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In some cases, the verb in the main clause is negative, not the infinitive:
As the infinitive has no tense, it does not in itself indicate the time of the action
that it refers to. However, it can have aspect, which shows the temporal
relationship between the action expressed by the infinitive and the time of the
preceding verb. There are four types of infinitive, each of which has an active and
passive form:
Active Passive
Simple infinitive (to) write (to) be written
Continuous infinitive (to) be writing (to) be being written
Perfect infinitive (to) have written (to) have been written
Perfect continuous infinitive (to) have been writing (to) have been being written
Simple infinitive
The simple infinitive refers to the same time as that of the preceding verb:
I'm glad to have left school at last. (= I’m glad that I have le ft. . .)
She was sorry to have missed James. (= . . . that she had missed James.)
We hope to have finished the job by next Saturday. (= . . . that we will have finished
. . .)
He was to have appeared in the West End show but broke his collar bone during
rehearsals.
They were to have picked strawberries this morning, but the torrential overnight
rain made the field too muddy.
Sammy was to have married Sarah but then Jamie came along and the
engagement ring he had given her was returned.
4.modals: He could have killed himself. After the modal verbs could, might, ought,
should, would and needn't (BrE),
perfect infinitives are also often used to refer to unreal situations.
Did you see him fall? He could have killed himself. (He did not kill himself.)
You should have called - 1 was getting worried. (The person did not call.)
I would have gone to university if my parents had had more money. She needn’t
have sent me flowers. (BrE) (She did send flowers.)
5.Modal verbs with perfect infinitives can also refer to situations that are not
unreal, but uncertain.
She could/should/ought to/may/w ill/must have arrived by now.
6.We use the perfect infinitive after verbs such as claim, expect, hate, hope, like,
love, prefer, pretend:
He pretended to have lost her number and so had been unable to contact her. (or
He pretended that he had lost her number …)
The perfect infinitive often refers to things that might have happened in the past:
She claims to have met a number of famous people, but I don’t believe her. (or She
claims she has met …)
I would prefer to have stayed at a small, family-run hotel than a big international
chain. (I prefer to stay at small hotels, but I did not.)
7.The perfect infinitive can refer to something that will be completed at a point in the
future:
To have got the job in the face of such stiff competition was a great achievement.
(The person did get the job.)
To have won the race would have been fantastic, but even coming second was a
great achievement.(The person did not win the race.)
overall,
Perfect infinitives can have the same kind of meaning as perfect tenses or past
tenses .
It’s nice to have finished work for the day. (= It’s nice that I have finished . . . )
I’m sorry not to have come on Thursday. (= . . . that I didn't come . . .)
Perfect continuous infinitive
The perfect continuous infinitive refers to a time before that of the preceding
verb and expresses an action in progress or happening over a period of time:
I'm glad to have been living in Barcelona for the last ten years.
He must have been waiting for ages.
Soon, he'll have been running for four hours.
The organisers were thought to have been preparing for days.
passive infinitive: (to) be + past participle Passive infinitives have the same kind of
meaning as other passive forms .
Sometimes active and passive infinitives can have similar meanings, especially
after a noun or be .
There's a lot of work to do / to be done.
more examples:
Everybody wanted to be told over and over again the things which had happened to
her."
"The answer to that mystery was not likely to be revealed to me anytime soon."
"He had come home feeling heroic, and ready to be rewarded. Playing in the big
leagues again had rejuvenated him."
Double Passives
Double passives are those phrases that contain two connected passive verbs, the
second of which is a passive infinitive. For example, examine "The seasonal work
was needed to be done by temporary employees." ( "The company needed
temporary employees to do the seasonal work.")
What would you like to be doing right now?’ ‘I’d like to be being massaged.'
Progressive perfect passive infinitives (e.g. It must have been being built at the time)
are very unusual.
i want that the rubbish will have been cleared away when i get back.
(or,present subjunctive)
The Infinitive
Инфинитив
I want to go home.
Он кажется уставшим.
Продолженный инфинитив
(подчеркивающий длительность действия)
и перфектный инфинитив (указывающий
предшествующее действие) довольно
часто употребляются после глаголов
"seem, appear, pretend".
He pretended to be reading.
Постарайся не опоздать.
Примечание: Герундий
Group 1
Группа 1
He taught me to drive.
Note: Gerunds
Примечание: Герундий
Group 2
Группа 2
Group 3
Группа 3
Group 4
Группа 4
Мы готовы начать.
It is hard to be a doctor.
It is time to leave.
Пора уходить.
Examples:
Примеры:
Устойчивые выражения с
инфинитивом