11

REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

y
r. Arshad Keethadath
PLANT PARTS
 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

Reproduction is the process of producing

young ones from their parents

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION VEGETATIVE SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

REPRODUCTION
Single Parent is involved Two parents are involved
Simple division of a plant Cell, tissue or part of an organ Fusion of male and female
body into two or more of a plant develops into a gametes produce zygote
Parts or formation of new organism which develop into seed
spores
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Formation of new plants from the cells of a single
parent
BUDDING
BUDDING FRAGMENTATION
FRAGMENTATION SPORE
SPOREFORMATION
FORMATION
AAsmall
smallbulb-like
bulb-likecellular
cellular The
Theadult
adultorganism
organismbreaks
breaks Parent
Parentplant
plantproduce
produce
out
outgrowth,
growth,called
calledbud
budisis up
upinto
intotwo
twoorormore
morepieces
pieces microscopic
microscopicsingle
singleor
or
formed
formedon
onparent
parentcell
cell called
calledfragments,
fragments,which
which multi
multi-celled
-celledspherical
spherical
that
thatdevelops
developsinto
intoanan grows
growsto tobecome
becomeaanew
new bodies
bodieswhich
whichgerminate
germinate
independent
independentorganism.
organism. plant
plant into
intonew
newplants
plantsduring
during
YEAST
YEAST Algae
Algae––Spirogyra,
Spirogyra,Fucus
Fucus favourable
favourablecondition.
condition.
Ferns,
Ferns,Mosses
Mosses
 VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION

Plants vegetative parts such as root, stem and leaf is

used to produce new plants

NATURAL
NATURALMETHOD
METHOD ARTIFICIAL
ARTIFICIALMETHOD
METHOD
Roots
Roots Cutting
Cutting
Stems
Stems Grafting
Grafting
(Rhizomes
(Rhizomes Layering
Layering
Bulbs
Bulbs Tissue
Tissueculture
culture
Tubers
Tubers
Corms)
Corms)
Leaves
Leaves
ROOTS
Tuberous roots of Dahlia, sweet potato and Asparagus
 STEMS
STEMS
Most
Mostcommon
commonfor
forvegetative
vegetativepropagation
propagation
Different
Differentkinds
kinds

Oxalis
Oxalisand
andgrass
grass
Runners
Runners Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemumand
andmint
mint
Vallisneria
Vallisneria

Rhizomes
Rhizomes
Bulbs
Bulbs
Underground
UndergroundStem
Stem
Tubers
Tubers
Coms
Coms
 Runners
Runners
Oxalis
Oxalisand
andgrass
grass
Horizontal stems will produce new roots
at nodes and then shoot grow upwards
forming new plants at frequent intervals

Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemumand
andmint
mint
Horizontal stems arise from the base of
the erect shoot come out to form new
aerial shoots and it become independent
plants

Vallisneria
Vallisneria
Arched stems which cross over small obstacles
develop small plantlets at their nodes
 Underground
UndergroundStem
Stem

Rhizomes
Rhizomes
Ginger, turmeric and banana

Bulbs
Bulbs
Onions
Tubers Buds in the eyes give rise to new plants - Potato
Tubers

Coms
Coms Lots of rhizomes joined which
develop into new plants
- Gladiolus
 LEAVES
LEAVES
Leaves
Leavesdevelop
developsmall
smallbuds
budscalled
calledadventitious
adventitiousbuds,
buds,on
ontheir
their
margin.
margin.This
Thisgrow
growinto
intonew
newplant
plantonce
onceget
gettouch
touchwith
withsoil
soil
Bryophyllum
Bryophyllum
 ARTIFICIAL METHODS
• CUTTING

• GRAFTING
• LAYERING

• TISSUE CULTURE
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The
Thesexual
sexualreproduction
reproductionisisthe
theformation
formationof
ofnew
newplants
plants
through
throughthe
thefusion
fusionof
ofmale
maleand
andfemale
femalegametes
gametes

• Carried out by flowering plants

• Flowers are the reproductive organs of a plant
Complete
Completeor orBisexual
BisexualFlowers
Flowers Incomplete
Incompleteor orunisexual
unisexualFlowers
Flowers
Contains
Containsboth bothmale
maleand
andfemale
female Contains
Containseither
eithermale
maleor orfemale
female
reproductive
reproductivecells cells reproductive
reproductivecells
cells
Have
Haveall allthe
thefour
fourparts
parts Have
Haveonly
onlythree
threeparts
parts
--Sepals
Sepals -Sepals
-Sepals Example:
Example:papaya,
papaya,corn
corn
Example:
Example:Hibiscus,
Hibiscus,Citrus
Citrus
--Petals
Petals --Petals
Petals
--Stamens
Stamens --Stamens
StamensororPistils
Pistils
--Pistils
Pistils
 STAMENS
STAMENS(Male
(MaleOrgan)
Organ) PISTLE
PISTLE(Female
(FemaleOrgan)
Organ)
Bear
BearAnthers
Anthers––contain
containpollen
pollen Composed
Composedof ofStigma,
Stigma,style
styleand
and
grains
grainswhich
whichproduce
producemale
male ovary.
ovary.
cells/gametes
cells/gametes The
Theovary
ovaryproduce
producefemale
female
cells/gametes
cells/gametes
Mature
Matureplant
plantflowers
flowers Pollination
Pollination Fertilization
Fertilization

New
NewPlants
Plants Seeds
Seeds Fruits
Fruits
 POLLINATION
Transfer of pollen grains from anther to the
stigma of a flower is known as pollination
• Is the first step in the process of seed formation

Two
TwoTypes
Types
Self-pollination
Self-pollination Cross-pollination
Cross-pollination
Pollen
Pollengrains
grainsare
aretransferred
transferred Pollen
Pollengrains
grainsare
aretransferred
transferred
from
fromanther
antherto
tothe
thestigma
stigmaof
of from
fromanther
antherofofone
oneflower
flowertoto
the
thesame
sameflower
flower the
thestigma
stigmaofofanother
anotherflower
flower
of
ofsame
samekind
kind(different
(differentplants)
plants)
 AGENTS OF POLLINATION
1. Wind
Wind blows away pollen grains from the anthers of one
flower to the stigma of another flower
Features of flowers –
- Small.
- Not brightly coloured.
- Do not produce nectar.
Features of pollen grains –
- Very light
- Produced in large numbers
Examples: Pollination in wheat, rice and maize
2. Water
Pollen grains are released into the water are carried out by
water current to other flowers.
Example: Aquatic plants such as sea grass and Vallisnaria
3. Insects
Insects visit flowers for nectar – Some pollen grains stick to
the body parts of these insects – when these insects visit
another flower, the pollen grains fall on the stigma
Features of flowers –
- Sweet smell.
- Brightly coloured petals
for diurnal insects. Eg. Rose,
sun flower
- White/light green petals
for nocturnal insects. Eg. Jasmine
and Cacti
- Rich in nectar.
Features of pollen grains
- Sticky pollen grains
 FERTILIZATION
The process of fusion of male and female gamete
is called fertilization

 After successful pollination the

stigma secrete nutrients
 Pollen grains absorbs these and
start growing in the form of a
thin tube called pollen tube
until it reaches the ovule inside
ovary.
 Then releases male gamete into
the ovule – fertilization takes
place – results in the formation
of zygote
 FRUIT AND SEED FORMATION
• After Fertilization ovary
enlarges to form the fruit
• The wall of the ovary become
the fruit wall
• The ovules become seeds – a
fruit may have one or more
seeds
• Petals, sepals and other parts
of the flower usually dry up
and fall off
The
Thefruit
fruitisisthe
theseed-bearing
seed-bearingpart
part
or
orthe
theripened
ripenedovary
ovaryof
ofthe
the
flowering
floweringplant
plant
The
Theseed
seedisisthe
theripened
ripenedovule
ovule
which
whichcontains
containsan anembryo
embryoand
andisis
aacovered
coveredbybyaaprotective
protectivecoat
coat

The
Theprocess
processby
bywhich
whichthe
theembryo
embryo
in
inthe
theseed
seedbecomes
becomesactive
activeand
and
begins
beginstotogrow
growinto
intoaanew
newplant
plantisis
called
calledgermination
germination
 SEED DISPERSAL
The process by which seeds or fruits are scattered is
called dispersal

Dispersal takes place by several mechanism

• Dispersal by Explosion:
Pea plants, castor and balsam
• Dispersal by Wind:
Dandelion, drumstick and maple
• Dispersal by Water: Coconut
• Dispersal by Animals:
Plants having fleshy fruits