Main Article

S
tem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell
types in the body. Serving as a sort of repair system for the body, they can
theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person
or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either
remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as
a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell.

Stem cells are primal cells found in all multi- totipotent, able to become all tissues and a
cellular organisms. They retain the ability to placenta.
renew themselves through mitotic cell division Potency specifies the differentiation potential
and can differentiate into a diverse range of (the potential to differentiate into different cell
specialized cell types. types) of the stem cell.
• Totipotent stem cells are produced from
The two broad categories of the fusion of an egg and sperm cell. Cells
mammalian stem cells are: produced by the first few divisions of the
• embryonic stem cells, derived from fertilized egg are also totipotent. These cells can
blastocysts . In a developing embryo, stem cells differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic
can differentiate into all of the specialized cell types.
embryonic tissues. • Pluripotent stem cells are the
• adult stem cells, which are descendants of totipotent cells and
found in adult can differentiate into cells derived
tissues. In adult from any of the three germ layers.
organisms, stem • Multipotent
cells and progenitor stem cells can produce
cells act as a repair only cells of a closely
system for the related family of cells
body, replenishing (e.g. hematopoietic
specialized cells. stem cells differentiate
As stem cells can into red blood cells,
be grown and white blood cells,
transformed into platelets, etc.).
specialized cells • Unipotent cells
with characteristics can produce only one
consistent with cells cell type, but have the
of various tissues property of self-
such as muscles or
renewal which
nerves through cell
distinguishes them
culture, their use in medical therapies has been
from non-stem cells (e.g. muscle stem cells).
proposed. In particular, embryonic cell lines,
autologous embryonic stem cells generated
through therapeutic cloning, and highly plastic The obstacles that must be overcome
adult stem cells from the umbilical cord blood before these potential uses will be
or bone marrow are touted as promising realized:
candidates. Studies of human embryonic stem cells may
yield information about the complex events that
Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells originate as occur during human development. A primary
inner mass cells within a blastocyst. The stem goal of this work is to identify how
cells can become any tissue in the body, undifferentiated stem cells become
excluding a placenta. Only the morula's cells are differentiated. Scientists know that turning

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genes on and off is central to this process. Some information about how such diseases arise and
of the most serious medical conditions, such as suggest new strategies for therapy. A significant
cancer and birth defects, are due to abnormal hurdle to this use and most uses of stem cells is
cell division and differentiation. A better that scientists do not yet fully understand the
understanding of the genetic and molecular signals that turn specific genes on and off to
controls of these processes may yield influence the differentiation of the stem cell.
To realize the promise of novel cell-based for example, are used to screen potential anti-
therapies for such pervasive and debilitating tumor drugs.
diseases, scientists must be able to easily and • Perhaps the most important
reproducibly manipulate stem cells so that they potential application of human stem cells is the
possess the necessary characteristics for generation of cells and tissues that could be
successful differentiation, used for cell-based therapies. Today,
transplantation and donated organs and tissues are
engraftment. The often used to replace ailing or
following is a list of MAIN POTENTAIL USES OF STEM destroyed tissue, but the need
steps in successful CELLS: for transplantable tissues
cell-based and organs far outweighs
treatments that the available supply.
scientists will • Testing new drugs.
Stem cells, directed to
have to learn to differentiate into specific
precisely control • Generation of cells and cell types, offer the
to bring such tissues that could be possibility of a renewable
treatments to the used for cell-based source of replacement
clinic. To be useful therapies. cells and tissues to treat
for transplant diseases including
purposes, stem cells Parkinson's and Alzheimer's
must be reproducibly diseases, spinal cord injury,
made to: stroke, burns, heart disease,
• Proliferate extensively diabetes, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid
and generate sufficient quantities of tissue. arthritis.
• Differentiate into the desired cell
type(s). Potential treatments
• Survive in the recipient after transplant. 1. Cancer
• Integrate into the surrounding tissue Research injecting neural (adult) stem cells into
after transplant. the brains of dogs can be very successful in
• Function appropriately for the duration treating cancerous tumors. With traditional
of the recipient's life. techniques brain cancer is almost impossible to
• Avoid harming the recipient in any way. treat because it spreads so rapidly. Researchers
Also, to avoid the problem of immune rejection, at the Harvard Medical School caused
scientists are experimenting with different intracranial tumours in rodents. Then, they
research strategies to generate tissues that will injected human neural stem cells. Within days
not be rejected. the cells had migrated into the cancerous area
and produced cytosine deaminase, an enzyme
Potential uses of human stem cells: that converts a non-toxic pro-drug into a
• Human stem cells could chemotheraputic agent. As a result, the injected
also be used to test new drugs. For example, substance was able to reduce tumor mass by 80
new medications could be tested for safety on percent. The stem cells neither differentiated nor
differentiated cells generated from human turned tumorigenic.[1]
pluripotent cell lines. Other kinds of cell lines
are already used in this way. Cancer cell lines,

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2. Heart damage
Transdifferentiation studies spawned a number
of clinical trials, including several in which
heart attack patients received an injection of
blood-forming stem cells in their heart sin hopes
3. Brain damage
Stroke and traumatic brain injury lead to cell
death characterized by a loss of neurons and
oligodendrocytes within the brain. Healthy adult
brains contain neural stem cells that divide, and
act to maintain stem cells numbers or become
progenitor cells. In healthy adult animals,
progenitor cells migrate within the brain and
function primarily to maintain neuron
populations for olfaction (the sense of smell).
Interestingly, in pregnancy and after injury this
system appears to be regulated by growth
factors and can increase the rate at which new
brain matter is formed. In the case of brain
injury, although the reparative process appears
to initiate, substantial recovery is rarely
observed in adults suggesting a lack of
robustness. Recently, results from research
conducted in rats subjected to stroke suggested
that administration of drugs to increase the
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of replacing dead cardiac muscle. The results
came in last year and were not encouraging: In
two shorter trials, heart function improved by a
few percentage points or not at all, and one
longer study found a slight but temporary
benefit.
stem cell division rate and direct the survival
and differentiation of newly formed cells could
be successful. In the study referenced below,
biological drugs were administered after stroke
to activate two key steps in the reparative
process. Findings from this study seem to
support a new strategy for the treatment of
stroke using a simple elegant approach aimed
at directing recovery from stroke by potentially
protecting and/or regenerating new tissue. The
authors found that, within weeks, recovery of
brain structure is accompanied by recovery of
lost limb function suggesting the potential for
development of a new class of stroke therapy
or brain injury therapy in humans.
4. Haematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
In December 2004, a team of researchers led
by Dr. Luc Douay at the University of Paris
developed a method to produce large numbers
of red blood cells. The Nature Biotechnology
paper, entitled Ex vivo generation of fully
mature human red blood cells, describes the
process: precursor red blood cells, called
hematopoietic stem cells, are grown together
with stromal cells, creating an environment that
mimics the conditions of bone marrow, the
natural site of red blood cell growth.
Erythropoietin, a growth factor, is added,
coaxing the stem cells to complete terminal
differentiation into red blood cells.
Further research into this technique will have
potential benefits to gene therapy, blood
transfusion, and topical medicine.
Key stem cell research events
• 1960s - Joseph Altman and Gopal Das
present evidence of adult neurogenesis, ongoing
stem cell activity in the brain; their reports
contradict Cajal's "no new neurons" dogma and
are largely ignored.
• 1963 - McCulloch and Till illustrate the
presence of self-renewing cells in mouse bone
marrow.
• 1968 - Bone marrow transplant between
two siblings successfully treats SCID.
• 1978 - Haematopoietic stem cells are
discovered in human cord blood.
• 1981 - Mouse embryonic stem cells are
derived from the inner cell mass by scientists
Martin Evans, Matthew Kaufman, and Gail R.
Martin. Gail Martin is attributed for coining the
term "Embryonic Stem Cell".
• 1992 - Neural stem cells are cultured in
vitro as neurospheres.
• 1997 - Leukemia is shown to originate
from a haematopoietic stem cell, the first direct
evidence for cancer stem cells.
• 1998 - James Thomson and coworkers
derive the first human embryonic stem cell line
at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
• 2000s - Several reports of adult stem cell
plasticity are published.
• 2001 - Scientists at Advanced Cell
Technology clone first early (four- to six-cell
stage) human embryos for the purpose of
generating embryonic stem cells.
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• 2003 - Dr. Songtao Shi of NIH discovers
new source of adult stem cells in children's
primary teeth.
• 2004-2005 - Korean researcher Hwang
Woo-Suk claims to have created several human
embryonic stem cell lines from unfertilised
human oocytes. The lines were later shown to
be fabricated.
• 2005 - Researchers at Kingston
University in England claim to have discovered
a third category of stem cell, dubbed cord-
blood-derived embryonic-like stem cells
(CBEs), derived from umbilical cord blood. The
group claims these cells are able to differentiate
into more types of tissue than adult stem cells.
• August 2006 - Cell Journal publishes
Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka,
"Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from
Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast
Cultures by Defined Factors".
• October 2006 - Scientists in England
create the first ever artificial liver cells using
umbilical cord blood stem cells.
• January 2007 - Scientists at Wake
Forest University led by Dr. Anthony Atala and
Harvard University report discovery of a new
type of stem cell in amniotic fluid.[5] This may
potentially provide an alternative to embryonic
stem cells for use in research and therapy.
• June 2007 - Research reported by three
different groups shows that normal skin cells
can be reprogrammed to an embryonic state in
mice. In the same month, scientist Shoukhrat
Mitalipov reports the first successful creation of
a primate stem cell line through somatic cell
nuclear transfer
• October 2007 - Mario Capecchi, Martin
Evans, and Oliver Smithies win the 2007 Nobel
Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their work
on embryonic stem cells from mice using gene
targeting strategies producing genetically
engineered mice (known as knockout mice) for
gene research.
Mohammed Algohary
Read More:

The Magzine is not responsible of the content of these sites

• http://www.news.wisc.edu/packages/stemcells/
The University of Wisconsin's Web site about stem cells, written for general audiences.
• http://www.eurekalert.org
EurekAlert! is a publicly accessible science news site run by the American Association for
the Advancement of Sciences. Search for "stem cells."
• http://scitechdaily.com/
A site that offers a range of news articles, features, and commentaries about science and
technology topics. Search for "stem cells."
• http://www.sciam.com/
The Web site for Scientific American. Search for "stem cells."
• http://today.reuters.com/news/newssearchresults.aspx?srch=stem%20cell&searchtype=a
Searches the Reuters news site for stories about stem cells.
• http://www.stemcellresearchnews.com/
A commercial, online newsletter that features stories about stem cells of all types.

References:

• Becker AJ, McCulloch EA, Till JE (1963). "Cytological demonstration of the clonal nature
of spleen colonies derived from transplanted mouse marrow cells". Nature 197: 452-4.
doi:10.1038/197452a0. PMID 13970094.
• Siminovitch L, McCulloch EA, Till JE (1963). "The distribution of colony-forming cells
among spleen colonies". Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 62: 327-36.
PMID 14086156.
• Tuch BE (2006). "Stem cells--a clinical update". Australian family physician 35 (9): 719-21.
PMID 16969445.
• http://www.mult-sclerosis.org/news/Dec2000/StemCellDebatePartII.html
• http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=can-adult-stem-cells-do-it-all&page=3
• http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/
• Cyranoski D (2007). "Simple switch turns cells embryonic". Nature 447 (7145): 618-9.
PMID 17554270.
• Mitalipov SM, Zhou Q, Byrne JA, Ji WZ, Norgren RB, Wolf DP (2007). "Reprogramming
following somatic cell nuclear transfer in primates is dependent upon nuclear remodeling".
Hum Reprod 22 (8): 2232-42. PMID 17562675.
• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 8 October
2007.
• Full-text of Missouri Constitution Amendment 2
• Calif. Awards $45M in Stem Cell Grants Associated Press, Feb. 17, 2007.

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File Of Issue

:
SQ4R •

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 SQ4R
t has been proven that the student who takes lengthy, detailed chapter notes is an

I inefficient student. He could spend less time studying and learn more by applying the
SQ4R method to his textbook, marking the important points and making brief notes
right in his book.
Of course, to be an effective aid to review, the marking must be done in a methodical,
purposeful way.

The SQ4R Method of Study gives a "mind set" for the job and
SQ4R is a method of studying, not reading. ultimately saves time.
Contrary to popular myth, reading material
once is not enough for learning. The keys LEARN THE VOCABULARY AND NOTATION
to learning are SYSTEM. Create a
organization master file for each
and repetition, SQ4R method main items: course -- a list of new
both of which terminology and
are included in • Survey the part to be read. essential prefixes, roots,
the SQ4R and suffixes as well as
• Ask questions based on the
method. the symbols, acronyms,
survey. signs, and characters
"SQ4R" is an • Read for understanding but that have become
acronym for don t take notes. standard abbreviations
the steps in the or notations. Make index
• Refresh your memory by cards, or use a separate
method:
Survey, what you have read. part of your notebook,
Question, • Take your notes and mark the or make a computer file
Read, Recite, main points. with a working list of the
Record, words and symbols with
• Review the whole part at their definitions.
Review.
intervals.
1. SURVEY 2. QUESTION
Survey the Ask questions based on
entire chapter the survey. Becoming
by reading the headings and subheadings, actively curious about the material aids in
observing charts and graphs, reading concentration, comprehension, and
summaries, and skimming any questions at memory.
the end. The survey step provides and
organizational overview of the chapter, Remember the questions at the end of the
chapter or the questions you posed using

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the headings and subheadings. Find these
answers as you read. Constantly ask
"Why?" "How" and "Under what
conditions?" For each occurrence; be sure
you understand how and why it happens.
3. READ
Read for Understanding. Take one major
section at a time. (Do not take notes yet.)
4. RECITE
After reading each section, make a
deliberate effort to recall the main points.
This is the step most students skip, yet it is
critical to retention. After
reciting, check in the book for
corrections and forgotten
points. Try to put things in
you own words.
5. RECORD
Take notes on each section as
the Read and Recite steps are
complete. The more
organized and detailed the
notes, the better for mastery
of the material. Once again use your own
language.
ANALYZE THE THOUGHT PATTERN OF THE
MATERIAL. The three most commonly used
thought patterns in medical text are cause
and effect, process, and problem-solution.
Others important ones are classification,
factual-statement, and experiment-
instruction patterns. Recognizing the
transition words, or signal words, help you
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identify which pattern of organization the
author is using.
6. REVIEW
After all sections have been read, recited,
and recorded, an overall review of the
chapter is needed. This is best
accomplished by rereading all notes for the
chapter, followed by a deliberate effort to
recall the material. This review reminds the
student of all material covered, reorganizes
the separate sections back into a united
whole, allows a check on any material that
remains unclear, and helps with
retention.
REVIEW WITHIN 24 HOURS AND
FREQUENTLY AFTER THAT
• Comments on SQ4R
The SQ4R method of study is
easy to understand, but can be
difficult to put into practice on a
regular basis. Try it out! Initially
it may seem to take too much time, but
time spent studying as assignments are
read is time saved when studying for
exams. Also, you do not need to follow the
steps rigidly; experiment and modify the
method to best fit your needs. Students
who learn to use SQ4R typically nd it to be
well worth the effort.
Mohammed Salah
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Medical Technology

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XTerm Medical
various folates, linking Dictionary
the flow of activated one-
carbon units from serine
and thymidylate
synthesis with purine
synthesis and the liver
enzyme system for
discarding excess single
carbons.

http://www.bibalex.org/su
percourse/main/index.htm
elgohari@gmail.com
!!!
http://www.medical-
dictionary.ro/download.html
:
http://www.medical-
dictionary.ro
http://www.bibalex.org/su
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methyltetrahydrofolate
:
A substituted derivative
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Islamic Medicine

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Culture Section

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Islamic

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Society

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Philosophy

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 Morphology el ahlawy:

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Human Development
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Fun

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 Cocktail Page
By Zeineb Hassan
Do you know?
• The longest muscle in our body is
Sartorius which locates in the front of the
thigh .this muscle concerned with putting
the lower limb in the classical cross leg
position.
• The biggest muscle in your body is
the Quadriceps muscle which locates in
the front of the thigh .this muscle
concerned with the extension of the knee
: alone. Watkins and Hutchinson also found that over
: - : come with the potential for addiction or abuse. To check
: - : -
Short Notes on anemia
Any condition in which the number of red blood cells per
cu mm3, the amount of hemoglobin in 100 ml of blood,
and the volume of packed red blood cells per 100 ml of
blood are less than normal; clinically, generally
pertaining to the concentration of oxygen-transporting
material in a designated volume of blood, in contrast to
total quantities as in oligocythemia, oligochromemia, and
oligemia. Anemia is frequently manifested by pallor of
the skin and mucous membranes, shortness of breath,
palpitations of the heart, soft systolic murmurs, lethargy,
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and fatigability
Medical News
SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA--Opioid drugs such as
morphine are the most powerful painkillers.
Unfortunately, in some patients their narcotic effects
lead to addiction and the need for ever-escalating doses
to quell pain. New research with rats shows that blocking
morphine's action on glia--a type of support cell in the
nervous system--can reduce these downsides while
heightening its potency against pain.
Over the past decade, scientists have discovered that
glial cells heighten nerve pain, such as sciatica, by
exciting the neurons that transmit pain signals. Morphine
deadens pain by acting at nerve synapses, but it also
activates glial cells, possibly worsening the drug's side
effects, such as drowsiness, tolerance, worsening of
pain, and addiction.
To tease apart morphine's effects on glia and neurons,
neuroscientists Linda Watkins and Mark Hutchinson of
the University of Colorado, Boulder, took advantage of a
drug called AV411 that blocks morphine's effects on glia
but not on neurons. It boosted the painkiller: Rats
injected with AV411 and morphine showed less
response to a painful test than did rats given morphine
time, morphine better retained its pain-relieving potency
in the rats that also received AV411.
Doctors prescribe morphine for pain relief, but opioids
for a link between glia and morphine addiction, the pair
tested whether blocking morphine's effects on glial cells
would keep rats from craving the drug. In this test, the
pain-free animals learned that they would receive a drug
in one area and not in another. Animals that enjoy
receiving a drug tend to return to the drug area over and
over. Rats in the AV411-plus-morphine group wandered
around rather than returning to the drug area, the
researchers reported here 5 November at the annual
meeting of the Society for Neuroscience.
By showing that glial cells "play a previously
unsuspected role in pathological pain," says Nora
Volkow, director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse,
the research helps pave the way toward developing
new, potent, nonaddictive
REFERANCE:
Jeanne Erdmann, Science magazine, Science NOW Daily
News, 9 November 2007, retrieved on 15/11/2007 from
h p://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2007/11
09/2
Family News

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