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➢
➢ Self combination (catenation) – carbon can link or combine with
one another by means of covalent bonds to form long chains of
carbon atom. This property is also called Catenation
.-C-C-C-C-C-c-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-
➢ Tetravalency - tetra means 4 and valency refers to valency.
Valency of carbon is four(which is quite large). Due to this a carbon
atom can form large number of carbon atoms with a number of
carbon atoms as well as with a large number of other elements.
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Types of hydrocarbons
1. Hydrocarbons
2. Haloalkanes
3. Alcohols
4. Aldehydes
5. Ketones
6. Carboxylic acids
• Hydrocarbons
Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon mainly are called
Hydrocarbons.( Hydrogen + Carbon). Methane (CH4), Ethane(C2H6) etc. it
is of two types.
2 ETH
3 PROP
4 BUT
5 PENT
6 HEX
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ALKANES
a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by only by
single covalent bond. Methane (CH4),ethane (C2H6).It’s general formula is
CnH2n+2 .
ALKANES(number of carbon) MOLECULAR FORMULA
Methane(1) CH4
Ethane(2) C2 H 6
Propane(3) C3 H 8
Butane(4) C4H10
ALKENES
A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atom are connected by a double
bond. H2 C=CH2 called ethane. CH3-CH=CH2 called as propane. It’s general
formula is CnH2n .
ALKENES (NUMBER OF CARBON MOLECULAR FORMULA
ATOM)
Ethene C2H4
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Propene C3H6
Butene C4H8
Pentene C5H10
Hexene C6H12
ALKYNES
A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by
a triple bond. HC≡CH is known as ethyne. Its general formula is
CnH2n-2 .
ALKYNES (NUMBER OF CARBON MOLECULAR FORMULA
ATOMS)
Ethyne C2H2
Propyne C3H4
Butyne C4H6
Pentyne C5H8
Hexyne C6H10
Methane(1) CH4
Ethane(2) C2H6
Propane(3) C3H8
Butane(4) C4H10
ISOMERS :-the organic compounds having same molecular formula but structures
are known as Isomers. Isomers are possible for 4 or more than four carbon atoms.
Isomers of compound Butane are possible.
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Functional Groups
Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes are already discussed above. They are also
the types of functional group.
3 propanal C2H5-CHO
4 Butanal C3H7-CHO
Ethane
(Unsaturated)
(Saturated)
Physical properties:
(ii) Lighter than water and miscible with liquid in all properties, because of
presence of hydroxyl group in it. It is neutral.
Chemical Properties:-
Ethanol as fuel:- Since ethanol burns with a clear flame giving a lot of
heat, therefore, it is used as a fuel. It is also used as an additive in petrol
in courtiers like Brazil.
Conc.H2SO4; 1700C
Denatured Alcohol:- Ethyl alcohol which has been made unfit for
drinking purposes by adding small amounts of poisonous substances like
methanol, pyridine, copper sulphate etc. (CuSO4 imparts blue color when
added with ethanol.)
USES OF ETHANOL
2. An organic compound ‘A’ is widely used as a preservative in pickles and has a molecular
formula C2H2O2. This compound reacts with ethanol to form a sweet smelling compound ‘B.
(i) Identify the compound ‘A’
(ii) Write the chemical equation for its reaction with ethanol to form compound ‘B’.
(iii) How can we get compound ‘A’ back from ‘B’?
(iv) Name the process and write corresponding chemical equation.
(v) Which gas is produced when compound ‘A’ reacts with washing soda?
3. Hydrocarbon `X` and `Y` having molecular formulae C3H8 and C3H6 respectively.
Both are burnt in different spatula on the bunsen flame. Indicate the color of the flame
produced by `X` and `Y`. Identify `X` and `Y`. Write the structural formulae.
5. `A` compound works well with hard water. It is used for making shampoos &
products for cleaning clothes. A is not 100% biodegradable and causes water
pollution. `B` does not work well with hard water. It is 100% biodegradable and does
not create water pollution. Identify A & B.
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7. A cyclic compound `X` has molecular formula C6H6. It is unsaturated and burns
with sooty flame. Identify `X` and write its structural formula. Will it decolorize
bromine water or not and why?
9. Two compounds `X` and `Y` have the same formula C2H4O2. One of them reacts
with sodium metal to liberate H2 and CO2 with NaHCO3. Second one does not reacts
with Na metal and NaHCO3 but undergo hydrolysis with NaOH to form salt of
carboxylic acid and compound `Z` which is called wood spirit. Identify `X`, `Y`, and
`Z` and write chemical equation for the reaction involved.
10. A compound `X` with molecular formula C2H4 burns with a sooty flame. It
decolourise bromine water. Identify `X`. Will it dissolve in water or not? Will it
conduct electricity in aq. Solution? Will it have high melting point or low melting
point ?
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