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‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘Physics
experiments over the past hundred years or so have
demonstrated that light has a dual nature. In many instances, it is convenient to represent
light as a "particle" phenomenon, thinking of light as discrete "packets" of energy that we
call × . Now in this way of thinking, not all photons are created equal, at least in terms
of how much energy they contain. Each photon of X-ray light contains a lot of energy in
comparison with, say, an optical or radio photon.

The other way of representing light is as a  phenomenon. This is somewhat more
difficult for most people to understand, but perhaps an analogy with sound waves will be
useful. When you play a high note and a low note on the piano, they both produce sound,
but the main thing that is different between the two notes is the
   of the vibrating
string producing the sound waves--the faster the vibration the higher the pitch of the note.
If we now shift our focus to the sound waves themselves instead of the vibrating string, we
would find that the higher pitched notes have shorter  , or distances between
each successive wave.
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For many photonic applications it is desirable to have a "monochromatic"
(ideal) point light source. An ideal light source would emit only one exact
frequency f0 and its physical size would be infinitely small (an ideal point
source). Such a source cannot exist in reality. Every real source of light has
some emission uncertainty which appears as linewidth f. Also, every real light
source has some (non-zero) physical size.  
  

  
         
     

 
   

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What is a polarizer?
                
       
   

       
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