kdhlal¾ rc fm<m;g fmr isxy, rdc mrïmrdj

iS;djl rdcisxy rcqf.a wNdjfhka miq ,laÈj isxy, rdcHh jQfha zfixlv.,
mqrjrhZ hk kñka ye¢ka jQ zuykqjrZ k.rhhs’ fuu k.rh iajNdj fi!kao¾hfha ukd
ixrCIKhla we;s ,laÈj tl u rdcOdksh f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' ukaoh;a@ fuu k.rhg
we;=,a ùug kï .sß ÿ¾." jk ÿ¾. ;rKh lrñka meñKsh hq;= jQ ksid h' tfiau
yka;dk l÷jeáh yd uyje,s .`. fuu rdcOdksfha ;j;a wdrCIl lfmd¨ f,i oelaúh
yelsh' tfy;a fuu k.rh rdcOdkshla jYfhka wdrïN jQfha iS;djl rdcOdksfhka
miqj fkdfõ' l%s' j' 1453 .ïm< úiQ ;reK ck kdhlfhl= jQ úl%undyq l=udrhd zzYS%
j¾Ok mqrZZ kñka kj rdcOdkshla bÈ l< nj i|yka fõ' oeÈ.u Ys,d ,smsfhys i|yka
jk wkaoug zWvrg ldßhZ kñka ye¢kajqk ta rfgys ;u iajdëk;ajh m%ldY fldg
fiakdiïu; úl%undyq hk Wmdê kduh ;uka fj; wdfrdamKh lrf.k tl<
WmrdcOdkshla j mej;s fldaÜfÜ wdêm;Hfhka fjka ù m%dfoaYSh jYfhka rdcH f.k
.sh nj i|yka fõ'1 ta wkqj ckm%jdofhys i|yka jk wkaoug wkqj;a fudyq uykqjr
wdÈ l;Djrhd úh yelsh' tfy;a t,a' tia' foajrdc keue;a;d úiska ,shd we;s .%ka:fhys
Wvrg rdcOdksh wdrïN jQfha ljodo@ hkak újdodmkak jQjls'2 uykqjr wdrïN l< rc
flfkl= ms<sn| j rdcr;akdlrfhys3 §¾> úia;rhla lrk kuq;a ta rc;=ud ljqrekao@
hkak i|yka lr fkdue;' tys i|yka jk wkaoug fuu YS% j¾Ok mqrfhys isá rc;=ud
uyd fndaêh jvïujdf.k wd jxYfhka mejf;kafkl= f,i jeä ÿrg;a úia;r flÍ
we;' tfiau Tyq úiska isÿ lrk ,o wd.ñl mqKH l%shd wkqj uydjxifha fojk fldgi
jk pQ,jxifha zùrúlaluZ hk kñka ye¢kafjk rcq o fudyq hehs ksYaph l< yelsh'
fuu rc;=ud úiska uydjd¨ld .x.djg me;a;lska msysá w,xldr k.rhla jQ
fixLKavfia, kï jQ YS% j¾Ok mqrjrfhys okamska isÿ lrñka lghq;= lrf.k .sh nj
tys i|yka fõ'4

fudyq úiska isÿ lrk ,o mskalï w;ßka ;ukaf.a rc f.org kqÿßka nqÿrcqkaf.a
Od;= ksoka fldg od.enla nkaojd ukyr jQ oaúN+ñl Wfmdi: ud,lhla yd ta yd;ami
úydr wiQ y;rla isÿl< nj i|yka fõ' tys NsCIQka jykafia,d jiaijd ks;r ks;r wem
Wmia:dk lrñka Wka jykafia,d úiska foaYkd lrk ,o O¾uh o wiñka isá nj i|yka
fõ' fuys i|yka jk oaúN+ñl Wfmdi:d.drh zu,aj;= úydrhZ úh yelshehs ksYaph l<
yelsh' j;auka u,aj;= uydúydrhSh fmdah u¿fjys Wfmdi:d.drh msysgd we;s ìfuys ;snQ
Oïñldrduh Tyq úiska lrk ,o wdrdu 84 ka tlla nj ft;sydisl f;dr;=re wdY%fhka
fmkS hhs' m<uqjeks úu,O¾uiQ¾h ^nq'j'2135& rdcH iufhaoS wrlka ráka Wmiïmod úkh
l¾uh ioyd jev jod<d jQ kkaosplal" pkaoú,di hk uyf;reka jykafia,df.a
fiakdik myiqj i,ik ,oafoa by; lS Oïñldrdufhysh'5 ùrúl%u ^nq'j'2085& fyda
fiakdiïu; úl%undyq yd m<uqjeks úu,O¾uiQ¾h ^nq'j'2135& w;r ld, mrdih jir
mKyls' Oïñldrduh ùrúl%u rcq úiska bos lrk ,oafoa kï m<uqjeks úu,O¾uiQ¾h
rdfcHdaoh olajd th mej;sh yels w;r ùrúl%u iuhg fyda fmr f.dvk.d ;snqfKa kï
m<uqjeks úu,O¾uiQ¾h rcq úiska úfoaYSh NslaIQkaf.a wdjdi myiqj ioyd th ms<silr
lr we;"

fï ldrKh fufia jqj;a zzuykqjr hq.fha md,s idys;HZZ kï .%ka:fha i|yka

jkafka fuh wia.sß yd u,aj;= úydr fol u njh'6 we;eïúg Tyq tu m%ldYh lrkq
,nkafka uydjxifhys i|yka jk zoaúN+ñlxZ hk jpkh ìï folla hkqfjka w¾:
.kajd úh yelsh' tfy;a tys i|yka zoaúN+ñlxZ hk jpkh iu`. fh§ we;af;a
zWfmdi:ud,lxZ hkak iu`.h' N+ñ foll Wfmdi: folla lf<a kï tys zoaúN+ñfl
Wfmdi:ud,flZ hkqfjka i|yka úh hq;=h' tu ksid fuu m%ldYh jerÈ iy.; hehs
fmkajd Èh yelsh' tfiau zoaú hkafkys f;areu folla7 hkak;a" N+ñlx hkafkys kshu
w¾:h jkafka uy," N=ñhg whs;s8 hkakh' ta wkqj uydjxifhys yd we;eï b;sydi
.%ka:hkays9 fï iïnkaOfhka mj;sk f;dr;=re wdY%fhka .;al< fuu m%ldYh
újdodmkak m%ldYhla hehs i|yka l< yelsh' tfy;a rdcr;akdlrh fu;=ud ms<sn| j
§¾> úia;rhla imhd we;s w;r Tyq úiska úydr 86 la l< nj i|yka lrhs' tfiau tu
úydr WNh úydrfhys ix>hd jykafiag mQcd fldg isjq mifhka wem Wmia:dk l< nj
o i|yka fõ'10 rdcdj,sfhys fujeks rc flfkla ms<n| j igykla fkdue;s jqj;a O¾u
mrdl%undyq rc lrk ld,fha lkao Wvrg md,lfhla o jQ nj i|yka lrhs' tfy;a Tyq
úiska isÿ lrk ,o l¾udka;hka ms<sn| j tys igykla fkdue;' 11 tu rc;=ud fï fiakd
iïu; rcq hehs úYajdi l< yelsh' ukaoh;a@ rdcdj,sfhys i|yka jk wkaoug O¾u
mrdl%undyq rcq rdcHhg meñKsfha fldaÜfÜ isá N=jfklndyq rcqf.ka miqjh'12 flfia
kuq;a fï rc;=ud rdcH l< j¾I 37 la muK ld, jljdkqfõ nqÿiiqk wdf,dalu;a
lsÍug fkdhla whqßka fjfyi .;a nj lsj yelsh' kuq;a ,xld rdc kdudj,sfha fudyq
ùr pß;hla fia fkdms<s.kS'

lkao Wvrg fixlv., úêu;a rdcHhla f.dv k`.k ,oafoa l%s' j' 1592 § rdcHhg
m;a i úu,O¾uiQ¾h ^l%s' j' 1592 - 1604& rc;=ud úisks' fudyq uq,ska y÷kajd we;af;a
fldakmamq nKavdr hk kñks'13 we;eï ;ekl fudyq y÷kajd we;af;a fodka fcdaka l=udr 14
yd fodka cqjdx wmamqydñ15 hkqfjks' u,,fialr uy;d olajkafka fudyq uq,a ld,fha
mD;=.SiSka yd tlaj isá nj;a" tl< Tyq ls%ia;shdks Nla;sfhlfhl= jYfhka isá nj;ah'
tfia u Tyqf.a ku jYfhka i|yka lrkafka zfodka fcda wd´Z16 hk kuhs' rdcdj,sfha o
ùr iqkaor nKavdr kñka ye¢ka jQ flfkl=f.a mq;a jQ fldakmamq nKavdr kñka flfkla
mD;=.SiSkag tl;= j isá nj;a miqj Tyq mD;=.SiSkaf.ka fjka j fjk u isá nj;a i|yka
lrhs'17 ta wkqj ie,lsh yelafla miqld,Sk j úu,O¾uiQ¾h kñka lkao Wvrg md,lhd
jQfha fudyq u úh yels njh' rdcHhg m;a jQ miq fudyq úiska mD;=.SiSkaf.a l=uka;%K yd
Wmøj mrod Wvrg isyiqk fï wkaoñka w;am;a lr .ekSu tu rdcHfha muKla fkdj
uq¿ ,xldfõ u b;sydifha w;sYh jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh' fuu
isoaOh ksid Wvrg rdcOdksh mD;=.SiS .%yKfhka fuka u iS;djl rdcHfha wdêm;Hfhka
o ñ§ iajdëk úh' t;eka isg ishjia folla muK ld, mrdYh ;=< fixlv., fyj;a
uykqjr rdcOdksh foAYSh fuka u úfoaYSh i;=rka iu`. igka lrñka furg m%Odk;u
rdcH njg m;aúh'

rdcOdksh wdrïN jQ uq,a ld,fha mD;=.SiSkag fuka u uq¿ rg u mD;=.SiSka g §ug

leue;af;ka jev l< fldaÜfÜ O¾umd, rcqg o bjish fkdyels lreKla úh' fï ksid
tjl ukakdrfï isá zfodak le;ßkd l=ußhZ yd zukïfmaß chùrZ nKavdr kñka ye¢ka
jQ isxy, fifkúhd o iu`. mD;=.SiSka msßil=;a hqo i|yd msg;a lr heùh' fï weiQ
úu,O¾uiQ¾h rc;=ud chùr nKavdr iu`. igka l< fkdyels nj oekf.k Wmdhla
fhdod Tyq uerùh' tu Wmdh kï(- chùrg ,smshla hjd th mD;=.SiSkag yiqjkakg
ie,eiaùuh' fuys i|yka lr we;af;a fï fofokd hy¿jka jk w;r mD;=.SiSkag tfrysj
igka jÈuq hkakhs' fuh weiQ mD;=.SiSyq chùr nKavdr uerùh' bkamiq rcq fodak
le;ßkd l=ußh w,ajdf.k w. fufyish lr .;af;ah'18 fuhska miq mD;=.SiSyq jir
y;rl muK ld,hla miqnei isáhy' miqj kej;;a f.dafõ wdKavqldr ;ek kej;;a
n,j;a fiakdjla /iafldg fodka cerksfuda o wifõÿ hk fiakdm;shd ,xldjg tjd
fld<U m%foaYfha isg uykqjr Èidjg tùh' tfy;a n,k ÿ¾.fha§ úu,O¾uiQ¾h rcqf.a
fiakdj iu`. zch ldg ,efífodhsZ hk m%Yakh u;= lrñka ìysiqKq igkla we;s úh'
tfy;a wjidkfha m%;sld,ajre hqoaOhg uqyqK §ug fkdyelsj m<d .shy' wk;=rej Wvrg
m%foaYh w,a,d .ekSu w;yer oeuQ fldaÜfÜ isá O¾umd, rcq o 1598 § ñh .sfhah' 19

úu,O¾uiQ¾h rdcHhg m;ajk wjêfha rdcisxy rcq úiska nqoaO Ydikhg lrk ,o
úkdYh ksid ful< isxy,hskf.a uqÿka u,alv n÷ jQ o<od jykafia i`.jd .ksñka yd
NsCIQka jykafia,d ie.ù isáhy' fï jk úg o<od jykafia jevisáfha fldysoehs úuiQ
rc;=ud fo,a.uq úydrfha jev jik nj oekf.k th jvujdf.k wjq;a fouy,a
ud<s.djla o lrjd o<od jykafia tys ;ekam;a lf<ah'20 bkamiq o<od jykafiag mQcd l<
rka rejka" .ïjr" fl;a j;= wdÈh ms<sn| j §¾> úia;rhla iHdfudamiïmodjf;ys
i|yka fõ'21 fïjdhska we;eï oE wo olajdu ud<s.djg wh;aj mj;S' tfia u ful< rfÜ
tlÿ Wmiïmkak NsCIQka jykafia kulaj;a fkdjQ nj wid fndfyda fihska lK.dgqjg
m;a úu,O¾uiQ¾h rc;=ud úkhdkql+, j meúÈ nj ,enQ NsCIQka jykafia,d f.kajd.kq
msKsi rlaLx. ^wrlka& foaYhg ;dkdm;sjreka msg;a lr yeßfhah' ¥; fufyh id¾:l
jQfhka kkaoslÉp wdÈfldg we;s ix>hd jykafia,d lsysm kula Èjhskg meñK ,laÈj
idufKarjre msßilg uyje,s .`. iómfha .egfò f;dfÜ Wol=lafÄm iSud ud,lfha §
Wmiïmodj fojQy'22 fuys§ Wiia l=,j, lsysm fofkla u meúÈ ;;ajhg m;a jQy'

ukaodrïmqr mqj; f.k tk úia;rhlg wkqj fuu rc;=ud rdcHhg m;ajk úg

ishla jil muK ld,hl isg mej;s hqo flda,dy, ksid ta jkúg rfÜ Ydiksl"
idudðl" Ydia;%Sh yd wd¾Ól ;;ajh fndfyda ÿrg msßyS ;sìKs' tajd k`.d isgqjkq jia ta
rcq uy;a W;aiyhla ord we;' wd¾Ól ;;ajh ÈhqKq lsÍug weu;sjre oyih fofkla
m;afldg l¾udka; yd f.dú;eka ÈhqKq lr we;' ,laÈj fndfyda ;ekaj, f,dafyda
lïy,a 170 la o23 ueKsla yd rejka wdlr 174 la o24 wrdUd we;' tys u i|yka jk
wkaoug fudyq rdcHhg meñKs wjia:dfõ mD;=.SiSkaf.a ;rug u úm;a isj
Nla;slhkaf.ka t,a, úKs' iuK<" iS.sßh wdÈ ia:dkhkays isá Tjqka m<jd yeÍug .;a
fjfyi tys i|yka fõ'25

úu,O¾uiQ¾h rcqf.ka miqj fixlv., rdcHhg m;ajQfha fikr;a rc;=udh' ^l%s'

j' 1604 - 1634&26 fudyqf.a j¾I ms<sn| j .eg¨jla mj;s' fy<Èj rdcH j¾I kï
.%ka:fhys fuu j¾I olajd we;af;a l%s' j' 1604 - 1627 olajd ld, mßÉfþohhs'27 fuu
.%ka:h rpkd lr w;af;a §mjxih" uydjxih" rdcdj,sh" rdcr;akdlrh jeks b;sydi
.%ka: mßYS,kh lsÍfuks' tfy;a rdcdj,sfhys i|yka jkafka zzYlj¾I tlajdoyia
mkaish mkiamyla .sh l, fifkúr;a rc úismyla wjqreÿ rdcH lr Wl=;a WKdyZZ
hkqfjks'28 fuu m%ldYhg wkqj ls%' j' idod .ekSug wjqreÿ 78 la tl;= l< hq;=h' túg
j¾Ih tkafka 1633 jYfhks' tfy;a j¾I úismyla hehs lS úg th 1529 úh hq;=h' tfia u
rdcdj,sfhys rcqjrekaf.a j¾I olajk ;efka § ;;ald,Sk f,aLlfhla jQ lafõfrdiaf.a
u;hg wkqj j¾I 12 la f,i olajd ;sfí'29 fï wkqj j¾I úismyla rdcH úpdf<a hehs
hk m%ldY ;rula ÿrg ms<s.; yelsh'
 lreKq fufia jk w;r u,,fialr uy;d mjikafka úu,O¾uiQ¾h rcqf.ka miq
fodak le;ßkd iajlSh Wreuhg ysñlï mdñka rc jQ njh'30 tfy;a uydjxifhys31 yd
rdcdj,sfhys32 fmkajd fokafka fudyq fodak le;ßkd w. fufyish lrf.k rdcH l<
njh' tfia u úu,O¾uiQ¾h rcqg l=udrjre isõ fofkla ^rdciQ¾h" Wvqudf,a" l=udrisxy"
úchmd,& yd l=udßldjla ^l=udßldjf.a kula ke;& isá nj rcdj,sh 33 olajk kuq;a
,xld l:dj kï b;sydi .%ka:fhys i|yka jkafka mq;=ka fofofkla isá njh'
^l=udrisxy yd úchmd,& Tjqka ta jk úg nd, jhia ldrhka jYfhka isg we;'34
iHdfudamiïmodj; mjikafka fiakdr;ak rcqf.a fcHIaG ifydaorhdg isá l=udrjreka
fiakdr;ak rcq úiska Ndr.;a njh' tfy;a tu ixLHdj flf;la o hkak i|yka lr
fkdue;'35 ;;ald,Sk f,aLlfhla jQ zrefíreZ36 mjikafka fudyqg tla mqf;la muKla
isá nj;a Tyqf.a wl,a urKh iïnkaOfhka fodak le;ßkd fiakdr;ak rcq iel fldg
thska fYdalS ;;ajhg m;a j frda. ù weh o wjqreÿ 35 § ñh.sh njh' tfia u
uydjxifhys yd rdcdj,sfhys fiakdr;ak rcq meúÈ jQfjl= f,i y÷kajd we;s w;r Tyq
WmeúÈ fldg rdcH Ndr ÿka nj o i|yka fjhss'37 fu;=ud úu,O¾uiQ¾h rcqf.a l=vd
uEKshkaf.a mq;a l=urejdh'

fudyq fodak le;ßkd újdy lrf.k isá w;r weh tla mqf;la jeÿjdh' Tyqf.a
ku foaúrdcisxy kï úh'38 by;ska i|yka l< refíre kï f,aLlhd we;eï úg
mjikjd we;af;a fulS mq;a l=udrejd úh yelsh' tfy;a fiakdr;ak rcq úiska urjk
,oafoa úu,O¾uiQ¾h rcqf.a jeäuy,a mq;Kqjka hehs i|yka ùfuka fuu m%ldY .eg¨
iy.; jkafkah' refíre uy;df.a m%ldYh fuu rc;=ud isá ld,hg wdikak ld,hl
flfrk m%ldYhla ksid fkdi,ld yeÍug o fkdyelsh'

fiakdr;ak rcqf.a ld,fha ,laÈj jeä ÈhqKqjla olakg fkd,efnkafka fï ld,h

jkúg mD;=.SiSkaf.a wdl%uK oeä jQ ksidh' Tjqkaf.a uy fikam;sfhl= jQ fldia;ka;skq
o idf.a hqoaO fufyhqu lkao Wvrg rdcOdkshg t,a, jQ ìysiqKq u ;¾ckhla úh' Tyq
jrla fixlv.,g wjq;a k.rh .sksn;a lrk wjia:dfõ rcq wdrCIdj i|yd k.rh
yerf.dia y`.=rkafl; Èh;s,l k.rh f.dv k`.d th ;udf.a fCIau N=ñh jYfhka
;ndf.k we;' Tyqf.a w. ìij;a" foaúrdcisxy l=urejkq;a" úu,O¾uiQ¾h rcqf.a mq;a
l=urejka fofokd;a W!fõ uyshx.Khg hjd ;sfí' fodak l;ßkd Tyqf.a ìij jqj;a
iHdfudiïmodjf;ys39 i|yka jkafka W!j m%foaYhg heõ w. ìij ìfida nKavdr jk
njh' th i;H m%ldYhla fia ie,lsh yelafla by;ska i|yka l< wkaoug fodak l;sßkd
ìij wjqreÿ 35 § ñh.sh ksidfjks'
 by; lS ìfida nKavdr w. fufyishg Wmka l=urd miq lf,l ii rdcisxy ^l%s' j'
1634 - 1684& kñka rdcHhg m;a jQ nj i|yka fõ'40 we;eï ;efkl fudyqf.a rdcH j¾Ih
l%s' j' 1634 -1687 hkqfjka i|yka fõ'41 rdcdj,sfhys i|yka jkafka fudyq Ylj¾I
tlaoyia yhiSh oy y;f¾ § ñh mrf<dj .sh njh' tkï l%s' j' 1692 § úh hq;=h'
uydjxifhys i|yka jkafka fudyq j¾I 52 lg jeä ld,hla rdcH f.k .sh njh' tkï
ls%' j' 1635 - 1687 olajd ld,hhs' ukaodrïmqr mqjf;ys i|yka jkafka fudyq nq' j' 2170 §
isyiqkg meñKs njh' fuhska l%s' j' fidhd .ekSug j¾I 543 la wvql< hq;=h' túg
tkafka 1627 hs' tfiau ñh.sh j¾Ih f,i olajkafka nq' j' 2222 hkqfjks' tkï( ls%' j'
1689 hkakhs'42 ta wkqj fuu u;h ms<s.; yelsh' ukaoh;a b;sydi .%ka: w;ßka ukaodrï
mqr mqj; rpkd ù we;sf;a rdcisxy rcqf.a wNdjfhka úis;=ka fjks j¾Ifha § ùu ksidh'

Tyqg rdcH ysñùug fya;= jQfha Tyqf.a jeäuy,a ifydaorjreka m%;sld¨ka úiska
fofjks jr;a fixlv.,g wjq;a Tjqka lmd fldgd urd oeuQ ksidh'43 tfy;a
uydjxifhys44 yd iHfudamimodjf;ys45 i|yka jkafka fiakdr;ak rc;=ud l=udrisxy
kï jQ jeä uy,a mq;=g W!j m%foaYh;a" úchmd,g ud;f,a m%foaYh;a" rdcisxyg lkao
Wvrg;a Ndrÿka njh' fuu m%foaY Ndr§u ms<sn| j frdnÜ fkdlaiaf.a lD;sfhys wmQre
l:d mqj;la ths' tys i|yka jk wkaoug fikr;a rcqg Wjukd jQfha ;ukaf.ka miq
lkao Wvrg md,lhd yeáhg rdcisxy l=ure f;dardm;a lr .ekSuh' ta i|yd l=im;a
we§fï l%uh wkq.ukh lrñka rcq ljqrekao@ hkak ;Skaÿ lf<ah' m%foaY ;=fkys kï
,shd zlkao WvrgZ hk kï we;s fld<h ta ms<sn| j okakd weu;sfhl= ,jd rdcisxy
l=udrhdg .ekSug ie,eiaùh'46 fujeks Wml%ulska tl< mej;s m%Odk rdcOdksh rdcisxy
l=urejdg fokakg we;af;a fudyq ùr rK Y+rfhla jYfhka isá ksid úh yelsh' th tla
jr u isÿ l< fkdyels jQfha wfkla l=urejka fofokd fudyqg jvd jeäuy,a jQ ksidh'
fikr;a rcqf.a fuu l,amkdj ksid ,laÈj tlafiai;a ùula olakg ,eìK'

fiakdr;ak rc;=udf.a wNdjfhka miq lkao Wvrg md,lhd jQ rdcisxy rcqf.a

ld,fha mD;=.SiSkaf.ka rg uqojd .ekSu i|yd jeä ld¾h Ndrhla bgq lsÍug fï rcqg
isÿúh' fudyq rclug m;aùug m%:u isg u mD;=.SiSka yd hqo lf<ah' fiakdr;ak rcqf.a
ld,fha by;ska i|yka jQ fodka fldia;ka;Syq W!fõ m%foaYhg hqo msKsi wfjdah' tys §
W!fõ lkafoam,af,a je,a,jdfha rkafoKs fjf,a§ we;s jQ oreKq hqoaOfha§ Tyq yd Tyqf.a
fiakdfõ jeä m%udKhla ñh .sfhdah' fuu igfkys isxy, fiakdfõ kdhl;ajh oerefõ
oyih yeúßÈ úfha miq jQ rdcisxy l=udrhdh' miqlf,l rdcisy rcq rdcH úpdrK iufha
mD;=.SiSka Wvrgg wdfõ my; rg isxy, ñksiqkf.a o Woõ Wmldr we;sjh' tu hqoaOh
.kafkdare fjf<a § isÿ jQ w;r fuysÈ my; ráka wd isxy, fiakdj kej; tu m%foaYhg
u msgqjy,a fldg m%;sld¨ka úkdYhg m;a lf<ah'47 fuhska fmfkkafka tod isxy,
kdhlhkaf.a cd;sl iu.shhs'

fufia rg ;=< isá mD;=.SiSka úkdYhg m;a l<;a" uqyqÿ m%foaYfha isá mD;=.SiSka
úkdY lsÍug rdcisxy rcqg fkdyels úh' thg fya;= jkakg we;af;a rdcisxy rcqg uqyqfoa
f.dia hqo lrkakg wjYH lrk keõ wdÈh fkd;sîu ksid úh yelsh' fudjqyq fufia
isáñka ukakdru m%foaYfha ;ukaf.a ñIkdÍ ls%hd ms<sfj;a ta whqßka u isÿ lrñka ld,h
.; l<y' fï ksid rdcisxy rcqg Tjqka m<jd yeÍu i|yd úfoaY wOdr me;Sug isÿ úh' ta
wkqj Tyq ´,kaohg ,smshla hjd ,kafoaiSka furgg f.kajk ,È'48 fuh zzb`.=re § ñßia
.ekSulaZZ n÷ úh' flfia kuq;a ta meñKs ,kafoaiSka iu`. ñ;=re ù mD;=.SiSka m<jd
yeÍug wjYH lrk jgmsgdj rdcisxy rcq úiska isÿ lrk ,È'49 ,kafoaiSyq ;%sl=Kdu,h"
ó.uqj" .d,a, yd wjika jrg fld<U o w,a,d .;ay' ,xldfõ /§ isàug fkdyels jQ
mD;=.SiSyq wjidkfhys fuf;la l,a ;uka md,kh l< fld<U we;=¿ m%foaY ,kafoaiSkag
u Ndr § msgj .shy' fuh isÿ jQfha Ylj¾I tlajdoyia mkaish ye;a;E wfÜ § nj
rdcdj,sh olajhs'50

rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha § mD;=.SiSka m<jd yeÍug lghq;= l< kuq;a Tyqf.ka
Ydiksl jYfhka fyda wd.ñl jYfhka fiajdjla isÿ fkd jQ nj uykqjr md,s idys;H
kï lD;sfha i|yka fõ' tfia u tys i|yka jk wkaoug ls%' j' 1646 § uykqjr wei<
fmryer mjd meje;aùu k;r lsÍug lghq;= isÿ l< i|yka fõ' tfia u fudyq
,kafoaiSka f.kajd .;a ksid Tjqka iu`. tlaj rg iduldó wkaoñka mj;ajdf.k .sh
njla i|yka fõ'51 we;ï úg fudyq fujeks m%ldYhla lrkq we;af;a fu;=ud Ydiksl
jYfhka fjfyr úydr fkdl< nj úh yelsh' tfia u wOHdmksl jYfhka o lsisÿ
fiajdjla isÿ lsÍug fu;=udg fkdyels jQ jd hehs úh yelsh'

tfy;a uydjxifhys i|yka jkafka fu;=ud úiska fndfyda mskalï wdÈh isÿl<
njh' tu mska lï w;r o<od jykafiag mQcd l< .ï fl;a ms<sn| j mjd úia;r ths' 52
tfia u iHdfudamiïmodjf;ys o fï rc;=ud ms<sn| j §¾> úia;rhla ths' tys o i|yka
jkafka fu;=ud o<od jykafiag rka rejka wdÈh muKla fkdj by;ska i|yka jQ wkaoug
.ï fl;a wdÈh o mQcd l< njh' fuu fya;=ka ksid wmg f.dv ke.sh yels u;hla
jkafka rdcdj,sfhys ÿgq.euqKq" uyd mrdl%undyq" úchndyq" j<.ïnd jeks rcjreka fuka
fudyq o ,la b;sydifhys ùr pß;hla jk njh'
 fu;=udf.a ld,fha isÿ jQ ;j;a úfYaI isÿùula jkafka 1658 § frdnÜ fkdlaia kï
f,aLlhdf.a iïm%dma;shhs' fudyq ,laÈjg wd ieá yd ,laÈjg meñKs miq isrlrefjl= jQ
ieá;a Tyq úiska rpkd lrk ,o AN HISTORICAL RELATION OF THE ISLAND OF
CEYLON keue;s lD;sfhka fmkajd fohs' fuys isxy, mßj¾;kh jkafka zztod fy<ÈjZZ
hkakhs' fuu .%ka:fhys Tyq úiska ,laÈj mej;s foaYmd,ksl" wd¾Ól" idudðl f;dr;=re
fuka u Ydiksl f;dr;=re o wka;¾.; fldg ;sfí'53

rdcisxy rcqf.ka miq ,laÈj rdcHhg m;a jQfha Tyq mq;a ii úu,O¾uiQ¾h ^l%s' j'
1684 - 1706& rc;=udh' fudyqf.a ld,fha rg iduldñ wkaoñka mej;=Ks' rcq iduodk
mqoa.,fhla jQ ksid rg ;=< lsisÿ l,flda,dy,hla fkdmej;=Ks' ,kafoaiSka uqyqÿ nv
m%foaYj, isg Tjqkaf.a n,h mj;ajdf.k .sh kuq;a rfÜ wNHka;rhg lsisÿ ydkshla
fkd lf<ah' Tjqka úiska mD;=.SiSka m<jd yer w,a,d .kakd ,o i;r fldar<h" i;a
fldar<h" ;=ka fldar<h" fldf<dkak fldar<h yd mdku m;a;=j hk Èidjka mjd rcqg
Ndr §ug ;rï ldreKsl úh' tfia u ,la rdcHhg m;a úu,O¾uiQ¾h rcqg iqN me;Su
i|yd lemagka we,sfndiaf.a kdhl;ajh hgf;a ,kafoaiS yd isxy, ks,OdÍkaf.ka msßila
lkao Wvrg m%foaYhg hejQ nj o i|yka fõ'54 ta wkqj mD.=.SiSka ,laÈj w,ajd .ekSfuka
miq rg jeishd ksoyia f,i ld,h .;l< ld,jljdkqjla jYfhka fï ld,h y÷kajd
Èh yelsh' óg m%Odk fya;=jla jkakg we;af;a rdcisxy rcq ;u mq;=g urKdikak
fudfydf;a ´,kaolaldrhka iu`. iudodkfhka isák f,i wjjdo l< ksid úh yelsh'55

uyqkjr hq.fha md,s idys;H lD;sh olajkafka fï ld,jljdkqfõ t;rï Ydiksl

m%fndaOhla we;s fkdjqKq njh'56 tfy;a b;sydi .%ka: wOHhk lsÍfï§ fudyqf.a ld,fha
Ydiksl ÈhqKqjla we;s jQfha hehs fmkajd Èh yelsh' fuhska m%Odk jYfhka uydjxih57
iHdfudmiïmodj;58 hk merKs b;sydi .%ka: fuka u Ydiksl b;sydih ms<sn| j
i|yka j¾;udk lD;shl59 o fï f;dr;=re úia;r flÍ we;s' tajdfhys i|yka jk
wkaoug fu;=ud uq,ska u fouy,a m%didohla jQ o<od ukaÈrh ;=kauy,a m%didohla fldg
m%;sixialrKh lf<ah' m<uq úu,O¾uiQ¾h rcqf.a ld,fha fuka fï rcqf.a ld,fha o
tlÿ Wmimka NsCIQka jykafia kula fidhd .ekSug fkdyels jQ ksid rlaLx. foaYhg
isjqre msßlr wdÈ Y%uK idremHhg .e,fmk oE hjd ,laÈjg Wmiïmodj f.kajk ,È'
tys§ ika;dk ia:úrh" f,dalrd.mq.a.,S ia:úrh hk fok u jvïujd uykqjr
mqIamdrdufha jev ys÷jd .egfò f;dfܧ u NsCIQka jykafia,d ;siakula Wmiïmod fldg
l=, orejka tlish úis fofkla meúÈ lrjd isõ mifhka Wmia:dk lsÍu wdÈ Ydiksl
jYfhka ;ukaf.ka bgq úh hq;= fiajdj isÿ fldg we;'60
 óg wu;r j o<od jykafia Wfoid ;=ka uy,a m%idoh bÈ lsÍfuka wk;=rej ߧ
úismkaoyilska hq;a lr`vqjla lrjd rka wdf,am fldg o<od jykafia tys ;ekam;a fldg
rka ߧ" uq;= ueKsla wdÈh fuka u fl;a j;=" we;a" wia" .j" uysI wdÈ fkdfhla i;ajfhda
mQcd lr ;sfí'61

fojk úu,O¾uiQ¾h rcqf.ka miqj rdcHhg m;a jQfha ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy ^l%s'
j' 1707 - 1739& rc;=ud h' fudyq l=Kavidf,a l=udrhd hkqfjka o m%isoaêh' 62 Bg fya;=
jQfha fu;=ud l=Kavidf,a m%foaYh Wmk.rhla jYfhka ixj¾Okh l< ksidh' fuu
rc;=udf.a ld,fha § o rg iduldó j mej;s w;r ,kafoaiSka úiska isÿ l< lsisÿ
l%shdjlg tfrys j ke.S isàug fkd .sfhah' rgg fuka u iïnqoaO idikhg l%sia;shdks
ñIkdÍkaf.ka t,a, jQ ;¾ck flfrys lsisÿ fidhd ne,Sula isÿ fldg ke;' thg fya;=
jQfha fu;=ud úfkdaoldó mqoa.,fhla jYfhka ld,h .; l< ksidh' 63 tfy;a oka;
Od;+ka Wfoid isÿ l< hq;= j;dj;a Èkm;d u isÿ lsÍu fudyqf.a w;ska isÿ úh' o<od
ukaÈrfha uy,a foll cd;l l:d ;sia folla f;dardf.k tu cdl; l:djka Ñ;%hg
k`.d we;'64 nqoaO Ydikh flfrys we¨Kq is;a we;s ksid YS% mdoia:dkhg f.dia i;shla
uq¿,af,a uy;a mqo mQcd o mj;ajd we;' tfia u ,laÈj fkdfhla fjfyr úydrhkays l=ÿ
uy;a lghq;= ms<sn| j fidhd n,d tajdg wjYH lrk ishq¨ oE iïmQ¾K lr ;sfí'

je,súg YS% irKxlr ix>rdfcda;a;uhdKka jev isáfha o fu;=udf.a ld,fha § h'

Wkajykafia ,jd fkdfhla fmd;a m;a ,shjd .ekSu i|yd wkq.%yh o olajd ;sfí' fï
ms<sn| j úia;rhla bÈßfha § idlÉPd flf¾' ful< o ,laÈj .Kskakdkafia,d hkqfjka
ye|ka jQ NsCIq msßila isá ksid ishï foaYfhka Wmiïmodj /f.k taug irKxlr
ysñhka fu;=udf.a wkq.%yh b,aÆ wjia:fõ Bg iyfhda.h olajd fkdue;' miq lf,l
is,aj;a iud.ula msysgqjd idikh wdrCId lsÍfï ld¾hfha fh§ isá irKxlr ysñhka
we;=¨ NsCIQka jykafia,dg iqÿ frÈlvla n¢k f,ig ksfhda. lf<ah' tfia lf<a tu
iud.ug whs;s NsCIQka fjk fjk u y÷kd .ekSug h' tfy;a fudyq ñh hdug fmr
irKxlr ysñhkaf.ka iudj wheo Wkajykafiag zrdc.=reZ hk f.!rj kduh o
msßkeóh'65

nqoaO idikh flfrys oela jQ we;eï wldreKsl nj ksid fudyq ms<sn| j rg

jeishd ;=< jeä leue;a;la fudyqg ;sfnkakg ke;ehs is;sh yelsh' fudyq ldufNd.S
Ôú;hla .; l<;a fudyqf.ka miq rdcHhg Wreulï lshkakg mq;a l=urefjla o fkdùh'
tuksid u fudyqf.ka miqj ,la b;sydifhys j¾I fooyia ;=ishhla muK ld,
mßÉfþohla uq¿,af,a mej;f.k wd isxy, rdc kdudj,sh wjika fjhs'

1
wdá.," ksl,ia" ,xld úYajúoHd,fha ,xld b;sydih" ms' 643'
2 L.S. Dewaraja, The Kandiyan Kindom of Sri Lanka 1707-1782, Colombo Lake House Investments LTD
Book Publishers, Colombo, (Second Revised Ed.) 1988,

3
rdcr;akdlrh" ^ixia'& lreKdodi rEmisxy" ms' 122 - 132'
4
u' j'" mß' 90" .d' 6 -33" ms' 581 - 583'
5
iHdfudmiïmodj;' ^ixia'& yx.uqfõ isrs r;kd,xldr ysñ" ms' 44'
6
mshfiak' ta' Ô' uykqjr hq.fha md,s idys;Hh" ms' 2'
7
isß iqux., ysñ" uä;shfj," md,s isxy, YíofldaIh" ms' 309'
8
isß iqux., ysñ" uä;shfj," md,s isxy, YíofldaIh" ms' 394'

9 u,aj;= rdcdj,sh mqiafld< fmd;" we;=,a.u mxi,- u,aj;= uyd úydrh" zldZ m;a brej'

Rajavaliya Ed. Rev. Wayuwatte Pemananda Bhikkhu. Ratanakara Book Depot Colombo. 1959. P88.
10
rdcr;akdlrh" ^ixia'& lreKdodi rEmisxy" ms' 135'
11
rdcdj,sh" ^ixia'& ta' ù' iqrùr" ms' 230'
12
rdcdj,sh" ^ixia'& ta' ù' iqrùr" ms' 230'
13
ikakia.," mqxÑnKavdr" isxy, idys;H jxYh" ms' 335'
14
o is,ajd" ihsfudka" ,xld l:dj" ms' 111'
15
mrx.s hq.fha fy<Èj" ^ixia'& ã' mS' fmdkakïfmreu" ms' 97'
16
u,,fialr" Ô' mS' ,xld md,s idys;H" ms' 202'
17
rdcdj,sh" ^ixia'& ta' ù' iqrùr" ms' 239'
18
-tu-" ms' 245 - 246'
19
ikakia.," mqxÑnKavdr" isxy, idys;H jxYh" ms' 360'
20
u' j'" mß' 92" .d' 11 -14" ms' 586'
21
iHdfudmiïmodj;' ^ixia'& yx.uqfõ isrs r;kd,xldr ysñ" ms' 46'
22
u' j'" mß' 92" .d' 15 -21" ms' 586'
23
ukaodrïmqr mqj;" ^ixia'& ,nq.u ,xldkkao ysñ" 152 lúh ms'
24
-tu- 153 lúh
25
-tu- 153 lúh
26
ikakia.," mqxÑnKavdr" isxy, idys;H jxYh" ms' 356'
27
iqukidr ysñ" lr.ïmsáf.dv" fy<Èj rdcH j¾I úu¾Y" ms' 140'
28
rdcdj,sh" ^ixia'& ta' ù' iqrùr" ms' 250'
29
rdcdj,sh" ^ixia'& ta' ù' iqrùr" ms' 120'
30
u,,fialr" Ô' mS' ,xld md,s idys;H" ms' 203'
31
u' j'" mß' 93" .d' 3" ms' 587'
32
rdcdj,sh" ^ixia'& ta' ù' iqrùr" ms' 249'
33
rdcdj,sh" ^ixia'& ta' ù' iqrùr" ms' 249'
34
o is,ajd" ihsfudka" ,xld l:dj" ms' 115'
35
iHdfudmiïmodj;' ^ixia'& yx.uqfõ isrs r;kd,xldr ysñ" ms' 47'
36
cqjdï refíre b;sydi{fhls' uq,a ld,fha mD;=.SiS hqo fiakdfõ isá flfkls' 1622 È ,sianka kqjr È
Wm; ,enQ fudyq 1942 § mD;=.SiS yuqodjg ne£ we;' miqj ,laÈj § ,kafoaiSkag tfrys j mej;s hqoaOfha §
o finf,la jYfhka isg we;s w;r 1668 § iamd[a[hg tfrysj mej;s hqoaOfha§ o hqo je§ miqj úY%du
f.dia we;' 1668 § khsÜjrfhl= jYfhka m;a flreKq fudyq bkamiq mEk w;g f.k f,aLlfhla
jYfhka lghq;= lr we;' Tyq úiska rpkd lrk ,o úYsIag lD;sh jkafka zz*d;,S o fo ysiafkdßld od
b,a.d fo is,dxZZ ^fy<Èj ft;sydisl fÄojdplh& hkakhs'
mrx.s hq.fha fy<Èj" ^ixia'& ã' mS' fmdkakïfmreu" ms' 7-9'
37
rdcdj,sh" ^ixia'& ta' ù' iqrùr" ms' 248'
38
rdcdj,sh" ^ixia'& ta' ù' iqrùr" ms' 249'
39
iHdfudmiïmodj;' ^ixia'& yx.uqfõ isrs r;kd,xldr ysñ" ms' 48'
40
ikakia.," mqxÑnKavdr" isxy, idys;H jxYh" ms' 356'
41
O¾ulS¾;s ysñ" ksjkaou" Ydiksl b;sydih" ms' 161'
42
ukaodrïmqr mqj;" ^ixia'& ,nq.u ,xldkkao ysñ" 309 -390 lú ms'
43
rdcdj,sh" ^ixia'& ta' ù' iqrùr" ms' 250'
44
u' j'" mß' 93" .d' 22-23" ms' 588'
45
iHdfudmiïmodj;' ^ixia'& yx.uqfõ isrs r;kd,xldr ysñ" ms' 48'
46
lreKdr;ak" fâúâ" tod fy< Èj" ms' 125-126'
47
rdcdj,sh" ^ixia'& ta' ù' iqrùr" ms' 250'
48
u' j'" mß' 94" .d' 26-27" ms' 590'
49
iqukidr ysñ" lr.ïmsáf.dv" fy<Èj rdcH j¾I úu¾Y" ms' 143'
50
rdcdj,sh" ^ixia'& ta' ù' iqrùr" ms' 251'
51
mshfiak' ta' Ô' uykqjr hq.fha md,s idys;Hh" ms' 3'
52
u' j'" mß' 94" .d' 39" ms' 591'
53
lreKdr;ak" fâúâ" tod fy< Èj"
54
Y%S ,xldfõ b;sydih" ;=kajk fldgi" ms' 152'
55
o is,ajd" ihsfudka" ,xld l:dj" ms' 132'
56
mshfiak' ta' Ô' uykqjr hq.fha md,s idys;Hh" ms' 4'
57
u' j'" mß' 95" .d' 4 - 64" ms' 592 - 596'
58
iHdfudmiïmodj;' ^ixia'& yx.uqfõ isrs r;kd,xldr ysñ" ms' 50'
59
O¾ulS¾;s ysñ" ksjkaou" Ydiksl b;sydih" ms' 161'
60
u' j'" mß' 95" .d' 10 - 15" ms' 592 -593'
61
u' j'" mß' 95" .d' 5 - 15" ms' 592'
62
o is,ajd" ihsfudka" ,xld l:dj" ms' 132'
ikakia.," mqxÑnKavdr" isxy, idys;H jxYh" ms' 437'
63
wfíisxy" mS' tï" mS' Wvrg ú;a;s" ms' 27'
64
u' j'" mß' 95" .d' 40 - 45" ms' 595'
65
mQð; Ôú;" fojk fj¿u" je,súg irKxlr ysñ ^,smshls& ms' 7'