2014 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON 2014)
2014
A System Identification Method for Smart
Distribution Grid
Dongli Jia, Member, IEEE, Wanxing Sheng, Senior Member, IEEE, Xiaohui Song, Member, IEEE, and
Xiaoli Meng, Member, IEEE,
 At present, the method of getting the line parameter has the
Abstract—With the development of the smart distribution grid,
risk assessment, early risk warning, fault diagnosis and
self-healing control have put forward a requirement of getting the
precise impedance parameters of a distribution line. In order to
solve the problem, a method for online virtual metrology of
distribution line impedance is proposed. The paper builds the
voltage drop linear equivalent computiong model by using
probability theory. Then based on the collected three-phase
currents and voltages data at the head and end of the line, it uses
mathematical method, such as regression analysis method and the
average value of solving equations method, to analyze and
calculate the coefficients of the voltage drop linear equivalent
calculative model. The coefficient of terminal current
corresponding is the impedance of the line. The method can be
used to calculate the impedance of a running distribution line. The
calculation result and the actual impedance were compared and
analyzed. The analysis result shows that it is feasible and effective
and has the advantages of a fast calculation speed and a good
real-time performance.
Index Terms- System identification, voltage drop linear
ˈ regression analysis, distribution
equivalent calculative modelˈ
line.
I. INTRODUCTION
D
ISTRIBUTION line is one of the most important parts
in power system, and getting their accurate impedance
parameters is a very important job[1]. Especially with
the development of the smart distribution grid, risk assessment,
early risk warning, fault diagnosis and self-healing control have
put forward a requirement of getting the precise impedance
parameters of the distribution line. The line parameter on-line
identification has become an urgent problem in distribution
field.
Manuscript received June 24, 2014.
Dongli Jia is with the Power Distribution Department of China Electric
Power Research Institute, Beijing, CO 100192 China (Phone:
086-10-82813333-8806. e-mail: jiadl@epri.sgcc.com.cn).
Wanxing Sheng is with the Power Distribution Department of China
Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing, CO 100192 China (e-mail:
wxsheng@epri.sgcc.com.cn).
Xiaohui Song is with the Power Distribution Department of China Electric
Power Research Institute, Beijing, CO 100192 China (e-mail:
songxh@epri.sgcc.com.cn).
Xiaoli Meng is with the Power Distribution Department of China Electric
Power Research Institute, Beijing, CO 100192 China (e-mail:
mengxl@epri.sgcc.com.cn).
POWERCON 2014 Paper No CP0145
Chengdu, 20-22 Oct.
following three kinds of methods. The first way is approximate
calculation method. Specific parameters such as line structure
parameters, material parameters, temperature parameters,
environment parameters and so on are taken into calculation
formula. Because of so many parameters involved, this way has a
large calculation error. The second way is online measurement
method which adopts impedance tester for field measurement.
It has a higher precision. But it only can carry out after the line
having put into operation. The third way is line parameter
estimation method under the condition of fully information
such as some intelligent algorithms, equivalent circuit
calculation method and so on [2-9]. This way is based on large
amounts of data collected by measurement devices. That is to
say, the power lines must be equipped with PMU or wide-area
measurement system (WAMS). As is needed the distribution
line information is incomplete, it can’t meet the data
requirements that the line parameter estimation method needs.
As restricted in the distribution grid, it has been only applied in
the transmission grid. Therefore, the above three ways can’t
adapt to the smart distribution system. But the simulation and
analysis in smart distribution system require precise line
impedance parameters. The new distribution line parameter
identification method must be researched.
For a running distribution line, we can usually collect little
information as only a few of the measurement points equipped
with measurement devices. For a power load, if equipped with
measurement devices, a large amount of data can be collected,
such as currents and voltages at different time. Based on the
above consideration, the paper uses probability theory to build
the voltage drop linear equivalent calculative model. According
to the collected three-phase current data and voltage data at the
head and end of the line, the method uses mathematical method,
such as regression analysis method and the average value of
solving equations method, to analyze and calculate the
coefficients of the voltage drop linear equivalent calculative
model. The terminal current corresponding coefficient is the
impedance of the line. This is the calculation process of the line
parameters of the distribution line. The on-line virtual
measurement of impedance based on the voltage drop linear
equivalent calculative model is feasible and effective, and this
method has the advantages of fast computation and good
real-time performance.
II. MODEL AND SOLUTION METHOD
Page 1/6 14 session 1
 2014 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON 2014) Chengdu, 20-22 Oct. 2014

A. Basic idea and building model n 1

 
H = ¦ l 0 j ˜ z˜I sj -k ˜ I 01  I
j 1

 n 1 n  (5)

Equation (5) can be expressed as

n 1

H = ¦ l 0 j ˜ z  k ˜I sj  (6)
j 1

Fig. 1 A distribution line schematic diagram In distribution grid, load current is a mutually independent
random variable, and it follows a normal distribution. Given
A running distribution line, as shown in Figure 1, is usually n 1
connected to quantities of power loads. Only the measuring I sj N  P j , V 2j  , the distribution for 
¦ l 0 j ˜ z ˜I sj  can be
j 1
equipments usually at the head and end of the line are installed
calculated through probability additivity[10-14] as follows:
where a large amount of voltage and current data at different 2
§ · ·¸
time can be collected. n 1 ¨ n 1 § n 1
   
¦ l 0 j ˜ z ˜ I sj N ¨ ¦ l 0 j ˜ z P j ,¨ ¦ l 0 j ˜ z ˜V j ¸ ¸ . (7)
The voltage drop of the line shown in Figure 1 can be seen as j 1 ¨j 1 ¨j 1
©
¸ ¸
¹ ¹
©
the result of the terminal current and the load currents of the
Using the same calculation method, the distribution for H is
line together acting on the line impedance. The terminal current
shown as follows:
produces a voltage drop on the whole line, but the load currents
§ 2
only produce a voltage drop on the impedance of the line before ¨ n 1 ª n 1 º ·¸
 
H N ¨ ¦ l 0 j ˜ z  k ˜P j , « ¦ l 0 j ˜ z  k ˜V j » ¸  . (8)
the load node. The voltage drop can be found as follows: ¨j 1 «j 1
¬
» ¸
¼ ¹
©
§ n 1 · n 1
U ¨ ¦ l i i 1 ¸ ˜ z ˜ I n 1 n  ¦  l 0 j ˜ z˜I sj  (1)
The mathematical expectation of H is
n 1

¦ l 0 j ˜ z  k ˜P j  , and
©i 0 ¹ j 1
j 1
where,
n 1
'U is the voltage drop of the line. its’ mean squared deviation is 
¦ l 0 j ˜ z  k ˜V j  .
j 1
l i  i 1 is the length of line from node i to node i+1.
Now study the value of the mathematical expectation of H . k
z is the unit impedance of the line. can also be expressed as
 n1 n is the terminal current of the line.
I n 1

¦ l 0 j ˜ z˜ I sj 
l 0 j is the length of line from node 0 to node j. j 1
k
n 1
. (9)
I
sj
is the load current of the node j. ¦ I sj
j 1
The line voltage drop can be expressed as the form of two k is one and only which can be easily proved through reduction
parts. The first part is proportional to the terminal current of the to absurdity. When the power loads changing, the coefficient k
line. The second part is caused by load currents, which are n 1
affected by load location and load power. As the sum of each changes too. When sample size is large enough, 
¦ l 0 j ˜ z ˜I sj 
j 1
load current is equal to the difference between the head current
n 1
and the terminal current, the equation can be obtained as has a mathematical expectation, and supposed it is O . ¦ I sj
follows: j 1
n 1 has a mathematical expectation too, and supposed it is J . Now,
¦ I sj I 01  I
 n 1 n (2)
j 1 n 1
k O / J , and 
¦ l 0 j ˜ z  k ˜P j =0 . When k O / J , the
where I01 is the current of the branch from node 0 to node 1. j 1

As evident from (1) and (2), the second part voltage drop distribution for H is shown as follows:
may be has a relationship between them. Supposes that there is § ª 2
º ·¸
¨ n 1
a coefficient k existing, the following equation can be gotten: H N ¨ 0, « ¦ l 0 j ˜ z  k ˜V j » ¸ .
  (10)
¨ «j 1 »
¼ ¹¸
© ¬
n 1
  
¦ l 0 j ˜ z˜ I sj =k ˜ I  I
j 1
01  n 1 n  (3) Thus, the voltage drop can be found as follows:
­ § n 1
In the paper, a set of voltage and current at the head and end
of a distribution line at a time is named as a sample. Thus, there ° © i 0
·
¹
'
°U ¨ ¦ l i i 1 ¸ ˜ z ˜ I  n 1 n +z ˜  I 01  I
 n 1 n  H

®
(11)
n 1 § 2·
must be an error between
j 1

¦ l 0 j ˜ z ˜I sj  and k ˜  I 01  I 
 n 1 n for
°H N ¨ 0, ª« n¦1 l ˜ z  k ˜V º» ¸
°
¯
¨
¨ ¬« j 1
©
 0j  j ¸
»
¼ ¸¹
another sample at a different time. If named the error as H , the Where
voltage drop can be found as follows:
§ n 1 ·

U ¨ ¦ l i i 1 ¸ ˜ z ˜ I  n 1 n +k ˜ I 01  I  n 1 n  H , (4)
©i 0 ¹

where

POWERCON 2014 Paper No CP0145 Page 2/6 15 session 1

 2014 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON 2014) Chengdu, 20-22 Oct. 2014

§ n 1 · If N (N=50, 100, 150, 200, etc. And N<M/2) groups of


E ¨ ¦ l 0 j ˜ z ˜ I sj
¨j 1
 ¸¸ measurement data are collected, the average values of the data
' © ¹
z , (12) are as follows:
§ n 1 ·
E ¨ ¦ I sj ¸
1 N  p
¨j 1 ¸
© ¹
and z' can also be named as equivalent impedance. Equation
­  p
°
 
° y 1 N ¦ yk
k 1

°  p 1 N  p
(11) is a bivariate regression model.
As evident from equation (11), there is a linear relationship
® x1
°
 
1 Nk1
¦ x1k ˄16˅
among the voltage drop, the terminal current and the difference °  p 1 N  p
between the head current and the terminal current. It must be ° x2
¯
 
1 Nk1
¦ x2k
noted that we can’t use the equation (11) to calculate the
voltage drop when the other parameters are known values. Then collecting aother N groups of measurement data, the
average values of the other data are as follows:
B. Mathematical solution
1 2 N  p
As the difference between the head current and the terminal
°
 
­  p
° y 2
¦ yk
N k N 1
current at different time is different, the second part of voltage
°  p 1 2 N  p
drop is different. But when there are a large amount of the  
® x1
° 2
¦ x1k
N k N 1
˄17˅
voltage and current data, the second part voltage drop is sure of °  p 1 2 N  p
tending to a stable value. If named the voltage drop as  
° x2
¯ 2
¦ x2k
N k N 1
dependent variable and named the terminal current and the
difference between the head current and the terminal current as Now, a system of equations is formed as follows:
the independent variables, an equation between the variables
n 1
can be expressed by the following formula: ­  p
§ n 1 · (13) °
   x  ¨©§ ¦ l
° y
1
 p
1
1 i 0
i  i 1
·  p
¸ Z  x2
¹
  p
1
Z ' p 
y ¨ ¦ l i  i 1 ¸ ˜ z ˜ x1  z '˜ x2  H ® n 1
˄18˅

where y U ;
©i 0 ¹
   x  §¨© ¦ l
° y p
°¯ 2
1
 p
2 i 0
·  p
i  i 1 ¸
¹
Z  
x  p
2
2
Z ' p

x1 I ;  p
Z can be calculated by saluting the system of equations.
 n 1 n
x2 I 01  I .
 n 1 n
III. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE AND ANALYSIS
By solving the equation (13), the line impedance can be
calculated. There are many mathematical methods to obtain the The impedance of the line, whose composing is shown in
impedance. The first method is regression analysis. The second Fig.2, is calculated using the algorithm of the paper. The line
way is average value of solving equations method. The third type is LG-70. The current and voltage data sometime at phase
way is smart algorithm (for example neural networks method). AǃBǃC of the head and end of the line are shown in Table I.
As the first way has been applied in many fields and many The length of each branch is shown in Table II.
references can be obtained, the calculation process is not
described in detail. The third way is very complex. This section
only describes the average value of solving equations method. Fig.2 A distribution circuit structure diagram in China
If M groups of current and voltage at the head and end of the
line are collected, they are recorded as follows: TABLE I
DATA AT THE HEAD AND END OF THE LINE AT A TIME
­U 0  p
ªU 01 U 02 U 0M  p  p  p º
° ¬ ¼ Known quantity Phase A Phase B Phase C
°I  p ª I  p I  p  I  p º Node & V (0) 5711ğ0.52° 5699ğ0.3° 5706ğ-0.33°
° 01 ¬ 011 012 01M ¼
®  p ˄14˅ Node & V (12) 5270ğ0° 5270ğ0.5° 5270ğ-0.5°
°U n ªU n1 U n 2 U n Mp  º
 p  p
¬ ¼ Branch & A (0-1˅ 29.96ğ-30.9° 27.5ğ-32.9° 29.8ğ-29.7°
°
° I n p1, n ª I n p1, n ,1 I n p1, n ,2  I n-1.n,M
 p º Branch & A (11-12˅ 217.08ğ-33.1° 215.8ğ-34.1° 216.3ğ-31.1°
¯ ¬ ¼
where p is the phase. TABLE II
To facilitate the presentation, the equation (13) can be LENGTH OF EACH BRANCH
written as follows: Branch Length & km
01 0.6
12 0.7
­y  p  p  p  p
ªU 01  U n1 U 02  U n 2 U 0M  U nM  p  p  p º
¬ ¼ 23 0.4
° 34 0.8
°  p ª I n p1, n,1 I n p1, n ,2  I n-1.n,M
 p º
® x1 ¬ ¼ ˄15˅ 45 0.3
° 56 0.6
° x2 p   p  p  p  p  p  p
ª I 011  I n 1, n,1 I 012  I n 1, n ,2  I 01M  I n-1.n,M º 67 0.3
¯ ¬ ¼
78 0.6

POWERCON 2014 Paper No CP0145 Page 3/6 16 session 1

 2014 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON 2014) Chengdu, 20-22 Oct. 2014

89 0.7 7.0
Phase A
Phase B
7.0
Phase A
Phase B

10 0.5 6.5
Phase C Error Phase C
6.5
Error6.0 6.0

1011 0.1
5.5 5.5
5.0 5.0
4.5 4.5

1112 0.6 4.0

3.5
4.0
3.5
3.0 3.0
2.5 2.5
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0

A. Solution by regression analysis 0.5

0.0
0% error +5% error +10% error +15 error +50 error +80% error
0.5
0.0
Half
0%oferror
+5% error
Half and
of +10%
halfHalf
of
error
-5%
of +20%
and
error
half
Half
error
-10%
ofand
+50%
error
halfHalf
error
of -20%
ofand
+80%
error
halferror
of -50%
and error
half of -80% error
A B

The amount of the data has a great influence on the results of Phase A

regression analysis. It also influences the result of the line

Phase A
7.0 Phase B Phase B
7.0
Error 6.5 Phase C Phase C
Error 6.5
6.0

impedance. When the amount of the data is different, the

6.0
5.5 5.5
5.0 5.0
4.5

calculation errors of the line impedance calculated are shown in

4.5
4.0 4.0
3.5 3.5

Fig.3.
3.0 3.0
2.5 2.5
2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0
PHase A 0.5 0.5

160 phase B 0.0

One-third
0%oferror
One-third
+5% errorofand
+10%
One-third
two-thirds
errorofand
+20%
of
One-third
-5%
two-thirds
error
error
ofand
+50%
of
One-third
-10%
two-thirds
error
error
ofand
+80%
of -20%
two-thirds
error
error
and
of -50%
two-thirds
errorof -80% e
0.0
One-tenth
0%ofOne-tenth
error
+5% errorofand
One-tenth
+10%
nine-tenths
errorofand
One-tenth
+20%
ofnine-tenths
-5%
error
error
ofand
One-tenth
+50%
ofnine-tenths
-10%
errorerror
ofand
+80%
ofnine-tenths
-20%
errorerror
andofnine-tenths
-50% errorof -80% e

Error Phase C C D

140
Fig.4 Regression analysis calculation errors by systematic error
120

100 As evident from Fig.4, the calculation error is not affected by

80 the same systematic error. When the data does not have same
60 systematic error, the calculation error is affected. But
40
systematic error doesn’t have a big influence on the calculation
20
when the systematic error isn’t very large.
Generally, distribution lines have the problem of data
0
50 groups 100 groups 500 groups 800 groups 1000 groups synchronization problems. In the case of collecting data lag,
Data group impedance average error calculated by regression analysis is
Fig.3 Regression analysis calculation errors by regression analysis shown in Fig. 5.
Phase A Phase A
5.0 Phase B Error5.0 Phase B
Error

In Fig.3, the calculation error is within 5% when the amount

Phase C Phase C
4.5 4.5

4.0 4.0

of data is 500 groups. As the increase of the amount of data, the 3.5

3.0
3.5

3.0

calculation error becomes small. 2.5

2.0
2.5

2.0

Measurement equipments in distribution grid sometimes 1.5

1.0
1.5

1.0

have systematic error. When there is systematic error in the data, 0.5

0.0
500 groups 800 groups 1000 groups
0.5

0.0
500 groups 800 groups 1000 groups

its influence on calculation error is shown in Fig.4. The No lag Lag 1 acquisition cycle

horizontal axis represents the systematic error gradually 5

Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Error
5
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Error

increasing and the vertical axis represents the calculation error. 4

4

Fig.4 (A) is the calculation error graph influenced by the data 3 3

that has the same systematic error. Fig.4 (B) is the calculation 2 2

error graph influenced by the data, half of which has the same 1 1

systematic error and the other half of which has the opposite 0
500 groups 800 groups 1000 groups
0
500 groups 800 groups 1000 groups

systematic error. Fig.4 (C) is the calculation error graph

Lag 2 acquisition cycle Lag 3 acquisition cycle

Fig.5 Calculation errors by collecting data lag

influenced by the data, one-third of which has the same
systematic error and the other two-third of which has the
As can be seen from Fig.5, collecting data lag substantially
opposite systematic error. Fig.4 (D) is the calculation error
make no effect on the calculation results, unless there is a large
graph influenced by the data, one-tenth of which has the same
load fluctuation that cause a greater impact on voltages and
systematic error and the other nine-tenth of which has the
currents.
opposite systematic error.
B. Solution by average value of solving equations
When the groups number N is different, the results of the line
impedance calculated by the average value of solving equations
method are shown in Fig.6.

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Phase A Phase A
100 Phase B Error 6 Phase B
Phase C Phase C
90
Error
80 5

70
4
60

50
3
40

30
2
20

10 1
0
100 groups 200 groups 250 groups 300 groups 500 groups
0
regression analysis average value of solving equiation

Fig.6 Calculation errors by average value of solving equations

Fig.8 calculation error comparative analysis
As evident from Fig.6, the calculation error is within 6%
when the amount of data is 250 groups. As the increase of the Error
10
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C Error 10
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C

amount of data, the calculation error is maintained at a constant 8

8

level. 6
6

When calculating the average of the date, systematic error 4 4

will be canceled out. So it doesn’t have any influence on the 2 2

calculation results.
0 0
regression analysis average value of solving equiation regression analysis average value of solving equiation
No lag Lag 1 acquisition cycle

Data synchronization has an impact on calculation error Phase A

Phase B 10
Phase A
Phase B

when using average value of solving equations method. In the

10
Phase C Error Phase C
Error

8 8

case of collecting data lag, impedance average error calculated 6 6

by average value of solving equations method is shown in 4 4

Fig.7. 2 2

Phase A Phase A
Phase B Phase B 0 0
100 100
regression analysis average value of solving equiation regression analysis average value of solving equiation
Phase C Error Phase C
Error 90 90 Lag 2 acquisition cycle Lag 3 acquisition cycle

80 80

70 70 Fig.9 comparative analysis of collecting data lag

60 60

50 50

40

30
40

30
As can be seen from Fig.8 and Fig.9, the regression analysis
20

10
20

10
calculation error is less than 5%. But the average value of
0
100 groups 200 groups 250 groups
No lag
300 groups 500 groups
0
100 groups 200 groups 250 groups
Lag 1 acquisition cycle
300 groups 500 groups solving equations calculation error is about 6%. It means that
Phase A Phase A
the calculation accuracy of regression analysis is higher than
that of average value of solving equations when the amount of
100 Phase B 100 Phase B
Error Phase C Error Phase C
90 90

data is 500 groups. When there is collecting data lag, it makes

80 80

70 70

60 60

50

40
50

40
no effect on the calculation results of the two methods, and it
30

20
30

20
has a smaller impact on the calculation results of regression
10

0
10

0
analysis than that of average value of solving equations.
100 groups 200 groups 250 groups 300 groups 500 groups 100 groups 200 groups 250 groups 300 groups 500 groups

Lag 2 acquisition cycle Lag 3 acquisition cycle

Fig.7 Average value of solving equations calculation errors by collecting data

lag IV. CONCLUSION

As can be seen from Fig.7, collecting data lag substantially Against the actual running distribution line, a method for
make no effect on the calculation results, unless there is a large online virtual metrology of distribution line impedance is
load fluctuation which cause voltages and currents a greater proposed. According to the collect three-phase currents and
impact. voltages information at the head and end of the line, the method
builds the voltage drop linear equivalent calculative model
C. Comparative analysis using probability theory. Then the method uses mathematical
When the amount of data is 500 groups, the regression methods to analyze and calculate the coefficients of the voltage
analysis calculation error and the average value of solving drop linear equivalent calculative model. The terminal current
equations calculation error are compared, which are shown in corresponding coefficient is the impedance of the line. The
Fig.8 and Fig.9. method is used to calculate the impedance of a running
distribution line, and the calculation results and the actual
impedance are compared and analyzed. It should be noted that
the accuracy of the parameters of the distribution line is
affected by the amount of the current and voltage data at the
head and end of the line. The more the number of data groups,

POWERCON 2014 Paper No CP0145 Page 5/6 18 session 1

 2014 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON 2014) Chengdu, 20-22 Oct. 2014

the smaller the calculation error. The less amount of data

groups, the larger the calculation error.

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Springer-Verlag, 1975.

Dongli Jia(M’13) received the B.S. degree from the Electrical Engineering
Department, Hebei University of Technology (HEBUT), Tianjin, China in
2006, the M.S. degree in Power System from Tianjin University (TJU), Tianjin,
China in 2008. Now she is working in the Power Distribution Department of
China Electric Power Research Institute. Her fields of interest include power
system planning, analysis and simulation, and operation control technology of
power grid.

Wanxing Sheng (M’12) received his Bachelor, Master and PhD degree from
Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), Xi’an, China in 1995. He has been a full
professor in China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI) since 1997, and
he is the director of Power distribution department in CEPRI. His research
interests include power system analysis and its automation, renewable energy
generation and grid-connected technologies, etc. He has published more than
150 refereed journal and conference papers, and 15 books. He has also
completed numerous state granted research and development projects as the
Principal Investigator. Currently, he is also the leader of intelligent distribution
power system and member of State Grid Corporation of China excellent expert.

Xiaohui Song(M’13) received the B.S. degree from the Electrical Engineering
Department, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan,
China in 1994, the M.S. degree in Power System from China Electric Power
Research Institute (CEPRI), Beijing, China in 2005. He serves as senior
engineer in CEPRI and his research interests include power system planning,
analysis and simulation, and operation control technology of power grid.

POWERCON 2014 Paper No CP0145 Page 6/6 19 session 1