EC 104 – Electrical Science

Thevenin Norton
Unit 2
Network theorems and circuit
theory concepts

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 UNIT
UNIT 22 -- SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS
• Superposition principle
• Theorems
– Thevenin’s
– Norton’s
– Maximum Power Transfer theorem
• Star/Delta transformation
• Node voltage & loop current methods.

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Mesh Analysis

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 Mesh Analysis
• Mesh and Nodal analysis are the two
important techniques.
• Usage of this technique depends on
number of voltage and current sources.
Mesh analysis More voltage sources

Nodal analysis More current sources

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 Mesh Analysis
Mesh analysis can What is Planar?
only be applied for
planar circuits and not What is non planar?
for nonplanar circuits.

Planar: Non Planar:

A circuit is said A nonplanar
to be planar if it can be circuit cannot be
drawn on plane drawn on a plane
surface with out any surface without a
crossovers crossover
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Planar: Example Non Planar: Example

Planar that looks like a

nonplanar: Example

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Mesh analysis – General description

V =I R +R I -I
S 1 1 2 1 2
( )
R2 (I 2 − I 1 ) + R3 I 2 + R4 I 2 = 0

rearranging

I 1 (R1 + R2 ) − I 2 R2 = VS
− I 1 R2 + (R2 + R3 + R4 )I 2 = 0

The Number of mesh currents = Number of mesh equations

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 Example- 1 : Mesh analysis
Write down the mesh current equations and determine the current

I1 I2
I 1 = 0.25A
5I 1 + 2(I 1 - I 2 ) = 10
10 I 2 + 2( I 2 - I 1 ) + 50 = 0 I 2 = -4.125A
rearranging
7I 1 - 2I 2 = 10
- 2I 1 + 12I 2 = -50
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 Example- 2 : Mesh analysis
Determine the mesh currents in the circuit below

rearranging
18 I1 + 5 I 2 − 3I 3 = 50
5 I1 + 8I 2 + I 3 = 10
− 3I1 + I 2 + 4 I 3 = −5
According to cramers Rule
10 I1 + 5(I1 + I 2 ) + 3(I1 − I 3 ) = 50 50 5 −3
10 8 1
2 I 2 + 5(I 2 + I1 ) + 1(I 2 + I 3 ) = 10
−5 1 4 1175
3(I 3 − I1 ) + 1(I 3 + I 2 ) = −5 I1 = =
18 5 − 3 356
= 3.3 A

5 8 1
−3 1 4

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 Example- 2 : Mesh analysis
Determine the mesh currents in the circuit below

18 5 50
5 8 10
−3 1 5 525
I3 = = = 1.47 A
18 5 − 3 356
5 8 1
−3 1 4
18 50 −3
5 10 1 Solution
−3 −5 4 − 355
I2 = = = −0.997 A I1 = 3.3A
18 5 − 3 356
5 8 1 I2 = -0.997A
−3 1 4
I3 = 1.47A
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 Mesh Equations by Inspection
I 1 R1 + R2 (I 1 − I 2 ) = V1
R2 (I 2 - I 1 ) + I 2 R3 = −V2
R4 I 3 + R5 I 3 = V2
Rearranging
(R1 + R2 )I1 − R2 I 2 = V1
− RRearranging
2 I1 + (R2 + R3 )I 2 = −V2
(R4 + R5 )I 3 = V2
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In General
R11 I1 ± R12 I 2 ± R13 I 3 = Va
± R21 I1 + R22 I 2 ± R23 I 3 = Vb
± R31 I1 ± R32 I 2 + R33 I 3 = Vc
Observations are:
1. Self resistance in each mesh
2. Mutual resistance b/w all pairs
of meshes
3. The algebraic sum of all
voltages in each mesh
 Example 3: Mesh analysis by Inspection

10 I1 – 3I2 – 6I3 = 10V

-3 I1 +10I2 = -5 V
R11 I1 ± R12 I 2 ± R13 I 3 = Va
-6 I1 +10I3 = 25 V
± R21 I1 + R22 I 2 ± R23 I 3 = Vb
± R31 I1 ± R32 I 2 + R33 I 3 = Vc

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 Super Mesh Analysis
• When a current source is there in any of the branch it is difficult
to apply mesh analysis.

R1 I1 + R3 (I 2 − I 3 ) = V
R1 I1 + R3 I 2 − R3 I 3 = V
Mesh 3
R3 (I 3 - I 2 ) + R4 I 3 = 0

3rd Equation?
Combine loop 1 and loop 2 and
write the mesh equation
I1 − I 2 = I

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 Example 4: Super Mesh analysis
Determine the current in the 5Ω resistor?

I 1 = 19.99 A
I 2 = 17.33 A
I 3 = 15.33 A

50 = 10(I1 − I 2 ) + 5(I1 − I 3 ) current in the 5Ω resistor

15 I1 − 10 I 2 − 5I 3 = 50 = I 1 - I 3 = 19.99 - 15.33
Combining 2 nd and 3rd meshes = 4.66 A
10(I 2 - I 1 ) + 2I 2 + I 3 + 5(I 3 - I1 ) = 0
− 15 I1 + 12 I 2 + 6 I 3 = 0

I 2 − I3 = 2 A
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NODAL ANALYSIS

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 Nodal Analysis
• If a circuit has N nodes( Including reference node) it will require N-1
unknown voltages and N-1 equations..
• For Example: if a circuit has 10 nodes it requires 9 unknown voltages
and 9 equations.

V1 V1 − V2
I1 = +
R1 R2
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 V2 − V1 V2 V2
+ + =0
Equation 1 R2 R3 R4 + R5
V1 V1 − V 2 Rearranging above two equations
I1 = +
R1 R2 1 1 1
V1  +  − V2   = I1
 R1 R2   R2 
1 1 1 1 
− V1   + V2  + + =0
 R2   R2 R3 R4 + R5 

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 Example- 5 : Nodal analysis
Write down the Nodal voltage equations and determine the currents in
each branch

V 1 V1 − V 2
5= +
10 3
At node 1: 1 1 1 
V1  +  − V2   = 5
 10 3  3
V2 − V1 V2 V2 − 10
+ + =0
3 5 1
At node 2: 1  1 1 
− V1   + V2  + + 1 = 10
3 3 5 
V1 = 19.85V; V2 = 10.9V
V V - V 19.85−10.9
I10 = 1 = 1.985A, I 3 = 1 3 = = 2.98A
10 3 3
V 10.9 V −10
I5 = 2 = = 2.18A; I1 = 2 = 0.9A
5 5 1
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 Nodal Analysis by Inspection

 1 1
Gaa =  1 + + 
1 1 1   1  1  2 3
 +   
+ Va −  Vb =  V1 1 1 1
 R1 R2 R3   R3   R1  Gbb =  + + 
 2 5 3
 1   1 1 1  V 1
 − Va +  + + Vb = 2 Gab = − Gba = −  
 R3   R3 R4 R5  R5 3
10 2 5
I1 = = 10 A; I 2 =  +  = 1.23 A
GaaVa − GabVb = I1 1 5 6
− GbaVa + GbbVb = I 2 1.83Va − 0.33Vb = 10
− 0.33Va + 1.03Vb = 1.23
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 Example- 6 : Nodal analysis ( INSPECTION)
Write down the Nodal voltages at each node of the circuit

At node 3:

1 1 1 1
− V 2  + V 3 + +  = 0
2 2 1 6

Ans:
At node 1: V1 − 10 V1 − V2 V1 V1 − V2
+ + + =0 V1 = 8.06 V
10 3 5 3
 1 1 1 1 1 1  V2 = 10.2 V
V1  + + +  − V2  +  = 1
10 3 5 3  3 3
V3 = 3.07 V
V2 − V1 V2 − V1 V2 − V3
+ + =5
At node 2: 3 3 2
2 1 1 1  1
− V1   + V2  + +  − V3   = 5
3  3 3Naveen
2  Babu.G2 
 Super Node Analysis

Equations at Node 1 and Node 2

V1 V1 − V2
I= +
R1 R2
V2 − V1 V2 V3 − V y V3
+ + + =0
R2 R3 R4 R5

Equation 3 ? V2 − V3 = Vx
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 Example- 6 : Super Nodal Analysis
Determine the current in the 5Ω resistor for the circuit below.

V1 V1 − V 2
10 = + The voltage between nodes 2 and 3 is given by
3 2
V2 − V3 = 20
1 1  V
V 1  +  − 2 − 10 = 0 V3 - 10
3 2  2 The current in the 5Ω resistor I5 =
0 . 83 V 1 − 0 . 5V 2 − 10 = 0 5

V2 − V1 V2 V3 − 10 V3 Solving above equations

+ + + =0
2 1 5 2 V3 = -8.42 V
V 1  1 1 - 8.42 - 10
− 1 + V2  + 1 + V3  +  = 2
2 2  5 2 I5 = = −3.68 A
5
− 0.5V1 + 1.5V2 + 0.7V3 − 2 = 0
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Superposition Theorem

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 Statement – Superposition Theorem
• Superposition theorem states that in any linear
network containing two or more sources, the
response in any element is equal to the
algebraic sum of the responses caused by
individual sources acting alone, while other
sources are nonoperative.

• Replace Voltage sources with a short circuit and

current sources with a open circuit

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 Limitations of Superposition principle

• Not applicable to circuits consisting on only dependent

sources
• Not applicable to circuits having less than 2 Independent
sources
• Not applicable for calculation of power (I2r = Non linear
relationship)
• Not applicable to the nonlinear circuits like Diode,
transistors etc.,

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 Example- 7 : Superposition theorem
Determine the current in the 3Ω resistor for the circuit below.

20
current passing through the 3Ω resistor is = 2.5A
(5 + 3)
5
I = 5× = 3.125A
5
(3 + 5 )
( 2.5 + 3.125 ) = 5.625 A

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 Important instructions while solving superposition
numericals.

• Make sure that you short for voltage source and open
circuit for current source
• While superimposing the currents,
– Add the currents if the direction of current in both the cases
across a particular element is same.
– subtract the currents if the direction of current in both the cases
across a particular element is same. The resultant current
direction must be of the direction of the greater value.
• While superimposing the voltages
– Add the voltage if the polarity of voltages in both the cases
across a particular element is same.
– subtract the voltages if the polarity of voltage in both the cases
across a particular element is same. The resultant voltage
polarity must be of the direction of the greater value.

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 Example- 8 : Superposition theorem
Determine the voltage in the 2Ω resistor for the circuit below.

V − 10 V V
+ + =0
10 20 7
V [0.1 + 0.05 + 0.143] = 1
V = 3.41V
Voltage across 2Ω resistor
V
Voltage
V = across
2
2ΩVresistor
× 2 = 0.97
7

V2 = 2.92V
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 5
I across 2 Ω resistor = 2 × = 0.73 A
5 + 8.67

Voltage across 2Ω resistor = 0.73 × 2 = 1.46 V

Resultant voltage = 0.97-1.46 -2.92 = -3.41V

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Thevenin’s Theorem

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 Thevenin’s theorem
• Thevenin’s circuit states that any circuit having a number
of voltage sources, resistances (Impedances) and open
output terminals can be replaced by a simple equivalent
circuit consisting of single voltage source in series with a
resistance (Impedance).

The voltage seen at AB is called Thevenin’s voltage

Equivalent resistance seen from AB is called Thevenin’s Resistance.
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 Procedure to find thevenin’s equivalent circuit

• Open circuit the terminals across which thevenin’s equivalent

circuit to be found.
• Calculate thevenin’s voltage at the open circuit terminal by any
method you know.
• To calculate thevenin’s resistance
– Look from the open circuit terminals
– Short circuit if any voltage sources
– Open circuit if any current sources.

12
Vth = 10 × = 8.57V
14
12 × 2
Rth = = 1.71Ω
14
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 12
Vth = 10 × = 8.57V
14
12 × 2
Rth = = 1.71Ω
14

24
Voltage across 24 Ω Resistor = 8.57 × = 8V
24 + 1.71
8
Current across 24 Ω Resistor = = 0.33 A
24

30
Voltage across 30 Ω Resistor = 8.57 × = 8V
30 + 1.71
8.1
Current across 30 Ω Resistor = = 0.27 A
30
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 Example- 9 : Thevenin’s theorem
Determine Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across AB for the circuit below.

50 - 25 = 10I + 5I
15I = 25
25
I = = 1 . 67 A
15

Voltage across 10 Ω = 16.7 V

Voltage drop across 5Ω = 8.35V
10 × 5 Vth = V AB = 50 - V10 = 33.3V
Rth = = 3.33Ω
15
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Norton’s Theorem

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 Norton’s Theorem statement
• Norton’s theorem states that any circuit with voltage
sources, resistances (Impedances) and open output
terminals can be replaced by a single current source in
parallel with single resistance (Impedance), where the
value of current source is equal to the current passing
through the short circuit output terminals and the value of
the resistance(Impedance) is equal to the resistance
seen into the output terminals

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 Example- 10 : Norton’s theorem
Determine Norton’s equivalent circuit at terminals AB for the circuit
below.

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 Example- 11 : Norton’s theorem
Determine Norton’s equivalent circuit for the circuit below. And find the
current and voltage across 6Ω resistor

20
IN = = 4A
5
5 × 10
RN = = 3.33Ω
15
3.33
I6 = 4 × = 1.43 A
6 + 3.33
Voltage across 6 Ω resistor = 1.43 × 6 = 8.58V
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 Example- 12 : Norton’s theorem
Determine Norton’s equivalent circuit at terminals AB for the circuit
below.

20 10
IN = + = 4A
10 5

10 × 5
RN = = 3.33Ω
10 + 5

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 Example- 13 : Norton’s theorem
Determine Norton’s equivalent circuit at terminals AB for the circuit
below.

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 Example- 14 : Norton’s theorem
Determine the current flowing through the 5Ω resistor using Nortons
Theorem

IN = 30A

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 Example- 15 : Norton’s theorem
Replace the circuit with a single current source with resistance in
parallel

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Maximum Power Transfer
Theorem

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 Statement
• The maximum power transfer theorem
states that in a dc electric circuit,
maximum power transfer takes place
when the load resistance is equal to
Thevenin’s equivalent resistance. That is

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• What is the necessary for Max Power
Transfer?
– often it is desired to gain maximum power
transfer for an energy source to a load
– examples include:
• Impedance matching is carried out in a loud
speaker so that maximum sound is heard
– Max Power Transfer is never tried in power
systems because huge amount of power in
MW is transferred to load from source
resulting in efficiency of 50%.

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 Maximum power transfer
• How do we achieve it?
О a

Rt

+ vt or vsc
RLOAD
_

О b
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 Maximum power transfer
• How do we calculate it?
p = i 2 RL
О a
Rt vs
+ i=
R L + Rt
vt or
RLOAD
vsc i vs
- ∴p=( ) 2 RL
R L + Rt
О b dp
∴ =0
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dR L
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
VL2 RL RL 2
PL = ; VL = P
VTH L = V
RTH RL RTH + RL ( RTH + RL )2 TH

+
+ RL
-
VL
VTH (LOAD)
−

SOURCE dPL  (RTH + RL )2 − 2 RL (RTH + RL ) 

= VTH 
2


dRL  ( RTH + RL )4 3


The maximum
RTH + RL − 2 RL = 0 ⇒ *
RL = RTH power transfer
theorem
The value of the maximum
power that can be The load that maximizes the power transfer for a circuit is
transferred is equal to the Thevenin equivalent resistance of the circuit.
 
th L
 RL  Vth
VL = Vth    RL  V = VTH2
 Rth + RL  VL = Vth   L
2 PL (max) =
 2 RL  Naveen Babu. G 4 RTH
 Efficiency of power transfer
• How do we calculate it for a circuit?
Оa
η = pout / pin + R
2 vs t
vs vs i RL
pin = vs i = vs ( )=
RL + Rt 2 RL - Оb
2
vs vs
pout = pmax ( ) =
2

RL + RL 4 RL
∴η = pout / pin = 50% max
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Example - 16 : Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.Determine the
maximum power delivered in the circuit below.

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Example- 17 : Superposition Theorem .Determine the maximum power
delivered in the circuit below.

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