Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers
• inexpensive integrated circuits which are
used for analog signal processing
• can be used to amplify, filter and process
analog data from the input transducer
 Ideal Op Amp
characteristics:
input impedence, (input resistance and
reactance lumped together) zi = 
output impedence, zo = 0
amplication, A = 
 Op Amp
6
1
8
Balance 1 8 Gain
2
- Input 2 7 Bypass
5
3 +Input 3 6 V+
7 Grd 4 5 Output
4

LM386 Audio Amp

 Op Amp
- V+ Out
Gnd
+

-In

Out
Gnd
+In

V+

LM383 Audio Amp

 Schematic Representation

Equivalent circuit
diagram of an
operational amplifier.
 Schematic Representation

Symbols for
operational amplifiers.
 Schematic Representation

Circuit design of a
typical operational
amplifier.
 Negative Feedback
"An operational amplifier circuit with
negative feedback"

InputSignal
Rf
3 O
utput
2.5 10

2
Ri if 8
6
1.5 4
vi vs
volts

-
2
1

volts
vo 0
-20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.5
ii is -4
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
+ -6
-8
-0.5
-10
time e
tim
 Negative Feedback
Equations:
from Kirchhoff’s current law
ii = is + if
where ii => input current
is => signal current
if => feedback current
 Negative Feedback
when is = 0 then ii = if

thus from Ohm’s Law

ii = (Vin - )/Ri
where  potential at the input to the
op amp
Vin => voltage of input
Ri => input resistance
 Negative Feedback
when is = 0 then ii = if

thus from Ohm’s Law

if = ( - Vo)/Rf

where Vo voltage at the op amp output

Rf => feedback resistance
 Negative Feedback
then
(Vin - ) ( - Vo)
------------ = ------------
Ri Rf
 Negative Feedback
if  = 0
Vin - Vo
----- = ------
Ri Rf
 Negative Feedback
if  = 0
Vo Rf
--- = - ----
Vin Ri

thus closed loop gain, with negative

feedback applied, controlled by Rf/Ri
ratio and not gain of amplifier itself
 Amplification and Measurement of
Transducer Signals

Current
Measurement
"Application of an
operational
amplifier to the
measurement of
a small
photocurrent,
Ix."
Amplification and Measurement of
Transducer Signals
Potential Measurement
"A high impedance circuit for
voltage amplification."
Amplification and Measurement of
Transducer Signals
Resistance or Conductance Measurements
"Two simple circuits for transducers
with conductance or resistance outputs."
Amplification and Measurement of
Transducer Signals

Comparison of
Transducer Outputs
"A circuit for the
amplification of
differences."
Application of Operational Amplifiers
to Voltage and Current Control
Constant-Voltage Sources
"Constant-voltage sources"
Application of Operational Amplifiers
to Voltage and Current Control
Constant-Current Sources
"Constant-current sources"
Application of Operational Amplifiers
to Mathematical Operations
Multiplication and Division
"Mathematical operations with operational
amplifiers"
 Application of Operational Amplifiers
to Mathematical Operations

Addition and
Subtraction
"Mathematical
operations with
operational
amplifiers"
Application of Operational Amplifiers
to Mathematical Operations
Integration
"Mathematical operations with operational
amplifiers"
Application of Operational Amplifiers
to Mathematical Operations
Differentiation
"Mathematical operations with operational
amplifiers"
Application of Operational Amplifiers to Switching
faster than mechanical switches
"Switching Circuits"
Application of Operational Amplifiers to Switching
faster than mechanical switches
"Switching Circuits"
Application of Operational Amplifiers to
Switching
faster than mechanical switches
"Switching Circuits"