Literature

Jade Svetlana nicole de Guzman

Gile Giovanni Goyagoy
“Literature is Life ”
 Literature

• Written works, especially those

considered of superior or lasting
artistic merit.
• It is a form of human expression
Classification of literature

• Poetry - expresses emotions through lines,

rhythm and meter
• Prose - is always written in complete
sentences and those sentences are put
together to make stories.
• Drama - a genre of literature that is meant
to be performed
Literary Criticism
 Literary criticism

• The art or practice of judging and

commenting on the qualities and
character of literary works.
• Study, evaluation and interpretation
of literature.
• Formalistic Approach
• Biographical Approach
• Philosophical approach
• Historical Approach
• Psychological Approach
• Feminist Criticism
Formalistic Approach
• Also known as New Criticism
• Formalism refers to a style of inquiry
that focuses, almost exclusively, on
features of the literary text itself, to
the exclusion of biographical,
historical or intellectual contexts.
where to focus when
doing a formalistic
approach
 Character

• Protagonist - The main character with whom the

audience is expected to sympathize
• Antagonist - The main villain
• Dynamic- Changing, growing and active
• Static - Not growing or changing
• “They were faces you never expected to
see except perhaps on the airbrushed
pages of fashion magazine. Or painted
by an old master as the face of an
angel” -an excerpt from Twilight, Stephenie Meyer
 Figure of speech
• Simile - comparison using like and as
• Metaphor - An implied comparison between two
things
• Personification - An inanimate object is endowed
with human qualities
• Hyperbole - Complete Exaggeration
• Irony - the use of words to convey the opposite
of their literal meaning
• Oxymoron - Contradicting terms appear side by side
• Alliteration - Repetition of initial consonant sounds
• Apostrophe - Talking to a non existent person or
inanimate object
• Euphemism - The substitution of an offensive term
• Onomatopoeia -use of words that imitate the sounds
• Synecdoche - a figure of speech in which a part is
used to represent the whole.
• Anaphora - the repetition of the same word or
phrase successively.
 Imagery

• Figurative language to represent objects,

actions, and ideas in such a way that it
appeals to our physical senses
• Hearing, Seeing, Smelling, Tasting,
Touch
• “It was dark and dim in the forest”
• “The children were screaming and
shouting in the fields.”
• “He whiffled the aroma of brewed
coffee”
• “The girl ran her hands on a soft
fabric”
• “The orange is delicious and juicy”
 Plot
• A series of events or happening that
organize a text
• Dramatic or Progressive Plot
• Episodic Plot
• Flashback
• Exposition - the beginning of the story
• Rising Action - the action that leads to the climax
of the story
• Climax - the highest point of dramatic tension
• Conflict - Human rivalries and difficulties
• Falling Action - action that leads to the
denouement
• Denouement - final part
• Foreshadowing - plot feature tat predict other
events
 Point of view

• Perspective of the controlling narrative

voice
• First, Second and Third POV
• Limited, Multiple and Omniscient
• “I am alone crying and weeping”
• “They are both having fun”
• “You are the reason why I did this”
 Setting

• Place and Time of the text

• “The gates were rusted that when she
opened it, it creaked”
 Theme

• the major idea or message of the text

• Controlling idea of the text.