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Explain Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) ?
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Border Gateway Protocol advertises, learns and chooses the best paths inside the global Internet. When two
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ISPs connect, they typically use BGP to exchange routing information. Enterprises also sometimes uses BGP to
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exchange routing information with ISPs, allowing the Enterprise routers to learn Internet routes. when we have
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multiple Internet connections and we want to influence some packets to take one path and some packets to take
another we use BGP. Search
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Can Routers on different subnet become BGP neighbors?
BGP does not require neighbors to be attached to the same subnet. Instead, BGP routers use a TCP connection
between the routers to pass BGP messages allowing neighboring routers to be on the same or different subnet. Like 0
What TCP port number BGP use for connection?
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BGP uses TCP port 179 for the connection.
In iBGP, neighborship is formed between routers within the same AS (autonomous system) whereas in eBGP,
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neighborship is formed between routers within different AS.
What Administrative Distance BGP uses for iBGP & eBGP ?
AD for iBGP = 20, AD for eBGP = 200.
Explain Loop prevention mechanism in BGP?
BGP uses two mechanism to prevent loops:
1. When a router learns routes from an iBGP peer, that router does not advertise the same routes to another
iBGP peer. Networker Interview
2. By using AS_PATH When advertising to an eBGP peer, a BGP router adds its own ASN to the AS_PATH. Follow
If a BGP router receives an update and the route advertisement lists an AS_PATH with its own ASN, the router
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ignores that route.
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What is the difference between hard reset and soft reset in BGP? 123>
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In case of hard reset the local router brings down the neighborship, brings down the underlying TCP connection
and all the BGP table entries learned from that neighbor are removed. #clear ip bgp * command is used for
hard reset.
In case of soft reset, the router does not bring down the BGP neighborship or the underlying TCP connection.
However, the local router resends outgoing Updates and reprocesses incoming Updates adjusting the BGP table
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based on the current configuration. #clear ip bgp * soft command is used for soft reset.
What are different BGP Message Types?
1. Open It is Used to establish a neighbor relationship and exchange parameters, including autonomous
system number and authentication values.
2. Keepalive It is Sent periodically to maintain the neighbor relationship. If the Keepalive message is not
received within the negotiated Hold timer than BGP neighborship will be turned down.
3. Update It exchanges Path Attributes and the associated prefix/length (NLRI) that use those attributes.
4. Notification It is Used to report BGP error. It results in a reset of neighbor relationship.
Explain various states of BGP?
1. Idle The BGP process is either administratively down or waiting for the the next retry attempt.
2. Connect The BGP process is waiting for the TCP connection to be completed. If it is successful, it will
continue to the OpenSent state. In case it fails, it will continue to the Active state.
3. Active BGP will try another TCP threeway handshake to establish a connection with the remote BGP
neighbor. If it is successful, it will move to the OpenSent state.
4. Opensent The TCP connection exists, and a BGP Open message has been sent to the peer, but the matching
Open message has not yet been received from the other router.
5. Openconfirm An Open message has been both sent to and received from the other router.
Next step is to receive a BGP Keepalive message (to confirm that all neighborrelated parameters match) or a
BGP Notification message (to learn that there is some mismatch in neighbor parameters).
6. Established All neighbor parameters matched, the neighbor relationship has been established and the peers
can now exchange Update messages
Explain BGP Path Attributes?
BGP supports a wide variety of Path Attributes. BGP use these path attributes to examine the competing BGP
paths (routes) in BGP table to choose the best path(route).
1. Next Hop It lists the nexthop IP address used to reach a prefix. If Next hop is reachable? If no route to
reach Next Hop, router cannot use this route.
2. Weight It is a numeric value set by a router when receiving updates to influence the route for a prefix. It is
not advertised to any BGP peers. Bigger is preferred
3. Local Preference It is a numeric value set and communicated within a single AS for the purpose of
choosing best route for all routers in that AS to reach a certain network. Bigger is preferred
4. Locally injected routes Locally injected routes (routes injected using network command) are better than
iBGP/eBGP learned.
5. AS Path It is the number of ASNs in the AS Path. Smaller is preferred.
6. Origin Preferred I over E & E over ?. It implies that the route was injected into BGP as I (IGP), E (EGP) or
? (incomplete information).
7. MultiExit Discriminator (MED) Allows an AS to tell a neighboring AS the best path to forward packets
into the first AS. Smaller is preferred.
8. Neighbor type eBGP is preferred over iBGP.
9. IGP metric Route with nearest IGP neighbor (lowest IGP metric) is preferred.
10. eBGP route Oldest (longest known) route is preferred.
11. Neighbor Router ID Lowest is preferred.
12. Neighbor IP address Lowest is preferred.
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Explain BGP Weight attribute?
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Explain BGP Weight attribute?
The weight attribute is a Cisco proprietary attribute that is used in the path selection process when there is more
than one route to the same destination. A path with the Higher weight value is preferred. The default value for
weight is 0. The weight attribute is local to the router and is not propagated to any BGP peers. Weight attribute
is set by a router when receiving Updates influencing that one router’s route for a prefix.
Explain BGP Local preference?
Local preference is an indication to the AS about which path has preference to exit the AS in order to reach a
certain network. A path with a higher local preference is preferred more. By default value for local preference
is 100 and can be changed manually. Unlike the weight attribute, which is only relevant to the local router, local
preference attribute is communicated throughout a single AS for the purpose of influencing the choice of best
path to exit the AS.
Explain BGP MED?
The purpose of MED is to influence how other autonomous systems enters into your AS to reach a certain
prefix. BGP MED is an attribute which is not propagated throughout the whole network but just to adjacent AS.
The lower the MED the more the path will be preferred.
What is Recursive Lookup?
The router looks up the BGP route and the next hop to reach a destination in the remote AS. Then the router
looks up the route to reach the next hop. In this way router has to perform lookup twice to reach to a
destination, this process is called recursive lookup.
What is route reflector and why it is required?
In BGP, route learned from an iBGP neighbor will not be advertised to another iBGP neighbor. To overcome
this situation route reflector is used. It acts as a route reflector server and makes IBGP neighbors as route
reflector clients enabling route advertisements between them.
What is the difference between Local Preference and MED?
The Local Preference attribute is to influence your own AS how to get or exit to another AS.
MED is to influence other AS how to enter your own AS.
What is the command to administratively disable BGP neighborship?
# neighbor neighborip shutdown
# no neighbor neighborip shutdown (to enable it again)
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