( Lo  5.65 A0 )
N/mm2
DIN
y t
e
EN 10025 t≤16mm 16<t≤40 3≤t≤100 3≤t≤40
n
17100
ü
St 37 S 235 235 225 360~510 24~26
. C
St 44 S 275 275 265 410~560 21~23
r
St 52 S 355 355 345 470~630 22
. D
o f
r
st .P
A s
Structural Steels in Turkish Code for Design and Construction of Steel
e r
v
Structures
se
n
Nominal thickness, t (mm)
Standard
a
t ≤ 40mm 40mm < t ≤ 80mm
t
Steel Grade 2 2
Fy (N/mm ) Fu (N/mm ) Fy (N/mm2) Fu (N/mm2)
a
EN 10025-2
V
S235 235 360 215 360
t
S275 275 430 255 410
y
S355 355 510 335 470
n e
S450 440 550 410 550
ü
EN 10025-3
C
S275 N/NL 275 390 255 370
.
S355 N/NL 355 490 335 470
r
S420 N/NL 420 520 390 520
D
S460 N/NL 460 540 430 540
f.
EN 10025-4
o
S275 M/ML 275 370 255 360
r
S355 M/ML 355 470 335 450
.P
S420 M/ML 420 520 390 500
t
S460 M/ML 460 540 430 530
s s
EN 10025-5
S235 W 235 360 215 340
A
S355 W 355 510 335 490
EN 10025-6
S460 Q/QL/QL1 460 570 440 550
Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY .../

e r
Comparison of Structural Steel Grades with Different Standards
e v
n s
t a
EN 10025-2 DIN 17100 BS 4360 ASTM
a
S 235 JR RSt 37-2 40 B
V
S 235 J0 St 37-3U 40 C A 36
S 275 JR St 44-2
y
43 B
t
n e
S 275 J0 St 44-3U 43 C
ü
S 355 JR 50 B A 572 Gr 50
C
A 992 Gr 50
r .
S 355 J0 St 52-3U 50 C
D
S 355 J2 St 52-3N 50 D
f.
r o
st .P
A s
1.3 Stress-Strain Relationship in Structural Steel
e r
e v
n s
a t a
t V
ey
ü n
. C
D r
f.
r o
st .P
A s Typical Tensile Test

f (Stress) The following characteristics can be obtained;
Elastic modulus, E,
e r
Yield stress (or strength), Fy,
e v
Tensile strength, Fu,
n s
t a
Toughness (area below the curve) True Stress-Strain Curve
V a
y t
Upper Yield Point Tensile
e
Proportional Limit Lower Yield Point Strength
n
A
ü
Engineering
C
Stress-Strain Curve
.
Elastic Limit
D r
f.
1
r o
.P
0 B
t
 (Strain, mm / mm)
s s Elastic Plastic Strain-hardening Necking and Failure
A Typical Stress-Strain Curve for Ductile (or Mild) Steel

r
Proportional Limit :
ve
The curve is linear up to a stress level called the proportional limit. Thus, stress is
se
n
directly proportional to the applied strain below the proportional limit, and the
material is said to obey Hooke’s Law.
a t a
V
Elastic Limit :
y t
The elastic limit of the material is a stress that lies between the proportional limit
n e
ü
and upper yield point. Up to this stress, the specimen can be unloaded without
. C
permenant deformation; the unloading will be along the linear portion of the diagram,
D r
the same path followed during loading. But, Hooke’s Law is not valid in this range.
f.
o
Upper and Lower Yield Point :
r
.P
A peak value reached after elastic limit, which is called upper yield point, followed
st
by a leveling off at lower yield point.
s
A
e r
v
275
150
se
100 10
t a
L
n
L
C
Ao
V a
t
40
25
25
C
ey Boyun bölgesi
n
C-C Kesiti Necking
0 Section C-C
ü
olusumu
R3
50 175 50
. C
D r
Typical Tensile Test Specimen
In which,
f. P
o
f 
r
P : Axial tensile force, N A0
.P
f : Tensile stress, N/mm2
t
Ao : Original (before test) cross sectional area, mm2
s s
 : Strain, mm/mm L
A
L : Original length (specified gauge length), mm 
L : Elongation measured over a specified gauge length, mm. L

Stress
Elastic
e r
v
range Plastic (Inelastic) range
se
a n
Elasto-plastic Increase in yield C E
t
stress-strain point caused by
a
relationship strain-hardening Tensile
V
A strength
y t
Failure
n e
C ü
.
E
r
1
. D
f
0 B D F
r o Strain
.P
Elastic Plastic Strain-hardening
t
Necking and
s s Plastic Elastic Failure
A
strain strain
Typical Idealized Stress-Strain Curve

r
Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus), E:
Modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain diagram in the elastic
ve
se
n
region. The modulus of elasticity is a measure of the rigidity or stiffness of the
material in the elastic domain.
a t a
E = 200000 MPa
t V
ey
ü n
f
. Cf
r
: Stress,
E
.
D  : Strain.
o f
r
st .P
A s
r
Tangent Modulus, Et :
The slope of the tangent at a point on the stress-strain curve above the
ve
se
n
proportional limits defined as the tangent modulus and is designated by Et.
a t a
Yield Strength (Stress), Fy :
t V
ey
n
Yield strength is defined as the stress at the point of unloading that
C ü
corresponds to permanent strain of 0.2% (0.2% offset method), which is
r .
D
usually selected.
f.
r o
.P
Tensile Strength, Fu :
st
The maximum stress on the engineering stress-strain curve, which is
s
A
designated by Fu.

r
Shear Modulus of Elasticity, G :
Shear modulus, denoted by G, is defined as the ratio of shear stress to
ve
se
n
shear strain, which is expressed by the following equation in terms of
modulus of elasticity, E and Poisson’s ratio, .
a t a
If  = 0.3, then G = 77200 MPa
t V
ey
ü n
C
 E
.
G 
 2(1   )
D r
f.
o
F
r
shear stress FL
G  A
.P
shear strain x Ax
t
L
s s
A
r
Ductility :
Ductility is the ability of a material to undergo large deformation
ve
se
n
without breaking. When a mild or low carbon structural steel member is
a
being tested in tension, a considerable reduction in cross section and large
t a
t V
amount of elongation will occur at the point of failure before the actual
ey
n
fracture occurs. A measure of ductility is the percentage elongation (e), which
C ü
may be defined as the ratio of elongation (Lf – L) to original gauge length
r .
D
(L).
f.
r o Lf  L
.P
e 100
t
L
s s
A
1.4 Other Important Properties of Structural Steel
e r
v
Notch Toughness:
se
n
Notch toughness is the measure of the resistance of a metal to the start
and propagation of a crack at the base of a standard notch, commonly
a t a
using the Charpy V-notch test.
t V
ey
ü n
C
The more ductile steel is, the greater its toughness
r .
will be.
. D
o f
r
st .P
A s
r
The Results of Charpy V-Notch Tests for Typical Steel Grades at The Specific
ve
e
Temperatures
n s
Çentik V-Notch
Charpy darbe testi
Test
a t a
Çelik Sınıfı
Steel Grades Sıcaklık
Temperature
t V
Sönümlenen Minimum
Energy absorbed
y
Enerji
C0
n e J
S 235 JR
C ü
+20 27
r .
S 235 J0 0 27
D
S 235 J2 -20 27
f.
S 275 JR +20 27
o
S 275 J0 0 27
r
.P
S 275 J2 -20 27
t
S 355 JR +20 27
s s S 355 J0 0 27
A
S 355 J2 -20 27

Fatigue:
e r
Repeated loading and unloading, primarily in tension, may eventually
e v
n s
a
result in failure even if the yield stress is never exceeded. The term fatigue
a t
V
means failure under cyclic loading. It is a progressive failure, the final
y t
stage of which is unstable crack propagation. The fatigue strength is
n e
ü
governed by three variables;
the number of cycles of loading,
. C
D r
.
the difference between the maximum and minimum stress,
o f
r
the initial size of a flaw (or discontinnuity) such as a small crack.
st .P
A s
Brittle Fracture:
e r
e v
s
It is defined as a type of catastrophic failure that occurs without prior plastic
deformation and at extremely high speeds. Fracture behavior is affected by
t an
V
temperature, loading rate, stress level, flaw size, plate thickness or
a
constraint, joint geometry and workmanship.
y t
n e
C ü
High Temperature Behavior:
r .
. D
When temperatures exceed about 93C, the stress-strain curve begins to
o f
r
become nonlinear, gradually eliminating the well-defined yield point. The
t .P
modulus of elasticity, yield stress (strength) and tensile strength all reduce
s
s
as temperature increases.
A
Lamellar Tearing:
e r
e v
s
Lamellar tearing is a form of brittle fracture occuring in planes essentially
t a
parallel to the rolled surface of a plate under high through-thickness loading.
n
V a
y t
n e
C ü
r .
. D
o f
r
st .P
A s
Residual (or Locked-in) Stresses :
e r
Residual stresses are those that exist in a steel member prior to the application
e v
n s
a
of any external load. They are associated with plastic deformation that occurs
during the manufacturing process.
a t
t V
ey
ü n
. C
D r
f.
r o
st .P
A s
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
2. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
e r
v
Structural design may be defined as a mixture of art and science,
se
n
combining the experienced engineer’s intitutive feeling for the
behavior of structure with a sound knowledge of the principles of
a t a
t V
statics, dynamics, mechanics of materials, and structural analysis, to
ey
n
produce a safe, economical structure that will serve its intended purpose.
For structural steel buildings, briefly,
C ü
r .
. D
o f
To size individual structural members,
r
.P
To design the structural connections.
s st
A
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
2.1 Principles of Structural Design
e r
Design is a process by which an optimum solution is obtained. For a structure,
e v
typical criteria may be,
n s
(a) minimum cost,
a t a
(b) minimum weight,
t V
(c) minimum construction time,
ey
(d) minimum labour,
ü n
. C
r
(e) maximum efficiency of operation to owner
. D
o f
r
st .P
A s
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
2.2 Design of Steel Structures
e r
v
During the design procedure, the following steps may be outlined;
se
n
(a) Planning: Establishment of the functions which the structure must serve,
(b) Preliminary structural configuration: Arragement of the elements to
a t a
V
serve the functions in step 1,
t
(c) Loads: Establishment of the loads to be carried,
ey
n
(d) Preliminary member selection: Selection of the member sizes to
ü
satisfy an objective criterion such as least weight and cost,
C
r .
(e) Analysis: Structural analysis involving modeling the loads and the
D
structural framework to obtain internal forces and any desired deflections,
f.
(f) Evaluation: Checking if all strength and serviceability requirements are
r o
satisfied and compare the result with predetermined criteria,
t .P
(g) Redesign: Repetition of any part of the sequence (a) through (f) found
s
s
necessary or desirable as a result of evaluation,
A
(h) Final decision: The determination of whether or not an optimum design
has been achieved.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
2.2.1 Design Loads
e r
A structure must be designed and constructed so as to safely resist the
e v
n s
a
applied load. The applied load consists of dead loads, live loads, and
environmental loads. The design of a structure must take into
a t
t
consideration the different combinations of loads that may be appliedV
ey
n
to the structure.
C ü
.
Structural loads are as follows;
D r
Dead Loads (G),
f.
o
Live Loads (Q),
r
.P
Snow Loads (S),
s st Wind Loads (W),
A Earthquake Loads (E).

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
r
Specifications and Building Codes for Loads in Turkey,
TS 498 “Design Loads for Buildings (Yapı
ve
Elemanlarının
se
n
Boyutlandırılmasında Gözönüne Alınacak Yüklerin Hesap Değerleri)”
TS EN 1991-1-3 “Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures Part 1-3 General
a t a
Actions: Snow Loads (Eurocode 1: Yapıların Projelendirme ve Etki
t V
ey
n
Esasları-Bölüm 1-3: Kar Etkisi)”
C ü
TS EN 1991-1-4 “Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures Part 1-4 General
r .
D
Actions: Wind Loads (Eurocode 1: Yapıların Projelendirme ve Etki Esasları-
f.
o
Bölüm 1-4: Rüzgar Etkisi)”
r
.P
Turkish Seismic Code for Buildings 2018 came into effect on January 1st,
2019.
s st
A
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
2.2.2 Specifications and Standards for Structural Steel Buildings
e r
v
Some of national and international specification and standards for structural
se
n
steel buildings;
Turkish Code for Design and Construction of Steel Structures,
a t a
t V
published by Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization in
Official Journal, 2018.
ey
ü n
C
Turkish Seismic Code for Buildings 2018 came into effect on January
1st, 2019.
r .
. D
f
Eurocode 3 (EC3), “Design of Steel Structures”, 2004.
r o
.P
AISC 360-16 “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings”, 2016, USA.
st
BS 5950, “Structural Use of Steelwork in Building”.
s
A
CSA S16-09, “Design of Steel Structures”, Canada.

SAFETY IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN
3. SAFETY IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN
e r
No matter what set of rules applicable, the designer (structural engineer)
e v
n s
a
has the ultimate responsibility for a safe structure.
a t
t V
Structures and structural members must have adequate strength, as well
ey
n
as adequate stiffness and toughness, to permit proper functioning during
C ü
.
the service life of the structure.
D r
f.
o
Structural safety must provide for adequate safety no matter what
r
.P
philosophy of design is used.
s st
A
Provision must be made for both overload and understrength.

r
Structural safety,
Limit states are generally divided into two categories: strength and
ve
se
n
serviceability.
a t a
t V
Strength limit states are such behavioral phenomena as achieving ductile
ey
n
maximum strength, buckling, fatigue, fracture,overturning, and sliding.
C ü
r .
D
Serviceability limit states are those concerned with occupancy of a
f.
o
building, such as deflection, vibration, permanent deformation, and cracking.
r
st .P
A s
r
Current Specifications that account for limit states and we will
consider,
ve
se
n
AISC 360-16 “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings”
Allowable Strength Design (ASD),
a t a
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD),
t V
ey
n
“Turkish Code for Design and Construction of Steel Structures” by Republic
C
of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanization.ü
r .
D
Allowable Strength Design (ASD),
f.
o
Nominal Strength,
r
.P
Allowable Strength (obtained by safety factors > 1.0)
s st Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD),
A Nominal Strength,
Design Strength (obtained by resistance factors < 1.0),
3.1 Load and Resistance Factor Design
e r
Safety is that the required strength does not exceed the design strength. In
e v
n s
a
this method, the members in a structure are proportioned so that the
required strength, as determined by the appropriate LRFD load combination,
a t
does not exceed the design strength of the member;
t V
ey
R  R üRn
That is,
u
. C n d
D r
.
Ru : required strength (sum of factored load effects such as forces or
o f
r
moments)
.P
Rn : nominal resistance or strength of the component under consideration,

s st : resistance factor,
A
Rn = Rd : design strength

r
Load factors and load combinations are based on extensive statistical
studies. The six combinations are as follows:
ve
se
t an
a
(1) 1.4G
(2a) 1.2G + 1.6(Qr or S or R)
t V
ey
n
(2b) 1.2G + 1.6Q + 0.5(Qr or S or R)
(3)
C ü
1.2G + 1.6(Qr or S or R) + (Q or 0.8W)
r .
D
(4) 1.2G + 1.0Q + 0.5(Qr or S or R) + 1.6W
f.
o
(5) 1.2G + 1.0Q + 0.2S + 1.0E
r
.P
(6) 0.9G + 1.6W
s st (7) 0.9G + 1.0E
A
3.2 Allowable Strength Design
e r
v
Safety is that the required strength does not exceed the allowable
se
n
strength. Here, the members in a structure are sized so that the required
strength, as obtained by appropriate ASD load combinations, does not
a t a
exceed the allowable strength of the member.
t V
That is,
R n ey
R  ü R
C
n
r .
a g
. D
Ra
o f
: required strength, (sum of service (working) load effects such as
r
.P
forces or moments)
Rn
s st : nominal strength,
A
 : safety factor,
Rn /  = Rg : allowable strength.

r
Load combinations for ASD which have been sligthly modified are as follows:
(1) G
ve
(2) G + Q
se
(3) G + (Qr or S or R)
t an
a
(4) G + 0.75Q + 0.75(Qr or S or R)
(5a) G + 1.0W
t V
(5b) G + 0.7E
ey
ü n
(6a) G + 0.75Q + 0.75(Qr or S or R) + 0.75W
. C
(6b) G + 0.75Q + 0.75S + 0.75(0.7E)
(7) 0.6G + W
D r
f.
(8) 0.6G + 0.7E
r o
G, Q, Qr, S, R, T (if any), W and E indicates dead load, live load, roof live load, snow
t .P
load, rain load, self-straining force, wind load and earthquake load, respectively. The
s
A s
0.75 factor in some of the combinations account for the unlikelihood that all
loads will be at their lifetime maximum values simultaneously .

r
Some of Safety Factors (), and Resistance Factors ()
ASD LRFD
ve
Limit States , safety
se
, resistance
factors
t a n
factors
Yield 1.67
V a 0.90
t
Tension
y
Fracture 2.00 0.75
Compression
n e 1.67 0.90
Flexure
C ü 1.67 0.90
Shear
r . 1.67 0.90
.
Flexural-Torsional BucklingD 1.67 0.90
o f
r
Fillet Weld 2.00 0.75
.P
A common misconception about the two methodsEsas is thatmetalle Esasconservative
metalle value.
t
ASD gives a more
s s Tam
In reality, ASD nüfuziyetli küt kaynak
is more conservative in designs with a aynı
live to dead load ratioaynı
of 3 or lower. With a
A
higherKısmi
ratio, LRFD is more
nüfuziyetli
çekmede
conservative.
basınçta
1.88
1.88
0.80
0.80
küt kaynak kaymada ISTANBUL TECHNICAL
Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER 2.00UNIVERSITY 0.75 35/

Asst. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt Vatansever: Steel Structures I

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Asst. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt Vatansever: Steel Structures I

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STEEL STRUCTURES I

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 2/

1. CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

1.1 Structural Steel Groups According to Their Composition

1.2 Typical Structural Steel Grades

Structural Steels in Turkish Code for Design and Construction of Steel

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY .../

1.3 Stress-Strain Relationship in Structural Steel

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 7/

s s Elastic Plastic Strain-hardening Necking and Failure

A Typical Stress-Strain Curve for Ductile (or Mild) Steel

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 8/

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 10/

s s Plastic Elastic Failure

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 11/

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 13/

1.4 Other Important Properties of Structural Steel

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 17/

Residual (or Locked-in) Stresses :

2.1 Principles of Structural Design

2.2 Design of Steel Structures

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 24/

2.2.1 Design Loads

s st Wind Loads (W),

A Earthquake Loads (E).

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 25/

2.2.2 Specifications and Standards for Structural Steel Buildings

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 27/

3. SAFETY IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 28/

s st Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD),

3.1 Load and Resistance Factor Design

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 31/

s st (7) 0.9G + 1.0E

3.2 Allowable Strength Design

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 33/

Assist. Prof. Dr. Cüneyt VATANSEVER ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY 34/

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