SOLUTIONS for FLUID MOVEMENT,

MEASUREMENT & CONTAINMENT

Optimization
Solutions
System improvements yield
measurable results

Also Inside

VFD best practices

Hose reliability

HVAC control

AUGUST 2017 • Vol. XXIII, No. 8

www.flowcontrolnetwork.com
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Table of Contents | August 2017 • Vol. XXIII, No. 8

Image courtesy of Pump Systems Matter & Hydraulic Institute

Cover Series
Optimization Solutions
10 Pump systems optimization addresses
efficiency & reliability
By Mark Sullivan, Pump Systems Matter &
Hydraulic Institute
Boost profits by reducing energy and maintenance-
related expenses.

14 How low can you go?

By Marcel Katerberg, Bronkhorst High-Tech b.v.
10
An experiment shows the effects of dissolved gasses
in liquid.

Special Sections
Motors & Drives
20 How drives & controls can enhance
HVAC system efficiency
By Kyle Schoenheit, Xylem
20 28
Realize energy savings in a few months with VFDs.

22 Best practices for trouble-free

VFD operation
By Jim Kluck, Danfoss
Departments
Always consider the application and manufacturer’s
guidelines. 4 From the Editor
Tubing & Hoses 6 News & Notes
26 Real-time viscosity monitoring for coiled
tubing cleanouts 8 Application Corner & Quiz Corner
By Justin Hollingsworth, Emerson
25 Trade Shows & Events
The operation must be kept as efficient as possible.
30 Featured Products
28 The new norm: Continuous support in
hose selection & maintenance 31 Advertiser Index
By Nicolas Landriere & Vincent Lagarrigue, Trelleborg
Oil and Marine 32 FlowControlNetwork.com
Supplier relationships remain valuable to the future of
oil and gas.

Flow Control (ISSN #1081-7107) is published 12 times a year

by Grand View Media Group, 200 Croft Street, Suite 1, Birming-
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A controlled circulation publication, Flow Control is distributed
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Contact the editor for details. Product/service information
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Northbrook, IL 60065-9879
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2 | August 2017 Flow Control

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and Water Technology — reach nearly 150,000 purchase
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 From the Editor EDITOR IN CHIEF
ROBYN TUCKER | 205-981-4698
rtucker@grandviewmedia.com
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
AMY W. RICHARDSON | 205-408-5050

A
positive effect of the recent Our next special section on tubing arichardson@grandviewmedia.com
economic downturn is that busi- and hoses includes two articles that can JAZMIN HILL | 205-408-3784
nesses learned how to make the help operators avoid costly error with j.hill@grandviewmedia.com

most of their resources. When capital is low, this critical equipment. On page 26, COLUMNIST
DAVID W. SPITZER
obtaining accurate measurements and low Emerson shows us how to perform coiled
DIRECTOR OF CONTENT STRATEGY
waste become even more important than tubing cleanouts correctly. Trelleborg Oil MATT MIGLIORE | 484-255-9032
during “normal” economic conditions. & Marine discusses how hose manage- matt@grandviewmedia.com
Businesses adapted to survive during ment and maintenance are critically ART DIRECTOR
RYAN CARLSON
the downturn, and now they stand to important to the oil industry’s focus on
PRODUCTION DIRECTOR
reap benefits from these strategies in a safety on page 28. AMANDA PORTER | a.porter@grandviewmedia.com
recovering environment. We are excited to attend the GROUP PUBLISHER
To make the most of current resourc- Turbomachinery & Pump Symposia in MICHAEL C. CHRISTIAN | 908-507-5472
es, operators can optimize processes to Houston in September. Turn to page 25 for mikec@grandviewmedia.com

save money and increase productivity a preview of the event. If you’ll be at the DISTRICT MANAGER
JAY HAAS | 205-572-1058
and efficiency while maintaining quality show, come by Booth 1701 and say hello! jay@grandviewmedia.com
and safety. This month’s cover series ACCOUNT MANAGER
includes an article from the Hydraulic Sincerely, ADDISON PERKINS | 205-861-5303
a.perkins@grandviewmedia.com
Institute on pump system optimization
NATIONAL ACCOUNTS MANAGER
(page 10) as well as a discussion on
JIM SEMPLE | 908-963-3008
flowmeter optimization by Bronkhorst jsemple@grandviewmedia.com
High-Tech (page 14). Robyn Tucker ACCOUNT MANAGER
Motors and drives contribute to opti- rtucker@grandviewmedia.com LISA WILLIMAN | 205-332-5915
lwilliman@grandviewmedia.com
mization strategies, so the first of two @FlowControl_Mag
MARKETING MANAGER
special sections deals with this topic. NICK PHILLIPS
Xylem includes an article on HVAC DIGITAL BUSINESS DIRECTOR
control on page 20, and Danfoss Drives STUART ANDERSON
presents best practices for variable fre- DIGITAL OPERATIONS MANAGER
MARY BETH ROMANO
quency operation on page 22.
AUDIENCE MARKETING MANAGER
ANNA HICKS
SUBSCRIPTION & REPRINT REQUEST
flowcontrol@omeda.com

CORPORATE TEAM
GENERAL MANAGER
MEL BLACKWELL
MARKETING DIRECTOR
ANNEE COOK
AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT
(Above) Flow Control Editor in Chief
Robyn Tucker met with Ingersoll Rand & ANALYTICS DIRECTOR
and ARO at the Offshore Technology HEATHER THOMPSON
Conference (OTC) in Houston. FINANCIAL DIRECTOR
RANDY LYLE
(Left) Eaton demonstrated its new
explosion-proof enclosure at OTC. PRODUCTION DIRECTOR
ANDY ESTILL
PRODUCT DIRECTOR
JENNIFER RICHARDS

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

Jeff Jennings: Equilibar LLC Tom O’Banion: Emerson Process Management, Micro Motion
MitchJeff
Johnson: JMSEquilibar
Jennings: SoutheastLLC | Mitch Johnson:DavidJMS Southeast Gobind
W. Spitzer,|PE: Khiani:
Spitzer Fluor Canada
and Boyes LLC Ltd.
Gobind Khiani:JimFluor
Lauria: Mazzei
Canada, Injector Company |George
Ltd. John Merrill, PE: EagleBurgmann
Weihrauch: Baldor Electric Industries
Company
Jim Lauria: Steve Injector Endress+Hauser
MazzeiMilford: Company U.S. | Andrew
Tom O’Banion: Emerson
Yeghnazar: Automation
Blacoh Solutions
Fluid Control WINNER
DavidPE:
John Merrill, Spitzer, PE: Spitzer
W.EagleBurgmann and Boyes LLC
Industries | George
Jesse Yoder:Weihrauch: Baldor Electric Company
Flow Research
Andrew Yeghnazar:
Steve Milford: Endress+Hauser U.S.Blacoh Fluid Control | Jesse Yoder, Ph.D.: Flow Research

4 | August 2017 Flow Control

 subscribe today.
Flow Control is the voice of fluid handling professionals
in the Process Flow Network, which provides solutions
for the process industries and includes Processing
and Water Technology.

SOLUTIONS for FLUID MOVEMENT,

MEASUREMENT & CONTAINMENT

The
Preventative
Maintenance
Issue Ensure uptime with a
secure Internet of Things

Also Inside

Coriolis meter
calibration
Real-time pump
monitoring
Proper impeller
trimming
JULY 2017 • Vol. XXIII, No. 7
www.lowcontrolnetwork.com

flowcontrolnetwork.com/subscribe
News & Notes
Oil & gas news
US produces most petroleum,
natural gas hydrocarbon
For the fifth consecutive year, the U.S.
remained the world’s top producer of
petroleum and natural gas hydrocar-
bons despite production declines for
both petroleum and natural gas levels
in the previous year, according to the
U.S. Energy Information Administration
(EIA). The U.S. has been the world’s top
producer of natural gas since 2009, and
has been the world’s top producer of
petroleum hydrocarbons since 2013.
Global oil markets expected
to tighten in late 2017
The Organization of the Petroleum Ex-
porting Countries (OPEC) announced
the crude oil production target will re-
main at 32.5 million barrels per day
(b/d) through the end of the first quarter
of 2018. As a result, the EIA predicts in
its May Short-term Energy Outlook that
OPEC crude oil production will average
32.3 million b/d in 2017 and 32.8 mil-
lion in 2018, about 0.2 million b/d and
0.4 million b/d, respectively, lower than
previously forecasted.
Mexico conducts its first
natural gas pipeline capacity
open season
The National Center for Natural Gas
Control (Centro National de Control del
Gas Natural – CENAGAS) in Mexico con-
ducted its first open season for capacity
rights on the national natural gas grid as
part of ongoing energy reforms, accord-
ing to the EIA. CENAGAS was created in
2014 as a decentralized public entity
entrusted with assigning capacity rights
for pipelines previously owned, operated
and largely used by Petroleus Mexico, or
PEMEX. Historically the legal monopoly
owner of the country’s pipeline assets,
PEMEX is now being dismantled as part
of Mexico’s energy reform and transi-
tioned into a more open market where
foreign and local companies can com-
pete to offer the best prices and services
to customers.
6 | August 2017
Company &
association news
MCAA introduces new
website & branding
The Measurement, Control & Automation
Association (MCAA) unveiled its new logo
and a redesigned website at the MCAA
Industry Forum last month in Atlanta. The
new, more modern branding is designed
to better reflect to the organization, and
the new website allows for easier naviga-
tion. MCAA helps management teams of
process and factory automation product
and solution providers by offering timely,
unique and highly specialized resources
acquired from shared management
benchmarks where proprietary company
information is secure.
Weir Oil & Gas acquires KOP
Surface Products
Weir Oil & Gas entered into an agree-
ment to acquire KOP Surface Products.
KOP is a provider of advanced pressure
control wellhead technologies systems
and services with established market
positions in South East Asia and an
emerging business in the Middle East.
KOP’s management will continue to lead
the company but will now report to Weir
Oil & Gas. The acquisition is valued at
$114 million.
Honeywell to acquire Nextnine
Honeywell agreed to purchase Nextnine,
a privately held provider of security man-
agement solutions and technologies for
industrial cybersecurity. The move will
enhance Honeywell’s range of innova-
tive cybersecurity technologies, enabling
the company to increase its Connected
Plant cybersecurity customer base.
Emerson acquires MYNAH
Technologies
Emerson completed the purchase of
MYNAH Technologies, a move designed
to help support Emerson Automation
Solutions and its Operational Certainty
program. The terms of the acquisition
were not disclosed.
Boyd Corp acquires Aavid
Thermalloy
Boyd Corporation acquired Aavid Ther-
malloy, a move that creates a new busi-
ness that will operate as a division of
Boyd Corporation. Through this transac-
tion, Boyd expands its expertise in active
and passive thermal management ac-
cretive to key strengths in heat spread-
ing, EMI shielding, optically clear adhe-
sives, electrical, acoustic and thermal
insulation, acoustic filtration, vibration
absorption and mechanical damping.
Headquartered in Modesto, California,
Boyd’s manufacturing and design hubs
now span North America, Europe and
Asia with facilities in the U.S., Canada,
Germany, Italy, U.K., Vietnam, Thailand,
Korea, China, Taiwan and India.
NOV expands ability to
deliver tubular technologies
National Oilwell Varco Inc. (NOV) broke
ground on two manufacturing plants
designed to strengthen the company’s
position to provide composite pipe tech-
nologies and tubular coatings within
Saudi Arabia. Both facilities will be lo-
cated at MODON 3 near the city of
Dammam. The 130,000-square-foot
building will expand NOV’s legacy Tubo-
scope pipe inspection, repair, thread-
ing, and machining services to include
internal and custom coating capabilities
and the company’s proprietary TK liner
platform. A second 260,000-square-
foot structure will enable NOV to be
Saudi Arabia’s first local manufacturer
of high-pressure spoolable composite
pipe. Both facilities are expected to be
operational in the first quarter of 2018.
3Dprintingindustry.com
honors Siemens
Siemens accepted the international “3D
Printing Application of the Year” award
from 3Dprintingindustry.com at a London
awards ceremony. Siemens received the
award for the first worldwide successful
test of gas turbine blades manufactured
with additive manufacturing.
Flow Control
Danfoss receives Edison Award
Danfoss was voted a Bronze Winner
in the Edison Awards, a program that
honors innovation and excellence in the
development of new products and ser-
vices. The awards are judged by a panel
of more than 3,000 business executives
including past award winners, academ-
ics and leaders in the product develop-
ment, design, engineering, science and
medical fields.
Yokogawa receives Global
Customer Value Leadership
Award
Yokogawa Electric Corporation received
the Frost & Sullivan Global Customer
Value Leadership Award in the automa-
tion solutions and services category.
Frost & Sullivan presents Best Prac-
tice Awards to companies that have
demonstrated leadership in technology
innovation and the strategic develop-
ment of products and services for re-
gional and global markets.
People news
John Flannery named GE CEO
Long-time GE CEO Jeff Immelt was re-
placed by GE Healthcare CEO John Flan-
nery on Aug. 1, according to CNBC. After
the news broke the morning of Monday,
June 12, shares climbed around three
percent. Flannery will assume the chair-
man position on Jan. 1, 2018. He began
his GE career with GE Capital in 1987.
Halliburton elects CEO
The board of directors of Halliburton
Company unanimously elected Jeff
Miller, the company’s president and
board member, to the position of CEO.
Dave Lesar, who has served as Hallibur-
ton’s chairman and CEO since 2000,
will continue as executive chairman
through mandatory retirement on Dec.
31, 2018. As executive chairman, Lesar
will continue to play a leadership role fo-
cusing on the strategic direction of the
company, advising the Halliburton man-
agement team and transitioning CEO
responsibilities to Miller.
www.flowcontrolnetwork.com
Automation Federation hires program brings technical and scientific
new managing director backgrounds and external perspectives to
The Automation Federation hired indus- the decision-making process in Congress.
trial control systems cybersecurity expert
Marty Edwards as its managing director. Don Briggs named LAGCOE
Edwards is a 25-year industry veteran Looey 2017
who currently serves as director of the LAGCOE awarded Don Briggs with the
Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emer- LAGCOE Looey 2017. The honorary po-
gency Response Team, an operational sition is given to an individual who has
division of the National Cybersecurity and shaped the oil and gas industry through
Communications Integration Center in years of devoted hard work while con-
the Department of Homeland Security. tinuously giving back to his community.
As a founding member and president of
Asahi/America hires sales & the Louisiana Oil and Gas Association,
marketing VP Briggs earned the golden hard hat for his
Massachusetts-based manufacturer work to ensure the existence and health
Asahi/America Inc. named John Ro- of Louisiana’s oil and gas industry. FC
mano as its vice president of sales
and marketing. Romano brings nearly
three decades of industrial plastics
distribution experience to Asahi/Amer-
ica including sales management, stra-
Send news and events for consider-
tegic planning, new product launches,
ation in this section to Robyn Tucker
marketing campaigns, e-commerce
at rtucker@grandviewmedia.com.
and business-to-business sales in the
commercial and industrial markets.
Dow executive to receive SCI Upcoming events
Gordon E. Moore Medal
The Society of Chemical Industry (SCI), 46th Turbomachinery & 33rd
America Group, will present Dr. Melinda Pump Symposia
H. Keefe of The Dow Chemical Com- Sept. 11–14
pany with the 14th annual SCI Gordon Houston
E. Moore Medal. The Gordon E. Moore pumpturbo.tamu.edu
Medal was established by SCI to recog-
nize early-career success in innovation, PROCESS EXPO
as reflected in market impact and im- Sept. 19–22
provement to quality of life. The award Chicago
myprocessexpo.com
will be presented during Innovation Day
on Sept. 12.
PACK EXPO Las Vegas
Sept. 25–27
MRS, TMS name Las Vegas
Congressional Science & packexpolasvegas.com
Engineering Fellow
The Materials Research Society (MRS) WEFTEC 2017
and Minerals, Metals & Materials So- Sept. 30–Oct. 4
ciety (TMS) selected Scott Litzelman of Chicago
Booz Allen Hamilton as the 2017–2018 weftec.org
MRS/TMS Congressional Science and
Engineering Fellow. He will serve a one- 2017 Chem Show
year term working as a special legislative Oct. 31–Nov. 2
assistant on the staff of a member of New York
chemshow.com
Congress or on a congressional com-
mittee. The Congressional Fellowships
August 2017 | 7
Free info: Enter 200 at fcm.hotims.com
 Application Corner
By David W. Spitzer
Incinerator combustion
air flowmeter
Part 3: Calibrating the instrument
T
he selection of an insertion tur-
bine flowmeter to measure the
combustion air flow in an incin-
erator was discussed previously. Other
flow technologies may have been pref-
erable from a maintenance perspective
because we did not have any similar tur-
bine flowmeters in the plant. However,
the insertion turbine flowmeter was the
only flowmeter found that would meet
the requirements of the application.
Therefore, once installed, we had to
maintain this instrument and a similar
flowmeter used to measure the natural
gas flow to the incinerator.
Theoretically, calibrating the flowmeter
Quiz Corner
A. $1 million | B. $2.5 million | C. $5 million
T
he annual cost of material val-
ued at $1 per unit flowing at
one unit per minute can be
calculated as follows:
($1/unit) x (1 unit/minute) x (60
minute/hour) x (24 hours/day) x (365
days/year)
The calculated value is $525,600
per year, but this can be approximat-
ed as $500,000 per year and used as
8 | August 2017
involves verifying the performance of the
flow element (turbine) and transmitter.
Calibrating the transmitter is relatively
straightforward. However, verifying the
performance of the turbine is not easy
because the flowmeter measurement
should be compared to the passage of a
known amount of fluid. We did not have
a gas calibration facility to perform these
calibrations, nor were we willing to incur
the cost associated with sending them
out for calibration.
Recognizing that turbines tend to slow
down before they stop working, a surro-
gate method to check the operation of
the turbine was to blow on the turbine
What is the approximate annual cost of a raw material purchased for
$2 per liter that flows into a chemical process at 10 liters per minute?
| D. $7.5 million | E. $10 million
a rule of thumb.
Therefore, the approximate annual
cost of this raw material is Answer E:
$10 million (2 x 10 x $500,000).
Additional complicating
factors
The value of the flowing material
should be considered when selecting
a flowmeter because more accurate
and observe how quickly it stopped spin-
ning. A new turbine will spin for quite
some time, while a worn turbine will stop
relatively quickly.
By experience, we found that the tur-
bine in the combustion air service would
slow down somewhat after six months of
operation and require replacement af-
ter one year. Interestingly, the turbine in
natural gas service spun almost like new
after seven years of operation!
In these applications, the calibration
interval was not so much dependent
on the measurement instrument itself
but rather on the service in which it
was installed. FC
measurement can often enable tighter
control. In some applications, this can
enable the plant to consume a lower
amount of the raw material, making
the process more efficient.
In general, measuring materials with
large economic value can often justify
the purchase of more accurate (and
often more expensive) flowmeters. FC
Flow Control
 Theoretically, calibrating the flowmeter involves verifying
the performance of the flow element (turbine) and transmitter.

David W. Spitzer is a regular contributor

to Flow Control magazine and a principal
PRECISION FLOW METERING
in Spitzer and Boyes LLC, which offers QUALITY & PERFORMANCE
engineering, seminars, strategic, mar-
keting consulting, distribution consulting
and expert witness services for manu-
SONIC-PRO ®
ULTRASONIC FLOWMETERS
facturing and automation companies. Sonic-Pro® Ultrasonic flowmeters with
Spitzer and Boyes is also the publisher non-invasive clamp-on transducers, work
of the Industrial Automation INSIDER. He with both clean and dirty fluids, with a
high capacity flow velocity range of up to
has more than 40 years of experience 30 feet per second (9 meters
and has written more than 10 books and per second).
• View real time flow and download data
350 articles about flow measurement, log files remotely on a Windows® PC.
instrumentation and process control. • Housing is NEMA 4X (IP 66) wash down.
Spitzer may be reached at 845-623-
1830 or via spitzerandboyes.com.
Click on the “Products” tab to find his
Consumer Guides to various flow and
level measurement technologies.

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www.flowcontrolnetwork.com August 2017 | 9

Cover Series: Optimization Solutions

Pump systems optimization addresses

efficiency & reliability
Boost profits by reducing energy and maintenance-related expenses.
By Mark Sullivan, Pump Systems Matter & Hydraulic Institute

P 2
umping systems typically account
for a significant portion of a facil-
ity’s energy use. Some industries
have higher pump loads than others.
For some plants, pumps are the larg-
est end-using system for electricity. For
example, commercial buildings include
pumps as part of heating, cooling, water
heating, wastewater and refrigeration
systems. These pump-based systems
consume more than 35 percent of a
commercial building’s energy.
Figure 1 shows the energy levels asso-
ciated with different industries and equip-
ment. While pumping systems across all
industrial sectors represent the highest
energy users, they also represent the
greatest potential to save energy and
reduce maintenance-related expenses.
components and not the entire system. No standards exist to guide effi-
However, component failures are often cient pumping system design.
caused by system interaction prob- Because engineering contractors and
lems. While installing more efficient owners/operators can choose how to
parts — such as motors — makes size the system components and con-
small improvements, the whole pump trols, designs are unchallenged. Owners
system must be considered relative to and operators may not be aware of
the normal operating points to achieve the energy impacts when the lowest
optimal efficiency levels. Improving a initial-cost solution that meets the rated
single pump’s efficiency and not focus- conditions is presented without con-
ing on the system interaction will do sideration of energy efficiency. Without
little to reduce energy usage. During a standard, liability does not exist for
system optimization, one must look at poorly designed and inefficient pumping
how all components work together and systems. As a result, owners/operators
how changing one can help improve the are ultimately responsible for energy
value of the entire application solution. consumption and maintenance.
8000

Factors contributing to pump 7000

inefficiency
A 1996 report from the Finnish Technical 6000
Research Center titled Expert Systems
5000
for Diagnosis and Performance of
Centrifugal Pumps indicated that aver- 4000
age pump system operating efficiency
was below 40 percent and that more 3000

than 10 percent of pump systems 2000

operated below 10 percent efficiency. Pump system
Results are based on the analysis of 1000 Compressed air sys.
Motor upgrade
1,690 pumps at 20 process plants. Motor downsizing
0
Exceptions apply for small pumps and d
Replace vs. rewind
an ts nd Fan system
pumps of low specific speed, but most ls uc r a cts
d
an ts c.
a is s r Other processing systems
ic rod ape du m uc d m uct he t nd n
industrial pumps should be able to e m p P pr o
l e u
o d n d ot en d a cts tio nt
r o d m
Ch llied e d r
t lo p a
r p r
a n i p o odu
o rta me
achieve 70 to 85 percent efficiency. a l i e
P coa
e
bb tic
s c u F
pr
o
sp uip
al ni eq
Three main factors contribute to pumps Ru las tro tric re
d an q
p c c d Tr e
e n
operating at reduced efficiency: El ele ki

1 The pump system includes the

pump, driver, piping, controls
and power distribution. When mak-
ing pump improvements, many times
focus is placed on upgrading individual
Figure 1. The U.S. Industrial Motor Systems Market Opportunities Assessment conducted at 265
industrial facilities in 1997 remains the most comprehensive data source on electrical energy usage.
As indicated in blue, pump systems are especially energy-intensive in industries that manufacture
chemical and allied products.
All graphics courtesy of Pump Systems Matter & Hydraulic Institute

10 | August 2017 Flow Control

3 Organizations purchase pump sys-
tems based on price instead of the
Electric utility
total life cycle systems costs. However,
lifetime energy costs can be 40 times
the installed cost of a pumping sys-
tem. Figure 3 outlines the factors that
contribute to the 20-year life cycle cost
of a standard 75-horsepower pumping
system. Initial costs are minimal in com-
parison to ongoing operating and mainte-
nance costs over a span of two decades.
Component Optimization involves segregating components
and analyzing a solution.
System Optimization involves looking at how the whole group
functions together and how changing one can help improve the
value of the entire application solution.
At each interface, there are inefficiencies. The primary
Transformer
objective should be to maximize the overall cost effectiveness
of the entire system, or simply stated, “how much output
energy is delivered per unit of input energy.”
Switchgear

The need for pump system

optimization
When not optimized for best efficiency, Variable frequency Motor Gearbox Coupling Pump System Energy efficiency
pump systems drain profits. According drive improvements
to the U.S. Industrial Motor Systems Figure 2. A system optimization approach looks at the group of components as a whole to improve
Market Opportunities Assessment, an the application.
average medium-sized plant spends
more than $1,400,000 per year on
energy to run its pumping systems.
In most pumping systems, the energy
added to the working fluid by the pump
is much greater than what is required
by the process. Oversized piping sys-
tem components such as pumps, pro-
cess subassemblies and control valves
often cause that excess energy usage
(see Figure 4). When excess energy is
added to the pumping system, control
elements absorb it throughout the sys- Figure 3. Factors that contribute to the 20-year life cycle cost of a standard 75-horsepower pumping system
tem, adding heat, noise and vibration
to control components, reducing their
operating life and adding to system
maintenance costs. As pumps world-
wide consume nearly 20 percent of
global motor energy, opportunities exist
across all industries for energy and cost
savings through pump optimization.
New regulations from the United States
Department of Energy require companies
to take a closer look at pump system
efficiency. By January 2020, manufactur-
ers must comply with minimum pump
standards outlined in the recently pub-
lished regulation at 10 CFR 431 Subpart
Y. Compliance with the regulation is solely
the responsibility of the pump manufac-
turer, but the owners of pumping systems
should become familiar with the new
Pump Energy Index rating that will be
labeled on regulated pumps by January Figure 4. This diagram indicates the impact on pump reliability when the pump is running outside of its
acceptable operating range. Most of the issues occur when the pump operates to the left of design. In
of 2020. Prior to January 2020 and most cases, this is where pumps work because of oversizing for various reasons. The vertical green line
after pumps become regulated, pump indicates the pump’s best efficiency point at which pump efficiency is at its maximum level.

www.flowcontrolnetwork.com August 2017 | 11


Figure 5. Pump
system assess-
ment action plan
that can help
structure tasks
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owners can take advantage of the currently
available voluntary industry labeling pro-
gram that utilizes the HI Energy Rating
Label (pumps.org/40.5) as a tool in their
pump selections and systems optimization.
What systems should be
optimized?
System optimization is the process of
identifying, understanding and cost-
effectively eliminating unnecessary losses
while reducing energy consumption and
improving reliability in pumping systems.
Since most industrial and municipal
plants have tens, hundreds and even
thousands of pumping systems, assess-
ments are necessary to identify and
quantify opportunities for reducing
pump system energy consumption as
well as improving pump reliability and
process control. Energy savings of 20 to
40 percent are typically achievable after
implementing the recommendations
made through a formal pump system
assessment.
Figure 5 outlines a pump system
assessment action plan that can help
structure tasks.
The first step of an assessment
includes screening pumps for improve-
ment. Candidates can include large or
problematic pumps such as those with
high operating hours, cavitation noise,
excessive vibration, frequent on/off
cycling and higher-than-average mainte-
nance costs. Pumping systems with one
or more of these symptoms are ideal for
further assessment. Large, high-mainte-
nance systems that are mission-critical
to the process or facility operation are
top priorities.
Management must be kept in the
loop during assessments by sharing
documentation on best candidates.
Internal support is also necessary to
conduct thorough pump assessments.
An in-house assessment team should
include personnel from production,
operations, maintenance, finance and
management. If in-house skills do not
exist, a specialist can fill any voids.
Pumps identified during the screening
process go through a more thorough
assessment or analysis to confirm
Flow Control
performance opportunities. A life cycle
cost (LCC) analysis can develop financial
justification for improvements by relating
pumping system improvements to eco-
nomics. An LCC analysis can assess the
cost of purchasing, installing, operating,
maintaining and disposing of the sys-
tem’s components. When documenting
anticipated cost savings, include local
utility rebates or incentives.
Once approved, implement perfor-
develops engineering fluid transfer stan-
dards for diverse industrial and com-
mercial markets with operations head-
quartered in Parsippany, New Jersey.
He has nearly four decades of indus-
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revenue growth. In his four years at the
Hydraulic Institute, he has grown techni-
cal education and training by more than
120 percent.

Dependable seals
mance improvement solutions and
document the positive impact of solu-
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with a small project. Always document
activities and findings, measuring and
reporting the impact of system changes
in terms meaningful to management
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Because pump system optimization
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approaches, pump owners and opera-
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www.flowcontrolnetwork.com August 2017 | 13

Cover Series: Optimization Solutions
How low can you go?
An experiment shows the effects of dissolved
gasses in liquid.
By Marcel Katerberg, Bronkhorst High-Tech b.v.
W
hen it comes to accurately
measuring and controlling flow
rates in the range of 1 gram
per hour (g/h) and lower, not only is a
good mass flow controller essential, but
proper design and the other important
components come into play. Any system
will only be as strong as its weakest link.
For controlling low flow rates, the
weakest link is usually not the mass
flow sensor. A mass flow controller is
capable of accurately measuring and
controlling the flow rate at its position
in the system. However, no absolute
confidence exists that this flow rate is
accurate further up- or downstream of
the flow controller. If no countermea-
sures are taken, the exact desired flow
rate will not be delivered to the process.
As the flow rate minimizes, the relative
internal volume of system components
14 | August 2017
such as piping, filters and valves seems
to increase. This affects the dynamics of
the system since the response time will
slow down, resulting in a loss of direct
control. When a set-point is given and
this is assumed to reach the process,
expectations might not be met.
For instance, a popular setup to force
flow through the system is to make
use of pressurized gas. However, gas
will dissolve in the liquid to a satura-
tion level proportional to the gas pres-
sure. The dissolved gasses appear again
as bubbles downstream in the system
where the pressure has decreased. If
a gas bubble passes the flowmeter or
valve or enters the process, it disturbs
the stability of the flow.
Practically for low flow rate processes, it
is sometimes hard to understand why and
when the system works correctly. Many
All graphics courtesy of Bronkhorst High-Tech b.v.
Air pressure
Liquid
container
Figure 1. Schematic of the Filter Degasser
setup of two low-flow Coriolis
mass flow instruments in series
questions arise. Is the purity of the media
correct? Are the process temperatures as
they should be? Is the set rate or dosage
correct? Is the pressure stable?
Challenges in low-flow process
For the lowest flow rates it is hard to
verify if, at any time, the flow enter-
ing the process is as expected. As
mentioned, various underlying causes
are possible:
• Dissolved gasses in the liquid and
uncontrolled gas bubble entrap-
ment and release
• Dynamic effects of multiple fluid
transmission lines, e.g., in medical
multi-infusion systems
• Compliance of the system, e.g., in
plastic tubing or plastic syringes
• Local heating and fluid expansion
caused by the internal volume and
Flow Control
 power dissipation of solenoid valves
• Ripple on the flow delivery when
using pumps
This article focuses on the influence
of dissolved gasses in the liquid and
the possible countermeasures.
When dissolved gasses in the liquid
the pressurized air comes in contact
with the liquid, it will dissolve into the
liquid proportionally to the gas pressure.
This experiment is to investigate the
influence of dissolved gas in the liquid
and the use of a degasser as a counter-
measure for gas bubbles.
Image 1. The Coriolis
flowmeter and Coriolis
flow controller used in
Figure 1.
Without degasser
Figure 2 shows the outcome of the
experiment when the setup has run for a
few hours without a degasser. The effect
of gas bubbles passing the sensor of the
flow controller is clearly visible. This can
also be seen in the density measure-
ment of the second instrument. The
density drops each time a gas bubble
passes the instrument. The density is
directly measured by the Coriolis instru-
ment. A Coriolis instrument is capable
of measuring density by a change in
natural frequency of its vibrating mea-
suring tube when liquid flows through it.
As expected, the gas bubbles are
generated by the valve in the mass flow
controller because the pressure drop
occurs there. Since this valve is in front
of its meter (in Instrument 2) the mass
flowmeter detects the gas bubbles and
the mass flow controller responds to it
by controlling the valve.
Continued on pg. 18

NSF/ANSI 61
Instrument 1
flowmeter
Instrument 2
flow controller
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Low-flow experiment with

Coriolis mass flowmeters
Figure 1 shows a setup of two low-flow
Coriolis mass flow instruments in series.
The first instrument is a mass flowme-
ter. The second instrument acts as a
controller, controlling the flow with an
onboard, proportional piezo valve posi-
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OF
 Continued from pg. 15
Instrument 1 Instrument 2 Another remarkable phenomenon is
that a difference exists between the mea-
sured flows of both devices. Instrument
Without degasser 0.0052 -0.0028 1 (mass flowmeter) shows a lower flow
rate of about 3 percent less than the
With degasser -0.0035 flow rate measured by Instrument 2
0.0001
(mass flow controller).
An explanation for this is that a gener-
Table 1. Average deviation from set-point of 1 g/h of measured mass flow rate
ated bubble downstream of the control
valve causes the volume flow to expand
and push the liquid forward. Because
the mass flow controller will maintain its
set-point value of 1 g/h, the flow rate
is slowed down to maintain the cor-
rect mass flow. Therefore, the flow rate
through the first flowmeter is 3 percent
less in between the bubbles.
A difference in volumetric flow rate
before and after the appearance of the
gas bubbles also occurred. However, the
average mass flow rate in the instru-
ments in both experiments is within
specification and thus the same, as
shown in Table 1. This table shows the
average deviation from 1 g/h of each
instrument in both experiments over the
entire data set, as shown in Figures 1
and 2.
The 3 percent error matches Henry’s
law, which says that the solubility of air
Figure 2. Measurement results without degasser
in water is 22 milligram per liter, per Bar.
If this number is divided by the density
of air, the volumetric expansion explains
the 3 percent increase in volume flow
after the gas bubbles appear.

Countermeasures for
gas bubbles
To take out the dissolved gas before
problems appear, a high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) degasser
is used. This device uses a permeable
tube to degas the liquid. The perme-
able tube is positioned inside a vacuum
chamber where the vacuum is main-
tained by a small, onboard vacuum
pump. The device extracts most of the
dissolved gasses in the used liquid.
Furthermore, because the liquid is
well-degassed, it is capable of easily
dissolving any remaining small bubbles
left behind in the system. The sys-
Figure 3. Measurement results with degasser tem will end up fully filled with liquid

18 | August 2017 Flow Control

without any gas pockets. Since gasses are
compressible, a properly degassed sys-
tem makes the system stiff and respon-
sive. A system like this can generate a
continuous and stable flow toward the
process with good control behavior.
With degasser
Figure 3 shows the measured outcome
where the degasser is put up in front
of the Coriolis mass flow instruments.
It is clearly visible that the system can
run for several hours without any drops
or glitches in mass flow or density. No
air bubbles are present in the system
or generated by the control valve. The
small deviation between the instru-
ments is within the specified accuracy
of 0.2 percent of reading ±20 milli-
grams per hour, zero stability.
Conclusion
A conclusion that can be drawn from
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this experiment is that it is recommend-
ed to use a degasser for generating a
continuous, stable and responsive sys-
tem toward the end process, especially
in low-flow liquid measurements. An
ideal solution for these low-flow mea-
surements would be a degasser in
combination with a mass flowmeter/
controller, as is used in this experiment.
Because the mass flow controller’s con-
trol valve is in front of the meter, the
sensor is capable of monitoring the
actual flow in the system. This results
in optimal and direct process control.
The instrument can be used for ultra
low-flow applications up to 200 g/h. FC
Marcel Katerberg is tech-
nical sales advisor at
Bronkhorst High-Tech.
His passion is to optimize
customer and market applications in
SINCE 1958
Free info: Enter 208 at fcm.hotims.com
various industries where low-flow solu-
tions are needed. Katerberg has an
academic background in electrical engi-
neering and years of experience as a
team leader in product development and
program management at Bronkhorst. With
his recent sales position and technical
product knowledge he is able to close the
gaps between technical know-how, cus-
tomer issues and business opportunities.
You can find Katerberg on Linkedin. For
more information, visit bronkhorst.com.
ONLINE
MORE
For more on low-flow measurement,
visit flowcontrolnetwork.com.
August 2017 | 19
Special Section: Motors & Drives
How drives & controls can enhance
HVAC system efficiency
Realize energy savings in a few months with VFDs.
By Kyle Schoenheit, Xylem
H
eating, ventilation and cooling
(HVAC) systems are among the
largest consumers of energy in a
facility. According to the U.S. Department
of Energy, HVAC systems consume
between 40 and 60 percent of a facility’s
power. With the pursuit of energy effi-
ciency targets by all sectors of the building
industry, HVAC systems are an obvious
starting point to reduce consumption.
Designed to keep buildings ventilated
and comfortable, HVAC systems are
often sized to operate at peak heat-
ing and cooling load conditions, even
though in typical building applications,
those conditions occur only 1 to 5 per-
cent of the time. As a result, pump and
fan motors associated with HVAC sys-
tems use more energy than necessary,
even during off-peak operating hours.
20 | August 2017
and institutional buildings. VFDs are
advantageous because they ensure that
HVAC systems perform properly, reliably
and efficiently during conditions that
occur off-peak load hours, which is 95
to 99 percent of the time. By operating
at a reduced capacity, otherwise known
as part-load demand, VFDs can match
air flow to actual heating and cooling
demands. A VFD can reduce the motor
speed when full flow is not required,
thereby reducing the power and electri-
cal energy used.
By matching system capacity to the
actual load, major savings in system
Image courtesy of Xylem
motor energy use are achieved. Energy
consumption in centrifugal fan and
pump applications follows Affinity Laws,
which means that flow is proportional to
VFDs installed inside the Twin Parks hous-
speed, pressure is proportional to the
ing development in the Bronx, New York
square of speed, and horsepower is a
cubical function of speed. Pumps that
Proper selection of pumps, motors operate at higher efficiencies will save
and controls is essential to ensure HVAC horsepower and use less electricity,
systems operate efficiently and reliably. reducing operating costs. For example,
Additionally, energy management tools if an application only needs 80 percent
like variable frequency drives (VFDs) can flow, the fan or pump will run at 80 per-
be applied to HVAC systems to realize cent of rated speed and only require 50
substantial energy savings. percent of rated power. In other words,
Like the throttle on a car, a VFD reducing speed by 20 percent requires
adjusts the speed of the HVAC fan or only 50 percent of the power.
pump motor to meet the ever-changing
demands put on the system. Just as Benefits beyond energy savings
conditions when driving require different Reducing energy consumption is not the
speeds, a fluctuating building environ- only benefit of installing VFDs on HVAC
ment requires an adjustable flow of systems. VFDs are also effective tools
energy. By leveraging VFDs, an HVAC for cutting operating costs and improv-
system runs only as much as it needs ing overall system performance.
to, downshifting when desired tempera- VFDs can improve occupant comfort
tures are reached. by optimizing and regulating air flow
VFDs can be installed in nearly any and temperature within different areas
HVAC system in residential, commercial or zones of a building. Unlike a fan that
Flow Control
runs either at full speed or is off, a VFD
can run at any speed, giving facilities
managers and building occupants more
control over adjusting temperatures.
The installation of VFDs in the new
U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis,
home of the National Football League’s
Minnesota Vikings, ensures fan com-
fort — a necessity in a region known
for extreme climate. With seating for up
to 70,000, managing a wide variety of
ambient conditions is essential. A VFD-
based booster pump system provides
precise climate control and reduces the
stadium’s energy consumption.
Another benefit of VFDs is reduced
long-term wear and tear on equipment.
A motor without a VFD operates at a
constant speed. On typical startup, a
constant-speed motor is subject to high
torque and electrical surges that can
reach up to 10 times the full current
load. When full power is not needed, the
motor can cycle on and off frequently
in an attempt to match the load. This
Another benefit of VFDs is reduced long-term
wear and tear on equipment.
creates unnecessary wear and reduces
equipment life. VFDs, on the other
hand, have a soft-start capability that
gradually ramps up a motor’s operating
speed. The soft-start greatly reduces the
stress on the motor and related com-
ponents so HVAC systems last longer.
This decreases maintenance costs and
prolongs equipment life.
Advantages over control
valves
Most conventional building HVAC appli-
cations are designed to operate fans
and pumps at constant speeds. Building
loads, however, are anything but con-
stant. In a conventional system, a
mechanical throttling device like a con-
trol valve can be used to reduce water
or air flow in the system. The drive
motor, however, continues to operate
at full speed, using nearly the same
amount of energy regardless of the
heating or cooling load on the system.
www.flowcontrolnetwork.com
While mechanical throttling devices can
provide good control, they are not effi-
cient and they waste mechanical and
electrical energy.
As a result, throttled systems create
mechanical stresses such as excessive
pressure and temperature on the pump
system, which can lead to premature
seal or bearing failures. More important-
ly, pump systems that use control valves
consume substantial amounts of energy.
VFDs eliminate the need for expen-
sive and energy-wasting throttling mech-
anisms like control valves. Unlike control
valves, which simply restrict the amount
of air or fluid being delivered, VFDs can
control motor speed and stabilize pump
motor performance.
The flow control provided by VFDs ulti-
mately improves the efficiency of the motor
and the application, resulting in higher
efficiency and significant cost savings.
Ultimately, those cost and energy sav-
ings easily offset any capital costs associ-
ated with installing a VFD on a new HVAC
system or retrofitting an existing system.
Vertical inline pumps were selected
for the retrofit from an electric heating
system to hydronic distribution inside
the Twin Parks housing development in
the Bronx, New York. The pumps, which
incorporate a variable speed drive and
combine sensorless technology with the
energy savings of variable flow, react to
the system demands by varying speed,
significantly reducing electrical costs
compared to a full-speed operation.
More features than ever before
VFDs today are more efficient than ever.
The next generation currently on the
market can reduce energy consumption
in a facility by as much as 70 percent.
Now loaded with expanded capabili-
ties, including modular design and
advanced communication systems,
VFDs provide users streamlined ways to
achieve higher energy efficiencies.
VFDs can easily handle multipump
configurations like office buildings and
hotels. Designed with multimaster func-
tionality, these drives can allow indi-
vidual pumps to take control if one or
more units or sensors are inactive. This
ensures reliable operation and helps end
users obtain cost and energy savings
while achieving optimal performance.
Equipped with an intelligent control
system that accurately adapts to
demands, the next generation of VFDs
only uses power as needed, resulting in
lower operational costs. These VFDs also
come standard with communications
protocols like BACnet and Modbus for
seamless Building Management System
integration, which allows for better con-
trol and monitoring of HVAC systems.
Optional Wi-Fi for remote connection
to the unit via any mobile device, lap-
top or PC is also available for easy
system upkeep.
Another innovative feature of modern
VFDs is modular unit design. Pumps can
be configured in virtually any arrange-
ment depending on need, whether it is a
single pump or a combination of pumps,
which saves space, reduces installation
time and facilitates easy maintenance.
Additional cost savings
Not only can VFD installation reduce
energy expenses, but in many cases
it may help businesses and organiza-
tions qualify for energy savings pro-
grams like utility rebates and tax credits.
Rebate levels vary widely within the
U.S.; However, the American Council for
an Energy-Efficient Economy estimates
that rebates usually cover from 15 to 35
percent of installed cost. By combining
these types of incentives, returns on
investment for VFD installations can be
realized in as little as six months. FC
Kyle Schoenheit is a global prod-
uct manager, Americas, for Xylem’s
Applied Water Systems business unit.
To determine potential energy use and
cost savings associated with installing a
VFD, access Xylem’s downloadable ener-
gy savings calculator at hydrovar.com.
August 2017 | 21
Special Section: Motors & Drives
Best practices for
trouble-free VFD operation
Always consider the application and
manufacturer’s guidelines.
By Jim Kluck, Danfoss
Image 1. Main source of cooling for drives.
Check for dust and debris.
All graphics courtesy of Danfoss Drives
V
ariable speed drives (VSDs) are
designed for many different envi-
ronments. Installations in indus-
trial applications can be some of the
harshest. The drive must be designed
from the heatsink up with many different
applications in mind. The drive has been
designed to deal with different climates,
power sources, motor types and dis-
tances while being operated from a local
control panel, fieldbus or discrete input/
output (I/O). This article details best
practices for trouble-free operation of
the drive and application in the location
in which it is installed.
Consider the following:
• Mechanical — Is an enclosure
needed for the environment in
which the drive is installed?
• Input power — What is the power
source and how stable is the source?
• Motor wiring that powers the motor
22 | August 2017
• I/O — Wiring installed
and routed to control the
application
• Fieldbus wiring for control and
monitoring without interference
When selecting VSDs, many
aspects are reviewed. The
product must be able to run
the motor without interruption
whether it runs for minutes,
hours or 24/7, 365 days per year.
Ideally, an engineer could
design the application from the ground
up and all the necessary components
would be considered, but this is often
not the case. New installations in exist-
ing facilities, retrofits and upgrades take
place every day. The following informa-
tion helps provide the best opportunity
for trouble-free operation.
First consider installation mechanics.
This article assumes the drive is sized
for appropriate control of the motor and
application (voltage, power, response
time and I/O needs).
Temperature
Minimum and maximum ambient tem-
perature limits are specified for all adjust-
able frequency drives (AFDs). Avoiding
extreme ambient temperatures prolongs
equipment life and maximizes system
reliability. Component life is affected
by heat, dust and humidity. Controlling
these variables will extend component
life and lead to longer drive life.
AFDs have built-in fans for optimal
cooling. The main fan forces air flow
along cooling fins on the heatsink, remov-
ing the heat as efficiently as possi-
ble to keep power components from
overheating. Some power sizes have a
small, secondary fan close to the control
card to circulate air and avoid hot spots.
The main fan is controlled by the AFD
internal temperature and the speed grad-
ually increases along with temperature,
reducing noise and energy consumption
when need is low. It ensures maximum
cooling when necessary.
In environments with extreme tempera-
tures, additional steps may be needed to
maintain the proper ambient temperature.
Additional cooling fans, air conditioners or
heaters may be required.
Altitude
Air cooling capability decreases at lower
air pressure. Manufacturers provide
guidelines on handling situations such
as approaching higher elevations above
sea level. For example, below 3,300 feet
(1,000 meters) altitude, no derating is
necessary, but above 3,300 feet (1,000
meters) steps need to be taken. Typical
steps are to derate (reduce the current
rating) the drive or add additional cool-
ing. In addition to the decreased cool-
ing, the air gap between components
becomes less and an arc can occur
without proper spacing.
Humidity
Although the AFD can operate properly
at high humidity (up to 95 percent
relative humidity), condensation must
be avoided. Moisture in the air can
condense on electronic components
and cause short circuits, particularly
when the AFD is colder than moist
ambient air. Condensation can occur
on units without power. It is advis-
able to install a cabinet heater when
Flow Control
condensation could be caused by
ambient conditions. Avoid installation
in areas subject to frost. Alternatively,
operating the AFD in standby mode
(with the unit connected to line power)
reduces condensation risk. However,
ensure power dissipation is sufficient to
keep the AFD circuitry free of moisture.
Dust & particulates
Installation of AFDs in environments with
high dust exposure is often unavoidable.
Take into account three aspects when
AFDs are installed in such environments:
1. Reduced cooling — Dust forms
deposits on the device surface and
inside on circuit boards and elec-
tronic components. These deposits
act as insulation layers and hamper
heat transfer to the ambient air,
reducing cooling capacity. The com-
ponents become warmer, causing
electronic components to age faster
and the unit service life to decrease.
Dust deposits on the heatsink in
the back of the unit also decrease
service life.
2. Cooling fans — Air flow for unit
cooling the unit is produced by cool-
ing fans, which are usually located
on the back of the device. Fan rotors
have small bearings into which
dust can penetrate and act as an
abrasive. This leads to bearing
damage and fan failure.
3. Filters — High-power AFDs have
with cooling fans that expel hot air.
Above a certain size, these fans
are fitted with filter mats. These
filters can become quickly clogged
in extremely dusty environments.
Preventive measures are necessary.
Under these conditions, it is advisable
to clean the drive during periodic mainte-
nance. These fans are critical to the life of
the drive. Remove dust off the heatsink
and fans and clean the filter mats.
Rain, snow & sun
Some installations require equipment to
be installed outdoors. The enclosure
should be designed to handle harsh
winters; hot summers; rain; critters;
www.flowcontrolnetwork.com
bugs; and direct sunlight. The tempera- and on the sides. In some instances,
ture needs to be kept within the limits drives can be mounted side by side with
reviewed earlier. Direct sunlight can no space around them.
create hot spots. Rain and snow need
to stay outside the enclosure. Animals Gases
and bugs will look for hiding places. Aggressive gases such as hydrogen sul-
Selection of the right protection class fide, chlorine or ammonia can damage
and options for the environment ensure AFD electrical and mechanical compo-
continuous operation. nents. Cooling air contamination can
cause gradual decomposition of poly-
Spacing chlorinated biphenyl tracks and door
Space around the AFD allows air to circu- seals. A clear sign of an aggressive atmo-
late through and around it for proper sphere is corroded copper. In aggressive
cooling. The manufacturer provides rec- atmospheres, enclosures and conformal-
ommendations for space above, below coated circuit boards are recommended.
Checklist Description
Additional equipment may be in the circuit with the drive. Make sure it is
designed to operate with drive and application. Look for: power factor correction
AUX equipment caps, line reactors, output reactors or filters, disconnects or contactors.
Test the function of I/O sensors or feedback sensors.
Power, motor and control wiring need to be separated and proper spacing
followed within a cabinet.
Cable routing
If wires cross, do so at a 90-degree angle.
Use conduits, wire trays or wire ties to separate the cables.
Look for broken or damaged wires and loose connections.
Control wiring Check that control wiring is isolated from power and motor wiring for noise immunity.
Check the voltage source of the signals for proper levels.
Remove dusts and debris from fans and heatsinks.
Cooling Make sure fans rotate.
Follow recommended spacing around the drive.
Understand the installation location and provide the correct enclosure, heating
Ambient conditions
and cooling as needed for the product to properly operate.
Grounding is done for safety.
Grounding
Follow applicable codes and ground the equipment following the manufacturer’s
guidelines.
Check for correct torque and that connections are free of corrosions, paints or coatings.
The input power needs to be sized according to current, voltage and environment
(oil, water, vibration).
Follow all applicable electrical codes.
Input power wiring
Check for loose connections and damaged wires (during preventive maintenance).
Route away from control wiring.
Motor leads need to be sized according to the current, voltage and environment
(oil, water, vibration).
Route wiring to avoid inducing voltages in other cables.
Motor wiring
Follow all applicable electrical codes.
Check for loose connections and damaged wires (during preventative maintenance).
Route away from control wiring.
Make sure the unit is mounted solidly or that shock mounts are used if necessary.
Vibration
Check for equipment vibrations that could affect the drive.
Maintain Conditions change over time. Check equipment during preventative maintenance.
Figure 1. Select the drive and motor that will work for the application. VLT drives are motor-independent.
August 2017 | 23

Image 2. Properly route and connect control
cables to ensure a high-quality signal.
Vibration
Vibration, shock or seismic requirements
can be overlooked during installation.
AFDs are tested against shock, vibra-
tion and possibly seismic activity. Shock,
repetitive motion or vibration can cause
connections to become loose, compo-
nents to break away from circuit boards
or mounting hardware to stress and fail.
Enclosure types
To handle the conditions listed, manufac-
turers provide options to enclose (pro-
tect), cool or heat equipment as needed.
Standard enclosures include UL or
NEMA Type 1, 12 and 3R. Some manu-
factures offer higher protection class
drives. Some products are certified for
Class I, II and III; Division 2, Groups A,
B, C, D, F and G. These areas need an
extra degree of protection because they
contain dust, water or explosive gases.
Power wiring
Input power — Distribution network,
voltage & line disturbances
Understanding the power source (230,
460, 600 volts) is critical when selecting
a VSD. In some remote locations, only
single-phase power is available, which
requires a special design. In new designs,
this information is readily available.
Key areas are to investigate are:
• Voltage level — Select the
appropriate drive for that voltage
and single-phase or three-phase.
• Transformer configuration —
Does the transformer have a solidly
grounded secondary? If not, the drive
may have metal oxide varistors or
24 | August 2017
filter caps that need to be removed.
• Do power quality issues exist?
— This may require the use of a drive
with a direct-current choke or line
reactor built in or the use of an exter-
nal reactor or isolation transformer.
When wiring cables for input power,
size wiring based on the AFD’s input cur-
rent and comply with local and national
electrical codes. Because these cables
carry high voltage, they should be kept
away from control wiring, other power
wires and motor wiring to avoid inducing
voltages in other cables.
Motor wiring — Grounding, shielding
Wire used between the drive and the
motor should be reviewed. In a retrofit
when replacing a starter or contac-
tor with the drive, consider that motor
wiring in the past may have been indi-
vidual conductors in a conduit. VSDs
use insulated-gate bipolar transistors to
the drive output to control a motor and
vary speed. The cable must be sized
correctly and designed for its installation
location. Along with the cable, the right
drive and motor combination is needed.
Consider if the environment has mois-
ture, oil or potential for the cable to be
crushed to select the appropriate cable
and if a specific conduit is needed.
The best cable to use is one designed
for VSDs. This cable will provide the
necessary conductors for the motor: a
ground and a shield. Grounding and the
use of the shield are vital when it comes
to higher frequency switching at output
terminals. Grounding is done for safety
and provides a path from the motor back
to the drive using single-point ground-
ing. This means the ground conductor
is connected at the motor and to the
ground terminal on the drive. This single-
point grounding technique is designed to
keep the high-frequency noise generated
between the drive and the motor so it
does not spread to other equipment.
For drive installation on an older motor,
an output reactor and a dV/dT filter are
recommended to protect the motor from
peak voltages that can occur at motor
terminals because of reflected waves.
Induced voltage
Induced voltage from output motor
cables that run together can charge
equipment capacitors even with equip-
ment turned off and locked out. Failure
to run output motor cables separately or
use shielded cables or metal conduits
could result in death or serious injury.
Remember to:
• Run output motor cables sepa-
rately or use shielded cables or
metal conduits.
• Comply with local and national
electrical codes for cable sizes.
• Follow the motor manufacturer
wiring requirements.
Control wiring — Digital & analog I/O,
fieldbus, STO & encoder
Control wiring integrity is critical. The con-
trol wiring for digital and analog signals,
fieldbus cables, safety circuits and feed-
back devices require shielded cable and
separation from power and motor wiring.
If control wiring needs to cross power or
the motor, do so at a 90-degree angle.
Choose wiring designed for the signal
carried, voltage and current rating. Use
the shield to protect against crosstalk.
The cable from a remote, mounted
control panel is often overlooked. This
cable needs to be routed away from
power and motor wiring as well.
Best practices
Manufacturer recommendations and
manual instructions provide the best
installation and the best opportunity
for trouble-free operation. If a deviation
occurs, use the checklist to run through
each installation area. Some areas may
not apply or can be changed because of
cost or how and where they are installed.
Try to reduce the amount of deviation
from the manufacturer’s recommenda-
tions and follow local and national codes
for installation and wiring. FC
Jim Kluck is senior product marketing
manager for Danfoss Drives. He can be
reached at james.kluck@danfoss.com
or 414-514-1255.
Flow Control
 Trade Shows & Events
Pump &
turbomachinery hub
A guide to the 2017 Turbomachinery
& Pump Symposia
R
otating equipment engineers and
Image courtesy of Turbomachinery & Pump Symposia
technicians from all over the world
will exchange ideas in Houston dur-
ing the Turbomachinery & Pump Symposia
(TPS). The event features an exhibition and
a technical program.
Exhibition
Around 5,500 attendees from 40 coun-
tries along with about 360 exhibiting
companies will fill 216,000 gross square
feet of exhibition space, setting the
stage for the future of the turbomachin-
ery, pump, oil and gas, petrochemical,
power, aerospace, chemical and water
industries. The exhibit hall will feature
full-size equipment, new technology and
emerging industry trends from leading
turbomachinery and pump companies.
This will be the event’s 46th year.
“TPS allows experts across various
sectors to share knowledge and insights,
providing valuable perspectives on the
challenges being faced and solutions
being utilized in the industry,” said Leo
Perry of GIW Industries Inc.
Two other trade shows will be held in
conjunction with TPS. Roseland Oil and
Gas successfully collocated its Houston
Oil & Gas Convention at TPS 2016, with
its exhibit hall featuring more than 125
companies. TPS attendees were allowed
free entry to the Roseland exhibit with
their TPS badge, and this year’s colla-
tion will be the same.
TPS 2017 will feature an additional
exhibition collocation with Insulation
Expo USA (IEX). IEX is the first-ever major
North American trade show to cover
insulation for mechanical systems in
the commercial and industrial markets.
It connects equipment manufacturers
www.flowcontrolnetwork.com
and the suppliers of sheet metal and
insulation products, services and tech-
nologies with key buyers. Seventy-four
exhibiting companies from nine countries
were featured at IEX USA 2015 held in
Rosemont, Illinois.
Technical program
In additional to the exhibition, more
than 100 technical sessions will be
held over the event’s four days. Rotating
equipment and pump engineers and
technicians worldwide rely on this con-
tinuing education program for their work.
The program is hand-selected by two
advisory committees made up of key
industry players, and it is led by respect-
ed practitioners and field leaders. Its
offerings consist of short courses, case
studies, discussion groups, lectures and
tutorials. Subjects cover maintenance,
reliability, troubleshooting, instruction
on emerging designs, technology and
best practices that include case stud-
ies with real-world relevance on prob-
lems solved and lessons learned. Short
course topics are listed below.
Turbo short courses:
• PT1 – Vibration Problems and
Solutions in Pumps and
Turbomachinery
• T2 – Steam Turbine 101/201
Combined, Basic Knowledge of
Steam Turbine
• T3 – Centrifugal Compressors 101
• T4 – Centrifugal Compressors 201
• T5 – An Introduction to
Hydrodynamic Bearings as used in
Industrial Turbomachinery
• T6 – Lateral Rotordynamics of
Petrochemical Equipment –
Turbomachinery & Pump Symposia
Houston, Texas
Sept. 12–14, 2017
Short courses: Sept. 11
EXHIBIT HALL HOURS
Free to the public:
Tuesday, 2:30–7 p.m.
Wednesday, 2:30–6:30 p.m.
tps.tamu.edu
Review, Examples and Problems
• T7 – LNG Liquefaction Plants –
Overview, Design and Operation
• T8 – Gas Turbines – Fundamentals of
Design, Operation and Maintenance
Pump short courses:
• PT1 – Vibration Problems and
Solutions in Pumps and
Turbomachinery
• P2 – Mechanical Seal Fundamentals
• P3 – Pumps 101
• P4 – Fundamentals of Centrifugal
Pump and System Interaction
• P5 – Pump Cavitation – Physics,
Prediction, Control, Troubleshooting
• P6 – Key Differences in the Design
of Piping Systems for Reciprocating
and Centrifugal Pumps
• P7 – Optimizing Pumping Systems
with Proven Engineering Assessment
Processes and Methodologies
The proceedings from each symposia
will be available to the public six months
after the event, with content from all
TPS technical sessions accessible
online for free.
All in all, TPS seeks to promote pro-
fessional development, technology
transfer, peer networking and informa-
tion exchange among industry profes-
sionals, which appeals to executives,
managers, engineers, sales represen-
tatives and technicians alike. Visit the
Process Flow Network team at Booth
1701 on the exhibit floor.
TPS is organized by the Turbomachinery
Laboratory, a center of the Texas A&M
Engineering Experiment Station (TEES)
and part of the Texas A&M University
System. FC
August 2017 | 25
Special Section: Tubing & Hoses
Real-time viscosity monitoring
for coiled tubing cleanouts
The operation must be kept as efficient as possible.
By Justin Hollingsworth, Emerson
C
oiled tubing cleanout plays a criti-
cal role in achieving and main-
taining maximum production and
optimal operation of a well. It is an inter-
vention technique that involves one con-
tinuous piece of flexible tubing fed down
the wellbore to flush out debris, sand or
other blockage and restore productivity
in a controlled manner. Cleanout may
be planned as part of well completion or
other operation, or it may be performed
as needed to address accumulated sand.
Coiled tubing cleanout is costly,
resource-intensive and risks further
complications, such as coiled tubing
getting stuck in the well. If this hap-
pense tubing becomes lodged in the
well, it can be a substantial project to
clear the tubing, and in a worst-case
scenario it can mean blocking in and
writing off the well. Short of the stuck
tubing risk, an ineffective cleanout car-
ries potentially severe consequences
that may not reveal themselves until
normal production has resumed. An
ineffective cleanout can result in contin-
ued poor production, increased expense
associated with repeated cleanouts and
damage to surface equipment.
Ensure effective cleanouts
Significant effort has been put into mod-
eling the process and designing fluids,
tools and processes to ensure clea-
nout is effective, operates efficiently
and avoids major complications. Fluid
viscosity and velocity are among the
best factors for determining wheth-
er the cleanout will be effective. This
is because the fluid velocity needs
to exceed the settling velocity of the
26 | August 2017
Image 1. Example of a viscosity skid. All graphics courtesy of Emerson
particles for the debris to be lifted up
the well. Particle settling velocity is
determined by the balance of gravity
and the drag force of the fluid flowing
past the particle. Fluid with a higher vis-
cosity will have a slower settling velocity
for the same particle.
Flow rate and viscosity are such critical
aspects of a cleanout, and relatively
simple parameters to measure, that con-
tracts for the service are commonly writ-
ten around maintaining these process
conditions within some specifications.
Fluid viscosity that is too low can cause:
• Debris or sand to settle in the well,
potentially causing stuck tubing
• An ineffective cleanout that fails to
remove the debris
• The need to pump the fluid at higher
velocities to lift sand and debris
It is vital to monitor for viscosity that
is too low since it can cause a cata-
strophic stuck tube. Viscosity that is too
high can cause issues such as:
• Increased power consumption
• Unnecessary stress on equipment
• Inability to maintain high enough
velocity in the tubing
Because coiled tube cleanout is so
common, the operation must be kept
as efficient as possible. The outcome of
these pressures is an increase in real-
time monitoring cleanout process auto-
mation, as well as a move from batch-
blended fluids to inline cleanout fluid
blending. Tight specifications for cleanout
fluid viscosity, and especially inline blend-
ing to reach those specifications, requires
active monitoring of the fluid viscosity as it
is pumped into the coiled tubing.
Viscosity monitoring
Several options exist for monitoring vis-
cosity. They range from basic, man-
ual methods like the Marsh funnel
to real-time measurement with self-
diagnostics. The Marsh funnel method
requires a trained technician to time
how long it takes for a volume of fluid
to pass through a funnel. This method
assumes a technician accurately mea-
sures time and volume for a reasonably
accurate result. The quality and consis-
tency of the measurement relies on the
Flow Control
individual taking the measurement, and
it increases the exposure of operators
to the cleanout fluid. The data must be
manually entered into a log. Viscosity
measurements will be infrequent and
present opportunities for uncertainty
and human error.
Inline rheometers offer viscosity mea-
surement at process conditions, avoid
chemical exposure and elimi-
nate dependence on operator
training. However, they cannot
measure non-Newtonian fluids, variance
with flow regime, large errors if entrained
gas is present, and being shut in —
measuring fluid that is not part of the
process. An inline rheometer that expe-
riences one of these issues would give
no indication of an error since no addi-
tional measurements could be used to
create diagnostics.
A system for real-time viscosity moni-
toring made up of a Coriolis meter and
differential pressure measurement offers
improvements. With no moving parts, the
Coriolis meter reduces failure risk.
The viscosity measurement system
(see Figure 1) consists of a ½-inch slip-
stream piping arrangement with a pump
to regulate flow rate at 1 to 5 gallons
per minute (gpm) through a Coriolis
meter. A differential pressure measure-
ment is taken across the Coriolis meter,
with isolators on the pressure taps. The
viscosity can be determined using the
Hagen-Poiseuille equation:
Figure 2. Full system diagram
www.flowcontrolnetwork.com
Figure 1. Slipstream equipment
k·∆P
µ=
Q meter health. Limits for viscosity or other
Where:
• Q is volume flow rate, as measured
by the Coriolis meter
• µ is dynamic viscosity
• ∆P is differential pressure measure-
ment
• k is a constant, based on units and
physical properties of the Coriolis
meter, which are known by the
manufacturer
This method requires a laminar flow
regime, so it is placed in a slipstream.
The calculation can be performed in a
remote terminal unit (RTU), where it can
be combined with other fluid information,
such as density, temperature and alarms
that indicate two-phase conditions and
properties can trigger notifications.
The RTU can be programmed to pro-
vide suggested slipstream flow rates
to get best measurement results, or it
can send a control signal to a variable
frequency drive for the pump. Full-stream
flow measurement, pH and other infor-
mation from the coiled tubing system
can be simultaneously logged in the RTU
to provide a full picture of the opera-
tion (see Figure 2). With all this process
information in one place, it provides a
platform for setting up diagnostics and
notifications for system performance.
Conclusion
With Coriolis-based viscosity measure-
ment in the slipstream of the cleanout
process, critical well protection and the
information needed to optimize efficiency
and reduce wasted cleanout fluid exists.
It becomes easier to meet the increasing
demands for tighter process controls and
avoids issues with traditional viscosity
measurement methods. FC
Justin Hollingsworth is the industry
applications engineering manager at
Emerson Automation Solutions. He is
part of the Application Innovation team.
August 2017 | 27
Special Section: Tubing & Hoses

The new norm: Continuous support

in hose selection & maintenance
Supplier relationships remain valuable to the future of oil and gas.
By Nicolas Landriere & Vincent Lagarrigue, Trelleborg Oil and Marine

T
he oil and gas industry heads into
the third quarter of a year that
has, so far, continued in line
with the overarching sentiment of 2016:
uncertainty. Conditions remain challeng-
ing, and the industry is learning to adapt
to what many have called a ‘new normal’
— maximizing profits through increasing
rationalization at every stage of the drill-
ing, exploration and transport process.
For suppliers, this presents an oppor-
tunity to work with customers to ensure
they get the most out of the equipment
delivered. It is no longer enough for
suppliers to play a passive role — They
are increasingly expected to, and they
see the need to, work with customers
to provide a collaborative approach. This
involves helping customers from the
beginning of a project to understand the
nature of the often-challenging environ-
ments in which products will function,
helping to select the most appropriate
option and maintaining the product
throughout its life cycle.
This attitude is borne out by recent
research. In a survey of oil profes-
sionals by Trelleborg’s Oil and Marine
operation, “quality and durability” was
listed as “vital” more than 80 percent
of the time, while “price” was listed as
vital only 19 percent of the time. The
next most “vital” factors were “after-
sales support and service,” and “ease
of installation” at 32 and 28 percent,
respectively. In a separate survey from
Trelleborg’s Offshore operation, 61 per-
cent of facilities surveyed indicated they
would be willing to spend more on a
project upfront to ensure longevity and
reduce the need for future upgrades.
These findings show a significant atti-
tudinal shift in an industry that can
often be resistant to change, especially
when viewed in the context of the afore-
mentioned uncertain sentiment in the
market. The industry realizes that it now
makes sense to invest in long-term solu-
tions to the challenges of rationalization,
and part of this is investing in the sup-
plier relationship. Nowhere is this more
crucial than in the field of oil transfer,
in which pressure to work quickly and
efficiently is intense, but must function
without endangering the safety of those
working on the project or the environ-
ment in which transfer occurs.

Connection of hoses with

hydraulic wrenches
All images courtesy of
Trelleborg Oil & Marine

28 | August 2017 Flow Control

Help find the right solution
One of the most valuable ways suppliers
can help their customers is by ensuring
they select the right product for the job.
In most cases, the suitable solution
for nonharsh, low-cost extraction envi-
ronments is a single- or double-carcass
nipple hose. The manufacture consists
of using binding steel wires fixed on
the nipple flange to block the hose
body structure made with textile layers,
reinforced by a steel helix. The standard
nature of this design means that this
type of hose is the most commonly used
one in today’s market, in floating and
submarine configurations.
However, in more challenging environ-
ments or situations where particularly long
service life is required, it is necessary to
use a nippleless hose. A nippleless hose
does not have a stiff metal connector that
reduces flexibility, and instead carries a
flange embedded in the rubber itself. This
reinforced flange design combined with
an integrated bending stiffener can be
optimized for reeling, and can therefore
be used with reel systems that have a
smaller drum diameter.
To help customers select the most
suitable solution, hose suppliers can
assist in the first instance by carefully
analyzing the environments in which their
products will function. It is increasingly
vital for research and development (R&D)
teams to get involved at the earliest
stage of any project to accurately simu-
late the environment in which a hose will
function and predict how it will behave.
In conducting these analyses, R&D
teams usually begin by using prototypes,
which undergo rigorous chemical and
mechanical testing in addition to hydrody-
namic analysis. This allows the creation of
models that match real-life service condi-
tions while granting researchers a detailed
analysis of performance under fatigue.
This process varies according to whether
the product in question is a qualified hose
designed to meet GMPHOM 2009 require-
ments or customized according to API Spec
17K. If API Spec 17K is selected, high fidel-
ity finite element (FEM) and finite element
analysis (FEA) models for each specific
hose construction are created, enabling
www.flowcontrolnetwork.com
(Right) Floating hoses
connected and ready for
final installation
(Below) Submarine line
precise prediction of hose behavior, includ-
ing specific characteristics and limitations.
Following this, the fluid properties of
the product to be transferred, including
temperature, pressure and viscosity —
as well as the necessary standards and
their specific requirements — are all
scrutinized under hydrodynamic analy-
sis (static, dynamic and extreme). This
allows for a detailed comparison report
on the limitations of each hose to be
developed. Because the number of
off-loadings will also affect the strain
placed on the hose — particularly in
more extreme environments — nipple-
less hoses, more commonly used in
these conditions, are also tested against
stress and strain databases for fatigue
analysis, which is mandatory under API
Spec 17K Standard. For hoses quali-
fied to GMPHOM 2009 standards, a
hydrodynamic analysis is conducted as
necessary, taking into account how a
qualified hose design will function in
conjunction with its specific properties,
performance expectations and the envi-
ronment in which it will function.
Once this initial analysis is complete,
other objects in the environment in
which the product functions must be
considered. Ease of installation is a
top requirement for customers select-
ing an oil transfer solution, and hoses
should be specifically engineered so
they are easy to install with minimal
requirements for the management of
integration with other systems.
Integrating hoses with other installa-
tion technology such as marine break-
away couplings, reeling apparatus or
quick emergency release devices is also
essential to ensure safety.
When the situation in which a hose
will be used is fully analyzed, a recom-
mendation can be made as to the most
appropriate solution to use. But the role
of the supplier should not end there.
Stay committed
Once equipment is selected and in
place, suppliers must support projects
throughout their execution to ensure
the highest safety standards are upheld,
as well as guaranteeing the benefits of
proper life cycle management.
Manufacturers can ensure safety by
advising customers on best practices
for storing and handling hoses. Rubber
can be sensitive to elements such as
ozone, ultraviolet rays, humidity and
heat, meaning storage must follow a
few simple rules to protect the product
against aging.
To stay competitive, suppliers need to
offer more than just quality products;
Buyers need to know suppliers invest
in relationships with reliable partners
who will support them throughout the
life cycle of a project, and using their
expertise will help them face up to an
uncertain future. FC
Nicolas Landriere is product manager
and Vincent Lagarrigue is PA oil & marine
director for Trelleborg Oil and Marine.
August 2017 | 29
Featured Products
Visit fcm.hotims.com for free information about the products on this page.
Use the number listed with each product to learn more. Send products for
consideration in this section to rtucker@grandviewmedia.com.
Widescreen touch panel
The C-more EA9 series of touch-
screen HMIs from AutomationDirect
now includes 7-inch, widescreen
TFT models, which are direct, larger-
screened replacements for the
previous model. Panels have 800 MHz CPUs, 64k colors
and 50,000-hour, non-replaceable backlights. Options
include serial ports, 10/100BaseT Ethernet ports, USB
2.0 ports and SD memory card slots. Speakers can con-
nect for warning sounds or prerecorded messages. All
panels are 12-24V DC-powered with an optional,
attachable AC power adapter.
FREE INFO: 100
Single-use flowmeter
Malema Sensors introduces what it describes
as the biopharmaceutical industry’s
first single-use flowmeter capable
of measuring flow rates from
50 gm/min up to 100 kg/min
with an accuracy of ±1 per-
cent of reading. Fabricated from PEEK (polyether ether
ketone), the flowmeter is certified to meet USP Class VI,
USP 661 and USP 788. Variations in a fluid’s physical
and chemical properties do not affect the instrument’s
accuracy.
FREE INFO: 102
Modular circuit-breaker
WEG’s DWB molded case circuit-breakers
are designed to protect, plants, equip-
ment, cables and wiring by interrupting
short-circuit currents up to 80 kA at
415 V. They can be switched on and
off remotely and they can be used with
a wide range of accessories including auxiliary switch
blocks, undervoltage and shunt opening releases, and
phase separators. The circuit-breakers are available in
three- and four-pole versions in six case sizes with rated
operating currents from 16 to 1,600 A.
FREE INFO: 104
30 | August 2017
Thermal mass flowmeter
Fox Thermal’s Model FT4A Thermal Mass
Flow Meter has a robust design with several
advanced features including advanced direct
digitally controlled sensor technology; three
onboard gas selection menus; Cal-V in-situ calibra-
tion validation routine; and FT4A View software for
configuration, graphing and logs. The meter was
designed to be ideal for applications that monitor
pure gases, mixed gases and complex flare gas compo-
sitions. It includes a standard USB port for easy
laptop connection.
FREE INFO: 101
Manual motor starter
The Ex9S32 from NOARK is a manual
motor starter, an electromechanical
device that combines several functions
in one unit, including disconnect for mo-
tor branch circuit, manual motor control,
branch-circuit short-circuit protection
(magnetic protection), overload protec-
tion (thermal protection — Trip class 10) and switching
(manual). The unit is available with up to 32A @600
Vac, UL 508 Type E self-protected combination motor
controller (Type F coming soon) and built-in fault
indication.
FREE INFO: 103
Pump diaphragm
Wilden introduced its Chem-Fuse dia-
phragm to increase the productivity, re-
liability and safety of pumps in critical
industrial applications. It is designed to
eliminate the potential leak point at the
outer piston and outer piston abrasion.
The diaphragm uses a large integral piston and
full-stroke shaft for greater efficiency, providing up to 100
percent increased flow and suction lift. It is constructed of
Wil-Flex materials for high flex life, abrasion resistance and
durability and is available for Wilden Pro-Flo SHIFT bolted-
metal and plastic models.
FREE INFO: 105
Flow Control
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Blue-White Industries ................................... 201 .................... 9 O’Keefe Controls Co. .................................... 206 .................... 12

Check-All Valve ............................................ 202 .................... 19 Proco Products Inc. ...................................... 207 .................... 15

DeWAL Industries Inc ................................... 203 .................... 13 Spitzer and Boyes LLC.................................. 208 .................... 19

Endress+Hauser Inc..................................... 204 .................... BC Turbomachinery Laboratory .......................... 209 .................... 1

KROHNE Inc................................................. 205 .................... IFC Viega LLC .................................................... 210 .................... 16–17

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www.flowcontrolnetwork.com August 2017 | 31

This month on
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FEATURED CONTENT From our Twitter feed

FlowControl_Mag
July 1, 2:40pm
As temperature of #crudeoil
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A discussion of heat transfer fluids & seals 3 8

In hydrocarbon thermal processing plants, O-rings are used as mechanical seals FlowControl_Mag
July 4, 1:55pm
for system pumps and compressors, as well as for tube fittings and pipe flanges
Alternatives to installing
to prevent leakage and failure. #flowmeters to specified straight run
| ow.ly/ElMS30dcBBV #DavidSpitzer
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Image courtesy of Intertec Instrumentation
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