Part 1 Lab 8

Velez-Colon | EE 454
Jose J. Velez-Colon
Dr. Won
EE 454
Tuesday, September 1, 2009
*There are 2 documents: (1) Transformations on B-Mode 2-D Images and (2) Doppler.
Page 1 of 20
TRANSFORMATIONS ON B-MODE 2-D IMAGES

Questions.
1. What variables are stored in the file?
The following variables are stored in the file ‘carotid1’:
Name Size Bytes Class Attributes

bmode_rf 1816x312 4532736 double
fc 1x1 8 double
posx_bmode 312x1 2496 double
2. Which variable is most likely to be the image data itself? Why?
The ‘bcmode_rf ' variable should be the image because it is the only variable that is 2
dimensional.
3. View the image by typing image(bmode_rf). How well are you able to make out any
structures?
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
50 100 150 200 250 300
It is nearly impossible to see the structures. Perhaps, a trained eye could see them.
Page 2 of 20
4. Obtain the envelope of the raw image data by constructing the analytic signal img. Remember,
this signal contains the Hilbert transform of the raw data. Use the command hilbert, and pay
attention to what the output of this function is.
After using Hilbert and taking the magnitude of the result we get:
Hilbert without normalization
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
50 100 150 200 250 300
Two examples of the envelope of the image are below:
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
50 100 150 200 250 300
Page 3 of 20
Envelope of the image
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
50 100 150 200 250 300
Plot the histogram

Histogram
1800
1600
1400
1200
Pixel Values
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Gaussian Distribution without logarithmic compression.
Page 4 of 20
Plot the histogram after logarithmic compression.
Histogram after Logarithmic Compression

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Compute the axial distance and plot spatial map.
The axial distance = 3.9500e-005
Page 5 of 20
spatial map
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.0376 0.0378 0.038 0.0382 0.0384 0.0386 0.0388
Spatial Map usign logarithmic compression
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1.125 1.13 1.135 1.14 1.145 1.15 1.155 1.16 1.165 1.17
-4
x 10
Page 6 of 20
Plot of the image using small range.

range .5 to 15 without logarithmic compression
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
range .5 to 15 with logarithmic compression

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Page 7 of 20
Now we will repeat the exercise for carotid5.mat:
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
50 100 150 200 250 300
Hilbert without normalization
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
50 100 150 200 250 300
Page 8 of 20
Envelope of the image
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
50 100 150 200 250 300
Histogram
1800
1600
1400
1200
Pixel Values
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Gaussian Distribution without logarithmic compression.
Page 9 of 20
Compute the axial distance and plot:
The axial distance = 3.9500e-005

spatial map
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.04 0.041 0.042 0.043 0.044 0.045 0.046 0.047
Page 10 of 20
Spatial Map usign logarithmic compression
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3 2.35 2.4
-4
x 10
Histogram after Logarithmic Compression

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Page 11 of 20
range .5 to 15 without logarithmic compression

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
range .5 to 15 with logarithmic compression

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Page 12 of 20
MATLAB CODE
clc; clear; close all;
load('carotid5') % just change this to carotid9 to get the other results for
% part 2 Didn’t want to waste paper
figure(1)
image(bmode_rf);
%Obtain the envelope of the raw image data by constructing the analytic
signal img. Remember,
%this signal contains the Hilbert transform of the raw data. Use the command
hilbert, and
%pay attention to what the output of this function is.
x = hilbert(bmode_rf);
figure(2)
a=abs(x);
imagesc(a)
title('Hilbert without normalization')
% normalization
amax = max(max(a));
amin = min(min(a));
normalizeImage= (a / (amax-amin)) - amin;

figure(3)
imagesc(normalizeImage)
colormap bone
title('Envelope of the image');
%plot the histogram of normalizeImage

bins= linspace(0,50,50);% 50 equally spaced
figure(4)
hist(normalizeImage, bins)
axis([-.5 .5 0 1850]);
xlabel('Gaussian Distribution without logarithmic compression.');
ylabel('Pixel Values');
title('Histogram');
k=20; % scaling constant

c=.5;% compresion constant
logcompression = k * exp( log(normalizeImage) );% what I think is logarithmic
compression...
figure(5)
hist(logcompression, bins)
axis([-.5 .5 0 1850]);
title('Histogram after Logarithmic Compression');
% Axial Distance
% lambda = c/f where c is velocity and f is frequency and lambda is axial
% distance.
c= 1580;%m/s
f=40e6;
Page 13 of 20
lambda=c/f
% spatial map
c=c*100;%cm/s
T=1/f;%sampling period
spatialMap = a(1,:) * c*T/2;
figure(6)
imagesc(spatialMap,posx_bmode,a)
title('spatial map')
figure(7)
spatialMap2 = logcompression(1,:) * c*T/2;
imagesc(spatialMap2,posx_bmode,a)
title('Spatial Map usign logarithmic compression')
figure(8)
imagesc(a(.5:.1:15));
title('range .5 to 15 without logarithmic compression')
figure(9)
imagesc(logcompression(.5:.1:15))
title('range .5 to 15 with logarithmic compression')
Page 14 of 20
DOPLER EFFECT
Questions.
1. What variables are contained in this file?
Name Size Bytes Class Attributes

bmode_rf 1816x188 2731264 double
doppler_rf 1816x90x15 19612800 double
fc 1x1 8 double
fc_dop 1x1 8 double
posx_bmode 188x1 1504 double
posx_dop 90x1 720 double
prf 1x1 8 double
2. Envelope Detection:
Image after taking the hilbert and magnitude
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Page 15 of 20
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Logarithmic Compression from .5 to 15
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Doppler Images:
3. Look through the images over time. Do you see any difference?
I look at it at a glance and all the images look alike.
Page 16 of 20
From left to right, images with respect to time:
1 2 3
200 200 200
400 400 400
600 600 600
800 800 800
1000 1000 1000
1200 1200 1200
1400 1400 1400
1600 1600 1600
1800 1800 1800

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
4 5 6
200 200 200
400 400 400
600 600 600
800 800 800
1000 1000 1000
1200 1200
1200
1400 1400
1400
1600 1600
1600
1800 1800
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1800
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
You can notice small movements in the images.
After the filter was applied I looked though the image to get:
image after filtering

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Page 17 of 20
The sum of all doppler powers together:
dopplerPower 2.3325e+007
8
x 10 Doppler Power
3
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Doppler Power Spatial Map
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5

4
x 10
Page 18 of 20
MATLAB CODE
clc;clear; close all;
load('carotid9.mat');
x = hilbert(bmode_rf);
x = abs(x);
figure(1)
imagesc(x)
title('Image after taking the hilbert and magnitude');
% envelope detection
xmax = max(max(x));
xmin = min(min(x));
normalizeImage = abs(( x / (xmax - xmin) ) - xmin);
figure(2)
imagesc(normalizeImage)
title('envelope detector')
colormap bone;
% Logarithmic Compression
figure(3)
k = 20;
c = .1;
logCompression = k * exp( log (normalizeImage ) );
imagesc((logCompression))
figure(4)
imagesc(logCompression(.5:15))
%I only used this code to view the images of the doppler once, then I
%commented it out.
% for j=3:15
% figure(j)
% copyDopler=[];
% copy1Dopler=doppler_rf(:,:,j);
% imagesc(copy1Dopler)
%
% end
% filtering with butterworh

doppler_rf = doppler_rf (.5:15) ;
ORDER = 2;% by recomendation of the m file.
FCUTOFF = .5;
output=URIIIRfilter(doppler_rf,ORDER,FCUTOFF);
output= real(output);
% filtering ends
% looking througth the volume after filtering

figure(5)
imagesc(output)
title('image after filtering')
% analytical signal of each image (hilbert)
Page 19 of 20
%calculating all analytical signals

result=[];
for i=1:187,
analyticalSignal1=[];% erase the data
analyticalSignal1=hilbert(bmode_rf(:,i));
analyticalSignal2=conj(hilbert(bmode_rf(:,i+1)));
computation = analyticalSignal1 .* analyticalSignal2;
result=[result computation];% store all the computations to calculate
the phase later.
end
% angle returns the phase angle in radians
imaginary = imag(result);
realPart = real(result);
phaseSum = sum(atan(imaginary/realPart));
% doppler velocity
v = (c * fc / (4*pi*fc_dop)) .* phaseSum;
% doppler power
result2=[];
for i=1:187,
analyticalSignal1=hilbert(bmode_rf(:,i));
analyticalSignal2=conj(hilbert(bmode_rf(:,i)));
computation = analyticalSignal1 .* analyticalSignal2;
result2=[result2 computation];% store all the computations to calculate
the phase later.
end
% doppler power addition
dopplerPower2 =cumsum(result2);
dopplerPower2 =dopplerPower2(end);
% doppler power for spatial map

dopplerPower = sum(result2);
figure(6)
bar(dopplerPower)
title('Doppler Power')
%spatial map
c = 1540*100;
fs = 40e6;
T = 1/fs;
spatialMap = dopplerPower(1,:)*c*T/2;
figure(7)
imagesc(spatialMap,posx_bmode,dopplerPower)
title('Doppler Power Spatial Map')
Thank you Dr Won. I have learned more in the past quarters with you than in the past 5 years!
I hope you have a good “vacation.”
Page 20 of 20

Part 1 Lab 8

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Velez-Colon | EE 454

Tuesday, September 1, 2009

TRANSFORMATIONS ON B-MODE 2-D IMAGES

1. What variables are stored in the file?

The following variables are stored in the file ‘carotid1’:

Name Size Bytes Class Attributes

2. Which variable is most likely to be the image data itself? Why?

Two examples of the envelope of the image are below:

Envelope of the image

Plot the histogram

Plot the histogram after logarithmic compression.

Histogram after Logarithmic Compression

Compute the axial distance and plot spatial map.

The axial distance = 3.9500e-005

Spatial Map usign logarithmic compression

Plot of the image using small range.

range .5 to 15 with logarithmic compression

Now we will repeat the exercise for carotid5.mat:

Hilbert without normalization

Envelope of the image

Compute the axial distance and plot:

The axial distance = 3.9500e-005

Spatial Map usign logarithmic compression

Histogram after Logarithmic Compression

range .5 to 15 without logarithmic compression

range .5 to 15 with logarithmic compression

normalizeImage= (a / (amax-amin)) - amin;

%plot the histogram of normalizeImage

k=20; % scaling constant

1. What variables are contained in this file?

Name Size Bytes Class Attributes

Image after taking the hilbert and magnitude

Logarithmic Compression from .5 to 15

I look at it at a glance and all the images look alike.

From left to right, images with respect to time:

400 400 400

600 600 600

800 800 800

1000 1000 1000

1200 1200 1200

1400 1400 1400

1600 1600 1600

1800 1800 1800

400 400 400

600 600 600

800 800 800

1000 1000 1000

You can notice small movements in the images.

image after filtering

The sum of all doppler powers together:

Doppler Power Spatial Map

4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5

% filtering with butterworh

% looking througth the volume after filtering

% analytical signal of each image (hilbert)

%calculating all analytical signals

% doppler power for spatial map

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