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LECTURE 3:
COMMUNICATION MODELS
EPC 460:
LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
DR LIM PECK CHOO
TOPIC OUTLINE
• Linear Model
• Interactional Model
• Transactional Model
COMMUNICATION MODELS
Describe what happens when 2 or more people
interact
There is a system, a pattern communication. The
pattern centers on:
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• Who speaks
• What the speaker says or is allowed to say
• The way in which the message is sent
• Where the speaker and receiver are
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COMMUNICATION MODELS
The basis of the communication system are:
• The participants
• The setting
• The purpose
• How they interact
How they interact
Important to know how these components fit
together by looking at communication models that
illustrate how the various elements relate to one
another.
Berko, Wolvin & Wolvin, 2010, pp.14‐16
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
• Linear Model
• Interactional Model
• Transactional Model
LINEAR MODEL
The linear model views communication as a one‐
directional or linear process.
The speaker speaks and the listener listens.
NOISE NOISE
NOISE
Source encodes Receiver decodes
message CHANNEL message
Communication setting
Berko, Wolvin & Wolvin, 2010
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LINEAR MODEL: WEAKNESS
• depicts communication as a one‐way process where
speakers only speak and never listen.
• implies that listeners listen and never speak or send
messages (listeners are passive)
INTERACTIONAL MODEL
• the receiver/listener provide feedback to the
sender/speaker‐ two directional communication
• the speaker/sender of the message also listens to the
feedback given by the receiver/listener.
• both the speaker and the listener take turns to speak and
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listen to each other.
• feedback is given either verbally or non‐verbally, or in both
ways.
• the speaker and listener communicate better if they have
common fields of experience, or fields which overlap (refer
to following figure)
Schramm (1955) in Wood (2009)
INTERACTIONAL MODEL
Schramm (1955) in Wood (2009)
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INTERACTIONAL MODEL
INTERACTIONAL MODEL: WEAKNESS
• does not indicate that communicators can
both send and receive messages
simultaneously.
• fails to show that communication is a dynamic
process which changes over time.
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
• The transactional model shows that the
elements in communication are
interdependent.
• Each person in the communication act is both
a speaker and a listener, and can be
simultaneously sending and receiving
messages.
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TRANSACTIONAL MODEL: IMPLICATIONS
• “Transactional” means that communication
ongoing and continuously changing.
• Each element exists in relation to all the other
elements ‐ interdependence where there can
elements where there can
be no source without a receiver and no
message without a source.
• Each person in the communication process
reacts depending on factors such as their
background, prior experiences, attitudes,
cultural beliefs and self‐esteem.
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
Wood, J. T. (2009)
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
• takes into account “noise” or interference in
communication as well as the time factor.
• communication happens within systems that both
communicators share (e.g., a common campus, hometown,
and culture) or personal systems (e.g., family, religion,
d lt ) l t ( f il li i
friends, etc).
• takes into account changes that happen in the
communicators’ fields of personal and common
experiences.
• each communicator is both sender as well as receiver
simultaneously.
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ACTIVITY 1
Using the models described in this topic, analyse the
communication that takes place in your family. Which
model best reflects the communication between
family members?