ENGGPHYS Codes: 2671, 2857, 3002, and 3592 Engr. B.R. P.

Mallare

Class Activity 7:

I. Study the notes on pages 41-49.

II. HANDWRITTEN

Prepare the following:

1. Twenty (20) Multiple Choice Questions: ten (10) of which should have word/phrase
answers; ten (10) have numerical or mathematical expression answers.
2. Twenty (20) Fill-in-the-Blank Questions or Identification Questions: ten (10) of which
should have word/phrase answers; ten (10) have numerical or mathematical expression
answers.

Encircle the letter for the correct answer for the multiple choice questions. Put the answers
for the identification/ fill-in-the-blank questions. Put on separate sheets computations
necessary for any of the required answers.

III. Use short bond paper or any suitable writing material (1 inch margin on all sides). Put your
handwritten name and class schedule at the top of every page.

IV. Those with internet access may submit class work online.

Use the Filename: ENGGPHYS[activitynumber]_[ClassCode]_[FamilyName].docx OR .pdf

Send to engrbpm@gmail.com not later than 10 pm May 11, 2020

Take care. Take heart! God Bless!!!

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ELASTICITY

: property of materials that enables them to return to their original shape and size after the forces deforming them have been
removed

Hooke’s Law ⃗ ⃗ or
for small deformations:
Magnitude: ( ) direction of ⃗ : always opposite to the direction of ⃗

Example

A 0.500 kg mass is hung at the bottom of a vertical spring. The spring stretches 12.0 cm. A.)Determine the spring constant. B.)
Then, the spring is positioned horizontally, the left end fixed and a 0.800 kg block attached to the right end. Block is pulled,
stretching the spring 20.0 cm, then, released. Determine the speed of the block as it passes the equilibrium position. Neglect
friction and mass of the spring.

Vertical Spring Mass of object,

Initial deformation of spring,

Force stretching the spring downward, = weight of object

( )( )

Horizontal Spring
Mass of object,
Initial displacement,
Initial velocity
Spring constant

at

When released, the block moves leftward as it is pulled

by the spring force (internal force) towards the
[( ) ( )] [( ) ( )]
equilibrium position
Without friction, conservation of energy applies along
the axis of motion
[( )( )] [( )( )]

( ) ( ) *( ( )) ( )+ *( ( )) ( ( ) )+

[( ) ( )] [( ) ( )]

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Stress: Strain
: the external force acting on an object per unit cross- : result of stress; a measure of the degree of
sectional area deformation; dimensionless quantity
: quantity that is proportional to the force causing the Stress is proportional to strain
deformation Elastic Modulus: constant of proportionality that depends
on the material being deformed and on the nature of
2
Unit: N/m or pascals, Pa deformation; relates what is done to a solid object to how
that object responds

Young’s Modulus: measures the resistance of a solid to a change in its

length
⁄
⁄

: change in length
: original length

Shear Modulus: measures the resistance to motion of the planes

within a solid parallel to each other ⁄
⁄
: horizontal distance that the sheared face moves
: height of the object

Bulk Modulus: Measures the resistance of solids or fluids to changes in

their volume ⁄
⁄ ⁄

An increase in pressure causes a decrease in volume

Sample Problems

1. A 1.50.-m long steel rod has a radius 0.3 cm. The rod is part of a vertical support that holds a 450-kg platform that hangs
attached to the rod’s lower end. Find a) the tensile stress in the rod and b) the elongation of the rod under stress. Ignore
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the weight of the rod. Young’s modulus of elasticity is 2.0x10 Pa.
2. A block of solid is 7.0 cm long 6.0 cm wide and 2.0 cm high when unstressed. A force of 0.250 N is applied tangentially to
the upper surface causing a 4 mm displacement relative to the lower surface. Find a) the shearing stress, b) shearing strain
and c) shear modulus.
4 2
3. A solid object has its volume reduced by 14.5% when subjected to a uniform stress of 1.45x10 N/m . Find the bulk
modulus for the object.

42
1. Original length
Radius of rod
Young’s Modulus of Elasticity

a) b) elongation,

( )( ) ⁄

Assuming rod has a circular cross-section:

( ) ⁄( )

( )( )

2.

Find
a) Shearing stress
b) Strain
c) Shear Modulus

a) Shearing or Shear stress b) Shear Strain

( ) ( )

c) Shear Modulus

3. Bulk Modulus ⁄ .

43
OSCILLATORY MOTION

: back and for motion; up and down; to and fro

 Undamped Oscillation: once set into oscillation the object/system continues on indefinitely
 Damped Oscillation: amplitude of the oscillation decreases with time; oscillation gradually dies out due to friction
 Forced Oscillation: an external force is applied continually to sustain the oscillation

Undamped oscillation is the idealized (theoretical) case; damped and force oscillations are the practical (realistic) cases

Properties of Oscillatory Motion

1. Amplitude, : the maximum distance from the equilibrium position (center) covered by the oscillating object
2. Period, : the time taken for one round trip (also referred to as one vibration or one cycle)
3. Frequency, : the number of round trips or vibrations or cycles per unit time; cycles/second = Hertz, Hz
-1
4. Angular frequency, :; angle traced out per unit time; number of radians covered per unit time; rad/s or /s, s

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION: basic oscillation

- Type of oscillation in which the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement from equilibrium;
obeys Hooke’s Law
- Traces out a sinusoidal pattern

Ex: a mass attached to a spring, a molecule inside a solid, a pendulum

From UCM: and With

-1
Angular frequency √ with unit rad/s or /s, s

A. Mass on a Spring B. Simple Pendulum

Usually, an object/system is set into oscillation by the introduction of an initial displacement and let go (starts from rest; that is,

and Also,

44
Characteristics of the motion:

1. As the object moves away from the equilibrium position (or center position), it slows down and eventually comes to a
momentary stop (either to the farthest right or farthest left of the equilibrium position)
2. Subsequently, the object is accelerated in the opposite direction and moves towards the equilibrium position. As it
does so, it speeds up and attains its maximum speed at the equilibrium position.
3. The object continues to move away from the equilibrium position (it slows down) until it comes to a momentary stop;
subsequently accelerated in the opposite direction and the cycle. Then back to 1.
4. At the positions (locations) farthest to the left or farthest to the right of the equilibrium position, the instantaneous
speed is zero; therefore, the kinetic energy is zero. Also at these locations, the restoring force, acceleration, and
elastic potential energy are both at maximum.
5. At the equilibrium or center position, the speed is at maximum; therefore, the kinetic energy is also at maximum. At
this location, the restoring force, acceleration, and elastic potential energy are also zero.

Equations for the motion: (body starts from rest) Motion Graphs
Position, ( ) ( )

(magnitude)

Velocity, ( )

(magnitude)

Acceleration, ( )

(magnitude)

Equation relating amplitude, angular frequency, position, and velocity:

√ ( ) √

The oscillation of the simple pendulum is analogous to that of a horizontal spring system, and

√ ( )

Energy and Restoring Force in Undamped Horizontal Spring Oscillator: Conservation of Energy applies

45
Examples

1. A 0.5 kg mass is attached to a horizontal spring with a spring constant of 90.0 N/m. The mass is pulled 0.8 m to the
right of the equilibrium position and released. a) Write the equations for the position, velocity and acceleration as
functions of time. Determine b) the total mechanical energy c) the maximum speed and maximum acceleration d)
kinetic energy, elastic potential energy and restoring force at t=4.0 s
2
2. A simple pendulum makes 120 complete oscillations in 5.00 min at a location where g=9.8 m/s . Find
a) the period of the pendulum and b) its length
3. A simple pendulum 1.2 m in length is released at an angle of 10° from the vertical. a) What is its speed at the bottom
of the swing? b) Write the position, velocity and acceleration as functions of time.

1. a) Write expressions for ( ), ( ) and ( )

b) Total mechanical energy,
c) Maximum speed, and
Maximum acceleration,
d) At , determine
Kinetic Energy,
Elastic Potential Energy,
Restoring force,

a) b)

( ) ( ) ( )

√ √ ( )( )

( ) ( ) [( ) ]

( )( )
c)

( ) ( ) [( ) ]

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) [( ) ]

at ( )( ) (rad) For the instantaneous velocity:

( ) ( ) [ ]
may be in radians (calculator in radian mode), or
in degrees (calculator in degree mode) ( )
The corresponding :
( )( )
( )( )

46
For the instantaneous position:
comparing with in part b):
( ) ( ) [ ]

( )
(The difference is due to rounding)
The corresponding :
The corresponding
( )( )

( )( )

2. No. of oscillations=
Total time for oscillations=
Acceleration due to gravity,

a) Time for one oscillation: Period,

b) Length of pendulum,

( )

3. a) Speed at the bottom of the swing=?

Considering the characteristics of the motion: the speed is at

maximum at the equilibrium position, and

Assume 𝑔 𝑚 𝑠 √
√

(when )

( )( )( )
The bottom of the swing coincides with the center position or
equilibrium position, at ( )( )

b) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) [( ) ] ( ) ( ) [( ) ] ( ) ( ) [( ) ]

47
WAVE
: defined as the transfer or movement of energy from one point to another; a traveling disturbance
: can occur whenever a system is disturbed from equilibrium and when the disturbance can travel (or propagate)
from one region of the system to another
: transfer or carry energy but not mass (without any accompanying matter).

Classification according to medium:

1. Mechanical waves: waves that transport energy through a medium not devoid of matter
2. Electromagnetic waves: waves that transport energy stored in the propagating electric and magnetic fields and can
travel even through vacuum or empty space; produced by the vibration of charged particles
3. Gravitational waves: traveling curvature through space; given off by most movements of anything with mass
4. Matter waves: waves that make up matter(e.g. electrons are spherical standing wave motion of space: particles are
considered waves)

Classification according to orientation:

1. Transverse waves: particles in the medium move perpendicular to the direction of propagation
2. Longitudinal waves: particles in the medium move parallel to the direction of propagation
3. Surface waves: particles at the surface of the medium undergo circular motion
4. Torsional waves: vibrations of the medium are periodic rotational motions (twisting about a central axis) around the
direction of propagation.

Classification according to duration

1. Episodic wave; pulse: disturbance is momentary and sudden
2. Periodic, harmonic wave or wave train: disturbance repeats at regular intervals

Classification according to appearance

1. Traveling Waves: appear to move
2. Standing Waves: certain points(nodes) are stationary

Transverse Waves: are waves in which the particles vibrate at right angles to the direction of the wave's velocity or
propagation; displacement of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave (Ex. pulses or waves
traveling along a string as it is being shaken, ripple on a pond)

Longitudinal Waves: waves in which the particles vibrate parallel to the direction of the wave's velocity, or direction of
propagation. (ex. sound waves, seismic waves)

Equations describing traveling waves; describe the position of a particle in the medium at any time

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Properties of the Wave Function

 wave speed, the speed of the wave's propagation

 amplitude, : the maximum magnitude of the displacement from equilibrium
 period, is the time for one wave cycle (two pulses, or from crest to crest or trough to trough)
 frequency, the number of cycles in a unit of time
 angular frequency,
 wavelength, :the distance between any two points at corresponding positions on successive repetitions in the
wave, so (for example) from one crest or trough to the next ;

 wave number, also called the propagation constant,

= in radians per meter

48
Speed of Mechanical Waves

For solids and  : Bulk Modulus: measure of how the volume of the object will change when
fluids: √ subjected to
changes in pressure; inverse is called compressibility
 : Density
For solid rod:  Y: Young’s Modulus: measure of how the length of the object will change when
√ subjected to stress

Stress= force/cross-sectional area
 Strain= change in length/original length=ΔL/L : density of rod
For gas:  : adiabatic bulk modulus
√
 R: gas constant = 8.315J/mol-K
 M: Molecular Mass
 T: absolute temperature, K
For air:  : temperature in °C

Speed of Transverse Wave on a String: √

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