1.

Introduction

1.1 Definitions:-

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater primarily from
household sewage. It includes physical, chemical and biological processes to remove these
contaminants and produce environmentally safe treated wastewater (or treated effluent). A by-
product of sewage treatment is usually a semi-solid waste or slurry, called sludge, which has
to undergo further treatment before being suitable for disposal or land application.

1.2 Treatment of Sewage:-

Sewage treatment may also be referred to as wastewater treatment, although the latter is a
broader term which can also be applied to purely industrial wastewater. For most cities, the
sewer system will also carry a proportion of industrial to the sewage treatment plant which has
usually received pre-treatment at the factories themselves to reduce the pollutant load. If the
sewer system is a combined sewer then it will also carry urban runoff (storm water) to the
sewage treatment plant. The term sewage treatment plant or sewage treatment works in some
countries is nowadays often replaced with the term wastewater treatment plant.

Sewage can be treated close to where the sewage is created, which may be called a
decentralized system or even an on-site system. Alternatively, sewage can be collected and
transported by a network of pipes and pump stations to a municipal treatment plant. This is
called a centralized system although the borders between decentralized and centralized can be
variable. For this reason, the terms semi-decentralized and semi-centralized are also being used.

1.3 Sewage Compositions:-

Pollution in its broadest sense includes all changes that curtail natural utility and exert
deleterious effect on life. The crisis triggered by the rapidly growing population and
industrialization with the resultant degradation of the environment causes a grave threat to the
quality of life. Degradation of water quality is the unfavourable alteration of the physical,
chemical and biological properties of water that prevents domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural, recreational and other beneficial uses of water. Sewage and sewage effluents are
the major sources of water pollution. Sewage is mainly composed of human focal material,
domestic wastes including wash-water and industrial wastes. The growing environmental

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pollution needs for decontaminating waste water result in the study of characterization of waste
water, especially domestic sewage. In the past, domestic waste water treatment was mainly
confined to organic carbon removal. Recently, increasing pollution in the waste water leads to
developing and implementing new treatment techniques to control nitrogen and other priority
pollutants. Sewage Treatment Plant is a facility designed to receive the waste from domestic,
commercial and industrial sources and to remove materials that damage water quality and
compromise public health and safety when discharged into water receiving systems. It includes
physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove various contaminants depending on its
constituents. Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-use .

Sewage effluent for drinking water. The present study comprises the study on quality of
domestic waste water that is discharged from the city Chandigarh and Panchkula, through the
kitchen outlets and bathroom effluents. The study includes characterization tests for pH value,
acidity, alkalinity, chloride, residual chlorine, turbidity & DO. When designing a new sewage
works or extending an existing one, the design should be based on the flow rate and sewage
strength. Estimation of the flow rate is therefore a critical factor in design. If an existing works
is to be extended and the flow records and plant performance data of the plant are available,
then careful assessment of the rate of flow, daily and seasonal fluctuations in flow rate and
sewage strength and operational data for the various process units can be used to determine the
design parameters of the extended plant. However if no reliable data are available, as is often
the case in designing new works, then estimates have to be made. This chapter provides
guidelines in estimating flow for design purposes.

This is achieved by establishing the size of the population for the contributing area to the works,
thereby making it possible to obtain a reasonable estimate of likely flows to the works. It is
necessary to have good estimates of existing or likely wastewater flows and biological loads
over the period encompassed by the design. When the design is an extension or refurbishment
of an existing plant one is usually able to access some data regarding flows and Wastewater
strengths as a basis for process sizing, but for new plants, in areas which are still in the process
of planning or development, it is necessary to make a number of design assumptions. In the
case of residential areas or developments where there is no existing data, the best estimates of
flow and load are usually based on population projections.

The developers of the residential areas or estates will have an overall plan of the number of
stands and for smaller developments may even have knowledge of the size of houses to be

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built, or the number of bedrooms in the flats or apartments planned. From this it should be
possible to obtain a reasonable estimate of the likely population and in turn from this, an
estimate of likely wastewater flows and biological loads. Population and flow projections for
areas served by a wastewater treatment plant should be made before sizing of treatment
processes and piping. Where possible, designs should be based on a 10-year design period for
any one phase of construction. However shorter periods or staged developments often need to
be implemented to match predicted growth patterns. In considering staged development the
ultimate development of the collection area should be assessed to determine how the layout for
the plant may appear if the area is fully developed. The population per dwelling unit depends
on a number of factors. Obviously the size of the house is relevant and a four-bedroom house
is likely to have a higher occupancy than a one or two bedroom unit. The area is also relevant.
A holiday area is likely to be much closer to being fully occupied in season than a development
which houses permanent residents. Income level and family size are also important. Many
lower income areas have larger families than high income areas and populations of 6 to 8
persons per household are common in poorer areas compared to 4 persons per unit in a high
income area.

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2. Origin of Sewage:-

2.1 Sewage Origin:-

Sewage is generated by residential, institutional, commercial and industrial establishments. It

includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, and sinks draining into
sewers. In many areas, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce. The
separation and draining of household waste into greywater and black water is becoming more
common in the developed world, with treated greywater being permitted to be used for watering
plants or recycled for flushing toilets.

2.2 Sewage mixing with rainwater:-

Sewage may include storm water runoff or urban runoff. Sewerage systems capable of handling
storm water are known as combined sewer systems. This design was common when urban
sewerage systems were first developed, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Combined
sewers require much larger and more expensive treatment facilities than sanitary sewers. Heavy
volumes of storm runoff may overwhelm the sewage treatment system, causing a spill or
overflow. Sanitary sewers are typically much smaller than combined sewers, and they are not
designed to transport storm water. Backups of raw sewage can occur if excessive
infiltration/inflow (dilution by storm water and groundwater) is allowed into a sanitary sewer
system. Communities that have urbanized in the mid-20th century or later generally have built
separate systems for sewage (sanitary sewers) and storm water, because precipitation causes
widely varying flows, reducing sewage treatment plant efficiency. As rainfall travels over roofs
and the ground, it may pick up various contaminants including soil particles and other
sediment, heavy metals, organic compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease. Some
jurisdictions require storm water to receive some level of treatment before being discharged
directly into waterways. Examples of treatment processes used for storm water include
retention basins, wetlands, buried vaults with various kinds of media filters, and vortex
separators (to remove coarse solids).

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2.3 Industrial effluent:-

In highly regulated developed countries, industrial effluent usually receives at least pre-
treatment if not full treatment at the factories themselves to reduce the pollutant load, before
discharge to the sewer. This process is called industrial wastewater treatment. The same does
not apply to many developing countries where industrial effluent is more likely to enter the
sewer if it exists, or even the receiving water body, without pre-treatment. Industrial
wastewater may contain pollutants which cannot be removed by conventional sewage
treatment. Also, variable flow of industrial waste associated with production cycles may upset
the population dynamics of biological treatment units, such as the activated sludge process.

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3. Types of Sewage:-

This modern water carriage sewerage system not only helps in removing the domestic and
industrial waste water, but also helps in removing storm water drainage. The runoff resulting
from the storms is also sometimes.

Sewage system has been divided into three category.

3.1 Domestic Sewage

3.2 Industrial Sewage

3.3 Storm Sewage

3.1 Domestic Sewage:-

The wastewater from residences and institutions, carrying body wastes primarily feces and
urine, washing water, food preparation wastes, laundry wastes, and other waste products of
normal living, are classed as domestic or sanitary sewage.

3.2 Industrial Sewage:-

Liquid-carried wastes from stores and service establishments serving the immediate
community, termed commercial wastes, are included in the sanitary or domestic sewage
category if their characteristics are similar to household flows. Wastes that result from an
industrial processes such as the production or manufacture of goods are classed as industrial
wastewater, not as sewage.

3.3 Storm Sewage:-

Surface runoff, also known as storm flow or overland flow, is that portion of precipitation that
runs rapidly over the ground surface to a defined channel. Precipitation absorbs gases and
particulates from the atmosphere, dissolves and leaches materials from vegetation and soil,
suspends matter from the land, washes spills and debris from urban streets and highways, and
carries all these pollutants as wastes in its flow to a collection point.

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4. Types of Sewerage Systems:-

Sewerage system has been divided into three categories, namely it has been listed below

4.1 Combined System

4.2 Separate System

4.3 Partially Separate System

4.1 Combined System:-

When the drainage is taken along with the sewage then the system is called combined system.
In the modern days a separate system is generally preferred to a combined system although
each individual case should be decided separately.

4.2 Separate System:-

When the drainage and sewage are taken independently of each other through two different
sets of conduits then the system is called separate system.

4.3 Partially Combined System:-

Sometimes a part of drainage system especially that originating from the roofs or paved
courtyards of buildings is allowed to be admitted into the sewers and similarly sometimes the
domestic sewage coming out from the residence or institutions, etc. is allowed to be admitted
into the drains, the resulting system is called partially combined system.

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 UNIT-II

5. Advantages and disadvantages of Sewerage System:-

Advantages:-

 Capable of removing 97% of suspended solids.

 Biological nitrification without adding chemicals.

 Oxidization and nitration achieved.

 Solids ad liquids separation.

 Removes organics.

 Cost effective.

 Easily maintained mechanical work.

 Self-sustaining system.

Disadvantages:-

 Cleaning is hassle.

 Most plants need at least three tanks.

 Temperature changes affect the tank greatly

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6. Objectives of the Study:-

The principal objective of waste water treatment is generally to allow human and industrial
effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the
natural environment. An environmentally-safe fluid waste stream is produced. No danger to
human health or unacceptable damage to the natural environment is expected. Sewage includes
household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks and so forth that is disposed
of via sewers. Sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce. The objectives
of the study are:

 Design of the sewage treatment plant.

 Physical, chemical and biological characterization of the domestic waste water from the city
Panchkula.

Waste water samples from the kitchen effluent and the bathroom waste of the city of Panchkula
of the residence.

The following physical characteristics were studied:-

 Odour

 Taste

 Colour

 Floatables

 Turbidity

The following chemical characteristics were studied:-

 Total Iron

 Copper

 Zinc

 Potassium

 Lead

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For determination of inorganic non-metallic constituents we determined the:-

 Alkalinity

 Acidity

 Chloride

 Residual Chlorine

 Sulphate

 Ph. of the sample

 Biochemical Oxygen Demand

 Dissolved Oxygen

6.1 Physical characteristic of waste water:

 Odour:-

It depends on the substances which arouse human receptor cells on coming in contact with
them. Pure water doesn’t produce odour or taste sensations. Thus waste water which contains
toxic substances has pungent smell which makes it easy to distinguish. Odor is recognized as
a quality factor affecting acceptability of drinking water. The organic and inorganic substance
contributes to taste or odor. The ultimate odor tasting device is the human nose. The odor
intensity is done by threshold odor test.

 Taste:-

The sense of taste result mainly from chemical stimulation of sensory nerve endings in tongue.
Fundamental sensations of taste are, by convention more than by research evidence, salt, sweet,
bitter, and sour.

The rating involves the following steps:-

a) Dilution series including random blanks is prepared.

b) Initial tasting of about half the sample by taking water into mouth and holding it for several
seconds and discharging it without swallowing.

c) Forming an initial judgment on the rating scale.

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d) A final rating made for the sample.

e) Rinsing mouth with taste and odor free water.

f) Resting.

 Colour:-

Colour in water results from the presence of natural metallic ions such as Fe or Mg, humus and
peat materials, planktons and weeds. It is removed to make water suitable for general and
industrial applications. After turbidity is removed the apparent colour and that due to suspended
matter is found out. Tristimulus, Spectroscopic and Platinum cobalt method is used.

 Total solids:-

It refers to matters suspended or dissolved in water and waste water. Solids affect the water or
effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Water with highly dissolved solids are not
palatable and may cause physiological reaction in transient consumer. A limit of 500 mg
dissolved solids/L is desirable for drinking waters. Evaporation method is used to separate total
solids and their weight is found out.

 Floatables:-

One important criterion for evaluating the possible effect of waste disposal into surface water
is the amount of floatable material in the waste. It is important because it accumulates on the
surface and may contain pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

Two general types of floating matters are found.

a) Particulate matters like grease balls.

b) Liquid component capable of spreading as thin visible film over large areas.

 Turbidity:-

Clarity of water is important in producing products destined for human consumption and in
many manufacturing uses. It is caused by suspended matter such as clay, silt and finely divided
organic and inorganic matter, soluble coloured organic compounds. Turbidity is an expression
of the optical property that causes light to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in
straight lines through the sample. The standard method for determination of turbidity has been
based on the Jackson candle Turbidimeter and Nephelometer.

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6.2 Chemical characteristic of waste water:-

Chemical characteristics of water state the presence of metals their treatment, the determination
of inorganic non-metallic constituents and the determination of organic constituents. Here goes
a brief description of all the experiments we have performed.

6.3 Biological characteristic of waste water:-

Water quality has a key role in deciding the abundance, species composition, stability,
productivity and physiological condition of indigenous populations of aquatic communities.
Their existence is an expression of the quality of the water. Biological methods used for
evaluating water quality include the collection, counting and identification of aquatic
organisms. Most microorganisms known to microbiologists can be found in domestic
wastewater like Bacteria, Protozoa, Viruses, and Algae. Planktons, Periphyton, Macro-python,
Macro-invertebrates, Fish, Amphibians and Aquatic reptiles are the biotic group of
interdependent organism.

Wastewater contains vast quantities of bacteria and other organisms. Aerobic bacteria break
down organic matter in the presence of available oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria disintegrate
organic matter which is shut off from free oxygen, such as in the interior of a mass of feces or
a dead body. The products of anaerobic decomposition have an extremely nauseating odor.
Matter in which this condition exists is said to be septic. A multitude of the bacteria in
wastewater are coliform bacteria: those found in the digestive tract of normal humans. It is
these comparatively few pathogenic organisms that pose the greatest public health hazard.
Waste water which is not properly treated may eventually find its way into a community water
source and spread waterborne diseases.

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 UNIT-III

7. Treatment of Waste Water:-

Sewage collection and treatment is typically subject to local, state and federal regulations and
standards. Treating wastewater has the aim to produce an effluent that will do as little harm as
possible when discharged to the surrounding environment, thereby preventing pollution
compared to releasing untreated wastewater into the environment.

7.1 Pre-treatment:-

Pre-treatment removes all materials that can be easily collected from the raw sewage before
they damage or clog the pumps and sewage lines of primary treatment clarifiers. Objects
commonly removed during pre-treatment include trash, tree limbs, leaves, branches, and other
large objects.

Water Treatment Process

The influent in sewage water passes through a bar screen to remove all large objects like cans,
rags, sticks, plastic packets etc. carried in the sewage stream. This is most commonly done with
an automated mechanically bar screen in modern plants serving large populations, while in
smaller or less modern plants, a manually cleaned screen may be used. The raking action of a
mechanical bar screen is typically paced according to the accumulation on the bar screens and
flow rate. The solids are collected and later disposed in a landfill, or incinerated. Bar screens
or mesh screens of varying sizes may be used to optimize solids removal. If gross solids are
not removed, they become entrained in pipes and moving parts of the treatment plant, and can
cause substantial damage and inefficiency in the process.

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7.2 Sewage Treatment:-

Sewage treatment generally involves three stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment.

Sewage Treatment

Primary Treatment:-

It consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a quiescent basin where heavy solids can settle
to the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float to the surface. The settled and floating
materials are removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary
treatment. Some sewage treatment plants that are connected to a combined sewer system have
a bypass arrangement after the primary treatment unit. This means that during very heavy
rainfall events, the secondary and tertiary treatment systems can be bypassed to protect them
from hydraulic overloading, and the mixture of sewage and storm water only receives primary
treatment.

Secondary Treatment:-

Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter. Secondary treatment
is typically performed by indigenous, waterborne micro-organisms in a managed habitat.
Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the micro-organisms from the
treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment.

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Tertiary Treatment:-

Tertiary treatments sometimes defined as anything more than primary and secondary treatment
in order to allow rejection into a highly sensitive or fragile ecosystem. Treated water is
sometimes disinfected chemically or physically prior to discharge into a stream, river, bay,
lagoon or wetland, or it can be used for the irrigation of a golf course, green way or park. If it
is sufficiently clean, it can also be used for groundwater recharge or agricultural purposes.

7.3 Grit removal:-

Pre-treatment may include a sand or grit channel or chamber, where the velocity of the
incoming sewage is adjusted to allow the settlement of sand, grit, stones, and broken glass.
These particles are removed because they may damage pumps and other equipment. For small
sanitary sewer systems, the grit chambers may not be necessary, but grit removal is desirable
at larger plants. Grit chambers come in 3 types: horizontal grit chambers, aerated grit chambers
and vortex grit chambers. The process is called sedimentation.

Grit Removal

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7.4 Flow equalization:-

Clarifiers and mechanized secondary treatment are more efficient under uniform flow
conditions. Equalization basins may be used for temporary storage of diurnal or wet-weather
flow peaks. Basins provide a place to temporarily hold incoming sewage during plant
maintenance and a means of diluting and distributing batch discharges of toxic or high-strength
waste which might otherwise inhibit biological secondary treatment including portable toilet
waste, vehicle holding tanks, and septic tank pumpers. Flow equalization basins require
variable discharge control, typically include provisions for bypass and cleaning, and may also
include aerators. Cleaning may be easier if the basin is downstream of screening and grit
removal.

7.5 Fat and grease removal:-

In some larger plants, fat and grease are removed by passing the sewage through a small tank
where skimmers collect the fat floating on the surface. Air blowers in the base of the tank may
also be used to help recover the fat as a froth. Many plants, however, use primary clarifiers
with mechanical surface skimmers for fat and grease removal.

7.6 Primary Sedimentation:-

In the primary sedimentation stage, sewage flows through large tanks, commonly called pre-
settling basins, primary sedimentation tanks or primary clarifiers. The tanks are used to settle
sludge while grease and oils rise to the surface and are skimmed off. Primary settling tanks are
usually equipped with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive the collected sludge
towards a hopper in the base of the tank where it is pumped to sludge treatment facilities.
Grease and oil from the floating material can sometimes be recovered soap making.

7.7 Secondary Sedimentation:-

Secondary sedimentation is designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the

sewage which are derived from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent. The majority
of municipal plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological processes. To be
effective, the biota require both oxygen and food to live. The bacteria and protozoa consume
biodegradable soluble organic contaminants and bind much of the less soluble fractions into
floc. Some secondary treatment methods include a secondary clarifier to settle out and separate
biological floc or filter material grown in the secondary treatment bioreactor.

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7.8 Tertiary Sedimentation:-

The purpose of tertiary sedimentation is to provide a final treatment stage to further improve
the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, wet
lands, ground, etc.) More than one tertiary sedimentation process may be used at any treatment
plant. If disinfection is practiced, it is always the final process. It is also called effluent
polishing.

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7.9 Filtration:-

Sand filtration removes much of the residual suspended matter. Filtration over activated
carbon, also called carbon adsorption, removes residual.

7.10 Lagoons or Ponds:-

Lagoons or ponds provide settlement and further biological improvement through storage in
large man-made ponds or lagoons. These lagoons are highly aerobic and colonization by native
macrophytes, especially reeds, is often encouraged. Small filter feeding invertebrates such as
Daphnia and species of rotifers greatly assist in treatment by removing fine particulates.

7.11 Biological Nutrient Removal:-

Biological nutrient removal (BNR) is regarded by some as a type of secondary treatment

process and by others as a tertiary treatment process. Waste water may contain high levels of
the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. Excessive release to the environment can lead to a build

up of nutrients, called eutrophication, which can in turn encourage the overgrowth of weeds,
algae, and blue-green algae. This may cause an algal bloom, a rapid growth in the population
of algae.

The algae numbers are unsustainable and eventually most of them die. The decomposition of
the algae by bacteria uses up so much of the oxygen in the water that most or all of the animals

18
die, which creates more organic matter for the bacteria to decompose. In addition to causing
deoxygenation, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate drinking water supplies.
Different treatment processes are required to remove nitrogen and phosphorus.

7.12 Nitrogen removal:-

Nitrogen is removed through the biological oxidation of nitrogen from ammonia to nitrate,
followed by denitrification, the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas.

Nitrogen gas is released to the atmosphere and thus removed from the water. Since
denitrification is the reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen gas, an electron donor is needed. This
can be, depending on the waste water, organic matter or an added donor like methanol. The
sludge in the denitrification tanks must be mixed well. Over time, different treatment
configurations have evolved as denitrification has become more sophisticated.

7.13 Phosphorus removal:-

Every adult human excretes between 200 and 1000 grams of phosphorus annually. Studies of
United States sewage in the late 1960s estimated mean per capita contributions of 500 grams
in urine and faces, 1000 grams in synthetic detergents, and lesser variable amounts used as
corrosion and scale control chemicals in water supplies. Phosphorus can be removed

19
biologically in a process called enhanced biological phosphorus removal. In this process,
specific bacteria, called polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs), are selectively
enriched and accumulate large quantities of phosphorus within their cells. When the biomass
enriched in these bacteria is separated from the treated water, these bio solids have a high
fertilizer value. Phosphorus removal can also be achieved by chemical precipitation, usually
with salts of iron or lime. This may lead to excessive sludge production as hydroxides
precipitates and the added chemicals can be expensive.

7.14 Disinfection:-

The purpose of disinfection in the treatment of waste water is to substantially reduce the
number of microorganisms in the water to be discharged back into the environment for the later
use of drinking, bathing, irrigation, etc. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on the quality
of the water being treated (e.g., cloudiness, pH, etc.), the type of disinfection being used, the
disinfectant dosage (concentration and time), and other environmental variables. Cloudy water
will be treated less successfully, since solid matter can shield organisms, especially from
ultraviolet light or if contact times are low. Chlorination remains the most common form of
waste water disinfection in North America due to its low cost and long-term history of
effectiveness. One disadvantage is that chlorination of residual organic material can generate
chlorinated-organic compounds that may be carcinogenic or harmful to the environment.
Residual chlorine or chloramines may also be capable of chlorinating organic material in the
natural aquatic environment. Further, because residual chlorine is toxic to aquatic species, the
treated effluent must also be chemically de-chlorinated, adding to the complexity and cost of
treatment. Ultraviolet (UV) light can be used instead of chlorine, iodine, or other chemicals.
Because no chemicals are used, the treated water has no adverse effect on organisms that later
consume it, as may be the case with other methods. UV radiation causes damage to the genetic
structure of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens, making them incapable of reproduction. The
key disadvantages of UV disinfection are the need for frequent lamp maintenance and
replacement and the need for a highly treated effluent to ensure that the target microorganisms
are not shielded from the UV radiation.

7.15 Fourth treatment stage:-

Micro pollutants such as pharmaceuticals, ingredients of household chemicals, chemicals used

in small businesses or industries, environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutant (EPPP) or
pesticides may not be eliminated in the conventional treatment process (primary, secondary

20
and tertiary treatment) and therefore lead to water pollution. Although concentrations of those
substances and their decomposition products are quite low, there is still a chance to harm
aquatic organisms. They mainly belong to the group of environmental persistent
pharmaceutical pollutants. Techniques for elimination of micro pollutants via a fourth
treatment stage during sewage treatment are being tested in Germany, Switzerland and the
Netherlands. However, since those techniques are still costly, they are not yet applied on a
regular basis. Such process steps mainly consist of activated carbon filters that adsorb the micro
pollutants.

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8. CONCLUSION:-

1. The waste water have high BOD, Turbidity and total dissolved solids. Our
aim is to make this water safe for disposal in natural environment or to use it
for other purposes.
2. The DO content of waste water recorded is found to be low value due to the
presence of higher organic matter and an increased BOD and COD.
3. This increased BOD and COD value indicate the polluted nature of the
discharge. We’ve to treat it at least below to 20ppm.
4. Higher quantity of inorganic nutrients like nitrogen & phosphorus was found
present in the waste water.
5. The waste water has a Ph range of 7.5-8.5
6. Most Probable Number value was higher again indicating the polluted
nature of the waste water.
7. Disposal without any treatment in to fresh water body may impose the
danger of eutrophication as well as serious problems of health and hygiene.
8. Long term leaching of waste water may alter the soil characteristics as well
as may influence the quality of ground water.
9. The treated wastewater can be utilized for purposes like gardening, washing
vehicles and cleaning garages, etc.

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REFERANCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment
http://www.crystaltanks.com/sewage_treatment_explained.html
https://www.britannica.com/technology/wastewater-treatment/Primary-
treatment
http://eschooltoday.com/pollution/water-pollution/sewage-treatment-
process-for-kids.html
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Sewage_treatment

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