Ductility – prop. of mat. To be able to undergo plastic deformation without fracturing.

Welding – the joining together of the material components by melting or pressure or a

combination of both.
Rivet – metal pin used for fixing by inserting it in holes to be fastened and hammering of
flatten or other end.
Bolt – screw
Killed steel – the steel in which the O2 in excess is removed;charact. By a relative high
degree of uniformity in composition and prop.
Hot rolling – passing, in several staps, of a steel bar through a certain space det. by 2
shaped rolling cylinders which rotate concentrically realizing both the advance of the bar
and the changing of it shape from one step to another.
Tenacity – the prop of steel to keep large deformation before failure under great forces.
Buckling – loss of stability of a member in compression.
- Local buckling – loss of stability of a part of a member
- Lateral buckling – buckling may not appear in the plane of a web; free transverse
buckling is transf. into lateral tensional buckling causing lateral bending and
twisting of the beam.
Lamellar tearing – separation or crack in the base metal, caused by through – thickness
stairs, appears because of the temp. during welding.
Geometrical imperfections – var. of the section prop.along the member;midspan initial
deflection;load eccentricity.
Residual stress – nonunif. Cooling of the section profile;imp. In built-up sections; not so
imp. In cold-formed shapes;cooling of a bar from the exposed parts to interior=>this
produces self-balanced residual stress.
Weldability – the ability of a metal to be welded under fabrication cond. Imposed in a
specific suitable design and to perform satisfactory in the intended service life.
Fatigue – decrease of mech. strength after a cycle of stress having an oscillating intensity
in time; mech. strength is reduced after a repeated cycles of loading-unloading.
Types of fatigue – in elastic range - var. dep. on the type of loading cycles
-design details
in plastic range - dep. largely on the plastic def.
-called low cycle fatigue
-very important for bld. in seismic zone.
Thoughness – the tendency to brittle fracture, characterized by a sharp unexpected
fracture, without previous plastic deformation.
Transition temp. – passing from brittle to ductile behavior.
Yielding – large elongation of horiz. plateau without any increase of the stress.
Yielding limit – the value of the stress after which yielding begins.
Plasticity – the prop. of steel to keep partial or total plastic, prop. which enables it to be
worked or deformed into a permanent reshaped state using mech. force.
Design length-actual length : Ld=L-2a 2a-thickness of the member;
Limit state – situation when one of the criteria describing the design performance is no
longer fulfilled.
U.L.S. – related to the max. capacity of caring of structure.
- strength capacity
- low of equilibrium
- general or/and local stability
- fatigue
- irreversible state
S.L.S. – refer to the normal use of the structure.
- deformation affecting the use
- efficiency or appearance of the structure
- local damage
 - vibrations able to lead to resonance phenomena
- reversible loss of capacity.
Influence of the C on the prop. of steel
- Each 0,1% increases the ultimate stress by 80-90N/m 2 and yielding stress by
40-50N/m2.
- C percentage must be limited to 0.25%, a greater percentage will dramatically
diminish the strain at rupture and unfavorable affect weldability
- C↗ => stiffness ↗, ductility ↘
How does C affect the weldability of steel
- Rapid cooling => brittleness in direct prop. to C content
- C↗ weldability ↘
- C content 0.2 – 0.22%
37in OL37 =37 daN/mm2=370N/mm2 – nominal value

Welding seams – butt welds – behave like parent material

filled welds – always resist shear stress

4.6. - 6- =0.6 = yielding limit/ultimate strength

- 4- =400M/mm =ultimate strength of steel.
2

Differences between:
Class 1 – go beyond plastic mom., allowing the redistribution of the bending mom.
Class 2- can only reach plastic mom., but local buckling may prevent development of
a plastic hinge having the capacity to redistribute the bending mom.
Class 3 – can reach the yielding stress, but local buckling may prevent development
of the full plastic bending mom.
Class 3 – local buckling occurs after reaching the yielding limit
Class 4 - local buckling occurs before reaching the yielding limit
Actions – ORIGIN – direct- forces applied on structure
Indirect- imposed deformation
TIME VARIATION – permanent – acting continuously
qvasi-permanent – high intensity for long periods
variable – intensity varies in time
exceptional – very rarely
SPATIAL VARIATION – fixed – position and direction never change
free – changes may occur in values, position and
direction
NATURAL or/and STRUCT. RESPONSE – static – don’t cause signif. actions on
structure
dynamic – cause signif. actions on structure
structural system – assembly of load caring components which are joined together in order
to provide the required strength, stiffness and ductility of the bld.
substructure – part of structure which results by assembling structural members
structural members – individual structural elements
cladding – ext. curves of the structural elem.; the roof and the exterior walls realize in the
interior all the conditions required by a human activity
column – structural member – its primary fct. Is to carry load perpendicular to its longit.
axis
beam - structural member - its primary fct. Is to carry load transverse to its longit. Axis
beam-column - structural member - its primary fct. Is to carry load both perpendicular and
transversal to its longit. axis
rolled-beam – beam produced by rolling
plate girder – a built-up structure beam det. by welding
truss - structural member – composed of a triangular sys. Of axially loaded elem.
purlin – beam caring to the trusses the loads transmitted by the roof panels
runway crane girder – struct. beam- carries to the columns the loads transmitted by the
running crane.

Structural member fct:

A. Transverse from fct.
B. Horiz. frame fct.
C. Roof framing main fct.
One story individual bld.
Wall panel, pendular link, wall cladding, running crane girder, column, foundation, roof
truss,
running crane –TRANSVERSE SECTION
horiz. link bar, wind bracing, column, vertical bracing – LONGITUDINAL SECTION
- Constr. With steel struct. like one story ind. bld have: struct or cladding
Structure consists of: 1. Transverse frame -> columns + trusses
2. longitudinal frames -> col + long. bars + vert. bracing
3. roof framing -> trusses + purlins +all roof bracing
Cladding consists of: 1. All roof panels
2. all wall panels and structure
Typical metal struct. for a single story bld.
Struct composed of : - MRF sized to resist vert. and horiz. forces transverse to the cs.
And to provide the required strength and stiffness in the transversal plane
- Vertical bracing -> resist horiz. and long. forces
- Roof framing – horiz. transverse bracing and horiz. longitudinal bracing
- Crane runway girder
Typical metal struct. for a multistory bld.
- A frame sys. -> resist vert. and horiz. forces MRF,CBF,EBF
- Gravitational sys -> only vert forces
- The flooe has to be stiff -> most imp. Is the horiz. stiffness
Main efforts in bars of a vert. bracing subj. to a horiz. force.
C=T; H=C*cosL+TcosL; C=T=H/2cosL
Meth. For the analy. Of the steel structures reability:
-deterministic meth.;probabilistic meth.;semi-probabilistic meth.
Main disadvantages of the allowable stress meth:
-the meth considers only a simultaneous increase of the loads that can unfovarably
affect a connect analysis of the reliability, especially when permanent loads are signf.
Smaller then the imposed ones.
Design value of an action: Fdi=niFi – characteristic value and partial safety factor
Nominal value of an action: Fk=Fm + K*S – mean value of the force,coeff,standard deviation
Types of load comb. In the limit state meth.acc to Ro code: Fundam
comb:∑niPi+∑niCi+ng∑niVi ; ng-factor taking into account the probability of simultaneous act.
Of a no. of var. act. Vi at their highest intensity.
Special comb.: ∑Pi+∑Ci+∑nidVi+E1; nid=a factor rep.the long. lasting part of a var.act. <1
Design situations acc. to EN1990:-persistent->related to nominal use of the
structure;transient->can app. During constr. Or repair;accidental->storms,fire act.;seismic-
>earthquakes.
Design strength of steel – R=τk/mM - characteristic value of the considered material prop. ;
partial safety factor for the considered mat.prop. τk= τn(1-2V), V= S/Xm s-standard
deviation; Xm-mean value
Imp.yielding plateau – in order to allow all fibres to reach yield stress, steel used for
structural steel must passé a long yielding plateau;when this requirement is not satisfied,
the material has a fragile behavior and a fragile rupture is to be expected in the mom.
When in a single fibre,the most stressed one, the stress reaches its ultimate strength
value.
Adv. Of arc process- protection of the weld pool;very good for long weld seams;limits:can
be only used in shops