EHS Bevington-2013

ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSITIVITY AND ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY 1
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ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSITIVITY
AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY
(ALSO KNOWN AS
ASTHENIC SYNDROME,
EMF INTOLERANCE SYNDROME,
IDIOPATHIC ENVIRONMENTAL INTOLERANCE - EMF,
MICROWAVE SYNDROME,
RADIO WAVE SICKNESS)
_
A SUMMARY
_
Michael Bevington
NEW EDITION
CAPABILITY BOOKS
2 ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSITIVITY AND ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY
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Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity is categorised as a multisymptomatic ‘el-allergy’ in the Nordic

classification of 2000 (R.68.8). Its symptoms are ‘certainly real’ and it can be a ‘disabling
condition’ (W.H.O., 2005). It was first recorded in the mid 20th-century as an occupational
illness, but it has now spread into the general population through environmental exposure
from increasing levels of electro-magnetic fields and radiation. This Summary covers current
research on this syndrome, covering EM Sensitivity and EM Hypersensitivity. It includes tables
of symptoms, EMF sources and exposure guidelines, along with references to scientific studies.
This New Edition adds updates, international doctors’ protocols, aspects of quantum biology,
evidence for sensitivity in animals and plants, case studies, disability issues and human rights.
Following sensitisation, Michael Bevington, a trustee of the charity ElectroSensitivity UK, found
few doctors with the range of knowledge to give full help. This Summary aims to meet that
need and to help the growing number of people who have become sensitised to EMFs and EMR.
This Summary is dedicated to all ES and EHS sufferers,

especially those who have lost family, friends, homes or jobs through their illness,
and to all doctors and scientists trying to help them.
Recent developments in the scientific understanding ES and EHS have led to differing views in several
areas. In addition, the varied experiences and symptomatology of each sufferer make a consensus
difficult on some individual aspects, such as treatments and shielding. This Summary, therefore, aims to
present a range of views on the grounds that they differ more in emphasis than in fundamentals.
Following the success of the first edition of 2010, this New Edition is enlarged with updates to mid
2012. These cover some of the increasingly rapid changes in the science and practical issues concerning
this growing health problem. I am grateful to Dr Andrew Tresidder for his introductory letter. The new
Appendices contain notes on general developments and practical changes as regards ES and EHS (pages
20-22) and additional medical evidence (23-28). Of practical importance are summaries of the diagnosis
and therapeutic protocols proposed by the Russian Centre for Electromagnetic Safety (29-30) and the
Austrian Medical Association’s Guidelines for EHS Treatments (31-32), along with notes on quantum
biology, negative ions and earthing, and sensitivity in animals and plants. There are also additional
sections with tables of typical exposures, biological and heating limits (47-48), shielding and measuring
devices, disability issues, key dates and a list of acronyms (55).
Comments on the first edition:

“A terrific primer explaining this condition - a summary of the science developed for physicians”
- Dr J. Mercola
“We encourage all to share the ES primer with their doctors, families, schools and government officials"
- Camilla Rees, co-author Public Health SOS: The Shadow Side of the Wireless Revolution
Copies (print ₤15 including postage and packing in the UK; pdf £10; any profits go to ES-UK)
are available from:
ElectroSensitivity UK, BM Box ES-UK, London, WC1N 3XX.
Registered charity no.: 1103018. Founded 2003.
Telephone helpline: 0845 643 9748. www.es-uk.info/
© M.J. Bevington, New edition 2013.

(First published 2010; reprinted 2010, 2011)
Capability Books, MK18 5EH, UK
ISBN: 978-1-872072-21-0
Printed by Catford Print Centre, London, SE6 2PN. Cover: Gordon Flavell
The contents of this book are not intended as medical advice; always consult a knowledgeable doctor.
Although care has been taken, the publisher and author are not responsible for any errors or omissions.
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ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSITIVITY AND

ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY
A SUMMARY
NEW EDITION
CONTENTS page
Foreword: for GPs 4
Introduction: letter by NHS doctor 5
1 Overview 7
2 Symptoms 8
3 Sources of electromagnetic exposure and symptom risk 9
4 Classification and diagnosis 10
5 Treatment 11
6 Epidemiology, prevalence and subjective provocation studies 12
7 Prognosis and developmental stages 13
8 Sub-thermal and direct or indirect biological mechanisms 14
9 Disease associations, susceptibility and sensitisation 15
10 History and nomenclature 16
11 International guidelines and sensitivity thresholds 17
12 BioInitiative Report, ICEMS, IEMFC, EU etc. 18
APPENDEX 1 Updates to mid 2012 19
A. Practical developments to 2012 20
(i) Regulatory, general; (ii) Regulatory, EHS
B. Non-thermal effects 23
(i) General non-thermal effects; (ii) Base stations, Mobile phones, Wi-Fi,
Wireless Smart Meters, Microwaves, ELF, CFLs; (iii) Photobiology;
(iv) General adverse non-thermal effects; (v) Positive non-thermal effects
C. Medical evidence for EHS 27
(i) Sensitivity/Intolerance illnesses; (ii) Medical markers for EHS;
(iii) Magnetoreception, the ANS and Aurora Disturbance Sensitivity
D. EHS treatment: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Protocols 29
(i) Centre for Electromagnetic Safety: Diagnostic & Therapeutic Protocols;
(ii) Austrian Medical Ass.: Guidelines; (iii) Other tests: Dr Havas, TOVA, PTH
E. 1. Inflammation, 2. Negative ions, 3. Schumann Resonance,
4. Earthing, 5. Body Voltage 33
F. 1. Information Bio-Systems, 2. Quantum Biology, 3. Qu. Signalling 37
G. Electromagnetic sensitivity: 1. Animals, 2. Plants 43
H. Tables: Exposure Levels, Biological and Heating Limits 47
I. Common sources of EM Fields and Radiation 49
J. Shielding, Protection and Measurements 50
K. Case Studies 51
L. Functional Impairment, Disability Issues and Human Rights 52
M. Key Dates: Scientific Discoveries and Regulation 54
APPENDIX 2 Acronyms and Glossary 55
References 56-112
The references provided are not exhaustive; they are intended to illustrate some of the areas of research into the
health effects of electromagnetic radiation. Some references are repeated for ease of use.
The PMID reference number allows easy access to the abstract on the PMID website.
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FOREWORD
ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSITIVITY AND ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY:
PRACTICAL AND COST IMPLICATIONS

FOR
GENERAL PRACTIONERS AND
THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE
A. Benefits of prompt ES and EHS diagnosis (R.68.8: Electromagnetic

Hypersensitivity or Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance – EMF)
1 Number and frequency of patient visits
Chronic adverse symptoms are increasingly reported in the developed world, absorbing
GPs’ time and financial resources, often to little effect. This is especially so where ES
and EHS symptoms are various, severe and prolonged and diagnosis is delayed. There
can be some similar causality between EHS and ME/CFS, MCS, fibromyalgia etc..
2 Tests
Such patients require numerous tests, e.g. blood and MRI, to eliminate other possible
conditions. Use of a specific ES/EHS test can create considerable savings.
3 Referrals
If a person suffering from ES and EHS can be diagnosed without referral to a
neurological consultant or psychologist, there could be savings to the NHS.
B. Benefits of prompt protection or shielding for ES and EHS patients

1 Delay and increasing symptomatology
If there is a delay in protecting or shielding people suffering ES and EHS from the
source of EMR which is producing their symptoms, the symptoms are likely to become
more frequent, more severe, wider ranging and triggered by a greater number of
frequencies and types of EMR. This in turn will increase the load on GPs.
2 Cost effective protection
Where protection can be provided by simple instructions from the doctor to the patient,
symptoms can be eliminated at no cost to the NHS. Such instructions could be to
replace a cordless DECT telephone with a wired or ‘Orchid’ model, to use a wired
landline telephone in place of a mobile phone, or to replace a wireless internet router
with dLAN plugs on the house wiring, although these too can cause some problems.
C. Benefits of appropriate advice

1 Avoiding ES and EHS
The use of suitable advisory posters and leaflets within a local practice can substantially
reduce the likelihood of sensitisation to EMFs for most people if they follow the advice.
2 Improvement in related aspects of health care
Studies suggesting that EMR exposure may be associated with increased incidences or
exacerbation of other allergies, skin complaints, neurological illnesses, cancers, autism
and type 1 diabetes, could indicate that appropriate advice in reducing EMR exposure
may bring substantial cost benefits in other areas of health care too. More than half of
all illnesses can be classified as environmental rather than genetic and EMFs, along with
chemicals, are today’s main environmental pollutants and epigenetic triggers. Some
doctors report that 80% of ill health is caused or increased by EM exposure.
D. Recognition of effects of EHS

EHS as a functional disability
The recognition of EHS as a functional disability or ‘disabling problem’ (WHO) could
enhance significantly the well-being and life-style of those suffering seriously from EHS.
It would also ensure full compliance with the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities of 2007 and thus avoid any potential future liabilities.
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INTRODUCTION
LETTER BY NHS DOCTOR
From: Dr Andrew Tresidder MB BS MRCGP Cert Med Ed
January 2012
Open letter to GP and other Medical Colleagues
Dear Colleague,
Electrosensitivity / Electromagnetic Sensitivity
This is probably being passed to you by one of your patients, for informational purposes.
Thank you for spending a few moments to read it. I write as a medical colleague, trained at
Guy’s Hospital, and a Somerset GP since 1989. I have served on our Somerset Local Medical
Committee, and currently am a GP Patient Safety Lead at NHS Somerset, a GP Appraiser and
teacher of medical students. My particular interest is Health and Emotional Well Being,
including Physician Health.
Electrosensitivity is an invisible, but very real problem for many people, and manifests in many
ways. It is caused by the interaction of artificial electromagnetic fields with biological systems,
both from field effects from cables and appliances, and from transmission effects from
transmitting technology. Mechanisms are thought to include calcium efflux from cells,
interference with the blood-brain barrier, general sympathetic upregulation, and interference
with free radical pair recombination amongst others.
A number of my patients have symptoms and illnesses which have been caused by exposure to
electromagnetic fields, and which have been relieved by avoidance of the same fields.
Examples are a 22-year-old whose headaches and tiredness were abolished and sleep pattern
improved after moving her mobile phone on charge away from the bed, removing the mobile
from her body space by day, and switching off other electrics; a 78-year-old whose headaches
so concerned me that blood tests, an MRI and neurology opinion were sought (both normal) –
his symptoms disappeared after switching off his home Wi-Fi hub router and cordless phone; a
64-year-old very fit man who had noticed 4 months of decreased vitality and increased
irritability – both reversed after changing the wireless router to a wired one; a 40-year-old and
a 60-year-old whose headaches disappeared (one) and migraines substantially reduced (the
other) after removing cordless phones from the bedroom. Another adult has had tingling of
face and muzzle area, and loss of ability to speak and think fluently when near a Wi-Fi router,
whilst a child had a prolonged feverish illness for several weeks after a viral illness, which
coincidentally completely resolved when transmitting Wi-Fi, baby alarm and cordless phones
were removed from the house (ie failure to recover normally and rapidly from a viral illness).
Diagnosis in all of these cases is mainly on history, supported in some by the use of an
Electrosmog Detector.
Other symptoms that more sensitized people can develop include headaches, fatigue, poor
sleep patterns, altered sensation and tingling, irritation and rashes, earaches and
unsteadiness, confusion and difficulty in memory, aches and numbness, mood swings,
faintness, tremors and restless legs, and other sensitivities.
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I have observed all the above in patients that I have seen, and suspect that the problem is far
more widespread than is recognized. Please note, the above are all short term effects – the
jury will be out for some time on long term effects, though we already know the correlation
between EM fields and childhood leukaemia, whilst there is increasing evidence linking
dementia with EM Fields. During the Cold War microwaves were used as offensive tools to
cause ill health.
Because of my interest, I have become a trustee of the charity ES-UK (www.es-uk.info). This
has given me the opportunity to meet many people whose lives have become a misery
because of the severity of their problems, and who have had to take all sorts of measures to
avoid exposure to EM fields. I am convinced that this is very real, but under-recognized
problem. Regulatory and safety levels and information provided by the Health Protection
Agency and ICNIRP may be lagging the developments in research and the harms occurring.
Meanwhile the Council of Europe has recommended caution in the roll-out of transmitting
technologies (Wi-Fi etc), especially in schools and the World Health Organisation’s
International Agency for Research into Cancer has reclassed transmitting technologies as a
Class 2b possible carcinogen (instead of having no potential for harm). The UK Government
and industry are committed to the rollout of Smart Meters and Wi-Fi coverage without
appreciating the increasing number of people affected.
There is now a considerable amount of good scientific research on the matter world-wide, and
the area deserves urgent investigation – however, research always lags the appearance of the
problem in susceptible individuals – so we should all heed the precautionary principle advised
by Sir William Stewart of the Stewart Inquiry.
We are seeing a developing picture – possibly the patient who has asked you to read this is
one of the “canaries” in the coal mine (Canaries were used to detect carbon monoxide, dioxide
and methane, as they were affected before the miners were). The incidence is not certain, but
some reports show 3-5% moderately affected, less than 1% severely – but possibly 20%
slightly affected. I myself am moderately affected.
Treatment is problematic – but essentially includes avoidance of EM fields as much as possible,

as well as nutritional support, and antihistamines for rashes and irritation. It will certainly be a
developing field to help the many people affected.
It took a long time for adverse effects to be noted from tobacco, from lead in petrol, and from
asbestos – and the relevant industries were not exactly helpful in admitting the possibility of
any problems. Expect to see lots of lobbying that rubbishes the helpful factual information such
as on the many websites on this subject – even though Michael Bevington’s book alone has
hundreds of references.
Please take your patient seriously – you may be the first doctor in your area to diagnose and
support in this new field of illness – and you may have other patients who are helped – by you!
Thank you for reading this,
With good wishes,
Andrew Tresidder
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1 OVERVIEW
This document seeks to summarise aspects of current knowledge and research on human
sensitivity to electromagnetic radiation. This issue is important both for those who suffer from
sensitisation and for any wider implications as regards the rest of society.
• Since the 1970s thousands of people in industrialised countries have become sensitised
to environmental electromagnetic radiation, a condition known as electromagnetic
hypersensitivity (EHS). Until then EHS was limited to workers with high occupational
exposure to electromagnetic radiation. The number of new cases of environmental EHS
continues to rise. EHS is a condition which can disable sufferers from living normally.1
• In addition, studies show that 3-5% of many industrialised populations are now so
sensitised to electromagnetic radiation that they are aware of some adverse health
effects. This condition can be classified as conscious electromagnetic sensitivity.
• The syndrome of symptoms now known as “Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity” was first
described in 1932. Since then it has been given many other names, such as Radio Wave
Sickness, the Microwave Syndrome,2 Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance – EMF, the
Asthenic Syndrome, and Membrane Sensitivity Syndrome.
• In 2005 the World Health Organisation stated that the non-specific symptoms
characterizing electromagnetic-hypersensitivity are “certainly real”. The World Health
Organisation also stated that “Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity can be a disabling
problem for the affected individual”.3
• The three conditions of Electromagnetic Sensitivity, Electromagnetic
Hypersensitivity, and EMF Neurosis are distinct. They have a different pathology but
similar symptomatology. Some studies fail to distinguish them, leading to erroneous
conclusions in terms of prevalence and treatment. This summary is for ES and EHS.
• Adverse health effects from non-thermal electromagnetic radiation were first
observed in 1924. Although electromagnetic fields are now routinely used to repair
bone fractures and control Parkinson’s and MS, these fields, like those from radio, TV,
WiFi and mobile phone radiation, are too weak to heat tissue significantly. By the 1980s
most involved scientists accepted sub-thermal adverse health effects, but financial
pressures have prevented some governments from adopting biological safety limits.
Current developments
A Diagnosis (section 4)
EHS diagnosis is being developed in various laboratories based on a range of pathological tests
and markers. The basic diagnosis under the Nordic Council of Ministers, used since 2000, is
where ES symptoms are reduced by the removal of the EM source. A study in 2009 identified
people sensitive to FM radio and TV frequencies by measuring spontaneous hand movements.4
These frequencies are close to the maximum absorption of RF energy at 70-80 MHz for the
whole body resonance frequency of the average man.5 Subjective psychological provocation
tests remain disputed, mainly owing to inadequate definition, screening and procedures.
B Medical treatment and protocols (section 5)
Some EHS sufferers lack appropriate treatment if general practitioners are unaware of the
symptomatolgy of the condition and if neurological consultants lack experience in this area.6 7 8
9
Two factors are relevant: (i) the syndrome is multi-faceted and (ii) the understanding of
environmental electromagnetic-hypersensitivity has developed rapidly in the last five years,
especially in how EMF-induced cell membrane leakage can cascade a wide range of symptoms.
Promising new protocols are being developed in France, Germany, Russia and the USA.
C Reduction in exposure (section 11)
The only way (i) to prevent the onset of EHS and (ii) to make life tolerable for EHS sufferers is
for governments to adopt biological and chronic safety limits for electromagnetic exposure.
Since the 1950s some governments have adopted biological and chronic safety limits. Others,
however, such as the UK and US, have adopted only much higher thermal and acute shock
limits based on an average exposure over six minutes. The international BioInitiative Report of
2007 has helped develop understanding of the complex biological factors.
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2. SYMPTOMS
Many studies list symptoms from mobile phones and masts, radio and TV masts, and power
lines.10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Auditory Dermatological Musculoskeletal Ophthalmologic

earaches, brown ‘sun spots’, aches / numbness / eyelid tremors/‘tics’,
imbalance, crawling sensations, pain / prickling impaired vision,
lowered auditory dry skin, sensations in: irritating sensation,
threshold, facial flushing, bones, joints and pain / ‘gritty’ feeling,
tinnitus growths and lumps, muscles in: pressure behind eyes,
insect bites and ankles / arms / shiny eyes,
Cardiovascular stings, elbows / feet / hips smarting, dry eyes
altered heart rate, severe acne, legs / lower back /
chest pains, skin irritation, neck / pelvis Other physiological
cold extremities skin rashes, shoulders / wrists / abnormal
especially hands and skin tingling, cramp / tension in: menstruation,
feet, swelling of face/neck arms / legs / toes, brittle nails,
heart arrhythmias, muscle spasms, hair loss,
internal bleeding, Emotional muscular paralysis, itchy scalp,
lowered/raised blood anger, muscular weakness, metal redistribution,
pressure, anxiety attacks, pain in: thirst / dryness of
nosebleeds, crying, lips / jaws / teeth lips/tongue/eyes
shortness of breath, depression, with amalgam
thrombosis effects feeling out of control, fillings, Respiratory
irritability, restless legs, asthma,
Cognitive logorrhoea /verbosity, tremor and shaking bronchitis,
confusion, mood swings cough /throat
difficulty in learning Neurological irritation,
new things, Gastrointestinal faintness, dizziness, pneumonia,
incoherent talk altered appetite, ‘flu-like symptoms, sinusitis
(temporary or digestive problems, headaches,
permanent), flatulence, hyperactivity, Sensitisation
lack of concentration, food intolerances nausea, allergies,
short / long-term numbness, chemical sensitivity,
memory impairment, Genito-urinary sleep problems, light sensitivity,
spatial disorientation, smelly sweat / urine, tiredness noise sensitivity,
spoonerisms urinary / bowel smell sensitivity
urgency
NOTES ON SYMPTOMS
• Accumulation. Cumulative exposures can produce symptoms, making symptoms from
chronic exposure more difficult to recognise than from acute exposure.46
• Delay. Symptoms can be delayed after acute exposure for a few hours47 48 or even
days. This is said to become more common the longer the patient has been sensitised.
• Diurnal state. Symptoms vary according to the diurnal state of the person’s body. A
person’s own endogenous electromagnetic field often declines during the day.
• Duration. Individual symptoms can last for a short or long time. As a group symptoms
can become worse. They can fade after 2-12 months without EMR exposure.
• Frequencies. The sufferer may react first to a single frequency or source but later to
more (e.g. first to WiFi but later to mobile phones and power cables).
• Intensity. As the condition progresses the level of sensitivity can increase: a person
may first have pains from a phone next to the head but later from one at 3 metres.
• Ionising similarities. Studies indicate symptoms from exposure to electro-magnetic
(non-ionising) radiation are similar to those from radioactive (ionising) radiation.
• Severe reactions. Severe reactions can include paralysis, convulsions, seizures, loss
of consciousness and stroke, or they can exacerbate an existing medical condition.
• Variety. Individual variation in tissue/bone density, acidity, salt content, skin
conductivity, size etc. affect absorption.49 This may relate to the variety of symptoms.
Vibroacoustic disease (infrasound at <20Hz) produces some similar symptoms.50 51 52 53 54
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3. SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC EXPOSURE AND SYMPTOM RISK

There are individual risk studies.55 56 57 58 For total RF exposure, the most frequent risks are:
phone masts, mobile phones and DECT phones.59 60 MF exposure is highest at home.61
Higher Risk Lower Risk Risk for sensitised
depending on proximity and depending on proximity and depending on the sensitised
length of exposure length of exposure frequencies and other factors
Personal Personal Personal

mobile phones Bluetooth headset electric wrist watches,
mercury amalgam fillings,
Household Household metal-framed spectacles,
bedside mains radio alarm baby digital alarms, metal prostheses,
clocks, computer screen, other people retaining EMR,
DECT cordless phones, electric garage door motors, water exposed to EMR on skin
electric blanket switched on, electricity from some solar
fuse panels, panels, Household
old CRT TV monitors, hairdryers, compact fluorescent lights,
transformer chargers, some energy-saving bulbs, computer keyboard,
WiFi, blocks of flats: computer mouse,
wireless smart meters incoming main electric cable delivery signature devices,
dishwashers,
Neighbourhood Neighbourhood electric cookers,
mobile phone masts <400m, mobile phone masts >400m, fluorescent tubes,
overhead power cables, neighbours’ DECT phones, fridge electric motors,
Tetra masts, neighbours’ mobile phones, injet printers,
WiFi, office, neighbours’ WiFi, large fan electric heaters,
WiFi, school neighbours’ wireless smart metal-sprung mattresses,
meters, microwave detection sensors,
Area substations,
airfield radar microwave ovens,
underground power cables plasma TV monitors,
Occupational WiFi, hotel, shops satellite dishes,
aircraft crew, Area stereo speakers,
computer engineers, area WiFi, under-floor heating,
electric train / truck drivers, WiMAX, washing machines
electric welders, radio transmitters <2 Km,
electricity power workers, Neighbourhood
TV transmitters <2 Km, ambient mobile use, especially
military (offensive weapons, satellite broadcasts,
jamming equipment, radar) during rain or far from mast,
satellite communications electronic security detectors,
performers with radio mikes,
personnel under microwave Travel loop hearing systems,
surveillance, aircraft, radio frequencies on
plasma etchers, electric cars, wiring or power cables,
RF induction heat sealers, electric trains radio microphones,
radio/TV/phone mast road radar and celldar,
workers, some electric cars,
sewing machine workers, street lights
WiFi installers Area
aircraft ground radar
• Body movement through magnetic fields can induce electric eddies and symptoms.62
• Chemical pollution can be enhanced through synergistic effects from EMFs.63
• Dental amalgam and artificial metal joints can act as antennae and increase ES.
• ‘Electrosmog’ describes total environmental EMR. It can exceed guideline limits.64 65
• ‘Hotspots’ or intersection of several sources of transmission can increase radiation.
• Power cables can carry radio frequencies,66 and voltage transients (dirty electricity).67
• Rain and damp weather can make sensitivity worse, as can colder and denser air.
• Rain attenuation increases phone mast signals;68 69 especially in part of a cell still dry.
• Signal strength from mobiles varies, increasing with distance from masts.70 71 72 73
• Twisted cables can reduce magnetic fields.74
• Week-ends, with increased mobile phone usage, can have greater electrosmog.
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4. CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS

CLASSIFICATION OF EHS
Nordic Council of Ministers (2000): ICD-10.R68.8: “Electromagnetic intolerance” or “el-
allergy” is a multisymptomatic idiopathic environmental intolerance.75 (or ICD-10.Y68.8 for
occupational cases). Symptoms disappear in a non-electrical environment.
WHO (2005): EHS is characterized by a range of non-specific symptoms. A more general term
for sensitivity to environmental factors is Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance: IEI-EMF.76
DIAGNOSIS OF ES AND EHS

A. Association of symptoms with exposure to EMFs, from one or more of:
1. The patient’s association of symptoms with exposure to EMFs,
2. An observer’s association of the patient’s symptoms with exposure to EMFs,
3. The absence of any other diagnosis, where temporal factors can be significant:
(a) acute onset diagnosis: after acute exposure producing a sudden onset of symptoms.
(b) chronic exposure diagnosis: after the disappearance of symptoms caused by the
temporary removal of exposure, through equipment failure or absence from the source.
B. Physiological measurements
Spontaneous hand movements, from exposure to FM radio and digital TV frequencies.77
C. Pathological markers
1. Environmental bioregulation of the autonomic nervous system
Tests for the adaptability of the biosystem to pulsed high frequency EMFs and thus diagnosis of
electrosensitivity, its extent and pre-existing damage. In 3 phases, resting, exposure and
recovery, in a single blind test; exposure from a DECT phone at 1,000 µW/m² = 0.6 V/m.
(a) Heart rate variability and bandwidth (distance between ECG R-peaks, with spectral
analysis (FFT) to the base signal and its harmonics). EHS results: a lower HRV in the harmonic
frequencies. A limited resting HRV can show pre-existing and irreversible damage of the VNS.
(b) Microcirculation (Laser Doppler imaging at the earlobe). Results: microcirculation is
controlled by the VNS, thus showing bioregulation.
(c) Active electrical skin potentials (a sensor on the left lower arm) for stress and
blockages. (Dr. Lebrecht von Klitzing, Wiesenthal, Germany. www.umweltphysik.com)
2. Pulsed echo-doppler brain scan: a decrease in the pulsatility of several brain areas;
blood stress proteins increased; urinary melatonin decreased (in 50% of patients).
To identify 2 phases of the “EMF Intolerance Syndrome”: (a) headaches and neurological
problems, heart rhythm disturbances and concentration difficulties; (b) 3 chronic symptoms,
insomnia, fatigue and depression, sometimes with memory and behavioural problems,
irritability, aggression, and suicidal tendencies. (Professor Belpomme, France, and ARTAC)
3. Polyparametric. Tests with 3 types of EMF (50 Hz, modulated RF and unmodulated RF),
latent reaction periods, assessment of previous home and work EMF exposure, EEG, ECG,
blood analysis, psychological and physiological tests, assessments of the thyroid and adrenal
glands, and the brain alpha-rhythm. (Centre for Electromagnetic Safety, Moscow, 2009)
4. Lymphocyte chemical sensitivity. A blood test for lymphocyte sensitivity, against seven
common allergens (benzoate, burnt petrol exhaust, formaldehyde, metabisulphite, natural gas,
nickel, salicylate) before and after EMF exposure. Exposure to chemicals to which someone is
sensitive can increase calcium levels inside white blood cells which are further increased by
EMF exposure. Calcium displaces magnesium in the cell, interfering with ADP/ATP metabolism,
producing fatigue. (Dr John McClaren Howard, Acumen Laboratories, 2008.)
5. Neurochemical marker antibody evaluation may signify screen dermatitis.78
6. Skin conductance may indicate a greater likelihood of electrosensitivity.79
7. Photo-dermatology. Tests for skin sensitivity, rashes, tingling and prickling related to
photo-sensitivity to electromagnetic fields from lighting, daylight or computer screens.
(Dr Robert Sarkany, Photo Dermatology Department, St Thomas’s Hospital, London.)
D. Subjective testing
1. Applied kinesiology with EMFs as an allergen
Kinesiology uses muscle reaction to allergens80 and EMFs for EHS diagnosis and therapy.
2. Subjective provocation to specific frequencies of EMFs
The Miller Technique, based on provocation-neutralisation therapies, uses subjective clinical
tests with EMFs at the frequency and coherence to which a patient appears sensitive.81
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5. TREATMENT
Since the pathology of EHS is not fully understood, there is no single treatment. Thus, as with
most environmental pollution the primary treatment is avoidance of or protection from EMR.82
A. Principles: parasympathetic restoration after sympathetic arousal83 84 85 86 87
1. Triple intervention protocols: a) shielding, to prevent EMR-induced cell membrane
protective responses, b) restoring intercellular communication, using neurological rebalancing,
ion-channel opening, mitochondrial enhancement, interstitial cleaning and intracellular
detoxification, c) rebuilding cell membranes with, e.g., nutritionals, anti-oxidants and
supplements.88 Patient management depends on EMFs (The Safe Wireless Initiative, USA).89
2. Autonomic Response Testing (ART) based on bio-feedback through muscle tone changes
using resonance phenomenon along with markers (Dr Dietrich Klinghardt).90 91 92
3. Symptomatic therapy: polyparametrical diagnosis, electrical unloading and individual
medication (Draft standard, the Federal Medical Biophysical Centre, Health Dept., Russia).
B. Established techniques
1. Preliminary procedure: detection and assessment of radiation exposure
The home and work environments are assessed for harmful electromagnetic radiation.
2. Avoidance of radiation exposure
Avoidance of EMR is the most effective procedure to prevent EHS worsening.
(a) Newly sensitised patients should aim to avoid all EMR for 6 weeks after sensitisation.
(b) Mains electricity should be switched off at night (Dr D. Klinghardt).
(c) Changes in lifestyle, e.g. ceasing to use a mobile phone, DECT cordless phone and
WiFi. Under disability laws, workers should continue their jobs, as by shielding a computer.93
(d) Moving house to avoid external radiation, such as nearby phone masts and WiFi,
DECT cordless phones and mobile phones from neighbours. EMF-free communities have been
established in Europe and the USA, pending effective EMF environmental pollution control.
3. Protection with shielding (RF and MW frequencies)
Effective protection against RF and MW radiation is difficult without significant expense and
inconvenience. It can be almost impossible to shield against ELF frequencies from power lines.
(a) Shielding the body with clothing made with silvered netting can be effective. This is
used by military personnel against EMR attack, and by some athletes, as well as EHS patients.
(b) Shielding the home from external radiation, often with iron-based paint, aluminium
foil, window foil or silvered netting, can help reduce regular exposure. Current advice stresses
the need for reducing electric and magnetic fields as much as possible in sleeping areas.
4. Protection or healing with EMR, subsonic longitudinal waves or subtle energy
Some devices claim to work as follows, although there is limited evidence on their efficacy:
(a) boosting and amplifying the body’s existing endogenous EMR biorhythms;
(b) providing “noise” or anti-matter frequencies to mask or block the harmful radiation;
(c) producing EMR or sub-sonic sound waves at frequencies beneficial to the human body.
Some devices apparently use scalar waves or subtle energy but these can be measured only in
their effects.94 95 96 97 EMR-induced changes in water may be significant.98 99
5. Supplements to strengthen the immune system and chelation
Supplements are used where EHS is seen as impaired immunity or deficiency in calcium,
melatonin, magnesium or vitamin B. Antioxidants may be ineffective,100 but garlic may help.101
Chelation of heavy metals is suggested.102 Dr T. Rau, Medical Director of the Paracelsus Clinic
in Switzerland, suggested (2009) treating EHS patients with probiotic supplements and
removing metal dental fillings with neurotoxic mercury which can act as a radio antenna.103
6. Applied kinesiology, homeopathy, complementary therapies and plants
Some EHS sufferers claim benefit from complementary therapies, such as applied kinesiology;
some say homeopathy is beneficial and helps related allergic reactions. Acupuncture may
help.104 Radiation from plants can also provoke a parasympathetic response.105
7. Salutogenic group therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy
Salutogenic short-term multidisciplinary group intervention gave mixed results.106 Cognitive
behavioural therapy has been suggested,107 presumably for EMF Neurosis rather than actual
EHS; it may have a placebo effect if the patient feels their condition is being taken seriously.108
If all symptoms can be alleviated through cognitive therapy, the supposed EHS is unlikely to
be biophysical EHS but EMF Neurosis. Mobile phone use can match perception of risk.109
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. EPIDEMIOLOGY, PREVALENCE AND SUBJECTIVE PROVOCATION STUDIES

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
The relevance of epidemiological studies depends on the definition of EMR “sensitivity”.
(a) Subconscious sensitivity
If all cells react to EMR, all humans are “sensitive” to EMR at a subconscious level. EMR also
includes UV radiation absorbed by the skin and wavelengths visible to the human eye.
(b) Conscious sensitivity: symptoms not recognised as linked with EMR
Conscious ES symptoms are dose-response, e.g. near a phone mast. Thus 30% of people show
typical ES symptoms < 0.06 V/m, and 95% at 0.2-0.6 V/m (Oberfranken study, 2005). These
ES symptoms in the general population may not be regarded as full EHS.
(c) Conscious sensitivity: symptoms linked with EMR.
The most common definition of ES is for conscious reaction to sources of EMR.
(d) Conscious hyper-sensitivity: disabling symptoms linked with EMR.
The disabling nature of “hypersensitivity” appears to involve some physiological change.
PREVALENCE OF EHS: many studies give 3-5% of the general population.110 111 The WHO
(2005) stated: “A survey of occupational medical centres estimated the prevalence of EHS to
be a few individuals per million ... a survey of self-help groups yielded much higher estimates.
Approximately 10% of reported cases of EHS were considered severe … The reported incidence
of EHS has been higher in Sweden, Germany, and Denmark, than in the UK, Austria, and
France.” Others suggest 3% show severe symptoms, 35% moderate and up to 50% mild.
PREVALENCE OF DOCTORS ACCEPTING ES: In 2009 29-58% of German GPs ‘associated
EMF with health complaints’,112 and in 2006 Swiss GPs ‘judged the association … plausible’ in
54% of cases.113 The Austrian Medical Association issued EHS guidelines in 2012 [see p.31].
SUBJECTIVE PROVOCATION STUDIES
Some subjective provocation studies have produced a positive result 114 115 116 but many have
not.117 Methodological errors can distort results. Shielding studies can give positive results.118
1. Definition. Some studies do not define and distinguish ES, EHS and EMF Neurosis, and use
participants claiming ES or EHS without screening them. If studies assess patients for the
frequencies and signals to which they are sensitive, they can find a positive association.119
“EHS is not a prerequisite for the ability to consciously perceive weak EMF and vice versa.”120
2. Practicality. (a) As with other environmental allergies, the base and provocation ES levels
differ for each participant. Thus high levels in the Essex trial (2007)121 excluded the most
severe EHS patients. (b) It is difficult to ensure absence of all other radiation.
(c) Some sufferers may react only to a synergy of ELF and RF which is difficult to replicate.
(d) Symptoms can follow cumulative and chronic exposure and be delayed long after the test
period.122 Neurobehavioural, cognitive, attention and memory tests are more reliable.123 124
3. Methodology. Sham after positive exposures are invalid for cumulative effects.
4. Statistics. (a) 100 patients and 100 controls are often regarded as a minimum. Essex
(2007) had only 44 self-declared EHS.125 (b) In most tests the Essex study found about 60%
accuracy from self-assessed EHS and the expected 50% for controls, but this was insignificant
statistically; about 80% was needed. Without shams, the ‘EHS’ were 70% accurate, but this
included individuals who achieved over 80%, suggesting that others were not EHS.
5. Hypothetical deductions. The Essex (2007) study appeared to lack sufficiently powerful
and individual data and appropriate analysis to conclude that EHS is not linked to EMF.126
6. Pathological markers. Provocation studies with objective rather than subjective data are
more likely to report significant results. Thus Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation tests showed
“significant cognitive and neurobiological alterations” in 89 EHS patients,127 skin conductance is
higher for EHS patients,128 and subconscious spontaneous hand movement indicates an ES
response.129 Most EHS diagnosis protocols use pathological and medical markers.
7. Genetic markers. Genetic markers have been found for higher risks of childhood
leukaemia near power lines; genetic evidence could usefully be included in provocation tests.
8. Testing procedures and analysis. If photons and other EMR react biologically in quantum
or non-linear ways, as some recent studies suggest, then new mathematical models may be
needed. If EHS sufferers react to EMF consciously on only 10% of EMF exposures, it may prove
necessary to change the type of statistical analysis in order to validate genuine reactions.
9. Psychological factors. Some psychological provocation studies conflate two conditions,
pathological EHS and EMF Neurosis. 28-59% of German doctors attribute ES symptoms to
EMF, confirming patients’ intuitions. EHS sufferers are little influenced by negative opinions.130
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. PROGNOSIS AND DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

General sensitivity and “hyper” sensitivity to electromagnetic radiation
1. Natural Sensitivity. The human body has developed sensitivity to a range of natural
electromagnetic radiation. It has adapted this radiation, such as sunlight, to beneficial use
through organs like the eyes and skin. Different people have different degrees of sensitivity to
this natural radiation.
2. Limited Sensitivity. In a similar way all people appear to be affected to some degree by
exposure to man-made electromagnetic radiation. Everyone can, therefore, be said to possess
some “electromagnetic-sensitivity”. At a low level of sensitivity the symptoms are intermittent
and usually relate to only one source of EMR exposure. Thus studies show that sleep
disturbance occurs among the general population near a mobile phone mast or radio
transmitter in a dose-response relationship (see section 2, references). It is therefore possible
that, if exposure were increased sufficiently, everyone would eventually show some sensitivity.
3. Hyper Sensitivity. Such limited sensitivity to EMR among the general population does not
appear to transfer often to exposures from other sources of electromagnetic radiation, as
happens in a case of “hyper” sensitivity. Therefore the term “electromagnetic hypersensitivity”
is usually applied to the condition where repeated exposure to EMR has triggered a change,
and the body now reacts strongly to an increasingly wide range of EMR exposures and at
increasingly low intensities of exposure. The precise levels of exposure which trigger this
change and the nature of the pathology of this change are not clearly understood at present.
There are probably epigenetic factors, as with other conditions linked with EMR exposure, and
possibly differences dependent on sex and other factors.131 132 133
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF EHS

Hecht and Balzer,134 in a review of 878 Russian and Polish studies on chronic (>3 years)
RF/MW EMR biological effects, summarised three phases for EHS.135 136
1. Initial Phase (3 sub phases) first 1-3 years
predominantly a sympathicotonic deflected initial phase, in three sub-phases:
1A Activation / excitement. Pronounced sympathicotonia (hypertonia).
This phase is comparable with the alarm phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome of
Selye (1953) and the unspecific activation according to Lindsley (1951), Lacey (1967).
1B Positive stimulation. Increased sympathicotonic reaction.
Performance-promoting phase in the sense of a eustress reaction or an emotional
activation (Lindsley 1951). According to Selye (1953), it is a resistance phase.
1C Adaptive / balancing phase. Less sympathicotonic deflection.
The body functions are still located in the range of homeostasis, so normal values are
measured, although latent, intermittently appearing ailments may already express
themselves. This phase is still part of the resistance phase, according to Selye (1953).
2. Weak pathologic development. Pre-morbid or early phase of a chronic disease.
After 3-5 years of influence, weakly visible and/or strengthening pathologic
developments of neurasthenic basic symptoms with vagotonic reaction tendencies,
sleep disorders, and daytime tiredness appear.
3. Strong pathologic development. Exhaustion syndrome.
Pronounced neurasthenic symptoms with increasing pathologic lapses of the regulation
system, neurotic and neurasthenic symptoms. Sleep disorders, daytime tiredness and
general exhaustion are dominating appearances. Effect duration >5 years.
“EHS” is probably to be located in the irreversible 3rd stage. Shielding or avoidance over many
years can reduce sensitivity, but the sensitivity, once a person is “hyper” sensitive, is very
rarely, if ever, completely removed. In this respect it appears to differ from other allergies.
There are clinical variants in EHS.137
Factors increasing the likelihood of electro-sensitivity (Hecht and Balzer)

• Age: younger organisms show greater electromagnetic sensitivity than older ones.
• Electrolyte/mineral balance: lack of minerals, toxic stress.
• Individual state of health: decreasing healthiness.
• Some foods and medications: stimulants, e.g. caffeine.
Stressor factors additional to EMR: e.g. stress from noise, other radiation, conflict.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
138
8. SUB-THERMAL AND DIRECT OR INDIRECT BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS
acetylcholine 139 140 DNA 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256
melatonin 380 381 382 383 384 385 386
ACTH 141 142 143 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396
amyloids 144 145 268 269 270 271 272

metallic implants 397 398 399
antioxidants 146 147 148 149 150 dysaesthesia 273 274
micronucleation 400 401 402 403 404
auditory 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158
electron spin resonance 275 276 277
mould/mycotoxins 405 406 407 408
159 160 161 162
endocrine 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 natural killer cells 409 410 411
bacteria 163 164 165 endogenous/environmental EF/MF neural cells 412 413 414 415 416 417
166 167 168 169 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292
biogenic magnetite neurophysiology 418 419 420 421 422
170
free radicals 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 nitric oxide 423 424
biological relativity theory 171 300 301
nociception 425 426 427 428
blood-brain barrier 172 173 174 175 176
gene expression 302 303 304 305 306
piezoelectricity 429 430 431 432 433
177 178 179 180 307 308
genetic damage photons 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441
bone mineral density 181 genotoxicity 309 310 442 443
brain response 182 183 184 185 186 187

HbA oxygen affinity 311
postural sway 444 445 446
188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319
heart proteins 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454
199 200 201 202 203 320 321 322 323 324 455 456
HFS, PNS
204 205 206 207
bystander effects hippocampal cells 325 326 327 radical pairs 457 458 459 460 461
calcium 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215
immunosuppression 328 329 330
reactive oxygen species 462 463 464
216 217 218 219 331 332 465 466
infrasound and biorhythms
cell membrane 220 221 222 333 334 335 336 337 338
sleep 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474
chromosomes 223 224 insulin 339 340 stat.MF475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482
circadian rhythmicity 225 ion cyclotron resonance 341 342 343 stochastic resonance 483 484 485
cocarcinogenesis 226 227 228 229 344 345 346 347 348 349 350
stress proteins 486 487
coherent vibrations 230 231 232 lipid metabolism 351 352 synergy, chemical488 489 490 491 492
connexion 233 234 235 236 lymphocytes 353 354 355 356 357 synergy, resonance 493 494 495 496
cryptochromes 237 238 239 240 241 242
magnetoreception 358 359 360 361 362
teratogenic497 498 499 500 501 502 503
243 363 364 365 366 367 368
thrombosis 504 505 506 507
cytoskeleton 244 245 246
mast cells 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 thyroid gland 508 509 510 511 512
dentate gyrus 247 376 377 378 379
transthyretin 513 514
X-ray-induced mutations515 516 517
ES may involve calcium ion membrane leakage at ICR frequencies,518 519 melatonin disruption, mast
cells,520 and mtDNA oxidative damage. MF gradients trigger ES symptoms.521
● US government report (1971): “The consequences of undervaluing or misjudging the biological effects
of long-term, low-level exposure could become a critical problem for the public health, especially if
genetic effects are involved.”522 523
● US National Academy of Sciences’ National Research Council (1986) accepted sub-thermal effects.524
● UN Environ. Progr., IRPA, WHO (1993): “A substantial body of data exists describing biological
responses to AM RF or microwave fields at SARs too low to involve any response to heating.”525
● Prof. Belyaev (2005): “The physical mechanisms of the effects must be based on a quantum-
mechanical approach and physics of non-equilibrium and non-linear systems. … Duration of exposure
may be not less important than power density.” Some studies show non-lineal, quantum effects.526 527
● Sub-thermal radiation is used for: bone growth, pain control, MS, Parkinson’s, tinnitus.528 529 530 531 532
Examples of sub-thermal effects of microwaves on cells (Belyaev, 2005)533
Objects Effects Reference
preloaded synaptosomes changes in calcium efflux Lin-Liu and Adey, 1982
ReuberH35 hepatoma cells ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) Byuset al. , 1988
rat brain cells DNA damage as measured with comets Lai H, Singh, 1997
AMA human epithelial cells cell proliferation Velizarovet al., 1999
human lymphocytes 53BP1 DNA-breaks co-localizing foci Belyaev et al., 2005
lymphocytes, E. coli cells chromatin conformation Belyaev et al., 2000
rat astrocytes and porcine brain permeability of an in vitro model of the blood-brain Schirmacheret al., 2000
capillary endothelial cells barrier (BBB)
human mast cell line, HMC-1 expression of the proto-oncogene c-kit, etc. Harvey et al, 2000
human endothelial cell line activation of the hsp27/p38MAPK stress pathway Leszczynski et al., 2002
human peripheral blood cultures micronucleus frequency (only phase-modulated) d'Ambrosio et al., 2002
Studies showing genetic effects, classified by results and sponsorship (Belyaev, 2005)
Effect No Effect
Independent Industry-sponsored Independent Industry-sponsored studies
d’Ambrosio (02); Goswami (99); McNamee Antonopoulos (97); Maes (01);
Harvey & French (00); Ivaschuk (97); (02a,b, 03) Bischt (02); Malyapa (97);
Gadhia (03); Phillips (98); Fritz (97); Morrisey (99);
Maes (96a,b); Tice (02) Gos (00); Takahaski (02);
Mashevich (03); Li (01); Vijayalaximi
Pacini (02); (01a,b, 03);
Sykes (01) Zeni (03)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS, SUSCEPTIBILITY AND SENSITISATION

Co-morbidity in patients with EHS
Common Occasional/possible
altered cortical excitability 534 535 chronic fatigue syndrome 556
auditory sensitivity 536 dental hyperalgesia 557
chemical sensitivity 537 538 539 dry eye syndromes 558
light sensitivity 540 epileptic episodes, migraine 559 560 561 562
microwave/RF hearing, tinnitus 541 542 543 544 545
polymorphic dystonia 563
546 547
restless leg syndrome 564 565
548 549 550 566
(odontological) metallic sensitivity thyroid dysfunction and liver dysfunction
persitent organic pollutants 551 Tourette’s, blepharospasm 567
552 553 554 555
skin symptoms, rosacea
Associations between disease (other than EHS) and EMFs

Extremely Low Frequency Radio Frequency Microwave Frequency
(ELF) (RF) (MF)
30-300 Hz 4 kHz-300 MHz 0.3-300 GHz
household wiring, CFLs, radio, AM and VHF, TV, DECT cordless phones,
power lines, voltage transients (‘dirty mobile phones and masts,
transformers electricity’), dLAN plugs WiFi, WiMAX
“possibly carcinogenic”, WHO: IARC, 2001568 “possibly carcinogenic”, WHO: IARC, 2011
ALS 569 570 571 572 573 574 breast cancer 627 628 ADHD 652
Alzheimer’s 575 576 577 578 cancers (possible): behaviourial problems 653
579 580 581
childhood leukaemia multiple myeloma, brain tumours 654 655 656 657 658 659
582 583 584 585 586 587
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, cancer, testicular 660 661
588
cancers, primary prostate, cardiovascular diseases 662 663 664
brain 589 590 breast 591 592 593 594 testicular 629 630 665 666
595 596 597 631 632
mal. melanoma cardiovascular diseases cataracts 667 668 669 670 671 672
598 599 633 634 635 636
prostate testicular childhood leukaemia dyslipidemia, obesity 673
cardiovasc. disease600 601 602 603 637
impaired cognition 674 675 676 677
604 638 639 640
child growth retardation glycaemia, diabetics impaired memory 678 679
605 606 641 642 643 644 645
dementia leukaemia leukaemia, NH lymphoma 680 681
607 608 609 646 647 648 682
depression and suicide malignant melanoma
610 611 612 649
male infertility 683 684 685 686 687 688
613 650 689
hypothyroidism, obesity MS impairment
614 615 616 651
leukaemia thyroid and uterine cancer miscarriage 690 691
617
lipoatrophia semicircularis ophthalmic effects 692
lymphoma 618 parotid gland malignancy 1061
619
male infertility uveal melanoma 693
620 621
miscarriage
motor neuron disease 622 623
Parkinson’s disease 624 625 626
Maternal and paternal exposure and teratogenic diseases or outcomes in offspring
childhood brain tumours 694 ADHD 700
695 696
childhood leukaemia reduced male births 701 702 703
reduced male births 697
other adverse effects 698 699
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO EHS
A. Age: all ages, including children, with the majority middle-aged or elderly.
B. Ethnicity: all ethnic groups, although most studies are on white Caucasians.
C. Gender: some studies show equal incidence by gender, others more females.704
D. Knowledge: knowing about EHS is not a major factor in its occurrence.705
E. Socio-economic status: EHS prevalence is unconfirmed in terms of socio-ec status.706
SENSITISATION to EMF/EMR may be related to one of the following.707
A. Environmental factors: (i) chronic working in high EMF/EMR; (ii) incidents damaging
the internal bioelectrochemical communication within the body; (iii) neurological damage from
chemical exposure overload; (iv) viruses, as in similar environmental syndromes; (v) climate:
EHS is more common in northern countries, e.g. Sweden and Germany, than southern, as with
MS;708 709(vi) seasonal: EHS can be worse in winter, as with the onset of type 1 diabetes.710
B. Epigenetic factors: as with similar idiopathic or allergic reactions. Many EHS sufferers
also have hay-fever, food allergies or other allergies. Similarly, a gene carried by 5% of many
populations has been linked with a raised risk of childhood leukaemia associated with EMF.711
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE

The first modern study of human health effects from electromagnetic radiation was in 1868.712
The first study on adverse biological effects of microwave radiation at sub-thermal levels was
in 1924.713 The first specific adverse effects noted from microwaves included cataracts and
testicular degeneration in 1948,714 and microwave hearing in 1962.715 716 717 The first specific
illness linked with ELF magnetic fields from power lines was childhood leukaemia in 1979.718
The group of symptoms listed in 2005 as “Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity” by the World
Health Organisation was first described as Radio Wave Sickness in Germany in 1932.719 In
Poland these symptoms were named in 1964 the Microwave Syndrome,720 with the term
Microwave Sickness used in 1973.721 In Russia, also in 1964, they were described as three
or more syndromes, Neurological or Asthenia, Autonomic Vascular, and Cardiac,722 and
summarized as the Neuro-vegetative Asthenic Syndrome in a review of 2001.723 In 1972
the US Navy published a full list of ES symptoms and details of 2,311 studies.724 The term
Cardiac Pain Syndrome was used in 1973,725 and Diplomats’ Disease in 1976.726 Visual
Display Unit Illness was studied from 1977,727 with the first provocation study in 1982.728
Electrical Sensitivities was used in 1986,729 and Electrical Hypersensitivity in 1989.730
The name Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity, suiting sensitivity to magnetic as well as
electric fields, was adopted by the Graz COST meeting in 1994 and in a European Commission
report of 1997,731 although it emphasised the person rather than the environmental pollution.
The first provocation study for generalised “electromagnetic sensitivity” was in 1991.732
In 1998 the Graz EMF workshop suggested Non-specific Health Symptoms,733 but the WHO
2004 Prague workshop kept Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity,734 and this is now the usual
term, with occasional use of Idiopathic Environmental Intolerance with attribution to
EMF (IEI-EMF).735 In addition to Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (EHS), recent names
include Asthenic Syndrome (Dr O. Grigoriev, Centre for Electromagnetic Safety, 2009), EMF
Intolerance Syndrome (SICEM) (Professor Belpomme, ARTAC, 2009),736 Hyper Frequency
Syndrome,737 Membrane Sensitivity Syndrome (Dr Carlo, SWI, 2008), Microwave
Disease,738 Microwave Sickness,739 Microwave Syndrome,740 Radiofrequency (RF)
Sickness,741 and Rapid Aging Syndrome (Dr Magda Havas, 2009).
In the 1930s EHS symptoms were observed in occupational work with radio and electricity, and
with military radar in the 1940s. Environmental EHS appeared in the general population from
the 1970s with computers. It increased in the 1980s with mobile and cordless phones, and
with WiFi from 2000. Thousands of people are now linked with EHS support groups in 30
countries. The first started in Sweden in 1989; the UK group began in 2003.
Sweden recognised EHS as a functional disability in 2002. The Canadian Human Rights
Commission did likewise in 2007, the year 82 countries signed the UN Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities. In 2009 the EU parliament voted for persons with EHS to be
recognised as disabled. In 2005 the WHO stated that EHS symptoms are “certainly real” and
that EHS can be a disabling problem.742 In the 1990s a subjective psychological aetiology for
EHS was postulated,743 744 as with ME/CFS,745 but a 2009 study identified people sensitive to
FM radio and digital TV frequencies through spontaneous hand movements.746
Safety limits can reflect financial pressures. In 1955 the USA adopted heating and shock limits
at 194 V/m, whereas in 1958 the USSR adopted biological limits at 6.0 V/m.747 ICNIRP set
heating guidelines at 41 V/m and 100,000 nanoTesla in 1998. In 1979 Justesen admitted “in
retrospect, one must admit more than a little Yankee arrogance and a failure of perspective to
assume that the negative [high-level acute exposure] American findings cast doubt on positive
[low-level chronic exposure] reports from the East”,748 and the US C95.1-1982 has been
described as “a military-industry standard”.749 In 2007 the BioInitiative Report set biological
limits at 0.2 indoors and 0.6 V/m outdoors and 100 nanoTesla. In 1995 the US EPA stopped
exposure assessments. In 1996 phone companies supported US and UK laws restricting health
concerns about mast locations. Industry funding skewed research.750 751 752
EU countries are increasingly adopting BioInitiative chronic biological limits instead of ICNIRP
acute heating ones. Some French courts and authorities have removed phone masts and WiFi,
and restricted mobile phone use, to protect children, pregnant women and the elderly, or set a
0.6 V/m limit, like some Spanish towns. The French government banned mobiles in schools for
children under 15 on health grounds, and departments replaced WiFi with fibre-optic cables.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES AND SENSITIVITY THRESHOLDS

The Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines for sleeping areas (Baubiologie Maes for the Institut für
Baubiologie+Ökologie Neubeuern IBN, 1987-92, revised by 10 experts) have 4 categories of concern:753
• Nil Concern - the highest degree of precaution;
• Slight Concern - precautionary, especially with regard to sensitive and ill people;
• Severe Concern - unacceptable; remediation necessary soon; numerous case histories and
scientific studies indicate biological effects and health problems;
• Extreme Concern - immediate and rigorous action.
International Guidelines: - biological (chronic):754 755 756 BioInitiative (2007),757 RCNIRP 758
759 760 761
- heating and shock (6 min. average): ICNIRP (1998)
LEVEL OF CONCERN (Building Biology) GUIDELINES
FREQU- FIELD NATURE BIOLOGICAL HEATING
ENCY NIL SLIGHT SEVERE EXTREME EHS (non-EHS) & SHOCK
(chronic) (6 mins)
power supply (nanoTesla) (1 nT = 0.001 microTesla = 0.01 milliGauss = 0.000 001 milliTesla)
Extremely Magnet- nT nT nT nT nT nT nT nT
Low ic Fields <20 20-100 100-500 >500 <0.0002 0-10 BioInitiative: ICNIRP,
Frequency flux 100; HPA:
50-60 Hz intensity Unit’d Working 100,000
AC G’p China: 30; [500,000
Smith: 15;762 proposed]
BUND: 10
Calif.Sch’l.: 10
power supply (Volts/metre)
ELF, AC Electric V/m V/m V/m V/m V/m V/m V/m V/m
50-60 Hz Fields
ground <1 1-5 5-50 >50 < 0.0001 0-0.5 US-Congress ICNIRP,HPA:
Field potential / EPA: 10; 5,000
strength potential < 0.3-1.5 1.5-10 >10 BUND: 0.5; [10,000
free 0.3 proposed]
radio, TV, mobile/cordless phones, Tetra, WiFi, WiMAX (Volts/metre: peak) (microwatt/square metre: average)
Radio Electric V/m V/m V/m V/m V/m V/m V/m V/m
Frequency Fields <0. 0.006- 0.06-0.6 >0.6 < 0- BioInitiative: ICNIRP,HPA:
300 kHz- 006 0.06 0.00002 0.05 outdoor 0.6 41 (900
300 MHz indoor 0.2; MHz),
Salzburg: 61 (2.45
Microwave outdoor 0.06 GHz)
0.3-300 indoor 0.02
GHz Power µW/m² µW/m² µW/m² µΜw/m² µW/m² µW/m² µW/m² µW/m²
density < 0.1-10 10-1,000 >1,000 < 0-0.1 BioInitiative: ICNIRP,HPA:
For complex 0.1 0.000001 outdoor up to
frequency 1,000 10,000,000;
spectra RMS indoor 100; 5 cm from
MF is too Salzburg: microwave
low.763 outdoor 10, ovens, FDA:
indoor 1 50,000,000
Conductivity rises with frequency: <1 kHz 20% is dissipated internally, >2 kHz 100%. 10nT/50 Hz
probably has similar induced current density as 0.001nT/100 kHz; the latter EF penetrates further.764 765
Cumulative health effects (mobile phones) occur >460 hours, heavy usage >2,000 hours. For MF
average annual exposure needs greater protection than average day.766
Induced body voltage: should be <80 milliVolts (neuron threshold), sleeping areas <1 µW/m².767
Contact currents from water of 10mV/m could induce 100mV/m in bone marrow.768 769 Body voltage
under HV power lines can be 100,000 mV (rubber), 2000 (leather soles). 0.72 mV/m can be induced from
external 1 kV/m.770 CNS threshold: 1 mVmm(-1).771 Static body EFs, higher when dry, give sparks >750V.
Public health safety limits are often at a factor of ten below known adverse health effects. Children,
pregnant women, the ill and EHS sufferers require lower limits.772 773 774 775 776 777 778
SAR (Specific Absorption Rate; unsuitable for chronic exposure779): biological damage at 0.01 W/kg or
lower,780 781 782 to 0.00002 – 0.002 W/kg.783 WiFi base stations ~ 2.0 W/kg, mobiles 0.12–1.6, WiFi
laptops 0.05–0.11 (on lap 2.0), Bluetooth (1, 2) 0.5, 0.01. Wired head-sets may effect SAR.784 785 Tetra
can exceed limits.786 Heating limit: 2.0 W/kg (averaged 10g). 0.001 W/kg ≈ -30 dBm/m2 and 0.03 V/m.
Thresholds, MW reactions: motor: threshold and overall exposure;787 cognitive: duration.788
Thresholds, sensitivity: EF: 0.05 V/m.789 MF: 15 nT,790 5 nT (400 kV), 0.24nT (pineal gland).791
Auditory (variable):3mJ at 2.4-170MHz, or 0.2T(MRI)792 or 25,000µW/m2 (=3V/m)793 794 or 20mJ/ m2.795
MF transients: sensations >100nT,60Hz.796 Perception follows peak power more than pulse width.797
Thresholds. spontaneous reflex, for sensitives: MF 10nT/m798 and RF799.
Voltage transients on power cables800 801 should be <20 GS units for very sensitive EHS.802 803
Windows: e.g. MF, for behavioural changes: 30-580 nT (prenatal exposure, rats).804
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. BIO-INITIATIVE REPORT,

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON ELECTROMAGNETIC SAFETY,
EUROPEAN UNION,
GOVERNORS’ DECLARATIONS OF EHS AWARENESS MONTH,
RESOLUTIONS AND APPEALS BY DOCTORS AND PSYCHOLOGISTS
BIOINITIATIVE REPORT
A major report (2007) by 14 international scientists presenting biological and chronic limits to
replace ICNIRP’s 1998 heating and acute limits.805
INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON ELECTROMAGNETIC SAFETY (ICEMS)

The Porto Alegre Resolution (2009, by 35 international doctors and scientists)806
The Benevento Resolution (2006, by 31 international scientists)807
The Catania Resolution (2002, by 16 international scientists)808
INTERNATIONAL EMF COLLABORATIVE

Report on health concerns over mobile phones, supported by 40 scientists and officials from 14
countries (2009).809
EUROPEAN UNION
The EU Parliament passed a resolution (2nd April 2009) which called for member countries to
recognise persons with EHS as being disabled so as to assure their protection and equal
opportunity under law, along with the need for biological limits and not obsolete ICNIRP 1998
heating limits, and a reduction in electrosmog.810
The European Environment Agency (2007) called for an immediate reduction in non-
thermal EMF exposure.811
GOVERNORS’ DECLARATIONS OF EHS AWARENESS MONTH

The governors of the states of Colorado, Connecticut and Florida proclaimed May as EHS
Awareness Month, among 36 governors and mayors raising awareness of EHS and MCS
(2009).
RESOLUTIONS AND APPEALS BY DOCTORS AND PSYCHOLOGISTS

Allgäu-Bodensee-Oberschwaben (2007, by 360 medical doctors and 150 psychologists et al),812
Kompetenzinitiative (2007, 18 organisations, 56 international scientists),813
London (2007, 10 international scientists),814
‘Wimax’ (2006, by 16 doctors and others),815
Bamberger (2005, by 175 doctors),816
Coburger (2005, by 96 doctors),817
Freienbacher (2005, by 54 doctors and others),818
Haibacher (2005, by 8 doctors and others),819
Helsinki (2005),820
Hofer (2005, by 64 doctors),821
Irish Doctors’ Environmental Association (2005),822
Lichtenfelser (2005, by 32 doctors),823
Oberammergau (2005, by 32 doctors),824
Pfarrkirchener (2005),825
Stockacher (2005, by 38 doctors and others),826
Maintaler (2004),827
Freiburger (2002, now by 1,500 doctors),828
Salzburg (2000, by 19 international scientists and public health doctors),829
Vienna (1998, by 16 international scientists).830
ORGANISATIONS
Afsset (the French Agency for Environmental and Occupational Health Safety): RF cellular
effects ‘indisputable’ (2009).831
AUVA Insurance report “Nonthermal effects confirmed” (2009).832
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX 1 UPDATE to mid 2012

page
A. Practical Developments to 2012
(i) Regulatory, general 20
(ii) Regulatory, EHS 21
B. Non-thermal effects
(i) General non-thermal effects 23
(ii) Specific technologies: 24
Base stations, Mobile phones, Wi-Fi,
Wireless Smart Meters, Microwaves,
ELF, CFLs
(iii) Photobiology 24
(iv) General adverse non-thermal effects 25
(v) Positive non-thermal effects 26
C. Medical evidence for EHS

(i) Sensitivity/Intolerance illnesses 27
(ii) Medical markers for EHS 27
(iii) Magnetoreception, the ANS and 28
Aurora Disturbance Sensitivity
D. EHS treatment
(i) Centre for Electromagnetic Safety: 29
Diagnostic & Therapeutic Protocols
(ii) Austrian Medical Association: Guidelines 31
(iii) Other tests: Dr Havas, TOVA, PTH 32
E. 1. Inflammation 33
2. Negative and Positive Ions 33
3. Schumann Resonance 34
4. Earthing 35
5. Body Voltage 35
F. 1. Information Bio-systems 38
2. Quantum Biology 38
3. Quantum Signalling 41
G. 1. Electromagnetic sensitivity in Animals 43

2. Electromagnetic sensitivity in Plants 45
H. Tables of Exposure Levels 47

Tables of Thresholds
Tables of Biological and Heating Safety Limits
I. Common sources of EM Fields and Radiation 49
J. Shielding, Protection and Measurements 50
K. Case Studies 51
L. Functional Impairment, Disability Issues 52

and Human Rights
M. Key Dates: Scientific Discoveries and Regulation 54
APPENDIX 2 Acronyms and Glossary 55
References 56-111
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
A. PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENTS to 2012
(i) Regulatory, general
1. The World Health Organisation’s IARC classified radio frequency electromagnetic

radiation as a Class 2B possible carcinogenic in 2011,833 like ELF in 2001.834
This applies to mobile phones, base-stations, radio, TV, Wi-Fi and smart meters. If all
the evidence had been considered, it should be Class 2A probable carcinogenic.835
2. Wireless Smart Meters were made voluntary because of their health problems by
the UK government in 2011 and by some states in the USA.836 837
3. A report by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in 2011 called for
action on the dangers of electromagnetic fields and their effect on the environment.838
The committee called for a ban on all mobiles and Wi-Fi in schools.839
4. France bans advertising mobile phones to children under 12, selling mobiles
designed for children under 6, and children’s use of mobiles in primary and middle
schools.840
5. Some countries are moving towards health warnings on all mobile phones. A bill for
warnings on mobiles was backed by the Israeli parliament on 1st March 2012.841
6. The Seletun Scientific Statement of 2011, written by an international team from five
countries, calls for biological safety limits to replace ICNIRP’s obsolete heating
limits.842 843
7. For 24/7 radiation from masts in heat/humidity, Professor G Kumar in 2012 followed
Bioinitiative and AMA with 0.0001 W/m2 for sensitive areas (schools, hospitals,
housing, offices and playgrounds), and 0.01 W/m2 elsewhere, against the Associated
Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India’s support of ICNIRP’s 9.2 W/m2.844
8. Criticism of ICNIRP’s obsolete 6-minute field and power-density heating limits

has continued to grow. Many scientists now say that the weight of evidence for non-
thermal adverse effects is so well established that the UK government’s HPA must soon
follow other countries which have adopted non-thermal limits. Some organisations,
such as the WHO and EC, are not applying the precautionary principle which is required
under EU law, apparently misled by inaccurate risk assessments. 845 846 847 848 849
a) ICNIRP’s heating limits are designed to prevent heating of healthy adult males
and not to prevent biological effects which include long-term, low-level
exposure of children, pregnant women or ill people. They are inadequate
for fetal CNS complex exposure.850 851
b) Each person has different individual reactions to EMFs.852 853
c) A 10-year-old child’s tissue absorbs 60% and a child brain’s bone marrow
absorbs 10 times more radiation than an adult’s.854
d) The problem of industry funding and bias continues.855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862
863
e) The private group ICNIRP originated in the atomic weapons industry with its
aim to maximize use of radiation and exposure.864
9. Criticism of ICNIRP’s obsolete 6-minute SAR heating limits.

SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) limits are neither non-thermal nor long-term.
a) In 57 short-term studies showing biological effects below thermal levels, the
average SAR was 0.022 W/kg.
b) Current SAR 6-minute heating limits of 0.4 W/kg are based on two animal
auditory experiments in 1980 and 1884, showing acute effects after 30-60
minutes of exposure at ~4.0 W/kg resulting in 1oC heating, with the usual 10-times
reduction for occupational, and another 5 times, 0.08 W/kg, for public exposure.865
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c) The lowest SAR for biological adverse effects was shown at 0.000021 W/kg.866
Four recent studies showed adverse effects at 0.0004-0.0008 W/kg.867 868 869 870 If
0.0004 W/kg were the theoretical reference value, whole body limits would be
0.00004 W/kg for occupational exposure, and 0.000008 W/kg for public exposure.
d) Even ICNIRP heating limits are inadequate for whole body at 2-5 GHz for small
persons, and arms up or down at 20-200 MHz or more than 1 GHz.871 872
e) ICNIRP is a private group derived from IRPA and the atomic weapons industry
which seeks optimum industry use of ionising and non-ionising radiation.873
10. Legal judgements.

(a) In 2011 Italy’s highest court confirmed a judgement that Vatican Radio should pay
damages to the town of Cesano for elevated incidences of leukaemia, although
the radiation was in line with European standards.874 875 876 877 878
(b) In 2009 the High Court in Brescia, Italy, ruled that cordless phones cause
cancer, upholding 80% damages for an employee with a brain tumour required to
use the phone,879 880 following the 2004 award to S. Price for a brain tumour.
(c) In 2007 the Alaskan Supreme Court upheld an award for RF radiation injury
below thermal exposure level.881
(d) A planning Appeal Decision of 27th May 2004 in the UK refused a transmitter
owing to the likely effects on the health of the local population and insufficient
measurements of cumulative exposure from existing masts.882
(ii) Regulatory, Electromagnetic Hyper-sensitivity
1. Classification of environmental illnesses like Multiple Chemical Sensitivity and

Electro-Sensitivity has been discussed by the World Health Organisation since 2011
for the next ICD in 2015. A clear definition will allow accurate records to be compiled.
MCS is already recognized in Austria, France, Germany and Luxembourg, and Spain’s
Minisrty of Health in 2011 recommended its inclusion in the ICD. EHS was categorized
as ‘El-allergy’ by the Nordic Council of Ministers in 2000 and as IEI-EMF by the WHO in
the last ICD of 2005 but without a specific code.883
2. Disability allowances have been awarded for Electromagnetic-Sensitivity by a

growing number of countries, including Canada, Spain (2011) and France (2012).884
3. Radio-free White Zones are being established by more countries, such as Italy and
France in 2011, to enable highly sensitised people to live in modest comfort. In the US
the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in West Virginia performs this function. The
ideal is for a pollution-free zone near each centre of population and pollution-free public
areas such as trains, buses, shopping centres, schools, universities etc..
4. The EU Parliament in 2009 voted 559 to 22, calling on Member States “to follow the
example of Sweden and to recognize persons that suffer from electro-
hypersensitivity as being disabled so as to grant them adequate protection as well
as equal opportunities”.885 886
5. The report by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in 2011, “The
potential dangers of electromagnetic fields and their effect on the environment”,
included: (8.1.4) “pay particular attention to “electrosensitive” persons suffering from a
syndrome of intolerance to electromagnetic fields and introduce special measures to
protect them, including the creation of wave-free areas not covered by the wireless
network.”887
6. The American Academy of Environmental Medicine in 2012 stated that

“Electromagnetic field (EMF) hypersensitivity has been documented in controlled and
double blind studies with exposure to various EMF frequencies.” It asks for the
“recognition that electromagnetic hypersensitivity is a growing problem wordwide”.888
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. The installation of wireless smart meters in North America from 2010 has harmed or
sensitised thousands of ordinary people and led to court cases over compulsory
installation and adverse health effects.
8. In 2011 the UK made wireless smart meters voluntary because of their harmful
health effects, following a question about what recent steps the Secretary of State for
Energy and Climate Change had taken to alleviate concerns of people who experience
non-thermal health effects of exposure to electromagnetic microwave radiation.889
9. For reduced male fertility “there is sufficient evidence and expert opinion to warrant
an enforced school policy removing cellphones from students during the day.”890
10. Some pupils and teachers have reacted with electro-sensitivity symptoms to Wi-Fi
in Canadian schools from 2010.
11. New studies emphasise the reduction in the quality of life for people sensitised to
electromagnetic fields.
(a) The review of electromagnetic-sensitivity by Genius and Lipp (2011) highlights the
practical difficulties many such people around the world now face.891 The responsibility
of the medical professions and governments to alleviate this growing humanitarian
crisis, whatever they believe about its etiology, is beginning to be recognized and, in a
few places, addressed.
(b) Kato & Johansson’s survey of EHS sufferers in Japan (2012) also shows that many
lose jobs, have to move home, or face family breakdown.892 The impaired quality of life
for EHS sufferers also raises political issues. It involves the application of the UN
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities of 2007, and the UK’s Equality Act
of 2010.
(c) A study by Hagstrom et al (2012) shows how using metal screens and special glass
to shield from the user the radio-frequency radiation emitted by a laptop can reduce
symptoms in people impaired with EHS and allow some to return to work full-time or
part-time.893
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
B. NON-THERMAL EFFECTS
(i) General non-thermal effects
1. Non-thermal long-term and low-level biological effects are now accepted by most
scientists, especially on the CNS,894 inflammation markers895 and male fertility.896 897
The NHS uses non-thermal EMF therapeutic devices and the FDA has approved many.
Some microwave-actuated organic chemical reactions involve non-thermal processes.898
The USSR accepted non-thermal adverse health effects in 1958 and the US National
Academy of Sciences National Research Council in 1986. The WHO’s IARC accepted
non-thermal adverse effects for ELF in its 2B possible carcinogenic classification in 2001
and for RF in 2011. In 2011, however, the UK government’s HPA still claimed there
were no adverse non-thermal effects, and ICNIRP with the telecommunications industry
still supports only 6-minute heating limits for a healthy adult male.
2. Biological effects of non-ionizing radiation have similarities with ionizing.899

(a) Non-ionizing EMF effects are non-linear, not dose-response dependent.
(b) Non-ionizing EMF effects have “windows” of frequency and intensity.
For chemicals, effects of low doses are non-monotoxic and cannot be predicted from
effects at high doses, especially for endocrine disrupters.900
For EMFs, differences in frequency and power can produce “windows” of biological
effects.901 902 903 Thus long-term exposure at lower intensity, e.g. a phone mast or a
neighbour’s Wi-Fi, may be more harmful than short-term effects, e.g. a mobile phone at
the ear, for the blood-brain barrier, HSP and DNA damage.
3. Historical analysis shows that most “diseases of civilization”, especially cancers and
neurological illnesses, can be linked with electromagnetic environmental pollution
through the spread of electrification and radio waves during the 20th century.904 905 906
This includes melanoma.907
(ii) Specific technologies at non-thermal levels
1. Base station and phone masts: evidence of harm from exposure to base stations
continues, making this ill health very well established, particularly for cancers and
neurological effects.908 909 910 There are few studies, however, on long-term and
cumulative effects. In 57 short-term studies up to 2010, showing biological effects at
well below thermal levels, the average SAR was 0.022 W/kg, far below current SAR
heating safety levels of 0.4 W/kg for occupational exposure, and 0.08 W/kg, for public
exposure (see above, A.(i).9, pp.20-21).911
2. Mobile phones modulate brain function, as in the inter-hemispheric alpha coherence,

changing cognitive-motor processes, more in elderly than young people,912 and
especially in epileptic patients.913 914 They also alter saliva,915 thyroid hormones 916 and
long-term use is linked with brain tumours.917 918 919
3. Wi-Fi and laptops: studies show effects on male fertility, and cognitive changes.920 921
922 923 924 925
Fetal exposure can exceed heating limits as well as biological non-thermal
limits.926 Radiation from laptops can cause ill health in sensitive people.927 There are
calls for Wi-Fi to be banned in schools. 928
4. Wireless Smart Meters: a growing number of reports lists data concerned with
adverse health effects.929 930 931 932 933 934 935
5. Low level microwaves (0.3-300 GHz) affect brain enzymes and increase calcium ion
efflux, affecting brain development and including biomarkers for cancers.936 937 938 939
6. ELF power frequencies remain linked with brain tumours,940 dementia, 941 942 943
childhood leukaemia,944 adult leukaemia,945 anxiety,946 impaired memory947 and
impaired learning.948
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Energy saving Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFLs)
Some EHS patients react badly to CFLs, probably because, in addition to visible light,
CFLs emit: (a) EM radiation from the electronic ballast, (b) EM radiation on the
wiring, (c) photons at invisible ultraviolet (UV) frequencies from the mercury.
(a) Very Low and Low frequency EM radiation from ballasts (1-100 MHz)
The electronic ballast in CFLs emits EMFs at 25-70 kHz and ELFs, giving induced levels
of 0.84-8.6 mA/m2, higher than LED bulbs (0.5mA/ m2) or incandescent bulbs.
A person’s presence near a kHz source alters the incident electric field. At 25-70 kHz
the noise levels are <0.2 V/m for the electric and <0.02 A/m for the magnetic field.
Measurements 150 mm from most CFLs produce electric fields above ICNIRP’s limit of
87 V/m, with 534 V/m at 120 mm; by 300 mm they are within ICNIRP levels.949 950
CFLs have a peak spectral frequency of ~40 MHz. Spiral tubes produce the lowest
readings and long fluorescent tubes the highest. There are spikes and harmonics.951
For a human model using a grounded plane at the feet, the greatest peak current
density is in the Achilles tendons followed by the knees [these are areas especially
affected by EMR in EHS patients], with high values also in the brain and spine.
Without grounding at the feet, the 1 cm2 averaged induced current density in the
Duke model falls from 137 to 80 mA/m2 at 20 mm under a charged sphere and the
location of the peak current changed from the Achilles tendon to the brain. When
standing beneath the charged sphere with an arm raised, the highest induced currents
are in the raised fingers and wrist, whereas when seated it is in the ankles.
Mitigation of these high EFs can be partially achieved by earthing a metallic shade on
a reading or table lamp, or earthing the metal fixing for a recessed ceiling lamp.952
(b)Low frequency voltage transients from CFLs on the wiring
CFLs impose voltage transients (‘dirty electricity’) on the wiring. This can be bio-active
for up to several metres near the wiring and has been associated at high levels with
diabetes and cancers. The international Seletun scientific committee has recommended
that all CFLs should be fitted with filters to block these transients.953
(c) UV blue light from CFLs; ipRGC and melatonin
CFLs can emit damaging visible and invisible UV.954 955 956 A new receptor for UV light
is proposed in intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGC). Since blind
people without rods or cones react to light, ipRGCs may aid melatonin suppression,
through melanopsin, with peak spectral reception at ~480 nm.957 958 959 960
Light in the blue range affects melatonin, alertness, thermoregulation and the heart
rate. CFLs at 6500K and 40 lux induce alertness by suppressing melatonin by ~40%
compared to traditional lamps at 3000K; it persists 90 minutes after exposure.961 962
The use of light to simulate summer rather than winter season in intensive care units
may help suppress inflammation and aid recovery from illness. Bright light exposure
(up to 10,000 lux) can suppress cortisol on the rise or descent phases.963 964 965
(iii) Photobiology
1. UVA, UVB
(a) UVA (320-400 nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) can be immunosuppressive.966 Some EHS
react to UVA, which car windows block less than UVB.967 UV radiation reducing the VZ virus
may explain the summer-winter difference in the spread of chickenpox in temperate compared
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
with tropical zones, where the difference in UV is 10-25 compared with 2 respectively.968 969 970
Pulsed UV can reduce the allergen Ara h2 by 90% in peanuts.971
(b) Reduced UVB radiation and thus vitamin D deficiency are linked with autoimmune
diseases such as MS, rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes. Vitamin D receptor binding
sites are concentrated near genes associated with autoimmune diseases, e.g. MS, Crohn’s,
lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, leukaemia and colorectal cancer.972 973 974 975 976
2. Infrared
(a) Near-infrared A radiation (760-1,440nm), which can damage skin, like UV, is >1/3rd
of solar energy reaching the skin; more than 65% reaches the dermis. The mechanism
is different from UV, involving the mitochondrial electron transport chain.977
(b)Photo-biomodulation with near infrared 670 nm light can be therapeutic in

modulating the immune response, with relevance to MS, a demyelinationg
neurodenegerative condition. It appears to work through improving energy metabolism
and mitrochondrial function, where MS involves chronic inflammation and
mitrochondrial dysfunction, and down-regulation of oxidative stress.978
(c) Low-level laser light therapy has a bi-phasic response. Similarly Reactive Oygen
Species at low concentrations is a beneficial signalling molecule, at high a harmful
cytotoxic agent.979
(d)Cryptochrome reacts to light and EMFs as a chemical magnetoreceptor through the

kinetics and quantum yields of its photo-induced flavin-tryptophan radical pairs.980
Cytochrome c oxidase seems the photo-acceptor at 830 and 670 nm, leading to
increased energy metabolism in neurons functionally inactivated by toxins.981
(iv) General adverse non-thermal effects
1. Pregnant women: (i) mobile phone use: teratological effects on the fetus,982 983
(ii) power line magnetic fields: children have higher risk of asthma984 and obesity985.
2. ADHD-like affects occur from fetal exposure.986 987 988 989 990 Autism may be linked
with EMFs991 992 993 and roads.994 Autism, memory and other conditions can be affected
by non-thermal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).995 996 997 Direct currents
affect the timing of working memory,998 worsen prospective memory, 999 increase
tolerance of heat pain perception,1000 and alter inhibitory control.1001
3. Male fertility is damaged by electric and magnetic fields.1002 1003 1004 1005 Paternal
exposure up to 3 months before conception may affect pregnancy outcomes.1006
4. Precocious puberty is linked with microwave exposure.1007
5. Visual reaction times in males is reduced by mobile phone radiation.1008
6. Microwave exposure causes microwave hearing, an auditory effect.1009 1010 1011 1012
1013
1014
7. Mercury in dental amalgam fillings is released by microwave and MRI exposure.
The upper limit should be 10, not 250, V/m at 60 Hz.1015
8. Sensitisation can result from the depolymerisation of actin filaments.1016
9. Mammalian cells have an adaptive response to non-ionising EMR, as to ionising

radiation,1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 as so bacteria: at 4, 6, and 8 h the number of cells
significantly decreased, but at 24 h it increased (P. aeruginosa 42%; E. coli 5%).1023
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Hypothyroidism: exposure to ELF, mobile phones and mobile phone masts (within
100m for 6 years) reduces thyroid hormones, continuing after exposure has ceased,
also associated with fatigue and obesity.1024 1025 1026 1027
11. Increased adrenalin, a neurotransmitter which leads to increased calcium

concentration in the cytosol, from a phone mast.1028 Phone mast exposure increases
cortisol, a stress hormone normally produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands,
controlled by the calcium level in its cells,1029 whereas ELF can reduce cortisol.1030
12. Immunological effects and effects on enzymes.1031 1032 1033 1034
13. Oxidative stress is associated with EM toxicity,1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 conditions with
heightened sensitivity, cardiovascular disorders in CFS patients, depression, 1040 1041
and autism.1042 1043 Abnormalities of inflammatory, immune, oxidative and nitrosative
pathways are involved in the pathophysiology of chronic fatigue syndrome, thus
contradicting psychiatric theories which ignore medical factors.1044
14. Stress from ELF exposure increases BAG3 protein and melanoma cell survival.1045
2.45 GHz EMR elicits HSP expression.1046
15. Brain glucose metabolism is increased by mobile exposure.1047 1048
16. EM radiation damages bone and teeth mineralization. 1049 1050 1051 1052 Bone marrow
stem cells irradiated to 0.5 mT at 50 Hz produce significantly higher collagen I mRNA
levels, increase cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation.1053
17. Genetic and epigenetic factors affect sensitivity to EMFs, with EHS sufferers having
different reactions from UMTS and GSM to the formation of DNA repair foci, where
effects last up to 72 hours.1054 1055 1056 The stress-marker α-amylase can act as a
biomarker for MF susceptibility but reflects genetic differences.1057 Primary cells can
show responses, whereas secondary cells may not.1058
18. Use of VDUs for >10 years increases DNA damage.1059 Singificant single-strand DNA
breaks follows 1.8 GHz for 2hr, perhaps through increased ROS.1060
19. Parotid gland cancer.1061
20. Skin electromagnetic characteristics are determined by multiple interference effects

of skin layers in the millimeter and terahertz regions.1062
21. Focal demyelination in MS patients may result from electric fields,1063 while reduction
in dirty electricity radio transients can help MS patients,1064 as can thyroid hormone
treatment.1065 ELF may enhance myelin repair in toxin-induced brain demyelination.1066
22. Right-handed elliptically polarized radiation is more biologically activity than left-
handed polarized radiation.1067
(v) Positive non-thermal effects
1. Regenerative medicine uses non-thermal pulsed EMF.1068 1069 ELF-MF 7 Hz ICR

enhances osteoblast differentiation markers.1070 1071 Repeated EMF Shock therapy
increases stress and thus the Heat Shock Response/HS transcription Factor 1 pathway,
delaying senescence.1072 1073 1074 50 Hz EMFs may promote epidermal stem cell
proliferation.1075 Bio-EM Energy Regulation therapy helps MS fatigue.1076 1077 The
mechanism may involve Ion Parametric Resonance (IPR) where specific externally
applied AC and DC magnetic fields will resonate with the cyclotron motion of ions.1078
2. In Electro Magnetic Information Transfer (EMIT) water can replay the electronic
signals from chemical molecules, by an electromagnetic oscillator.1079
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
C. MEDICAL EVIDENCE FOR EHS
(i) Sensitivity / Intolerance illnesses
1. The idiopathic nature of electromagnetic-sensitivity as categorised by the World

Health Organisation is increasingly shown in a range of medical studies validating
electromagnetic-sensitivity (see below).
Since 2002 it has been known that electromagnetic-sensitivity can be
independent of conscious perception of weak EMFs. Further studies have confirmed
this, making conscious psychological provocation tests irrelevant as evidence for its
existence.1080 1081
Shielding RF emissions from a laptop can reduce ES symptoms.1082
2. Electromagnetic-sensitivity shares features of other Sensitivity-Related Illnesses

(SRI), or environmental intolerances. Sensitivity-Related illnesses are triggered by
low-level xenobiotic environmental toxic exposures. Alterations of catalase, glutathione-
transferase and peroxidase detoxifying activities correlate with Multiple Chemical
Sensitivity, with 80% overlap with EHS.1083 Smell, like vision, may depend on olfactory
sensors detecting odour molecules by vibration in the infra-red spectrum. 1084 1085
3. Toxicant-induced loss of tolerance (TILT) has been proposed as methodological

approach to identifying the trigger process. Toxicant-induced loss of tolerance can be
seen as leading to SRI.1086
4. Kindling is the repeated stimulation of an organism at initially sub-threshold levels

which results in hyper-sensitivity. Once the organism is charged or kindled, it can
sustain a high level of arousal with little external stimulus. It may also result in
oxidative stress.1087
5. Genetic markers have proved effective in helping to diagnose some sensitivity-related

illnesses, where multi-systemic illnesses continue to present a challenge. Genetic
markers for SRI, as in MCS and CFS, are being elucidated.1088 1089 1090
(ii) Medical markers for EHS
Medical provocation studies provide positive evidence for electro-sensitivity, with the following
effects correlated with EMF/EMR exposure in some people.
1. An extensive review study of EHS by Genius & Lipp (2011) provides a useful update
on the bio-markers for environmental intolerances,1091 extending other studies.1092 1093
2. Changes in heart-rate variability, some of which can be delayed,1094 and blood

pressure.1095 1096
3. Comparative frequency and severity of behavioural effects are related to field

transitions or gradients, although it is well established that conscious perception is
not necessarily correlated with exposure or sensitivity.1097
4. Cortisol levels are correlated with EHS from a GSM base station radiation.1098
5. Involuntary hand movements in a moving van correlate with the intensity of nearby
TV signals and even geomagnetic anomalies,1099 as shown in earlier experiments.1100
6. Symptoms of electro-sensitivity at non-thermal exposures, now well established,

from mobile phones and from phone masts, include sleep disturbance and
depression.1101 Non-thermal bio-markers include cell proliferation and differentiation in
bone marrow and disrupted melatonin, as a sign of adaptation to stress.1102
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(iii) Magnetoreception, the ANS and Aurora Disturbance Sensitivity
1. Magnetoreception is now accepted by most scientists in birds and fish, and there is
some agreement on two possible mechanisms.1103 1104 There is growing evidence for
human magnetoreption too, with mechanisms similar to birds and fish.1105
2. Non-linear analysis by recurrence quantification analysis can show consistent

magnetosensory evoked potentials of environmental EMFs (onset and offset of 1 or 2 G
at 60 Hz for 0.2-2.0 seconds) on an EEG, whereas time-averaging hides them. All
reactions show latency but differ individually in dynamical characteristics.1106 1107 1108
3. Response to rapid stimulus (0.2s) suggests the receptor potentials originate from a
direct interaction between the field and an ion channel in the plasma membrane.1109
This fits with calcium flux at ion cyclotron resonance frequencies as a pathway in EHS.
4. On/offset of magnetic fields changes brain electrical activity.1110 1111 1112 Weak
magnetic fields affect the right hemisphere 1113 especially at 1 and 10 msec. for 1
microT at 7 Hz1114 and at 4-5 and 7-8 Hz.1115
5. Geomagnetic storms of 100-300 nT (~1% of Earth’s MF of ~30,000 nT at the

equator, and ~60,000 nT at the magnetic poles), change field direction <1o. Changes of
100-300 nT are linked with: 1116 cardiovascular effects, blood flow,1117 blood
pressure,1118 mental illness/suicides, 1119 1120 (female suicides increase in autumn during
geomagnetic storms >100 nT1121), Sudden Infant Death Syndrome for 11-20 and 31-40
nT,1122 circadian rhythm effects,1123 and gene expression linked with influenza.1124
6. Geomagnetic activity affects melatonin.1125 1126 Overnight excretion of melatonin is

reduced by 20%, 28% and 38% at 25-35 nT, 40 nT and 45 nT respectively. Only 20%
of people react with lower melatonin levels at 20 microT at 50 Hz.1127 Mechanisms
could be Schumann wave resonance, suppressed melatonin and calcium ions in
cells,1128 1129 neural cells1130 or cryptochrome.1131 Sferics affects headaches.1132
7. In the ‘Aurora Disturbance Sensitive People’ the HRV reacts to short-term

geomagnetic changes in the Polar Aurora, greater at higher magnetic latitudes.1133
8. High and low geomagnetic fields adversely affect health in 10-15% of the population
at ~100 nT. The ANS response to GRF is shown for a low frequency (LF) HRV of 0.04-
0.15 Hz as a sympathetic, and for a high frequency (HF) HRV of 0.15-0.4 Hz as a
parasympathetic response.
• One group, with a highly adaptive response to stress, reacts with a
sympathetic response , where LF prevails over HF spectra.
• The other group reacts with a parasympathetic response, where HF prevails
over LF. The LF/HF ratio changes due to age and the circadian rhythm.1134 1135
9. QEEG measurements increase when separated people experience similar magnetic

fields for 100 ms.1136 Intuitive perception causes non-local perturbation of photons’
quantum wave functions.1137 Directed intention seemingly activates a distant person's
ANS, as in skin conductance,1138 possibly from limbic effects,1139 through relativity
theory or quantum mechanics.1140 Sensing a presence correlates with E-W
geomagnetic ramps of 1 pT/s for 10 min. of 15-20 nT, and alpha rhythms durations.1141
10. Changes in MFs alter gene expression, especially in immune, stress and temperature
response genes,1142 and affect melanoma at 1-5 nT. 1143 Non-thermal DNA breaks,
discovered in 1994, include ELF MF at 50 Hz, 1 mT.1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150
11. MFs, as from MRI and mobile phones, can have vestibular and auditory effects, inducing
nystagmus or eye movements and vertigo, but not in patients lacking labyrinthine
function, suggesting a Lorentz force from interaction between the MF and naturally
occurring ionic currents in the labyrinthine endolymph fluid.1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
D. EHS TREATMENT
(i) Centre for Electromagnetic Safety: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Protocol
“Health and EMF Exposure: Protocol for Diagnostics and Therapy” by Dr O Grigoriev (2010)
(Director of the Centre for Electromagnetic Safety, Russia; Head of the Radiobiology and
Hygiene for Non-Ionizing Radiation Laboratory at the Federal Medical Biophysical Centre; vice-
chairman of RNCNIRP: the Russian National Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection),
2010, based on CES research 1975-2009 and Russian studies 1965-2009.1157 The team at CES
includes two professors and three doctors. This Protocol now has the status of the Draft of
the Standard of the Federal Medical Biophysical Centre of the Russian Federation.
The following points are noteworthy:

a) The connection between EMF exposure and health has been extended from
occupational medicine to general medicine.
b) It includes an assessment of individual EMF sensitivity, for the first time.
c) Several criteria are necessary for a diagnosis of individual EMF sensitivity.
d) It suggests a criterion for the health prognosis of people with high EMF
sensitivity under modern exposure conditions.
e) It distinguishes people with high EMF sensitivity from “EMF Neurosis”.
f) It provides a standard procedure with an algorithm and formal rules.
1. Diagnostic Protocol
a) aims:
• an objective connection between a person’s state of health and EMF exposure;
• a guide for the choice of therapy.
b) all 4 diagnostic criteria are necessary:
• type and level of EMF exposures; • clinical examination;
• the person’s individual sensitivity; • neurological assessment.
c) 3 groups of people:
(i) changed state of health after EMF exposure;
(ii) high individual sensitivity to EMF;
(iii) EMF neurosis (neuroses provoked by EMF sources).
d) scope:
applicable to any person complaining of ill-health from EMF exposure.
e) disease status:
• no specific disease is caused by EMF;
• complexes of symptoms are caused by EMF;
• classified clinical factors are expected from chronic EMF exposure.
f) Diagnosis requires EMF exposure which causes health complaints and evidence
of conditions prior to a change in the state of health;
g) Individual radio-sensitivity is relevant and should be separated from psycho-
somatic presentations;
h) Normal EMF conditions change the health of people with high radio-
sensitivity;
i) The diagnostic protocol is for occupational and general exposure;
j) The diagnostic protocol is not used for children;
k) The diagnostic protocol is for chronic or acute, not thermal, EMF exposure.
2. Protocol structure
a) General examination:
i) patient’s history,
ii) by a therapist
iii) by a neuropathologist
b) Assessment of individual sensitivity to EMF at varying frequencies:
i) by EMF testing;
ii) electro-encephalographical analysis: alpha-range pattern in parietal-occipital
areas;
iii) retrospective assessment of EMF exposure in residence or place of work;
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
iv) clinical examination;

v) conclusion: based on the poly-parametrical analysis from i) to iv).
c) Clinical examination:
i) electro-encephalography;
ii) electrocardiography: measurement of arterial pressure;
iii) clinical and biochemical analysis of blood;
iv) psycho-physiological tests;
v) ultrasonic scans on thyroid and adrenal glands
vi) additional examinations if required by individual complaints.
3. Individual sensitivity
a) Non-thermal low-level EMF sensitivity depends on individual characteristics.
b) Individual sensitivity is difficult to define, because individual reactions to EMF
are poly-parametrical (dependent on: frequency, intensity, localization, exposure).
c) At least 2 methods should be used to assess individual radio-sensitivity.
d) It involves touch indication of EMF influence, with assessment of reaction
latency.
e) 3 kinds of EMF are used:
i) magnetic field at power frequency (50 Hz),
ii) modulated radio-frequency,
iii) non-modulated radio-frequency.
f) EMF intensity is at EMF limits for the general population.
g) The first test apparatus was developed by Professor Holodov in 1975 and was
modified by Professor Lebedeva in 1994.
h) The second test is specially adapted in the CES laboratory.
i) Electro-encephalogramma:
1. Individual radio-sensitivity relates to the brain alpha-rhythm capacity and spatial
distribution.
2. People with high radio-sensitivity have large expressiveness in alpha-rhythm
parietal-occipital areas.
3. Criteria for estimating radio-sensitivity via EEG is individual Central Nervous
System reactivity, and generally slow EEG.
4. The test methodology is based on experimental data from EMF tests and bio-
reaction on EMF from mobile phones.
j) Criteria for hyper-sensitivity:
i) When ill, the person was exposed to EMF, but at under general safety limits.
ii) Two tests for increased individual sensitivity are positive.
iii) Clinical tests show changes of health.
iv) EMF reactions are authentically distinguished from psycho-somatic reactions.
v) Health reactions in a person with high individual EMF sensitivity from chronic
EMF exposure can be characteristic of people with occupational EMF
exposure.
vi) This is labeled:
• the Asthenic syndrome,
• or the Asthenic-vegetative syndrome,
• or the Hypothalamuses syndrome.
4. Therapy
The therapeutic protocol has typical recommendations on:
a) clinical regenerative treatment,
b) preventative maintenance,
c) protection against EMF effects.
d) symptomatic therapy, dependent on observed concrete symptoms;
e) individual medical preparations at individual doses;
f) “electromagnetic unloading”: isolation conditions away from anthropogenic EMF
during treatment, to strengthen the organism;
g) duration:
i) the Asthenic syndrome: not less than 3 weeks;
or ii) the Asthenic-vegetative and Hypothalamuses syndrome: 3-6 weeks.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
D. EHS TREATMENT contd.
(ii) Austrian Medical Association

Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses (EMF
syndrome), by the Austrian Medical Association, EMF Working Group, 2012.1158
1. History of health problems and EMF exposure: patient questionnaire:

a) list of symptoms,
b) variation of health problems depending on time and location,
c) assessment of EMF exposure.
2. Examination and findings

There are no findings specific to EMF, making diagnosis and differential diagnosis
challenging. A useful method for diagnosis is to use stress-associated findings and then
to evaluate them synoptically.
1) basic diagnostic tests;
2) EMF exposure measurements;
3) specific diagnostic tests.
Cardiovascular system:
basic diagnostic tests: blood pressure, heart rate
specific diagnostic tests:
24-hour blood pressure monitoring (absence of night-time decline),
24-hour ECG,
24-hour heart variability HRV (ANS diagnosis).
Laboratory tests:
Early morning urine (adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, 6-
OH melatonin sulphate)
Saliva (cortisol, 3 times per day)
Blood (blood count, differential/fasting/postprandial glucose, HBA1c, TSH)
Additional diagnostic tests, specific to individuals, depending on
symptoms: urine (4), saliva (2), blood (19: see AMA list).
3. Measurement of EMF exposure:

EMF measurements of a wide variety of EMF exposure (eg cordless phones, Wi-Fi,
wiring, mobile phone masts, TV masts, high-voltage power lines, transformer
substations) should be carried out by trained and experienced measurement engineers.
Measurements should be in accordance with relevant standards, such as the
Professional Association of German Building Biologists: Guidelines SMB-2008:
http://www.baubiologie.de/downloads/english/richtwerte_2008_englisch.pdf
Recommended threshold levels (bedroom or desk/sitting area)

Normal limit Significant concern
AC magnetic fields < 20 nT (= 0.2 mG) > 400 nT (= 4 mG)
AC electric fields < 0.3 V/m > 10 V/m
RF radiation < 1 µW/m2 > 1000 µW/m2
4. Prevention or reduction of EMF exposure

Patients should eliminate or reduce EMF exposure. This may lead to an alleviation of
health problems within days or weeks.
Preventative measures include:
• Disconnect the power supply to cordless phones; replace with corded phone.
• Disconnect the power supply to Wi-Fi routers; replace with wired routers.
• Disconnect the power supply in the bedroom, within safety limits.
• Disconnect the power supply in all living quarters, within safety limits.
• Move the bed or desk to a different place with lower exposure.
• Disconnect harmful appliances and lamps.
• Re-wire the building to reduce residual currents.
• Follow medical rules to reduce EM exposure for mobile phone use.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Diagnosis
• A diagnosis of EMF Syndrome will largely be based on a comprehensive history,
focusing on correlations between health problems and times and places of EMF
exposure, as well as the progressions of symptoms over time.
• Supporting evidence comes from measurements of EMF exposure and results of
additional diagnostic tests.
• Other potential causes should be excluded as far as possible.
• At present, use code Z58.4 (exposure to radiation) under the International
Classification of Diseases (ICD-10).
6. Treatment:
Primary: 1. Prevention or reduction of EMF exposures.
Additional treatments, depending on the individual case:
2. lifestyle coaching
(exercise, nutrition, sleep habits, stress reduction, stress resistance);
3. holistic treatments
(anti-oxidative and anti-nitrosative therapies, trace elements, vitamins,
amino acids);
4. treatment of symptoms, until the causes have been identified and
eliminated.
The main EMF effect seems to be the reduction of oxidative and nitrosative regulation capacity.
This explains changing EMF sensitivity and the large number of EMF symptoms. As with other
multi-system disorders, it helps to minimize adverse peroxynitrite effects.
(iii) Other tests and observations:
Dr Havas: measurements of the following:

• blood tests,
• hormones levels (many EHS symptoms correspond to lower levels of serum
testosterone & progesterone, plasma ACTH, serum coritsol, serum T3 and T4),1159
• seratonin and melatonin levels (measurements have to be done at the same time of
day because these change diurnally).
Provocation testing: in a clean environment, with a Wi-Fi router or a DECT phone,
rather than a mobile phone (both emit constantly; exposure can be blinded).
• heart rate variability, during exposure,
• live blood for rouleaux formation, after 10 minutes of exposure,
• changes in blood sugar, after 30 minutes of exposure.
Test of variables of attention (TOVA): electrodes to measure reaction time, impulse control
and cognition, for memory and cognitive impairment, predictors of early dementia.1160 1161 1162
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is associated with calcium, phosphate and bone physiology.
Lower bone density and prolonged P300 with high parathyroid hormone could mark dementia
and osteoporosis. EMF is linked with dementia and reduced bone mineralisation. 1163 1164 1165 1166
MCS: mastocytosis or a mast cell disorder triggered by chemical injury may lead to MCS.1167
MCS patients can show emotional instability in reacting to small amounts of chemicals,
suggesting limbic hypermetabolism.1168 1169 Raised TA1 (CD3+CD26+) indicates MCS.1170
Other treatments: Sauna (radiant or infra-red) helps cleansing environmental toxins.1171
Difference between EHS and ES or EMFIS: some scientists differentiate

(i) a very few with EHS as (a) a genetic condition, e.g. demyelination or large numbers of
cerebral magnetite crystals, or (b) acquired from heavy metal poisoning, and
(ii) a much larger and increasing number with Electrosensitivity (ES) or EMF Intolerance
Syndrome (EMFIS) as an acquired disease following prolonged EM exposure.
By this definition, therefore, a person can develop ES or EMFIS without being EHS.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
E. INFLAMMATION, NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE IONS, SCHUMANN RESONANCE,

EARTHING, BODY VOLTAGE
1. INFLAMMATION is associated with:

(a) positively charged free radicals,
(b) an excess of reactive oxygen species, although small concentrations, as in
air enhanced with negative ions, are beneficial,
(c) chronic diseases, such as in cancers and neurological conditions, which can be
classified as symptoms arising simply from inflammation,1172
(d) cortisol as a marker, 1173
(e) environmental stress from electromagnetic fields, or the absence of beneficial
environmental factors, such as sunlight and contact with the earth. 1174 1175
(f) earthing or grounding the body reduces inflammation by the earth’s surface
supply of negative electrons, normalising cortisol rhythms and improving sleep.
Inflammation and oxidative stress

inflammation normal / healing
polarity positive negative
electrons too few electrons enough electrons
stress oxidative stress
(sources) e.g. EMFs, metals, heat from exercise earthing
free radicals excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) low concentration of
(positive, reactive oxygen species (ROS)
missing an electron) antioxidants (vitamins A,C,E),
nitric oxide
too many free radicals normal numbers of free radicals
take electrons from bones, cartilage, etc take electrons from bacteria etc
health state chronic, immune diseases: healthy,
cancer, arthritis, diabetes, heart disease, healing,
DNA mutations, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, pain reduction
aging, lupus, MS, cataracts, asthma,
allergies, dry skin, weak teeth,
infections, prone to ‘flu,
hypothyroidism, tired, irritable,
(possibly: ME/CFS, fibromyalgia)
cortisol raised cortisol normal cortisol
2. NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE IONS, AIRBORNE
(a) Negative ions in the air are biologically active and affect circadian rhythms.1176 Negative
ions act on the parasympathetic nervous system relaxing the nerves, whereas positive air
ions act excite the sympathetic nerves.
(i) Negative ions improve:
• cognitive skills, 1177 • Seasonal Affective Disorder, 1179 1180 1181 1182
• metabolism, 1178
• use of computers. 1183
(ii) Negative ions reduce:
• cancer and tumor growth via the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells,1184
• bacteria1185 1186 1187 • TB infection (60%, compared with 70% for UV light).1189
• influenza virus 1188
(iii) The negative air ions from an electroeffluvial air ionizer contains two reactive oxygen
species, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, at low levels, suggesting a biological mechanism
of negative air ions is the activation of free radical peroxidation, which can help asthma and
Parkinson’s. The balance between these two ROS determines oncogenesis.1190 1191 1192
(iv) Negative ions aid asthma1193 and positive ions worsen it,1194 or both help1195 or not. 1196
Negative ions raise tracheal and bronchial cilia beats 15 to 20 Hz; positive ions slow to 10 Hz.
(v) Free silver ions generated electrically have an antibiotic effect.1197 1198
(c) Concentrations of negative (anion) and positive ions (cation):

(i) High concentrations of negative ions: on beaches, in the mountains, in the country
(2,000-4,000 neg.ions/cm3), in pine forests and near large waterfalls (>10,000 neg.ions/cm3).
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Small droplets with negative ions by the Lenard effect from waterfalls have a longer life than
electrically produced anions. Anion concentrations are higher in warm seasons. 1199 1200
Low concentrations of negative ions: indoors, near some electrical equipment such as a
CRT, in warm dry winds, in polluted air such as main roads (<100 neg.ions/cm3).
(ii) Indoor concentrations of positive ions from a photocopier (1,512 pos.ions/cm3) were
4.6 times higher than the outdoor concentration (325 pos.ions/cm3). Friction in air heaters and
air-conditioners creates positive ions,1201 as do synthetic clothes. Powerlines produce positive
ions and may disturb melatonin production.1202 Urban pollution increases the proportion of
positive ions, since negative ions scavenge pollutant aerosols. Years ago there were 3,000-
4,000 negative ions per cm3; now: 300-400 per cm3, and near phone masts 80-100 per cm3.
(iii) Negative and positive atmospheric ions are vital to life.1203
3. SCHUMANN RESONANCE
(a) The Global Electrical Circuit involves solar radiation, the earth’s magnetic core and
negatively-charged surface, the positively-charged ionosphere, and lightning discharges
creating the Schumann resonance (SR) in the cavity between the earth and ionosphere. SR
is RF radiation or sferics from the 100 lightning strikes per second world-wide, each
producing 0.5-1.0 A, some at 1-30 kHz but most at 7-40 Hz. This radiation encircles the earth
below the ionosphere as a quasi-standing wave, mainly west to east. With the earth’s
circumference of ~24,900 miles and the speed of light at 186,000 miles per second, it circles
the earth 7.46 times per second, close to the measured 7.83 Hz with weaker harmonics at
13.8, 19.7, 25.7, 31.7, 39 and 45 Hz; since 1980 SR is now ~12 Hz. There is diurnal variation
of ~0.5 Hz from increased solar ionisation of the ionosphere at midday. Daily peaks occur at
10, 16 and 22 hrs UT, because of increased strikes in south-east Asia, Africa and America. The
SR signal has an EF of 0.22-1.12 mV/m and MF of ~ 0.001 pT.1204
(i) Global warming can increase lightning storms and thus SR. Relative tropical surface
temperatures in an El-Nino cycle correlates positively with the amplitude of the first SR.1205 1206
(ii) Lightning causes SR and its EM radiation appears to create further lightning.1207 1208
(iii) Man-made electromagnetic pollution can weaken or obscure SR.
(iv) SR is strong at sea where there is good electrical conductivity.
(b) Human bio-effects:

(i) The earth has a negative charge replenished by lightning, but the ionosphere is positive.
This polarity relates to therapeautic effects of negative ions and earthing [see p.35].1209
(ii) Higher levels of Schumann Resonance often relate to positive health.
(iii) Solar flares emit protons into the atmosphere, increasing ionisation and thus
conductivity and electrical currents to produce the aurora borealis. MF can increase from
0.9 to 1.3 pT. Some people are sensitive to “Aurora Disturbance” [see p.28].1210
(iv) Blood pressure is lower during intensified SR, especially in males.1211
(v) Shielding on earth1212 and space flight reduces human circadian effects.1213 1214
(vi) Like other MFs, these effects appear to be through reduced melatonin.1215
(vii) Increased amplitudes at 10 Hz increases human weather sensitivity; artificial 10 Hz
accelerates human circadian periodicity, or extends response time, or gives headaches.1216
(viii) The 7-40Hz range of Schumann Resonance matches human brainwaves in the alpha
and beta frequencies, suggesting coherence or entrainment based upon sympathetic
resonance, with bio-effects in EEG and acupuncture meridians at 8.8-13.2Hz.1217
(c) Sensitivity threshold for human bio-effects:

(i) Biological entrainment, shown by human circadian effects if SR is shielded, may reflect
lower ELF at 0.1-20 Hz and 10pT over a noise level of 1pT. Both anthropogenic noise of ~1pT
and the first 2 SR harmonics seem disturbed by summer thunderstorms, to which some people
are sensitive, where transient natural signals with amplitudes of about 10 pT are superimposed
on a continuous noise level of about 1 pT, both exhibiting SR periodicities.1218 Solar flares can
increase MF from 0.9 to 1.3 pT; since some people are sensitive to the related Aurora
Disturbance, a ramp of 0.4 pT may be significant, although thunderstorms produce 50 nT.
(ii) SR biological effects and thresholds are varied, reflecting individual sensitivity.1219
(ii) SR effects can be blocked by man-made EM pollution, as shown in suicide rates.1220 1221
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. EARTHING
Earthing or grounding the body, 1222 maximises the transfer of negative ions from the
surface of the earth which are replenished by the global electrical circuit, linked with
Schumann resonance (see above).1223
Beneficial effects include the following.

(a) reduced delayed-onset muscle soreness by 10% for a range of markers;1224 1225 1226
(b) nocturnal reduction in renal excretion of calcium and phosphorus, decreases blood
glucose in diabetic patients, and increases free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone. It
may be the primary factor regulating endocrine and nervous systems.1227
(c) neuromodulation by the earth's mass changes EEG, SEMG, and SSEPs. 1228 1229 It
neutralises free radicals at injury sites after the oxidative burst.
(d) skin conductance decreases, respiratory rate increases, blood oxygenation variance
decreases during earthing but increases after ungrounding, pulse rate and perfusion index
variances increase during 40 min. grounding afterwards.1230
(e) a therapist during hands-on treatment may help to earth an inflammatory condition.1231
Methods of earthing include leather-soled shoes, barefoot on wet grass or a beach, or

artificial earthed mats.1232 (The electrical earth in some houses is faulty from corrosion.)
5. BODY VOLTAGE
Body voltage relates to many conditions. It can be measured electrically or by pH.1233
(a) Ovulation occurs when a woman’s usual level (measured between corresponding fingers
of each hand) of, say -40 mV over 4 days rises to +80 mV and then drops in one day to -10
mV and continues down to is former level over the next 14 days. Simultaneously the cervix,
usually positive to the ankle, reverses polarity for 24-48 hours.1234 1235 1236 1237 1238
(b) Cancer. Differences in changes of cellular voltage gradients reflect the growth of different
types of tumours, e.g. spontaneous breast cancer, carcinogenetic malignancies, and atypical
transplanted growths. Rapidly growing tumours produce most intense voltage gradients. 1239
1240 1241
Conductances are increased by inflammation, but decreased by organ degeneration
and tissue necrosis.1242 Conductance for liver disease is 18 times higher than controls.1243
(c) Usual cellular functioning is at 20-25 milliVolts, or 7.35 pH. Chronic disease can
occur below 20 milliVolts at, say, 10 milliVolts. For healing, damaged cells are replaced with
new ones. A new cell requires more electrons and 50 milliVolts, based on appropriate nutrition
and sufficient cellular energy. Chronic pain and normal disease are symptoms of low voltage.
Sound nutrition producing higher voltage is essential for good health.
(d) Diurnal variation in EMFs: humans have 14-17 day cycles, approximately at lunar
phases, with weak 6-week and 4-month cycles, like tree cycles, although with greater voltage
fluctuations and decreased polarity stability. Older people and trees show small fluctuations.
Increased positivity, head positive to chest, occurs October to December, and decreased
positivity January to March, with monthly means -7 to +18 mV, up to -30 to +35 mV.1244
(e) The human body is naturally conductive on the surface of the skin, the respiratory tract,
and the gastrointestinal tract.
(f) Body voltage sleeping: without earthing, 3.3 V; with earthing, 0.007 V. The earth’s
current, at 10 Hz, is weakest at midnight and strongest at noon and at 5-6.00pm.
(g) Phospholipids in the cell membrances work as electron conductors and capacitators to
store electrons, like an electrical battery for the cell. Recharging occurs 70 times a day for
every cell in the body, as electrons enter from the cell membrane and are mixed with
phosphorus. Chronic disease is associated with a lack of this cellular energy.
(h) Oxygen is essential to every cell in the body. Lower oxgen levels are linked with ill health.
Cancer cells cannot grow with normal levels of oxygen. The amount of oxygen in a cell
depends on a sufficient voltage. When voltage and oxygen are low, metabolism becomes
anaerobic, an inefficient state associated with cancer. The Bohr effect states that the voltage in
a solution determines the amount of oxygen which can be dissolved.
(i) pH (power of hydrogen) measures hydrogen ions.
• alkaline, 7-14 pH, has fewer hydrogen ions and more bonding,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• acidic, 7-1 pH, has increased hydrogen ions and less bonding.
pH testing with litmus strips:
• healthy urine or saliva pH levels should be 7.3 and up to 8 after eating; it will be
lowest early in the day; exercise causes pH to drop.
• Urine tends to be slightly acidic, but 6.5 suggests insufficient alkaline mineral reserves.
• Saliva is 6.4-6.8 before eating, and 7.5 after eating.
• Skin can be acidic down to 5.5.
pH of blood is usually controlled with a few tenths of a pH unit. A change of 0.5 pH would
cause serious illness. Digestion is affected by stomach pH.
Cellular voltage: health effects related to pH, body voltage, food, environment
health disease normal healing
state acidic neutral alkaline
pH (1 number 1-6 pH 7.356 pH* 8-14 pH
= x 10) (range 7.0-7.45)
pH voltage 6 pH = + 60 mV (+0.06 V) -20 mV 8 = -60 mV (-0.06 V)
(60 mV per pH 5 pH = + 120 mV (+0.12 V) (-0.02 mV)* 9 = -120 mV (-0.12 V)
change) 4 pH = + 180 mV (+0.18 V) 10 = -180 mV (-0.18 V)
body voltage < - 10 mV (or any + mV) - 20-25 mV > - 50 mV
polarity positive negative (North pole)
foods excess: processed foods, negative electrons from:
animal protein, caffeine, unprocessed foods, fruit, some
alcohol, refined sugar, grains, vegetables, dark chocolate,
trans fats, vitamin C** vit.A & D, alk. minerals, water
life-style stress exercise
environment EMF pollut., indoors no vent., normal sunshine, earthing, fresh air,
heavy metals: mercury, lead, mountains, seaside, rivers
cadmium
cellular oxygen low oxygen high oxygen
tissue damaged normal damaged tissue under repair
* See table below for children, young adults and athletes, and ill health.
** Oxidant (electron receptor) therapies include (a) high dose vitamin C, stimulating hydrogen peroxide, (b) UV blood
irradiation therapy.
pH and cellular body voltages: typical health effects

acidic- cellular body
alkaline voltage person health effects
pH milliVolt Volt
>7.5 pH >-30 mV >- 0.02 V adult area of body healing from injury
7.5 pH - 30 mV - 0.03 V child, athlete,
young adult
7.42 pH - 25 mV - 0.025 V healthy adult
7.33 pH - 20 mV - 0.020 V healthy adult child: tiredness
7.25 pH - 15 mV - 0.015 V adult tiredness
7.17 pH - 10 mV - 0.01 V adult sick
7.08 pH - 5 mV - 0.005 V adult organs dysfunctional
>7.08 pH > - 5 mV >- 0.005V adult chronic pain, infections, oxygen levels decreased
6.5 pH + 30 mV + 0.03 V adult cellular electrical system malfunctions, cellular
polarity reversed, DNA damage, cancer growth
Short-term bio-effects of grounding

parameter at grounding during 40 minutes’ after grounding
grounding
skin conductance immediate decrease decreased immediate increase
respiratory rate increases increased remains increased
respiratory rate variance immediately increases decreases
blood oxygenation variance decreases decreases significantly increases
pulse rate variance increase: 30-40 minutes this change persists
perfusion index variance increase: 30-40 minutes this change persists
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
F INFORMATION BIO-SYSTEMS, QUANTUM BIOLOGY AND QUANTUM SIGNALLING
1. INFORMATION BIO-SYSTEMS
(a) Systems biology is a holistic approach to the relation between genotypes and
phenotypes, through multilevel epigenetic interactions, both upward and downward. Scalar
and fractal relativity provide multiscale intregration for multiscale problems.1245 1246 1247 1248 1249
(b) Electromagnetic information bio-systems
(i) interconnect cells and organisms,
(ii) interreact, e.g. neural-system ionic currents and magnetic fields generate electric
currents in the perineural system,
(iii) provide endogenous information for cells and organisms,
(iv) receive exogenous information from other bio-systems and man-made EMR.1250 1251
1252 1253
(c) The mechanisms of interreaction include non-ionising radiation breaking Van der Waals
bonds, blue light and UVR damaging both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of cells, and
biological systems reacting to photons through the polarisation or trajectory of the photon.
Information Wave-particle Range Energy Categories

bio-system
1 active information scalar energy, subtle quantum nonlocal, wide low plants,
energy entangled animals
2 DNA singalling, electro-magnetic solitons, quantum EM dynamic, wide, low, plants,
photonic photons, biophotons quantum mechanical medium medium animals
3 perineural phonons, electrons, quantum mechanical medium medium plants,
protons animals
4 neuro-endocrine solitons, ions quantum electro-chemical narrow high animals
2. QUANTUM BIOLOGY
Bio-information systems and many cellular processes are quantum mechanical/electrical, with
quantum wave/particles. This is increasingly recognized,1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 especially for:
(i) photosynthesis,1259 1260 1261 1262
(ii) avian and animal navigation,1263 with its quantum radical pair mechanism,1264
(iii) intra-cellular signalling (see section 3: Quantum Signalling)
(iv) quantum coherence,1265 1266 1267 1268 1269
(v) quantum tunneling, e.g. DNA proton states decoherence,1270 1271 olfaction,1272
(vi) the quantum Zeno effect,1273
(vii) quantum entanglement,1274 1275
(viii) spintronics: double-stranded DNA with its chirality filters electron progression
by spin-type, especially if the strands are long and tightly packed.1276 1277 1278
Quantum biology and quantum mechanics: wave-particle duality of EMR

Aspect Detail Date
A electron (ion, electric negative/positive charge, Lenard spray effect) 1834 Faraday, Arrhenius
magnetic field splits spectral field (el. spin,photon emission) 1896, Zeeman
as discrete particles 1897/1904, Thomson
as wave-form, deduced from Schrodinger equation c.1930 Clifford, Schrod.
all matter wave-like proposed; proved (electron diffraction) 1924 de Broglie; 1927
uncertainty principle measuring position disturbs momentum 1927 Heisenberg
Schrodinger’s equation quantum state (wavefunction) changes with time 1926 Schrodinger
photoelectric effect high-frequency blue light makes metal emit electrons 1901 Tesla
energy of emitted electrons depends on the light frequency 1902 Lenard
exciton (photosynthesis) =quasiparticle, electron in semiconductor as in free space 1931 Frenkel
electron spin resonance =electron paramagnetic resonance, radical pair mechanism 1944 Zavoisky
B quantised EMF for light (wave-particle), named photon 1900 Planck, 1926 Lewis
energy of light quanta E=hf (energy=Planck’s constant, h, x frequency of light ) 1905 Einstein;
based on their frequency proposed; proved 1915 Millikan
C quantum tunelling possibility of a wave/particle going through classical barrier 1927 Hund, 1957
D quantum Zeno effect an unstable particle observed continuously will never decay 1954 Turing
E electromagnetic potential proposed 1949 Ehrenberg, Siday
fundamental (not field) proved: EM field affects an electron wave, no EMF 1959 Aharonov, Bohm
F non-locality/entanglement non-locality/entanglement, an information potential 1975 Bohm, Hiley
G spintronics electron’s quantum mechanical spin: up/down spin filter 1985
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Vibrations of electrically polar cellular structures, such as microtubules, generate coherent

high frequency radiation,1279 based on nonlinear interaction between longitudinal elastic and
electric polarisation fields, with metabolic energy supply.1280 1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288
A. QUANTUM BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
• Fertilization involves electrical signals based on calcium signaling as the primary

oscillator. The fusion of sperm and egg proteins starts action potential-like spikes
orchestrating coordinated growth and differentiation of the embryo. 1289 1290 1291 1292
• Healing , epigenetic effects and embryo development involve electric fields which can
alter the charge transfer of DNA and thus effect the genome.1293 1294 1295 1296 1297 1298 1299
1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305
A frog embryo emits ultra-weak signals at 10-20 and 30-40 Hz.1306
• Electron loss produces disease or cell aptosis, through oxidation by free radicals with
unpaired electrons (e.g. oxygen). Antioxidants like Vitamin C supply electrons.1307 1308 1309
• Electrotaxis and galvanotaxis from DC electric fields involve delayed response by 30
minutes and straightening of cells <0.6 V/m and movement >0.6 V/m.1310 1311 This may be
linked with metastasis in some cancers.1312 1313 1314
• Chemotaxis with electro-chemical direction signaling involves phospholipids.1315 1316 1317
1318
Hormetic morphogen gradients may determine vascular wall curvature.1319
• A lack of coherent radiation from the mitochondria may relate to cancer.1320 1321 1322
• Electrokinesis: DC at 1.4 V/cm can induce mechanical strain (not piezoelectricity).1323
• Electrophoresis is the electrokinetic motion of particles in a fluid in an electric field,
caused by the charged interface between the particle surface and the fluid.1324 1325 1326
• Iontophoresis helps transdermal delivery with an electric current.1327 1328 1329
• Phonophoresis or sonoporation uses ultrasound at 1-3 MHz and 0-2 W/cm2, often at LF
<100 kHz, for transmemmbrane delivery. It is as effective as iontophoresis for naproxen in
lateral epicondylitis.1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335
• EM measurements can assess emotions.1336 1337 1338
• Photons may help imagination,1339 and be key communicators.1340 1341 1342 1343 1344
• Solitons and phonons: the electron-phonon interaction in the helical symmetry of
macromolecules, such as proteins, results in the self-trapping of electrons in a localised
state known as the Davydov soliton.1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352
• Soliton sound pulses were proposed in 2005 for how neurons conduct signals via the cell
membrane, instead of the action potential model of voltage-gated ion channels. Pressure
wave solitons explain ion electrical changes by piezoelectricity. 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358
• Ions are electro-chemical particles. Low-energy electrons can be formed from non-local
auto-ionization in water-clusters through intermolecular coulombic decay.1359 1360
B. ELECTRONS
(a, b) Electromagnetic radiation is ‘quantised’ or has ‘wave-particle duality’, which results

not from the matter itself but from the matter’s quantum potential, since EMR propagates as
linear waves but is emitted and absorbed as discrete particles.
This quantum mechanical effect applies to electrons and light quanta or photons, and is
variable, as in Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, and Schrodinger’s changes with time.
Electron diffraction shows that EMR has mass, but photons have no rest mass.
In the Zeeman effect a magnetic field affects an electron’s spin momentum twice as much as
its orbital momentum when it moves from an excited to ground state and emits a quantum of
light or photon (as in a fluorescent light). This electron spin resonance can split spectral
fields in MRI and is behind the radical pair mechanism in avian magnetic navigation.
(c) Quantum tunnelling is quantum mechanical, allowing for a particle travelling through a
barrier,1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 used in SQUID and MRI and linked with proteins in
photosynthesis and respiration,1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 and olfaction.1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 1377 1378
(d) In the quantum Zeno effect an unstable particle, observed continuously, never decays.
(e) Lagrangian energies, replacing Newton’s forces, are electromagnetic potentials with
both scalar and vector potentials, and with gauge freedom, rather than gauge invariant EMFs.
The EM four-potential combines into a single space-time four-vector: the single electric scalar
potential and the triple magnetic vector potentional within a given frame. This EM potential is
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
fundamental; the EMF can be derived from it, but not vice-versa. This emphasis on potential,
not field, was proved by the Aharonov-Bohm effect.
(f) Quantum potential implies non-locality or ‘entanglement’. This universal field can be
considered as an information potential. This potential does not act mechanically but influences
the form of processes and is itself shaped by the environment. At the quantum level it
organises the dynamical evolution of the system itself, and may relate to mind processes
within the brain.1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389
Preferential attachment rules under Bose-Einstein statistics may explain consciousness,
emotion and reasoning. There are problems in the simultaneous existence of: (i) free will, (ii)
reality in the particle properties being measured, and (iii) the speed of light. 1390 1391 1392 1393
Quantum mechanics allows consciousness to affect the collapse of wave functions.
Human intention can thus be imprinted into a specific intention imprinted electrical device
(IIED). It is claimed that this device can then influence target experiments. Experiments claim
to show macroscopic information entanglement over thousands of miles.
The efficacy of information medicines can be assessed by measuring variations in
thermodynamic free energy within a given space. NeuroModulation Techique, a form of
intention therapy, has been applied to osteonecrosis. 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400
A development of this argument sees physical reality as two categories of substance: (i)
electric charge-based, and (ii) magnetic charge-based. Normally, only the electric uncoupled
state can be measured by traditional instruments. The magnetic charge-base can only be
measured in the coupled state. The coupling occurs via human intentions.1401 1402
(g) Spintronics uses an electron’s quantum mechanical spin as well as its charge state. The
spin is detected as a weak magnetic "spin up" or "spin down". Spin-filtering between electrons
with “up” and “down” spins occurs when electrons pass through ferromagnetic materials.
C. PHOTONS
(a) In 1900 Planck proposed that electromagnetic waves, which travel at the speed of light,
are released in packets of energy.
In 1905 Einstein, because of the photoelectric effect, proposed that light is quantised.
In 1926 these quanta were named ‘photons’.
(b) Photons, as quanta in quantum mechanics, have wave-particle duality, and thus are
usually measuered as a statistical probability for a given area.
(c) Photons are massless, since they move at the speed of light in a vacuum.
(d) Photons have no electric charge, but are the force-carrier for the electromagnetic force.
(e) Each photon is polarised with linear or circular polarisation or, between these two, with
elliptical polarisation. An air-water interface can cause sunlight to be circularly polarised.
(f) Chirality of visible light has bio-effects, with left-handed chirality of wavelengths shorter
than green having adverse effects, and longer than green having beneficial bio-effects.1403
D. SCALAR AND SUBTLE ENERGY
(a) Scalar energy is a logical consequence of quantum mechanics and relativity.

(b) Subtle energy explains phenomena in addition to the four established forces:
strong nuclear, weak nuclear, electro-magnetic and gravitational.
These phenomena include (i) bio-feedback (ii) changes produced by intentional thought.
(c) Scalar and subtle energy function at the level of the “vacuum”, negative energy,
chaotic Dirac Sea, or the zero-point field. This is the quantum state with the lowest
possible energy, or where matter and antimatter are in balance. According to quantum
mechanics, vacuum is not absolutely empty but contains fleeting electromagnetic waves and
particles and should exhibit nonlinear effects which make it behave like a birefringent material.
(d) Because scalar and subtle energy operate at the level of the “vacuum”, they cannot yet be
measured directly but only by their bio-effects in a living system. The magnetic vector
potential can act as a “bridge” between the unobservable subtles energies and the physically
observable energies associated with electric and magnetic fields.1404
(e) Some measured effects from magnetic exposure, such as reduced standing balance and
increased tremor amplitude, modulate involuntary motor control but do not show on EEG and
cortical electrical activity in the body, suggesting other communication forces exist.1405
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. QUANTUM SIGNALLING
The body’s information bio-systems and intracellular communication and signalling processes
are quantum (wave/particle).1406 1407
A. DNA QUANTUM SIGNALLING

(a) DNA with its long double helix can encode more complex information and signalling than
for most other cells, like laser-based solitonic quantum holograms.1408 1409 1410 1411 DNA
vibrations emit biophotons with up to 4 megabytes of information, for intercommunication with
other biophotons in a structured biophotonic field around the body, which is thought to hold
long-term memory and regulates metabolic enzymes via microtubules, light conductive
molecules in the connective tissue.
(b) DNA possesses the two structural characteristics of fractal antennas, (i) electronic
conductance and (ii) self-symmetry. DNA, therefore, is more reactive to EMFs than other tissue
and more likely to suffer genetic consequences. 1412 1413
(c) Electron conduction through double-stranded DNA is spin selective, an organic spin filter.
In addition to the atomic spin-orbit coupling, the effect must relate to the chirality symmetry.
Thus spin affects electron transfer rates through biological systems.1414
(d) Coherence and resonance allows signal-to-noise amplification of wave-particles over
background interference or stochastic effects. Thus photoreception uses several pathways to
increase sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratios to maximize information transfer.1415 1416
Animals, such as cats, and insects can sense a prey beyond sight, hearing or smell.
(e) Gene expression. Static magnetic exposure at 0.23-28 T can be transduced via lipid
membrane biosensors into cellular differentiation toward neural lineages. 24 hour 50 Hz MF
exposure at 0.4 mT can induce 3 differentially expressed genes in MCF-7 cells. At 0.1-1 T
static magnetic exposure can alter lipid bilayers and thus modulate cellular signaling pathways
like a receptor antagonist drug for controlling Parkinson’s, including altered calcium flux,
increased APT, reduced nitric oxide production etc.1417 1418 1419
Epigenetic modification in neurodegeneration like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and MS.1420 1421
(f) DNA can be damaged by (i) THz radiation, (ii) UV light, and (iii) free radicals, leading
to double strand breaks, the precursor of cancer. Since not all oxidative lesions can be fully
repaired, all humans appear to have the capacity eventually to develop cancer.1422 1423
(g) Homeostasis relates to exogenous coherent and resonant biomagnetic exposure.
(h) The biofield, or the body’s endogenous energy field, is a nonclassical or quantum energy
field, acting as a resonance target for exogenous energy,1424 1425 emitting biophotons.1426
(i) Magnetic or longitudinal scalar waves enable DNA to communicate via cell resonance
with potential vortices and magnetic monopoles.1427 1428
(j) The phantom leaf effect, discovered in 1966, occurs for 5-10 minutes after part of a leaf
is cut away. Kirlian or bioelectro-photography shows the original full shape in outline or
‘phantom’, provided there is no strong magnetic field present. A top cut portion is more likely
to produce a phantom than a side cut, suggesting that the effect is related to growth
factors.The maximum cut for the effect is 15-20 %. The rate of fading appears to relate to
weight loss for a cut leaf, which accelerates significantly after 5-10 minutes.1429 1430
(k) In the DNA phantom effect, discovered in 1981, EM signals in a vacuum appear to retain
reduced but coherent wave patterns after DNA has been removed following laser illumination.
This may suggest subtle radiation.1431 1432
(l) The genomic DNA of most pathogenic bacteria contains sequences which can generate EM
waves,1433 at high aqueous dilutions, e.g. at 10-9 to 10-18. It appears to be resonant at specific
windows of agitated dilution triggered by the ambient ULF EM background. Some bacteria do
not produce detected EM signals, as in probiotic bacteria.
(m) Under certain conditions, the EM signals from these aqueous solutions of bacterial DNA
sequences can allow DNA recreation. In 2011 Montagnier found that a fragment of HIV DNA
could generate EM signals. A DNA band of the expected size, 104 bp, was found, 98% identical
to the sequence of DNA from which the EM signals originated, with only 2 out of 104 basepairs
different.1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443
(n) DNA EMF signaling from bacteria occurs in various nervous disorders, e.g. autism,
Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and MS, suggesting bacterial infection, especially in the gut.1444 1445
These DNA EM signals have the following characteristics:
(i) Digital response: “on/off”; DNA EM signals not dependent on bacteria number.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Frequency: ultra-low frequency at 500–3,000 Hz.

(iii) Nanostructure of water as signal carrier: generally EM signals are produced by
20 nm filtrates of viral suspensions or from the extracted DNA, but in bacteria by 100
nm filtrates, suggesting that nanostructures of water are carriers of the information.
(iv) An ELF background is necessary, from either (a) natural sources, such as the
Schumann resonances at 7.83 Hz, or (b) artificial sources, such as mains power.
(v) Temperature sensitivity: the production of EM signals is sensitive to temperature
>70 ºC and <-80 ºC, but this sensitivity is reduced in purified short DNA sequences.
(vi) Succussion or vigorous shaking is necessary to produce the EM signals.
(o) Water has unusual properties,1446 1447 especially for rigid structures like ice formed under
an electric field.1448 Ordered water with succussion can retain EM information allowing the
digital transmission of drugs. Pharmaceutical companies are patenting ways of transmitting
drugs by their molecular EM vibrational information. A SQUID magnetometer can record
molecular EM signals for digital electronic transmission.1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 1457 1458
Magnetic fields can change the effectiveness of physical drugs.1459
B. BIOPHOTONIC QUANTUM SIGNALLING

(a) In the 1920 Gurwitsch detected weak biophotons, or photons within a biological system,
regarding them as crucial for determining the structure of organisms.1460
(b) In 1974 Popp discovered biophoton emissions (200-800 nm) from all organisms.
(c) In 1974 Kaznacheyev found intracellular communication by biophotons.
(d) A single biophoton can trigger 109 reactions per second.
Coherent biophotons regulate many processes, e.g. DNA replication, protein synthesis, cell
signalling, oxidative phosporylation and photosynthesis,1461 self-organisation,1462 chromatin
remodeling in plants,1463 metabolic activities, growth, differentiation and evolutionary
development. 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472
(e) Biophoton emissions in illness, injury and stress are:
(i) at a higher rate, perhaps a distress signal or from ROS or oxidative stress,1473 1474
(ii) incoherent, as in cancer and MS patients.
(f) Quantum teleportation depends on the entanglement of photons.1475 1476 1477 1478
(g) DNA emits biophotons as a harmonic oscillator, at its resonating frequency for a DNA
molecule of 2m of 150 MHz VHF. The 90% of DNA sometimes regarded as ‘junk’, as opposed
to the 10% for protein synthesis, can be seen as a genetic text formulated by syntax and
semantics, a linguistic rather than chemical basis, with acoustic and EM radiation. Using laser
light as a carrier, therefore, it is possible at the correct frequency to transmit information from
one DNA to another, without having physically to cut and paste single genes. Thus quantum
non-locality enables holistic and fractal fast-wave genetic information channels.1479
(h) Biophoton emission analysis:
(i) Changes reflect energy metabolism changes, originating from free radical
generation. Range: 260-800 nm, primary peaks 630-670, secondary 520-580.
(ii) Location: highest: from the head around the mouth and cheeks at 3,000
photons/cm2; lowest: thorax-abdomen region. 470-570 nm from the top front right leg,
the forehead and the palms, but 420-470 nm is common in the palm in autumn/winter.
(iii) Diurnal changes: emissions from head, mouth and cheeks increase until late
afternoon, at double the morning rate. Morning fluctuations are lower than afternoon.
(iv) Biophoton emissions from wheat seedlings are influenced by solar and lunar
gravimetric tidal acceleration and match their growth velocity profile.1480
(v) Biophoton emissions negatively correlate with cortisol, an EMF sensitivity marker.
(vi) Measurement of biophotons can show cancer growth, and food quality.
(vii) UVA irradiation induces oxidation and ultra-weak photon emission especially in
deeper skin layers, where antioxidants are needed to reduce skin ageing. These
chemiluminescence signals have 2 decay phases: an initial burst (0-5 s) of 80% of the
complete signal with an inverse dose-response relationship between UVA dose and UPE
intensity, and a second phase of delayed UPE (5-200 s) in direct correlation, and these
can indicate cancers.1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 1489 1490 1491 1492
(viii) Moxibustion, or similar light stimulation in the 3-5 microm range, produces "light
channels" or biophotonic signalling apparently on acupuncture meridians.1493 1494 1495
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
C. CEREBRAL QUANTUM SIGNALLING

(i) Rewiring the brain by functional modification takes place in childhood, adolescence and
by training, by increasing connection efficacy and node strength, through white matter
connectivity, myelin thickness and axonal diameter.1496 1497 1498 1499 1500
(ii) The default mode network, for subconscious processing rather than cognitive tasks,
involves the DC perineural system and accupuncture points,1501 1502 which help functional
connectivity, especially at language points for stroke victims with aphasia.1503 1504
(iii) Abnormal (ephaptic or indirect) brain signalling is found in epilepsy, demyelination
and MS. Extracellular fields down to <0.5 mV/mm at <8 Hz feed back onto the electric
potential across the neuronal membranes independent of the usual neuron-synaptic coupling,
amplified by a raised spike-field coherence. Neuronal networks (140 microV/mm rms, 295
µV/mm peak amplitude) are more sensitive than the average single neuron threshold (185 and
394 µV/mm). Epileptic seizures have stronger fields of 100 mV/mm at 80-600 Hz, compared
with ordinary ephaptic coupling.1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518
(iv) In neurodegenerative diseases like Azheimer’s, epigenetic dysregulation from
environmental stimuli seems involved. 1519 1520
D. PERINEURAL OR SEMI-CONDUCTOR BIO-SYSTEM - DC, ELECTRONS, PROTONS

(i) By semi-conductors, found in liquid crystalline water in collagen fibre, and glial cells,
such as perineural Schwann cells encasing nerve cells from the brain and central organs to the
skin. Schwann cells provide myelination to the PNS; demyelination is linked with neurological
illnesses, e.g. MS, and associated with EMF and related effects,1521 1522 as is gliosis.1523 1524 1525
Human brain is 95% glia, but only 65% for a mouse, used in many studies.
(ii) The system’s positive is organically central, in the head and trunk of the body, with the
negative in the extremities of the limbs and skin.1526 1527
(iii) It is sensitive to allergens, linked to the meridian acupuncture points and grounded
through the ankles and feet. The acupuncture points are EM-receptors.1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533
(iv) The direct electric current in the brain produces magnetic fields one billionth smaller than
the earth’s MF of 50 microTesla, but MEG seems better than EEG for picturing the brain’s
activity. It seems that this matrix current is more important in brain processes than the neuro-
endocrine ion current; the latter is limited in conduction and cannot cross a saline barrier.
(v) Its speed is that of light. It is linked to bio-photons and is found in plants.
(vi) Used for regeneration after injury; similar currents stimulate artificial conception.
E. NEURO-ENDOCRINE BIO-SYSTEM - AC, IONS

(i) Strongest in the heart, which produces magnetic fields 5,000 times greater than in the
brain and the magnetic field can be detected 5 m from the body. A typical heart-beat is 35
picoTesla, about 1,000th of an urban magnetic field or 1,000,000th of the earth’s magnetic field.
(ii) Its speed is 10 metres per second and helped by long axons, such as those for sensory
neurons from toe to spine of 1.5m.
(iii) The heart-beat electric field is about 0.5 milliVolts.
(iv) The signalling uses either (a) a chemical synapse with a voltage-gated calcium ion
channel, or (b) sometimes an electrical synapse with a gap junction between two neurons,
allowing faster coupling. Cold-blooded fish often use electrical synapses, since the rate of
chemical transmission is lowered if the cellular metabolism is reduced by cold.
(v) This more advanced system is found in mammals; the perineural system is also in plants.
Quantum signalling via different media

Medium Signalling Date
1 quartz ‘mirror’ cytopathic effect, produced by UV between 2 identical cell cultures 1979,
1534 1535
sealed and separated by a quartz barrier (a pathology in 3 days in 2nd cell) Kaznacheev
1536
1537
DNA phantom effect (DNA sample moved from a quartz cuvette) 1984, Gariaev
1538
malformations between fish in sealed glass containers with quartz barrier 2000, Burlakov
1539
2 water ordered water can retain EMF signals 1988, Benveniste
1540
HIV DNA can generate EMR 2011, Montagnier
1541,
3 light raspberry plant developed from red laser recorded hologram of tissue fragment ‘00,Budagovski
1542
1543
4 air by-stander effect: EM signalling between separate Petri dishes, but no EM filter 2011
1544
5 wave 2 genetic programs create an organism, although DNA mutations: 2000 on, Gariaev
genetic (i) geometric, to design body, (ii) maintenance instructions for geometric program
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
G. ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSITIVITY IN ANIMALS AND PLANTS
1. ANIMALS
Animal studies show (a) magnetic sensitivity to geomagnetism for navigation, (b) electro-
location, (c) electro-communication, (d) electro-physiology, and (e) adverse effects.
(a) Magnetic sensitivity to geomagnetic fields for navigation

Navigation and migration for birds, fish and other animals depend on magnetoreception, with
various mechanisms suggested.1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550
• Birds: (i) Inclination compass, based on radical pair mechanism in right eye, with
white light or monochromatic from UV to 565 nm green, using crytpochromes. 1551 1552 1553
1554 1555 1556
Polarised light near the horizon at sunrise/sunset callibrates the magnetic
compass.1557 1558 1559
Light intensity is significant with disorientation at higher intensities. There are two inter-
acting light mechanisms, one high-sensitive short-wavelength and one low/long.1560
Zebra finches use radical pair in retina, not iron in upper beak, since oscillating magnetic
fields (MHz range) disturb radical-pair mechanisms but do not affect magnetic particles.1561
(ii) ‘Fixed direction’ responses from magnetite receptors in the upper beak, using polar
magnetic response even in darkness.1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567
(iii) Receptors in the inner ear lagena respond to gravity in head tilt, thus encoding a
geomagnetic vector linking motion, direction and gravity, in pigeons, also in fish and
reptiles.1568 1569 1570
• Bats use the sun, magnetite, polarity and the earth’s magnetic field.1571 1572 1573 1574 They
have a polarity-based, not inclination, response to the polarity of the horizontal MF.1575 1576
1577 1578
• A mole rat’s compass orientation may depend on magnetite in the eye or cryptochrome:
these animals, unlike birds, are unaffected by 1.315 MHz at 480 nT.1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584
• Cattle rest aligned to geomagnetic N-S, except near MFs of overhead power lines.1585 1586
1587
Direct magnetoreception assumes magnetite can measure the geomagnetic field.1588
• Elasmobranch fishes (sharks, skates and rays) use induction-based magnetoreception
to geomagnetic fields through currents induced in the electro-sensory system.1589 Fin
whales respond to geomagnetic fields while migrating.1590
• Detection limits of limnic vertebrates with ampullary organs: 1 microV cm (-1), of marine
fish: 20 nV cm (-1). Angular movements in the geomagnetic field also generate inducation
voltages, which exceed the 20 nV cm (-1) limit in marine fish. Thus marine electrosensitive
fish are sensitive to motion in the geomagnetic field, whereas limnic fish are not, down to 1
nV cm (-1).1591 1592 1593 1594 The threshold depends on the frequency, down to 1.2
microV/cm at 1-20 Hz.1595 Freshwater fish can detect 70 mV/m.1596
• Freshwater algae may have a threshold 4.5-31 nT (1.2-2.5 mV/m) and perhaps field
intensities 10 times lower, with time-weighted MF threshold averages 100 times lower.1597
• Ray-finned fish can have 70,000 mechanosensory electro-receptors in the head’s skin.1598
• Loggerhead sea tutles use geomagnetic sensors to read both latitude and longitude of
the Earth’s fields by using parings of intensity and inclination angle, and they sense
magnetic direction >15 but <30 minutes of swimming in waves.1599 1600 1601
• Sharks detect geomagnetic changes. The unique head morphology of sphyrnid sharks
enhances electrosensory capabilities: they can detect half a billionth of a volt.1602 1603
• Spiny lobsters re-orientate themselves towards their original location when moved. They
react to changes in the horizontal but not vertical componenet of the earth’s field.1604 1605
• Newts probably use an axial compass mechanism for orientation, but a polar light-
dependent magnetic compass response for homing at distances of >20 km.1606 1607 1608
• Ants may have ferromagnetic sensors in the neuron-rich antennae, as in eusocial insects.
The migration of the Pachycondyla marginata ant is at 13 degrees to geomagnetic north
and these ants have silicates and Fe/Ti/O compounds in their antennae joints sufficient to
produce a magnetic-field-modulated mechanosensory output. Ants apparently like
electricity and react to thunderstorms which have reduced negative ions.1609 1610 1611 1612
(b) Electro-location
Fish use electro-location to find prey, including invertebrates like electroreceptive crayfish.1613
At low signal-to-noise ratios this requires:
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(i) enhancement
(ii) filtering of information by small swimming movements.1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620
This may require plasticity in electro-sensory systems feedback.1621 1622 1623 1624
The brown ghost knifefish generates an electric field around its body with an electric organ
in the trunk and tail used for electro-location and electro-communication. Synaptic plasticity,
involving a Ca2+-mediated form of postsynaptic depression, enables the system to reject
predictable new stimulus patterns.1625 1626
(c) Electro-communication
Skates communicate by electric discharges.1627 They can detect weak LF electric fields and
prey,1628 and suppress self-generated electrosensory interference during respiration.1629
(d) Electro-physiology
For morphogenesis in Obelia and Amblystoma (newt), during embryo cell division there is a
steady rise in potential difference, then slow and irregular oscillations.1630 1631 EMF predicts
tadpoles’ longitudinal axis.1632
(e) Adverse effects

• Rats and mice show effects similar to humans, including: melatonin reduction from
ELF,1633 1634 1635 induced seizures from 0.00025W RF.1636 1637 Short-term memory is affected
at 0.22 W/Kg,1638 and spatial "reference" memory.1639 Choline uptake was decreased at 0.6
W/kg.1640 Immuno-modulation of antibody secretion occurs after weak MFs.1641 1642 ELF
reduced the eye-opening age.1643 40 Hz at 7 mT for 60 min per day for 14 days affected
heart oxidative stress, whereas 30 min did not,1644 suggesting adaptive processes.1645 1646
• Cattle milk production and behaviour is related to the distance from (a) ELF,1647 1648 1649
and (b) RF near the mast of 0.002 - 0.7 microW/cm2 or -26.0 to 0.0 dBm at 512 MHz.1650
• Rabbits show cardiovascular effects of geomagnetic and static MFs.1651 1652 1653 1654
• Frogs’ eggs and tadpoles exposed for 2 months 140m from masts at 1.8-3.5 V/m had
low co-ordination, asynchronous growth and 90% mortality.1655
• In cockroaches disruptive effects of 1.2 MHz occurred at 12-18 nT, but 2.4 MHz at 18-44
nT, and nothing from 7 MHz at 44 nT, indicating resonance effects like birds. 85% of
cockroaches are repulsed by a static electric field >8-10 kV/m (-1) and under complete
exposure cover less distance, walk slowly and turn more often.1656 1657 1658 1659
• Snails react to 50 Hz power-frequencies with disrupted excitability of F1 neuronal cells.1660
• Earthworms show short-term reduced reproduction from an ELF antenna,1661 and
combined DC and AC MFs stimulate regeneration of planarians.1662
• Sea-urchin: early development is delayed or stimulated by magnetic fields.1663 1664 1665 1666
• Adverse effects on bird reproduction,1667 oxidative stress,1668 and melatonin levels.1669
• The mean house sparrow density declines with high EF strength (1 MHz-3 GHz).1670
• Fewer house sparrow males near masts with higher electric fields (900, 1800 MHz).1671
• Fewer young per stork couple for nests within 200m of the antenna, 40% <200m had no
chicks and the couple frequently fought over the sticks when trying to build the nest.1672
• Tree swallows show changes in body mass growth constant after ELF exposure, with a
gradual decrease in their homing speed after 4 years’ exposure to ELF.1673
• Bats avoid radar.1674
• Bees react to EMFs with (i) direct effects, like other insects, in behaviour and
physiology,1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 and (ii) indirect
effects, via immuno-suppression, leading to increase in varroea mite, RNA picoma-like
viruses such as Deformed Wing virus and Israeli Acute Paralysis virus, pathogen spread of
intestinal protozoa such as Nosema bombi, and Colony Collapse Disorder.1690 1691 1692
Honeybees show adverse biological effects at 7 KV/m, with induced currents of 0.5
microAmp, and at 5.1 KV/m, but not at 1.8 KV/m,1693 and can detect static fluctuations at
26 nT against the earth’s higher magnetic field, but need 100 microT at 60 Hz.1694 1695
• The fruit fly magnetoreception cryptochrome requires UV-A/blue light (wavelength <420
nm).1696 1697 1698 1699 Radiation from GSM 900 and 1800 mobiles shows an increased
bioactivity 'window' at 30 or 20 cm, at 10 microW/cm2, 0.6-0.7 V/m,.1700 1701 with
cumulative effects,1702 while EMF affect oviposition,1703 1704 and decreases ovarian size.1705
Repeated exposure at up to 10 min intervals prevents repair of DNA damage.1706
• Micro-chips can induce tumours in pets like cats and dogs.1707
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. PLANTS
Plants use EM sensitivity, especially in photosynthesis, magnetoreception and signalling.1708
(a) Electro-physiology of plants
• The kernels of sweet corn seeds have a potential difference along the long axis, with the
cob end positive. A parent stock, P39, has 24 mV, and a single gene mutant, C30, 6 mV.
The size of the potential difference reflects the hybrid vigour.1709 1710
• There is a voltage difference between the xylem of many plants and surrounding soil, e.g.
50-200 mV for a Faraday-caged Ficus benjamina tree, or its cut branches and soils.1711
• Trees show diurnal voltage variations and reflect lunar periodicity; the upper electrode
is more negative at full moon, and more positive 24-48 h before a hurricane storm.1712 1713
• Mean daily electrical amplitudes in a Turkey oak show annual fluctuations, with 2 peaks in
late March and June/July, with smaller amplitudes between November and March.1714
• Variations in the Earth's MF induce changes in earth currents and thus in trees’ electrical
potentials. Geomagnetic pulses of 0.2–5 Hz at 0.05–0.1 nT in oaks produce electrical
potential oscillations of 100 µV amplitude.1715
• Excitons and quantum coherence explain photon energy transfer in photosynthesis,1716
1717 1718 1719 1720
simultaneously in two states,1721 1722 1723 helped by random noise.1724
(b) Magnetoreception in plants

Several mechanisms for magnetoreception in plants are suggested:
(i) ferrimagnetism, well proved for bacterial magnetotaxis,
(ii) the radical pair mechanism where a weak magnetic field modulates singlet-triplet
interconversion rates of a radical pair,
(iii) ion cyclotron resonance, where ions should circulate in a plane perpendicular to an
external MF, and MFs superposed on geomagnetic fields induce calcium flux. 1725 1726
• Time-varying MF induces a voltage on a cell’s cytoplasmic membrane and on the
membranes of the internal organelles, e.g. mitochondria which have less polarization
because of shielding cell membrane. Organelle polarization depends on MF frequency.1727
• Low magnetic field affects the mitochondria of peas and calcium is disrupted.1728
• Magneto-priming seeds of cucumber, maize and soybean aids growth, increasing water
uptake and reactive oxygen species. Exposing Okra seeds to sinusoidal 99 mT for 11 min
aids germination, flowers, leaf area, plant height, fruits and pod mass.1729 1730 1731 1732 1733
• Weak MF inhibits the growth of seedlings in their primary roots at early germination
stages. Mitochondria are sensitive to weak MF and increase their relative volume and cells
of plant roots show Ca2+ over-saturation.1734 1735 ELF MFs increase the length of prophase
in broad beans seeds.1736 MFs affects water uptake and initial growth in peas and winter
wheat seeds; heavy metals affect the magnetic susceptibility of seeds.1737
• Chickpea and maize seeds grow more rapidly exposed to static MFs of 100 mT for 2 h or
200 mT for 1 h, germinate earlier and have better root structures.1738 1739 1740 1741
• MF enlarges and distorts root cells.1742
• ELF from a 76 Hz mast increased growth in 2 of 5 trees, compared with controls >50 km,
with a maximum at 100-700 nT producing 1.4 mm extra growth out of 2.8 mm average for
aspen, and 0.8 mm out of 1.3 mm for red maple; peak stimulus 200-300 nT.1743 1744
• Mycelium diameter in fungi was greatest from 50 Hz at 5-7 mT out of 0.6-10 mT.1745
• Clockwise rotation within the geomagnetic field depresses growth of beans while
counterclockwise rotation accelerates growth.1746
• The foliar spiral direction of coconut palms reflect temporal and latitude geomagnetic
variations: R trees dominate in the northern and L in the southern hemisphere.1747 1748 1749
• Magnetotactic bacteria align to the Earth’s MF and MFs >0.5 G; they contain
magnetosomes, membrane-bound intracellular iron crystals; the percentage with south
polarity correlates with higher redox potential. It was previously thought they migrated
from high to low oxygen levels, towards the Earth’s magnetic poles.1750 1751 1752
(c) Electrical stimulation of movements

• The creeper mimosa pudica L. uses electrical signalling for thigmonastic movements to
respond to environmental stimuli, with 1.3-1.5 V for closing the pinnules.1753 1754 1755 1756
• A plant’s circadian clock works endogenously and has electrochemical oscillators, which
can activate ion channels in biologically closed electrochemical circuits.1757
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(d) Electro-signalling and plant neurobiology

There are at least 3 types of electrical signalling in plants.
(i) Fast signals or action potentials: an electrical digital on/off signal, with a threshold
stimulus, depolarising the cell membrane, through the exchange of Ca+2, K+ and Cl− ions
between extra- and intracellular space, across cell membranes. 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763
- Heat changes can induce electric signals at 3-5 mm/s affecting photosynthesis and pH,1764
(a) basipetal, short-distance with rapid membrane hyperpolarization caused by K+-efflux, and
(b) acropetal, long-distance with depolarization of the membrane potential affecting net CO2
uptake. Calcium-deficient trees have a reduced amplitude of the electrical signal.1765
- Phototropic responses: soybeans illuminated at 450, 670, 730 nm produce action potentials
0.3 ms at 60 mV.1766 1767 1768
(ii) Slow signals or variation potentials de- and re-polarize cell membranes, varying with
the intensity of stimulation, perhaps linked with water tension or ion concentrations.1769 1770
- Pesticides can induce fast action potentials, up to 25 m/s for down to 0.6 ms in soybeans,
and decrease the variation potential.1771 1772
(iii) Long-distance or system potential, with electrical stimulation of the plasma membrane
H+-ATPase. Damage on one leaf causes voltage transients on a distant leaf, with neither action
potentials nor variation potentials, at 5-10 cm/min.. Ion flux movements, e.g. Ca(2+), K(+),
H(+), and Cl(-), occur after the voltage change begins,1773 possibly via alamethicin.1774
(iv) Calcium flux and phospholipids overlap these 3 electrical signalling pathways, along
with luminescence and heat triggers. Electrical responses in photosynthesis involve calcium
and potassium, while blue light receptor phototropins regulate growth, and phospholipase
maintains cell polarity. Calcium is involved in sucrose signalling and fructan synthesis.1775 1776
1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785
Electric signalling for plant defences

• Plant defence from pathogens involves calcium-mediated electrical signals.1786
Abscisic acid produces ROS, triggering two Ca2+ or plasma membrane depolarization
processes, proton pumping and anion (negative ion) channel activiation.1787 1788 1789
• An electrical stimulus wounding a tomato leaf triggers electrical signals in the rest of the
plant in <15 minutes, via action potentials, boosting proteinase inhibitors.1790 1791 1792 1793
• Drought stress in avocado trees reduces stomatal conductance in the extracellular
electrical signal between the stem base and leaves. Mechanical injury can produce signal
speeds of 8-20 cm/s for extracellular electrical potential signalling.1794 1795 1796 1797 1798
(e) Electrical memory and cumulative effects

A 8-9 microC electrical charge between a midrib and a lobe closes the Venus flytrap upper leaf
in 0.3 s at room temperature, or 4.1 microC at 28-36 degrees C. Small sub-threshold charges
accumulate in the plant until the threshold value is reached and the trap closes, suggesting a
short-term electrical memory.1799 1800 1801
(f) Adverse effects from anthropogenic EM sources

• Meristem production is triggered in flax seedlings by GSM radiation or 105 GHz.1802 1803
• Lime trees, both healthy and infected, had decreased hydrogen peroxide and
carbohydrates content from 10 KHz quadratic EMF <9 W for 5 days, each 5 h.1804
• Tomato plants exposed to 900 MHz, 5 V/m for 10 minutes had stress-related mRNA typical
of an environmental stress response.1805
• Barley seedlings grown under EMFs at ion-cyclotron-resonance for calcium flux are
retarded, with increased dehydration.1806
• Aspen seedlings shielded from RF have 74% more leader length and 60% more leaf area.
1-1,000 MHz at -109 dBm: blocked fall anthocyanin, necrotic lesions in leaves.1807
• Roots of Zea mays seedlings at DC 0.5-1.5 V/cm2 50 Hz for 3 h had changed cellular
pattern of the root apical meristem (RAM).1808
• Tobacco cells need calcium for transcellular currents to respond to the polarisation of an
external current, as in intracellular communication to align growth direction.1809
• Kiwifruit pollen is affected by direct EM exposure or by irradiated water.1810
• Reduction in respiration rates reflects duration of exposure to ELF EMFs for slime mold,
and also for adenosine triphosphate content where type of exposure is significant.1811
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
H. TABLES: EXPOSURE LEVELS, THRESHOLDS,

BIOLOGICAL LIMITS AND HEATING LIMITS
NB: For most toxins safety limits are usually 50 times lower than the human threshold.
1. Electric fields - milliVolts/metre

0.3 - 300 GHz, microwave (Wi-Fi, mobile phone masts and phones, cordless phones) (peak to peak)
non- non- non- non- heating
nature biological thermal, thermal, conscious conscious thermal, thermal, limit,
response biological biological symptom symptom biological biological 6-minute
threshold limit limit threshold threshold limit limit average,
Burger- Salzburg (some (30% gen. Bio- Bio- *HPA,

form indoors EHS) population) Initiative Initiative ICNIRP
proposed indoors outdoors
<0.02 0.1 2 20 < 20 < 60 194 600 61,0000
Volts/metre
<0.00002 0.0001 0.002 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.06 0.19 0.6 *61
*1,952,000 mV/m (1,952 V/m) peaks allowed
2. Electric fields - milliVolts/metre (V/m)

0.3 - 300 GHz, microwave (peak to peak)
Some non-thermal heating limit
near transmitter nature conscious biological limit *HPA, ICNIRP
reactions (ES) BioInitiative
mV/m mV/m mV/m mV/m mV/m
61,000 (61.0 V/m)
mobile phone / 6,000 (6.0 V/m)
Wi-Fi router
Wi-Fi laptop 1,000 (1.0 V/m)
phone mast 900 (0.9 V/m)
dLAN, at 1.5m 40-220 (0.04-0.22
1812
V/m)
194 (0.19 V/m)
< 20 (0.02 V/m)
0.02 (0.00002V/m)
*1,925,000 mV/m (1,925 V/m) peaks allowed
3. Electric fields - milliVolts/metre

300 kHz – 300 MHz, radio frequency (AM, FM, UHF, VHF radio, TV) (peak to peak)
non-thermal, non-thermal, heating
biological <5 miles RF/TV biological 2 km from biological 3 km from AM limit,
response: transmitter: limit AM: limit FM, TV, UHF exposure 6 min.av.,
peripheral brain tumours increased masts:
nerve BioInitiative childhood BioInitiative x 5 child’d adult ICNIRP
stimulation Indoors leukaemia Outdoors cancers leukemia
0.6 ~194 194 870-5,500 614 2,000 2,200 - 28,000
4,600
Volts/metre
0.0006 ~ 0.194 0.194 0.87-5.5 0.614 2 2.2 - 4.6 28
4.
Electric fields - milliVolts/metre (V/m) and dBm (decibels related to mW), by power of transmitter (milliWatts)
some wireless smart meters, Wi-Fi routers, laptops (measured levels vary considerably)
transmitter power (milliWatts)
distance ZigBee HAN (10 mW; UK, EU) mobile phone WAN; ZigBee HAN (100mW; USA)
(inside home smart meter) (area wireless smart meter) (inside home, USA)
(metres) laptop Wi-Fi router
10 mW transmitter 25 mW *100 mW transmitter
dBm mV/m (V/m) mV/m (V/m) minimum, mV/m (V/m) maximum, mV/m (V/m)
0 -30 dBm 2,000 (2 V/m) 3,000 (3 V/m) 2,000 (2 V/m) 7,000 (7 V/m)
0.5 -48 dBm 40 (0.04 V/m) 140 (0.14 V/m) 1,100 (1.1 V/m) 4,900 (4.9 V/m)
1 -51 dBm 20 (0.02 V/m) 70 (0.07 V/m) 700 (0.7 V/m) 2,800 (2.8 V/m)
2 -72 dBm 10 (0.01 V/m) 30 (0.03 V/m) 400 (0.4 V/m) 1.500 (1.5 V/m)
5 -76 dBm 4 (0.004 V/m) 10 (0.01 V/m) 100 (0.1 V/m) 700 (0.7 V/m)
10 -80 dBm 2 (0.002 V/m) 7 (0.007 V/m) 50 (0.05 V/m) 400 (0.4 V/m)
20 -90 dBm 1 (0.001 V/m) 3 (0.003 V/m) 30 (0.03 V/m) 200 (0.2 V/m)
50 2 (0.002 V/m) 10 (0.01 V/m) 100 (0.1 V/m)
100 6 (0.006 V/m) 50 (0.05 V/m)
*Some 100 mW values come from the Swiss government report Electrosmog in the Environment (2005, p.54).
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. SAR heating (Specific Energy Absorption Rate) - Watts/kilogram

2.0 W/kg heating averaged for 10 grams of tissue for 6 min. for male adult: ICNIRP 1998 & EU.
(1.6 W/Kg heating averaged for 1 gram of tissue for 6 min. for male adult: USA 1997 & Australia)
biological SAR SAR SAR
biolog-ical limit: neuron heating Wi-Fi mobile mobile, heating Wi-Fi heating
damage (brain cell) limit: laptop phone, full power limit: laptop limit:
thresh-old whole body death at 1 metre good < 3 cm to on lap,
*long-term threshold whole recept- head head access limbs
Seletun body ion point
0.00002 0.00033 0.012 0.08 0.05–0.11 0.1 0.12 – 1.6 2.0 2.0 4.0
*0.000033 *0.001
microWatts/kilogram
20 330 12,000 80,000 50,000- 100,000 120,000-
*33 *1,000 110,000 1,600,000 2,000,00 2,000,00 4,000,00
0 0 0
Averages reduce SAR substantially, e.g. DECT cordless phone handsets emit 100 bursts of 0.4 ms every second
(i.e. 100 Hz) at 250 mW, but averaged: power = 10 mW, transmission rate 2.5%, and SAR 0.008-0.06 W/kg.
* The current biological safety limit for long-term exposure is 0.000033 W/kg (33 µW/kg) (Seletun, 2010).
A biological limit 50 times below the lowest known damage is 0.0000004 W/kg (0.4 µW/kg).
6. Power flux density - microWatts/m squared

(100 microW/m2 (uW/m2) = 0.1 milliW/m2 = 0.0001 W/m2 = 0.01 microW/cm2 = 0.00001 milliW/cm2)
nature *sleep non-thermal biological limit near transmitter heating limit
uW/m2 disorder uW/m2 uW/m2 uW/m2
**ES symp. UK 58,000,000
***EEG alt.
2
uW/m ICNIRP,1800MHz 9,200,000
some mobile 2,000 - ICNIRP, 900 MHz 4,500,000
phones 1,800,000
Bulgaria, Italy*, Paris, 100,000 Wi-Fi access 87,000
Poland, Russia point, 0.5 m
China outdoors 60,000 iPad, airplane 30,000
Switzerland* 40,000 laptop, 0.5 m 22,000
Luxembourg 20,000 mobile phone 100-10,000
mast, 100 m - 100,000
Seletun (or 1,700) 170
AMA, BioInitative, Kumar* 100
*20 Salzburg outdoors 2002 10
Salzburg indoors 2002; 1
BUND outdoors 2008
**< 1 Burgerform sleeping 0.01
***0.00001 mobile phones work to 0.00003
0.000001
*Sensitive areas (schools, hospitals, housing, offices, playgrounds).
0.000000001 uW/m2: altered genetic structure in E.Coli (Belyaev, 1996).
7. Magnetic fields (including time-varying) – nanoTesla

power lines etc. (100 nT = 0.01 microTesla = 1 milliGauss = 100,000 pT)
non- non- non- CNS induced
human human typic- conscious thermal, thermal, childhood thermal, current limit
sensitivity: brain al symptom biological biological leukemia x biological <2 mAm-2,
Aurora entrain- house threshold limit limit 31813 limit powerlines
Disturbance ment: California *x3.81814
(solar flare) Schum- Educat-ion Seletun, ch. acute
ann reson- (some EHS) Dept. Bio- lympho- Italy UK
ance proposed Initiative blastic (parts) HPA,DECC1815
leuk. x 5
rise/fall of 0.05 nT 2-12 rise/fall of 10 100 ≥100 200 360,000
0.0004 nT at 5 nT
0.0013 nT at 7 nT >300*
8. Voltage transients (‘dirty electricity’) - GS units

high frequency (Graham-Stetzer units, measured with a Stetzerizer metre)
*non- non-thermal,
typical house thermal, conscious biological energy *MS *cancer risk *cancer risk severe ill
(dimmer biological symptom limit saving increased by increased by health:
switch, TV, limit threshold lights, 13% 26% diabetes,
microwave Kazakh-stan compact after one after one asthma, MS,
1816
oven) Fisher (some flouresc- year year cancers
EHS) ent lights
25-50 30 27-40 50 15-2,000 580 1,000 >2,000 >2,000
NB: For most toxins safety limits are usually 50 times lower than the human threshold.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. COMMON SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIATION
COMMON SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIATION
KEY FOR PICTURES
electric car hairdryer clock radio CFL bulbs baby alarm mobile phone cordless phone WiFi
charger electric shaver
electric train heater electric blanket battery wrist watch dLAN plug TV monitor microwave oven
- - - LOW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - FREQUENCY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - HIGH - - -
50 Hz 1 MHz 1 GHz
- - - LONG - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - WAVELENGTH - - - - - SHORT - - - - - - - MICROWAVE - - -
6,000,000 metres 300 metres 0.3 metre
radio transmitter TV transmitter satellite
overhead power cables radar mobile phone mast microwave link
substation Tetra mast

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
J. SHIELDING, PROTECTION AND MEASUREMENT
NOTE: Some of these items need earthing. Reputable suppliers can give advice.
PERSONAL SHIELDING
(made from silvered netting, as used by military personnel for protection from electromagnetic
warfare; different types are available)
Sleeping bag Head net Clothing
BEDS
Silvered netting canopies
SHIELDING A ROOM OR HOUSE

Carbon-based paint. Window film. House with carbon paint (left) and after top coat (right)
EXAMPLES OF METERS FOR MEASURING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIATION
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. ELF (power lines, house wiring) ME ELF3030B digital

2. ELF (power lines, house wiring) EMFields PRO Meter digital
3. RF (mobiles, masts, Wi-Fi, smart meters) Electrosmog detector sound
4. RF (mobiles, masts, Wi-Fi, smart meters) Acoustimeter digital
5. Wi-Fi WiFi Hotspot finder 5 lights
6. Voltage transients, Dirty Electricity GrahamStetzer Microsurge Meter digital
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
K. CASE STUDIES
Published case studies of EHS sufferers in recent years often show three significant aspects:
(i) a chronic increase in exposure to EM fields and radiation, usually unnoticed;
(ii) an acute incident or process of greater exposure triggering a higher level of symptoms;
(iii) a subsequent realisation that EM exposure was the causal factor for the symptoms.
(a) Articles on individual sufferers

• Bond A (2012) “’Allergic to technology’: Man, 36, lives alone in remote woodland after claiming Wi-Fi
and mobile phones and microwave ovens give him nosebleeds and crippling headaches” (The Daily
Mail, 24th July 2012). Phil Inkley lives as far as he can from devices like mobile phone masts and Wi-
Fi but finds it hard to have a job or social life. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2178158/Man-36-lives-
remote-woodland-claiming-allergic-technology.html
• (Dr Magda Havas, April 2012). Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland, doctor, former prime minister of Norway
and former director general of the World Health Organisation, became electrosensitive in 2002.
http://www.magdahavas.com/gro-harlem-brundtland-talks-at-the-university-of-waterloo/
• Page L (2012) “The man living alone in the woods to escape Wi-Fi and mobile phones” (The Guardian,
20th July 2012). Phil Inkley lives as far as he can from devices like mobile phone masts and Wi-Fi but
finds it hard to have a job or social life. http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2012/jul/20/man-living-alone-woods-
escape-wifi-mobiles
• Snell A (2012) “Tech-free life of the mum who’s allergic to wi-fi” (The Sun, 12th June 2012). Hannah
Metcalfe’s experiences with EHS, including suffering a miscarriage when working under fluorescent
lights. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/4368871/Tech-free-life-of-the-mum-whos-allergic-to-wi-fi.html
• Anon. (2012) “Zur Erholung ins Funkloch: Eine elektrosensible Amtsrichterin aus Augsburg hat
Zuflucht im Wehratal gesucht.“ (Badische Zeitung, 7th February 2012). Barbara Domberger, a Distric
Judge from Augsburg, finds refuge in the German Black Forest. http://www.badische-zeitung.de/wehr/zur-
erholung-ins-funkloch--55488677.html. Eng. Trans.: http://www.buergerwelle.de:8080/helma/twoday/bwnews/stories/3682/
• Dolan A (2011) “The cancer survivor allergic to modern life: Mother is so sensitive to electric gadgets
sh has to live by candlelight” (The Daily Mail, 18th May 2011). Janice Tunnicliffe developed ES after
chemotherapy. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1387972/Woman-allergic-electricity-Cancer-survivor-sensitive-
gadgets-lives-candlelight.html
• O'Brien J, Danzico M (2011) ”Wi-fi refugees’ shelter in West Virgina mountains” (BBC News Magazine,
13th September 2011). Diane Schou and Nichols Fox moved to the radio telescope quiet area in
Green Bank, West Virginia, USA. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14887428
• Geary J (2010) “The Man Who Was Allergic to Radio Waves” (Popular Science, 3rd April 2010). Per
Segerback, who worked in the mobile phone industry, now lives in a Swedish forest.
http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-02/disconnected
• Masters D (2009) “I’m allergic to wi-fi waves”, (The Sun, 28th July 2009). Steve Miller, the DJ
“Afterlife”, explains his allergy to Wi-Fi and how it affects his job.
http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/2552553/Wi-fi-waves-make-top-DJ-Dave-Miller-sick.html
• Anon. (2007) “Allergic to electricity” (The Daily Mail, 20th February 2007). Chief executive Brian Stein
explains how he became electrosensitive and how this affects his lifestyle.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-437302/Allergic-electricity.html
• Anon. (2006) “Wireless technology makes me sick” (London Evening Standard, 23rd November 2006).
The author Kate Figes explains how Wi-Fi made her ill. http://www.standard.co.uk/news/wireless-technology-
made-me-sick-7272116.html
• Dr Carlos Sosa MD (n.d.) Medical doctor in Columbia now forced to live in the forest.
http://www.electrosensitivesociety.com/2010/06/01/the-dr-carlos-sosa-m-d-story/
• Métraux C (2007) “Experiences from a Veterinary Clinic” (“Erfahrungen aus der Tierarztpraxis”, 5
pages) Pets and animals as EHS sufferers. http://www.es-uk.info/news/2012-04-22-vetinary-clinic.pdf
(b) Books
• Ladberg G (2010) Forced to Disconnect: Electrohypersensitive fugitives in Sweden (trans. Jonsson A
2010, original title: Ett vackert fängelse, 2008, in Swedish, 70 pages)
http://www.vagbrytaren.org/Forced%20to%20Disconnect%20-%20Electrohypersensitive%20fugitives%20(2).pdf
• Granlund-Lind R, Lind J (2002) Black on White (2nd internet edition, 3rd October 2004, 143 pages)
(original in Swedish: Svart på vitt - Röster och vittnesmål om elöverkänslighet), based on documents
for the Swedish Government enquiry of 1997 through the Council for Work Life Research (RALF:
Rådet för arbetslivsforskning) on EHS. The 2-page statements were assembled at a public hearing on
8th March 2000, from more than 400 EHS sufferers, or from people in close contact with them as
relatives, doctors or engineers. http://www.feb.se/feb/blackonwhite-complete-book.pdf
(c) Videos
• “Electrosensitivity Sufferers: Hear how ES affects our lives” (Electromagneticman website, 2012).
Videos of 20 EHS sufferers talking about how they are affected, including NHS doctors.
http://www.electromagneticman.co.uk/index.php/case-studies/electrosensitivity-sufferers
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
L. FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT, DISABILITY ISSUES AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Growing issues are (1) Functional Impairment, (2) Disability and (3) Human Rights.1817 1818 1819
1. FUNCTIONAL IMPAIRMENT
A functional impairment is caused by the physical environment, not by the person affected.
Substances causing functional impairments in sensitive sub-groups of the general population
are classified as harmful and/or pollution, including substances such as EM fields and radiation.
Similar substances affecting sensitive people, e.g. chemicals, foods or light, are regulated.
• nut sensitivity (0.5% of the population): peanuts may be banned in schools and nuts are
often identified in restaurants and on food labelling;
• stroboscopic light sensitivity (photosensitive epilepsy, 0.2-0.4%): e.g 12.5 Hz is restricted;
• chemical sensitivity (3-8%): e.g. Canada restricts chemicals and sensitisers in perfumes.
2. DISABILITY ISSUES
(a) Definition
A functional impairment can be considered as:
(i) transient or permanent;
(ii) a disability if it limits life or work for over 12 months;
(iii) a work-related impairment or disability if caused by a person’s employment.
(iv) involuntary, since an impaired person is not willingly responsible for the disability.
(b) Areas of disability caused by functional impairment from ES may include the following.
(i) Employment: Wi-Fi, use of mobile phones and lighting by CFLs have all been responsible
for some ES sufferers losing their jobs in the UK, because either
1) they could not withstand the suffering caused by the EM radiation exposure, or
2) the employer was unwilling to make the necessary changes to the workplace or
conditions of work.
(ii) Housing: many ES sufferers experience disabling symptoms from
1) public infrastructure, such as mobile phone masts nearby, or on the top of flats, or
2) neighbour’s radiation, such as Wi-Fi, BT home FON radiation, cordless DECT phones.
(iii) Access to public, commercial and community places: ES sufferers can be prevented
from using for long periods, or even from accessing for short durations, the following types of
places, because of the presence of EM radiation such as from Wi-Fi, BT home FON radiation,
cordless DECT phones, nearby phone masts, CFLs, or use of radio microphones:
1) Public places, e.g. health centres, libraries, hospitals, government buildings, airports,
railway stations, shopping centres;
2) Commercial places, e.g. coffee shops, department stores, railway trains, tube trains,
coaches, theatres, concert halls, leisure centres, hotels;
3) Community places, e.g. schools, community centres, playgroups, churches, museums.
(iv) Access to private places: ES sufferers can be prevented from using for long periods or
even accessing for short durations, because of the presence of EM radiation such as from Wi-
Fi, BT home FON radiation, cordless DECT phones, nearby phone masts, or CFLs:
1) Private places, such as friends’ or neighbours’ homes, friends’ or neighbours’ gardens;
2) Parts of their own property, including rooms in the house and areas in the garden, which
are more highly irradiated by public or neighbour’s EM radiation than other parts.
(v) Children: a child who is electrosensitive may have restricted access to:
1) Schools, where symptoms caused by Wi-Fi installations can prevent full attendance;
2) Friends’ houses, where Wi-Fi and cordless phones can cause symptoms.
(vi) Elderly: many elderly ES people have restricted resources to access:
1) information on how to avoid EM radiation;
2) knowledge on how to protect themselves from EM radiation;
3) financial means to follow through these two processes.
(c) Disability allowances, ill-health pensions and recognition

ES people living in some countries, e.g. Canada, France, Spain, Sweden and the USA, where
ES is recognised or legally accepted as a disability, are able to claim allowances and
pensions. At present this is not the case for UK citizens who suffer ES.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(d) ES disability building regulations

In Europe, there are the Building Biology Evaluation Guidelines [see page 17].1820
In the USA the federal Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board (Access
Board) responsible for accessibility for people with disabilities stated in 2002 that:
“The Board recognizes that MCS and ES may be considered disabilities under the ADA if they
so severely impair the neurological, respiratory or other functions of an individual that it
substantially limits one or more of the individual’s major life activities.”
As a result the US National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) stated in 2005 that:
“For people who are ES, the presence of cell phones and towers, portable telephones,
computers, fluorescent lighting, unshielded transformers and wiring, battery re-chargers,
wireless devices, security and scanning equipment, microwave ovens, electric ranges and
numerous other electrical appliances can make a building inaccessible.”
NIOSH recommends:
(i) informing workers and employers about possible hazards of magnetic fields,
(ii) increasing workers’ distance from EMF sources,
(iii) using low-EMF designs wherever possible (e.g., for layout of office power supplies),
(iv)reducing EMF exposure times.1821
(f) Individual ES susceptibility and disability

This was recognised in the USA by NIOSH in 2007:
“A small percentage may experience adverse health effects because of individual susceptibility,
a pre-existing medical condition, and/or a hypersensitivity (allergy). In addition, some
hazardous substances may act in combination with other workplace exposures, the general
environment, or with medications or personal habits of the worker to produce health effects
even if the occupational exposures are controlled at the level set by the exposure limit.”1822
(g) Assessment of EM exposure at non-thermal levels, not ICNIRP heating levels

Investigations and court cases fail to address ES issues if they compare exposure levels to
ICNIRP’s 6-minute heating levels, since ES symptoms result from low-level biological
exposure, not heating. Thus a case in the US failed because: “The medical records … were not
reviewed because E- and H-field strength measurements, and field observations, indicated that
potential EMF exposures for these individuals were … below occupational guidelines.”1823
In contrast, the WHO’s IARC accepted non-thermal effects for cancer from EM fields in 2001
and 2011 from EM radiation in 2011; investigations of non-thermal incidents, therefore, should
compare exposure limits to non-thermal biological limits, e.g. Seletun (2011).
3. HUMAN RIGHTS
(a) Health rights as regards to ill health from involuntary EM exposure include:1824
1. The right to homeostasis in our own bodies.
2. The right to normal central nervous system function.
3. The right to natural environmental cues which synchronise our circadian rhythms.
4. The right to sleep.
5. The right to heal.
6. The right to hear.
7. The right to reproduce.
8. The right to learn and retain memories.
9. The right to an intact genome.
(b) General rights: under the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights the
following articles seem to apply to ES people.
3: “Everyone has the right to … security of person.”
5: “No one shall be subjected to … degrading treatment.”
21. “Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.”
23. “Everyone has the right to work, to … favourable conditions of work.”
25. “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-
being of himself and of his family, including housing.”
27: “Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community.”
(c) Under the Rio Declaration, principle 16, the polluter pays for environmental damage.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
M. KEY DATES: SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND REGULATION

DATE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY REGULATION
1. THERMAL (high-level, 6 minute average)
1909 diathermy - short wave heating
1945 microwave oven - dialectric heating radar: heating safety limits
1955 RF – heating dangers, public exposure USA: adopts heating safety limits
1984 IRPA (1998: HPA, ICNIRP): heating only claim
2. NON-THERMAL (low-level, long term)
1st c. EF: human sensitivity symptoms (Pliny)
1791 muscular effects (Galvani)
1865 hydrodynamic effects (Porter)
1868 asthenic effects (Beard)
1932 Radio Wave Sickness (ES) (Schliephake)
1948 cataracts (Richardson); testic. degen. (Imig)
1953 leukaemia, sterility, baldness (McLaughlin) 1953: start of non-thermal microwave warfare
1955 nervous system effects (Gordon)
1957 geomagn.storms - psychol.effects (Becker)
1959 chromosome damage (Heller) 1958: USSR: adopts non-thermal safety limits
1960 cardiovascular & thyroid effects, indigestion
(Orlova, Drogichina); smell sens.(Lobanova)
1961 microwave hearing (Frey)
1962 bio.magnetite (Lowemstam); MF (Baule,’63)
1964 Microwave Syndrome (ES) (Czerski)
1965 Down’s syndrome paternal exposure (Sigler)
1970 calcium flux (Bawin); circadian stim.(Wever)
1972 ES symptoms: list (Glazer, US Navy) 1973: WHO: health hazards of microwaves
1975 BBB breached (Frey); window effects(Bawin)
1979 childhood leukaemia (Wertheimer); suicide
(Reichmanis); viruses increased (Bachurin)
1982 teratogenic effects (Lary)
1983 ion cyclotron resonance (Blackman)
1984 local geomagnetism effects (Blackman) 1987: Building Biology: non-thermal limits
1989 melatonin, memory impaired(Wang; Chiang) 1988: China adopts non-thermal safety limits
1991 conscious effects, double-blind (Rea)
1992 sleep disturbance (Haider)
1994 DNA breaks (Sakar); fertility (Flaherty);
lung cancer (Gauvain); radical pair (Scaiano) 2000: Nordic Council of Ministers: diagnosis &
1995 Alzheimer’s (Sobel); respirat. effects (Levitt) ICD 10: R68.8 for El-allergy/Electrosensitivity
1996 ALS (Strickland); non-HL (Szmigielski) 2000: Switzerland adopts non-thermal limits
2000 HSP increased activity (Jolly) UK: children<16 not to use RF mobile phones
2001 nitric oxide increase, linked to MND (Pall) WHO’s IARC: ELF: 2B possible carcinogen
2002 amyloid beta protein increase (Noonan) Sweden: ES as functional disability
melanoma incidence (Halberg) Frieberger resolution (1,500 doctors)
2003 ch’d leuk. - maternal expos. (Infante-Rivard) Italy: adopts non-thermal safety limits
2004 breast cancer (Wolf); pancreatic (Eger) Swisscom patent: to reduce RF DNA damage
MF radical pair mechanism (Ritz) 2005: USA: brain tumour compensation
2005 insulin effect (Budi); diabetes (Havas, 2006) WHO: Electrosensitivity: “real”, “disabling”
2007 human magnetic sensitivity (Corrubba) European Environ. Agency: non-thermal limits
2008 genetics & cancer (Yang); ADHD (Divan) scientific consensus accepts RF adverse effects
2009 involuntary muscular effects (Huttunen) EU parl.: ES as disability; heat limits obsolete
reduced natural killer cells (Gobba) France: no mobile phones, elementary schools
2011 subconscious autonomic effects (McCarty) Seletun internat. panel: non-thermal limits
ACTH and cortisol changes (Eskander) WHO’s IARC: RF: 2B possible carcinogen
cryptochrome magnetosensitivity (Foley) UK: non-thermal wireless meters voluntary
2012 2011: brain glucose increased (Volkow) Austrian Medical Ass.: EHS treatment protocol
2011: vertebrate electroreception (Modrell) India: adopts non-thermal safety limits
protein alt;indiv.resp(Fragopoulou,Loughran) Italy: supreme court: brain tumour payment
Organisms sense thermal and non-thermal stress similarly, producing HSPs, possibly DNA damage and cancer.
Glial brain cells do not divide, but neural effects include Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s.1825 1826 1827 1828
Heat shock protein stress reactions from thermal and non-thermal radiation
source EMF, EMR frequency photonic polarised stress reaction
natural thermal Infrared photonic unpolarised HSPs - lower level
man-made non-thermal ELF to GHz non-photonic polarised HSPs - higher level
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX 2 ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY

MEDICAL ORGANISATIONS PHYSICS /TECHNOLOGIES
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone AMA Austrian Medical Association 3G 3rd generation mobile phones
ADHD attention deficit ARTAC Association pour la A ampere
hyperactivity disorder Recherche Thérapeutique AC alternating current
ADP/ATP adenosine diphosphate Anti-Cancéreuse AM amplitude modulated
/adenosine triphosphate (Association for Research Ca2+ calcium cation
metabolism and Treatments Against cm centimetre (= 0.01 m)
ADSP aurora disturbance Cancer) CFL compact fluorescent light
sensitive people AUVA Allgemeine CRT cathode ray tube
ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Unfallversicherungsanstalt dBm/m2 deciBel (milliWatt) per
AMA human amnion cells (Austrian Social Insurance square metre
ANS autonomic nervous system for Occupational Risks) DECT digital enhanced cordless
ART autonomic response testing BUND Friends of the Earth, telecommunications
BBB blood brain barrier Germany dLAN direct Local Area Network
CFS chronic fatigue syndrome CES Centre for Electro- EF electric field
CNS central nervous system magnetic Safety, Moscow ELF extremely low frequency
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid COST European Co-Operation in EMF electromagnetic field
(genetic instructions) Science and Technology EMR electromagnetic radiation
ECG electro-cardiogram DECC Department of Energy and E-W east-west
EEG electro-encephalogram Climate Change FFT fast fourier transform
EHS electromagnetic hyper- DH Department of Health FM frequency modulation
sensitivity EEA European Environment GHz giga-Herz (= 1000 MHz)
EM electromagnetic Agency (EU) GS Graham-Stetzer
EMFIS electromagnetic fields EHRC Equality and Human GSM global system for mobile
intolerance syndrome (SICEM) Rights Commission (UK) communication
EMHS electromagnetic hyper- EPA Environmental Protection HF high frequency
sensitivity Agency (US) HV high voltage
EMS electromagnetic sensitivity ES-UK ElectroSensitivity UK Hz Herz (frequency per second)
ES electromagnetic sensitivity EU European Union ICR ion cyclotron resonance
ES electro-sensitivity FDA Food & Drug Administration K Kelvin (temperature, colour)
GP general practioner FEB Swedish Association for K+ potassium cation
GRF geophysical risk factor the EHS KHz kilo-Herz (= 1000 Hz)
HbA hemoglobin, adult HPA Health Protection Agency, UK Km kilo-metre (= 1000 m)
HFS high frequency stimulation IARC International Agency for kV kilo-Volts (= 1000 V)
HMC human mast cell Research on Cancer, WHO LF low frequency
HRV heart rate variability IBN Institut fur Baubiologie m metre
HSP heat shock protein ICD International Classification mA milli Ampere
IEI idiopathic environmental of Diseases MF magnetic field
intolerance ICEMS International Committee (MF microwave frequency)
ipRGC intrinsically photosensitive on Electromagnetic Safety mG milli-Gauss (= 100 nT)
retinal ganglion cells ICNIRP International Commission MHz mega-Herz (= 1000 kHz)
MCS multiple chemical sensitivity on Non-Ionising Radiation min minute
ME myalgic encephalomyelitis Protection mJ/m2 milli-Joule per square m.
MEG magnetoencephalography IDEA Irish Doctors’ ms milli-second
MRI (nuclear) magnetic Environmental Association mV milli-Volt (0.001 V)
resonance imaging IEMFA International EMF MW micro-wave
MS multiple sclerosis Alliance µW/m2 micro-Watt per square m.
mtDNA mitochondrial DNA IEMFC International EMF neg. negative
(deoxyribonucleic acid) Collaborative nmnano-metre =0.00000000001m
NH non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma IRPA International Radiation nT nano-Tesla (= 0.01mG)
ODC ornithine decarboxylase Protection Association pos. positive
PNS peripheral nervous system NCM Nordic Council of Ministers PP peak to peak
PP parasympathetic response NHS National Health Service pT pico-Tesla (=0.00001mG)
PTH parathyroid hormone PMID PubMed-Indexed, MEDLINE pT/s pico-Tesla/second
QEEG quantitive RCNIRP Russian Commission on RF radio frequency
electro-encephalogram Non-Ionising Radiation RMS route mean square
ROS reactive oxygen species Protection SAR specific absorption rate
SEMG surface electromyograhy SCENIHR Scientific Committee on SR Schumann resonance
SICEM syndrome d’intolérance Emerging and Newly TETRA Terrestrial Trunked Radio
aux champs électro-magnétique Identified Health Risks TV television
SIDS sudden infant death syndr. (European Commission) UT universal time
SP sympathetic response SWI Safe Wireless Initiative UV ultra violet
SRI sensitivity-related illness TCO Swedish Confederation of V Volt
SSEP somato-sensory evoked Professional Employees VDU visual display unit
potentials UK United Kingdom VHF very high frequency
tDCS transcranial direct current UN United Nations V/m Volts per metre
stimulation USA United States of America W/Kg Watts per kilogram
TILT toxicant-induced loss of USSR Union of Soviet Socialist W/m2 Watts per square metre
tolerance Republics Wi-Fi wireless local area net-
TMS transcranial magnetic WHO World Health Organisation work (“Wireless Fidelity”)
stimulation WiMAX Worldwide Inter-
VNS vegetative nervous system operability for Microwave Access
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSITIVITY AND ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY 1

Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity is categorised as a multisymptomatic ‘el-allergy’ in the Nordic

This Summary is dedicated to all ES and EHS sufferers,

Comments on the first edition:

© M.J. Bevington, New edition 2013.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSITIVITY AND

ELECTROMAGNETIC SENSITIVITY AND ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY:

PRACTICAL AND COST IMPLICATIONS

A. Benefits of prompt ES and EHS diagnosis (R.68.8: Electromagnetic

B. Benefits of prompt protection or shielding for ES and EHS patients

C. Benefits of appropriate advice

D. Recognition of effects of EHS

LETTER BY NHS DOCTOR

From: Dr Andrew Tresidder MB BS MRCGP Cert Med Ed

Open letter to GP and other Medical Colleagues

Electrosensitivity / Electromagnetic Sensitivity

Treatment is problematic – but essentially includes avoidance of EM fields as much as possible,

Thank you for reading this,

With good wishes,

Auditory Dermatological Musculoskeletal Ophthalmologic

3. SOURCES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC EXPOSURE AND SYMPTOM RISK

Personal Personal Personal

4. CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS

DIAGNOSIS OF ES AND EHS

6. EPIDEMIOLOGY, PREVALENCE AND SUBJECTIVE PROVOCATION STUDIES

7. PROGNOSIS AND DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF EHS

Factors increasing the likelihood of electro-sensitivity (Hecht and Balzer)

amyloids 144 145 268 269 270 271 272

brain response 182 183 184 185 186 187

9. DISEASE ASSOCIATIONS, SUSCEPTIBILITY AND SENSITISATION

Associations between disease (other than EHS) and EMFs

10. HISTORY AND NOMENCLATURE

11. INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES AND SENSITIVITY THRESHOLDS

12. BIO-INITIATIVE REPORT,

INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON ELECTROMAGNETIC SAFETY (ICEMS)

INTERNATIONAL EMF COLLABORATIVE

GOVERNORS’ DECLARATIONS OF EHS AWARENESS MONTH

RESOLUTIONS AND APPEALS BY DOCTORS AND PSYCHOLOGISTS

APPENDIX 1 UPDATE to mid 2012

C. Medical evidence for EHS

G. 1. Electromagnetic sensitivity in Animals 43

H. Tables of Exposure Levels 47

I. Common sources of EM Fields and Radiation 49

J. Shielding, Protection and Measurements 50

L. Functional Impairment, Disability Issues 52

M. Key Dates: Scientific Discoveries and Regulation 54

APPENDIX 2 Acronyms and Glossary 55

A. PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENTS to 2012

(i) Regulatory, general

1. The World Health Organisation’s IARC classified radio frequency electromagnetic

8. Criticism of ICNIRP’s obsolete 6-minute field and power-density heating limits

9. Criticism of ICNIRP’s obsolete 6-minute SAR heating limits.

10. Legal judgements.

(ii) Regulatory, Electromagnetic Hyper-sensitivity

1. Classification of environmental illnesses like Multiple Chemical Sensitivity and

2. Disability allowances have been awarded for Electromagnetic-Sensitivity by a

6. The American Academy of Environmental Medicine in 2012 stated that

(i) General non-thermal effects

2. Biological effects of non-ionizing radiation have similarities with ionizing.899

(ii) Specific technologies at non-thermal levels

2. Mobile phones modulate brain function, as in the inter-hemispheric alpha coherence,

7. Energy saving Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFLs)

(b)Low frequency voltage transients from CFLs on the wiring