Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
The two distinct estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, have unique and
sometimes opposing roles.
ERβ in the epithelium may be important in regulating prostatic growth and acts
to restrain the stimulatory action of ERα
The Role of ERα and ERβ in Prostate
Growth vs. Restraint
In prostates from mice in which the ERβ gene has been inactivated
(βERKO), androgen receptor (AR) levels are elevated leading to prostatic
hyperplasia with aging.
Thus, ERβ has an anti-proliferative role in prostatic epithelium.
Excessive exposure to estrogens during critical stages of development or
long-term treatment with estrogens or androgens leads to prostatic
neoplasia (microscopic lesion in the prostate, thought to be a precursor to prostate cancer).
In apparent contrast, diets rich in phytoestrogens, particularly soy products,
are associated with a low risk of BPH, prostate cancer and have
chemopreventive properties in experimental tumor models.
Introduction Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Introduction Benign
Prostatic Hyperplasia- BPH
Benign prostatic hyperplasia- BPH. "benign"
means "not cancerous" while "hyperplasia" or
"hypertrophy" means "too much growth", is a
non-cancerous disease.
It is a part of the normal aging process and not
a dangerous medical condition, however, a
considerably uncomfortable one, which can be
progressive especially if left untreated.
It begins to develop before age 30 with almost
10% of men having histologic evidence of BPH by 40 years of age,
50% of men showing evidence by age 60 &
90% of men in their 80s.
Overall, nearly 80% of men will develop BPH.
BPH Symptoms
Prostate gland enlargement can cause bothersome urinary
symptoms referred to as Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS)
Pressure on the urethra and cause difficulty urinating,
Abnormally frequent urination, both day and night,
A perpetual, urgent need to urinate,
Blood in the urine.
If left untreated over time, BPH can completely block/squeeze the
urethra, which can lead to other urinary tract problems that can
damage the kidneys.
Stages of BPH
http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/p/proscar/proscar_pi.pdf
BPH Current Treatment Options –
Non-Surgical Therapies or Surgery
If medication is not well tolerated, or symptoms don't improve, the next step
is nonsurgical therapies or surgery.
Non-surgical therapies include:
Transurethral Microwave Therapy (TUMT)- uses heat in the form of
microwave energy to destroy the inner portion of the prostate gland.
Transurethral Needle Ablation (TUNA)- uses radio waves to heat and
destroy the part of the prostate that's impeding urine flow.
Although these procedures can reduce prostate size, they haven't been shown to
be effective long-term.
A recent addition to the minimally-invasive techniques for treating BPH is
GreenLight Laser PVP (Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate)- It's a
procedure which uses the technology of high-powered laser light combined
with fiber optics to vaporize the overgrowth of prostate cells. The intense
pulses of light emitted from the fiber are absorbed by the blood. Within
moments the temperature of the blood becomes so great it causes the
nearby cells to vaporize.
This technique is too new for long-term studies to have been completed.
BPH Current Treatment Options –
Non-Surgical Therapies or Surgery (cont.)
The most common side effects experienced with GreenLight:
Hematuria – Blood in the urine
Bladder spasm or urgency – Cramping in the bladder or an urgent
need to urinate
Irritation of the urinary tract – Frequent urination, burning sensation
Retrograde ejaculation
Open prostatectomy is the most effective therapy for relieving
symptoms of an enlarged prostate. However it is a major abdominal
surgery requiring a lengthy hospital stay and months of recovery.
Furthermore the surgery has the highest risk of side effects, such as loss
of bladder control and erectile dysfunction.
BPH Current Treatment Options-
Phytotherapy
Phytotherapy or the use of plant extracts for treating BPH symptoms
was first described in Egypt in the 15th century BC.
Currently, phyto-therapy is common in Europe and is increasing in the
western hemisphere.
Phytotherapeutic agents represent nearly half the medications
dispensed for treatment of BPH in Italy, compared with 5% for a-
blockers and 5% for 5 a-reductase inhibitors.
In Germany and Austria, phyto-therapy is the first-line treatment for
mild-to-moderate lower urinary tract symptoms and represents more
than 90% of all drugs prescribed for the treatment of BPH.
In the United States, phyto-therapies for BPH are readily available as non
prescription dietary supplements. Most of these compounds are
unlicensed and often promoted to “maintain a healthy prostate” and as
a natural and harmless treatment of BPH symptoms.
BPH Current Treatment Options-
Phytotherapy
Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens or Sabal serrulata) has long been used in
Europe to treat an enlarged prostate or benign prostatic hyperplasia
(BPH).
Saw palmetto causes a drop in estrogen receptors within prostate cells
relieving symptoms; easing urinary symptoms and increasing urine flow.
Some studies suggest that its effects are similar to finasteride, but with
fewer and less severe side effects. While most of the research showed
saw palmetto can cause mild reactions like headache, nausea, and
dizziness, the prescription drug was more likely to cause impotence.
Another botanical, Pygeum africanum, which comes from an African
evergreen tree, has also been shown to relieve BPH. Researchers
theorize that it either reduces prostate inflammation by displacing
dehydrotestosterone in the prostate gland or by interfering with the
production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins through Beta sitosterol,
one of the active ingredients in Pygeum africanum.
A New Horizon for
Prostate Health
Less than 1
Your score
More than
About half
Not at all
time in 5
the time
Less than
half the
Almost
always
time
Incomplete emptying
Over the past month, how often have you had a sensation of not emptying 0 1 2 3 4 5
your bladder completely after you finish urinating?
Frequency
Over the past month, how often have you had to urinate again less than 0 1 2 3 4 5
two hours after you finished urinating?
Intermittency
Over the past month, how often have you found you stopped and started 0 1 2 3 4 5
again several times when you urinated?
Urgency
Over the last month, how difficult have you found it to postpone 0 1 2 3 4 5
urination?
Weak stream
Over the past month, how often have you had a weak urinary stream?
0 1 2 3 4 5
Straining
Over the past month, how often have you had to push or strain to begin 0 1 2 3 4 5
urination?
or more
2 times
3 times
4 times
5 times
1 time
score
None
Your
Nocturia
Over the past month, many times did you most typically get up to urinate 0 1 2 3 4 5
from the time you went to bed until the time you got up in the morning?
Total IPSS score
Total score: 0-7 Mildly symptomatic; 8-19 moderately symptomatic; 20-35 severely symptomatic.
Survey Results to date
Ave. IPSS^ Change - Baseline – week 12*
25
21.7 Total score:
20-35 Severely symptomatic.
20 8-19 Moderately symptomatic
0-7 Mildly symptomatic
15 12.1
10
6.8
*
5.1
0
baseline week 4 week 8 week 12 n=178
*p < 0.05
The combined effect of the different activities reduces the pressure on the
urethra, easing urine flow, and decreases the prostate size.
A significant beneficial effect of Brizo™ on the bothersome symptoms can
be felt within the 1st month of treatment, which progresses with longer
intake.
The improvement is felt by lessening of waking up in the middle of the
night in order to urinate, significant ease of urination, full voidance…
Within 90 days a significant reduction in the prostate size can be seen.