Preface

__________________________________________________________
Let us be clear at the start what Basic English is. Basic English, also known as Simple English, is
English made easy for people learning it as a second or foreign language. It consists of the very
basic vocabulary, simple language in communication, overview of grammar, and introduction to
reading and writing. In Basic English, the vocabulary is reduced and the rules of grammar are
simplified.

This manual, designed for the improvement of the Basic English Language Skills to the
Cambodian teachers of Upper Secondary Schools, is divided into four parts. Part 1, Introduction
to the Basic English Language, introduces the learners to the English alphabets, consonants and
vowels. It also briefly explains the English Numbers and How to Count Them. English
Language in Communication such as Talking about Mealtime, Talking about Family Members
and Personality, Using the Different Types of Questions, and Basic English Conversations for
daily activities such as Talking about the Times of the Day, Talking about the Days of the Week,
and Talking about the Months and Seasons of the Year are also included in this part. Part 2,
Introduction to Basic English in Communication, is comprised of the basic language for use in
different situations and functions such as Greeting and Saying Goodbye; Expressing Thanks,
Apologies, Welcoming and Congratulations; Expressing Needs and Feelings; Words and Phrases
for the Classroom Use; Introducing Yourself and Other People; Arranging to Meet Someone;
Asking for and Giving Information; Talking about Education and Interests; Applying for a Job;
Using the Telephone; and At the Estate Agents. For the Introduction to Basic English Grammar,
which covers an overview of Parts of Speech, Tenses, Conditional Sentences, and Reported
Speech are to be briefly explained in Part 3. Finally, Part 4, Introduction to Basic English
Reading and Writing, provides five intensive reading passages for learners to practice reading.
This part also introduces the learners to two types of academic writing, namely descriptive and
argumentative essays. In addition, writing informal and formal letters are also included in this
part.

It is strongly believed that this manual will be found highly useful as it will equip you to basically
use and understand English in different situations and functions.

I wish you every success in your pursuit of English proficiency.

National Technical Assistant,

_______________________

Dr. Neau Vira

ii
 Acknowledgements
__________________________________________________________
I would like to particularly express my profound gratitude to Asian Development Bank (ADB)
for providing technical and financial assistance to the development of this Basic English
Language Skills Manual.

My appreciation would also go to all ELT trainers, teachers, professors, and staff from all
concerned institutions who worked hard and participated in the fulfillment of developing this
manual for the improvement of the Basic English Language Skills for the Upper Secondary
Schools Cambodian teachers.

I will never forget to convey my thanks to all the Governments and people of friend countries,
national and international organizations, private sectors, and all development partners and
agencies, who always give attention to provide all kinds of spiritual, material and financial
supports for the cause of socio-economic development of Cambodia, especially through the
quality improvement, capacity building and human resource development of education sector,
which is the most vital key to economic growth for poverty reduction of the Cambodian people.

I firmly believe that all development partners will continue good cooperation and supports for the
development of high quality educational services.

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
__________________________________________________________
Pages

Foreword i
Preface ii
Acknowledgements iii
Table of Contents iv
__________________________________________________________
Part 1 Introduction to the Basic English Language 1

Lesson 1 The English Alphabets, Consonants and Vowels 2

Lesson 2 The English Numbers and How to Count Them 4
Lesson 3 Talking about the Times of the Day 6
Lesson 4 Talking about the Days of the Week 7
Lesson 5 Talking about the Months of the Year 8
Lesson 6 Talking about Seasons of the Year 9
Lesson 7 Talking about Family Members and Personality 11
Lesson 8 Talking about Mealtime 13
Lesson 9 Understanding the Different Types of Questions 14
Lesson 10 Basic English Conversations for Daily Activities 16
Lesson 11 English Language in Communication 18
__________________________________________________________
Part 2 Introduction to Basic English in Communication 21

Lesson 1 Greeting and Saying Goodbye 22

Lesson 2 Expressing Thanks, Apologies, Welcoming and
Congratulations 23
Lesson 3 Expressing Needs and Feelings 24
Lesson 4 Words and Phrases for the Classroom Use 25
Lesson 5 Introducing Yourself and Other People 26
Lesson 6 Arranging to Meet Someone 28
Lesson 7 Asking for and Giving Information 29
Lesson 8 Talking about Education and Interests 31
Lesson 9 Applying for a Job 32
Lesson 10 Using the Telephone 33
Lesson 11 At the Estate Agents 34
__________________________________________________________
Part 3 Introduction to Basic English Grammar 35

Lesson 1 Overview of Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives 36

Lesson 2 Overview of Adverbs, Verbs and Prepositions 39
Lesson 3 Overview of Conjunctions and Interjections 41
Lesson 4 Overview of Present Simple and Present Continuous 43
Lesson 5 Overview of Present Perfect and Present Perfect
Continuous 44

iv
 Lesson 6 Overview of Past Simple and Past Continuous 46
Lesson 7 Overview of Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous 48
Lesson 8 Overview of Future Simple and Future Continuous 49
Lesson 9 Overview of Future Perfect Simple and Future Perfect
Continuous 51
Lesson 10 Overview of Conditional Sentences 53
Lesson 11 Overview of Direct and Indirect Speech 55
__________________________________________________________
Part 4 Introduction to Basic English Reading and Writing 57

Lesson 1 You can live to be a hundred 58

Lesson 2 Five Ways to Prevent Cancer 60
Lesson 3 Smoking Tobacco is Suicide 62
Lesson 4 Exercise for Good Health 64
Lesson 5 Healthy Food for a Healthy Body 66
Lesson 6 Introduction to Academic Writing: Descriptive Essay 68
Lesson 7 Introduction to Academic Writing: Argumentative Essay 70
Lesson 8 Introduction to Writing Informal Letters 71
Lesson 9 Samples of Informal Letters 73
Lesson 10 Introduction to Writing Formal Letters 76
Lesson 11 Samples of Formal Letters 79
__________________________________________________________

References 81

v
 Part 1
Introduction to the Basic English Language
__________________________________________________________

Lessons Topics
1 The English Alphabets, Consonants and Vowels
2 The English Numbers and How to Count Them
3 Talking about the Times of the Day
4 Talking about the Days of the Week
5 Talking about the Months of the Year
6 Talking about Seasons of the Year
7 Talking about Family Members and Personality
8 Talking about Mealtime
9 Understanding the Different Types of Questions
10 Basic English Conversations for Daily Activities
11 English Language in Communication
__________________________________________________________

1
Lesson 1
The English Alphabets, Consonants and Vowels
__________________________________________________________
The small letter is also called a lowercase letter, and the capital letter is sometimes called a big
letter or uppercase letter. See the differences between the two written forms and with the help
from your teacher, practice pronouncing them correctly. Also, translate each word in your own
language.

1. The English Alphabets: Small and Capital Letters

Small Letters Capital Letters Examples

a A apple – Apple animal – Animal
b B boy – Boy boss – Boss
c C car – Car cow – Cow
d D dog – Dog doll – Doll
e E ear – Ear earn – Earn
f F flag – Flag flower – Flower
g G great – Great group – Group
h H house – House horse – Horse
i I insect – Insect inside – Inside
j J joy – Joy joke – Joke
k K kind – Kind kid – Kid
l L light – Light laugh – Laugh
m M magic – Magic money – Money
n N night – Night noon – Noon
o O orchestra – Orchestra ocean – Ocean
p P people – People pilot – Pilot
q Q question – Question quiet – Quiet
r R red – Red rose – Rose
s S sure – Sure song – Song
t T truck – Truck tree – Tree
u U unique – Unique uniform – Uniform
v V video – Video voice – Voice
w W world – World wish – Wish
x X explain – Explain x-ray – X-ray
y Y year – Year yellow – Yellow
z Z zebra – Zebra zone – Zone

2. The English Consonants: Small and Capital Letters

Small Letters Capital Letters As in ...

b B beach – Beach
c C car – Car
d D design – Design design – Design
f F fail – Fail fail – Fail
g G grapefruit – Grapefruit grill – Grill
h H hit – Hit hostage – Hostage
j J magician – Magician jeep – Jeep
k K key – Key kangaroo – Kangaroo
l L library – Library lizard – Lizard

2
 m M money – Money
n N noodle – Noodle nightmare – Nightmare
p P potato – Potato play - Play
q Q question – Question queen - Queen
r R reporter – Reporter rose – Rose
s S safe – Safe seat – Seat
t T tongue – Tongue toy – Toy
v V violin – Violin volcano – Volcano
w W waterfall – Waterfall watch – Watch
x X explain – Explain
y Y yoke – Yoke yawn – Yawn
z Z zoo – Zoo zebra - Zebra

3. The English Vowels: Small and Capital Letters

Small Letters Capital Letters As in ...

a A animal – Animal
ability – Ability
ant – Ant
aunt – Aunt
abnormal – Abnormal
e E east – East
eel – Eel
earn – Earn
election – Election
easy – Easy
i I important – Important
interesting – Interesting
impolite – Impolite
inform – Inform
influence – Influence
o O overnight – Overnight
oversee – Oversee
oversea – Oversea
obey – Obey
observe – Observe
u U university – University
unilateral – Unilateral
unique – Unique
umbrella – Umbrella
united – United

3
Lesson 2
The English Numbers and How to Count Them
__________________________________________________________
Counting is a necessary tool in the world of business and schooling. Even going shopping entails
not just knowing what numbers stand for, but also knowing their word equivalents. In English
Language, when talking about numbers, we normally and commonly refer to the cardinal and
ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers are the numbers we use for counting: one, two, three, four
... and so on. Ordinal Numbers are used to indicate position: first, second, third, fourth...and so
on. For example, if ten students ran a race, we would say that the student that ran the fastest was
in first place, the next student was in the second place, and so on.

Symbols Cardinal Numbers Symbols Ordinal Numbers

1 one 1st first

2 two 2nd second
3 three 3rd third
4 four 4th fourth
5 five 5th fifth
6 six 6th sixth
7 seven 7th seventh
8 eight 8th eighth
9 nine 9th ninth
10 ten 10th tenth

11 eleven 11th eleventh

12 twelve 12th twelfth
13 thirteen 13th thirteenth
14 fourteen 14th fourteenth
15 fifteen 15th fifteenth
16 sixteen 16th sixteenth
17 seventeen 17th seventeenth
18 eighteen 18th eighteenth
19 nineteen 19th nineteenth
20 twenty 20th twentieth

30 thirty 30th thirtieth

40 forty 40th fortieth
50 fifty 50th fiftieth
60 sixty 60th sixtieth
70 seventy 70th seventieth
80 eighty 80th eightieth
90 ninety 90th ninetieth
100 one hundred 100th one hundredth

1000 and 1,000,000

1,000 one thousand 1,000th one thousandth

1,000,000 one million 1,000,000th one millionth

4
Notice how to read the following numbers
Use 100 always with “a” or “one”. For example, a hundred or one hundred.
Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with “a” or “one”. For example, a thousand or one
thousand (1,000). Two hundred and one thousand (201,000).
Use commas as a separator. For example, 57,458,302.
Separation between “hundreds” and “tens” (Note: in American English 'and' is not
necessary).

Cardinal numbers and How to read

101 One hundred and one
110 One hundred and ten
1,001 One thousand and one
2,001 Two thousand and one
1,250 One thousand, two hundred and fifty

Ordinal numbers and How to read

1st the first 21st the twenty-first
2nd the second 22nd the twenty-second
3rd the third 23rd the twenty-third
4th the fourth 24th the twenty-fourth
5th the fifth 25th the twenty-fifth
6th the sixth 26th the twenty-sixth
7th the seventh 27th the twenty-seventh
8th the eighth 28th the twenty-eighth
9th the ninth 29th the twenty-ninth
10th the tenth 30th the thirtieth
11th the eleventh 40th the fortieth
12th the twelfth 50th the fiftieth
13th the thirteenth 60th the sixtieth
14th the fourteenth 70th the seventieth
15th the fifteenth 80th the eightieth
16th the sixteenth 90th the ninetieth
17th the seventeenth 100th the hundredth
18th the eighteenth 101st the hundred and first
19th the nineteenth 1000th the thousandth
20th the twentieth

Ordinal numbers are often used in fractions Sums (Common terms in brackets)
1
/8 One eighth + Plus (And)
1
/5 One fifth - Minus (Take away)
1
/4 One quarter x Multiplied by (Times)
3
/4 Three quarters ÷ Divided by
1
/3 One third = Equals (Is)
2
/3 Two thirds . Point
1
/2 One half % Percent

5
Lesson 3
Talking about the Times of the Day
__________________________________________________________
Increasing the basic vocabulary of English students can help them get a long way in their
business, academic, and personal lives. When traveling to a foreign country or moving to a new
country, it is often important to learn the native language.
English is fast becoming the most commonly spoken language in the world. Therefore,
expanding a basic English vocabulary is essential to thriving in the business world. Let’s learn
the following commonly-used English words and phrases as the basic foundation for our daily
situations and functions.

Asking and Telling the Times

In English, the 12-hour clock is normally used for telling the time. The 24-hour clock is only used
for travel timetables. It's also possible to state the time in English by saying the hour followed by
the minutes, followed by “am” or “pm” if necessary.

Specifying the times

watch earlier midnight

clock later My watch is out of order.
a.m. immediately or straight away My watch is (a little) fast.
p.m. It’s almost... My watch is (a little) slow.
now It’s exactly... That clock's a little fast.
then It’s ....... sharp. That clock's a little slow.
soon noon or midday

Questions Answers

What's the time? It is (It’s):

What time is it? one o'clock.
Could you tell me the time, please? five past one.
Do you know what time it is? ten past one.
Would you mind telling me what time it is? fifteen (a quarter) past one.
twenty past one.
twenty-five past one.
half past one.
twenty-five to two.
twenty to two.
fifteen (a quarter) to two.
ten to two.
five to two.
two o'clock.
It’s one o’clock sharp.
It’s exactly one o’clock.
It’s almost one o’clock.

6
Lesson 4
Talking about the Days of the Week
__________________________________________________________
Weekdays Monday What day is it today? Today is Monday.
Tuesday What day is today?
On/every Wednesday
Thursday What's the date Today is Monday the
Friday today? twenty first of February.
Weekends Saturday What's today's date?
Sunday

Specifying the Day

Yesterday Today Tomorrow
The day before yesterday The day after tomorrow
last night tonight tomorrow night
a long time ago in the morning tomorrow morning
the previous day in the afternoon tomorrow afternoon
the previous week in the evening tomorrow evening
yesterday morning this morning
yesterday afternoon this afternoon
yesterday evening this evening
last week this week next week
five minutes ago the following day
an hour ago
a week ago/two weeks ago

National Holidays and Festivals in Cambodia International Holidays and Festivals

National/Public Holidays International New Year
International New Year International Women’s Day
Victory Day over the Genocidal Regime International Labor Day
Meakha Bochea Day International Human Rights Day
International Women’s Day Christmas Eve
Khmer New Year Christmas Day
Visakha Bochea Day Valentine’s Day
International Labor Day
Royal Ploughing (Plowing) Day/Ceremony
King Norodom Sihamoni’s Birthday
Queen Mother’s Birthday
Constitutional Day
Pchum Ben’s Day
King Sihamoni Coronation Day
King Father Norodom Sihanouk’s Birthday
Independence Day
Water Festival
International Human Rights Day

7
Lesson 5
Talking about the Months of the Year
__________________________________________________________
The Months of the Year 
January January
February February
March In March
April At the beginning of April
May In-mid May
June At the end of June
July By the end of July
August In early August
September In mid September
October In late October
November November
December December

Specifying the Month

Last month This month Next month
The previous month The following month
A month ago One month later
Two months ago Two months later

Last year This year Next year

The previous year The following year
A year ago One year later
Two years ago Two years later

Common Expressions
How many months are there in a year?
There are twelve months in a year.

What are those twelve months?

They are: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October,
November, and December.

In Cambodia, the cool season starts from January to March.

The dry season has six months starting from November to April.
The rainy season also has six months starting from May to October.
When were you born? I was born on October 06, 1967.
In Cambodia, the hottest month is April.
Khmer New Year is in April.
The Khmer Rouge came to power on April 17, 1975.

How long have you been learning English?

I have been learning English for three years.
I have been learning English since year 2009.

8
Lesson 6
Talking about Seasons of the Year
__________________________________________________________
1. Seasons of the Year

In the UK, there are FOUR seasons. Each seasons is spread over THREE months.

(a) Seasons in the Temperate Zone

Seasons Months
Spring March April May
In spring the days grow longer, the weather is warmer but it often rains
and can get very windy. We celebrate Easter in the spring.
Summer June July August
In summer the days are long and the weather's usually warm and
sometimes even hot. We usually go on holiday in the summer.
Autumn September October November
(US English: falls) In autumn the days get shorter, it gets colder and the leaves fall from
the trees. We celebrate Halloween in autumn.
Winter December January February
In winter the days are short and it is generally cold and often wet,
sometimes it snows. We celebrate Christmas in the winter.

(b) Seasons in the Tropical Zone

Rainy season Rainy season
Dry season in Dry season
Cool season Cool season

(c) Seasons in the Polar Zone

It’s cold all year round.

2. Common Questions and Answers

What's the weather like? It’s sunny
cloudy
windy
foggy
stormy
raining
hailing
snowing
What's the temperature? It’s 29°C ("twenty-nine degrees")
Temperatures are in the mid-20s.
What temperature do you think it is? Probably about 30°C ("thirty degrees")
It's baking hot
freezing
freezing cold
below freezing

9
3. Common Words and Phrases

What a nice day! fog sun

What a beautiful day! ice sunshine
It's not a very nice day mist rain
What a terrible day! hail rainy
What miserable weather! breeze rainbow
It's starting to rain. sleet raindrop
It's stopped raining. flood wind
It's pouring with rain. foggy strong winds
It's raining cats and dogs. misty cloud
The sun's shining. icy cloudy
There's not a cloud in the sky. snow hot
The sky's overcast. snowflake cold
It's clearing up. gale warm
The sun's come out. frost cool
The sun's just gone in. drizzle dry
There's a strong wind. hailstone wet
That sounds like thunder. frosty storm
That's lightning. chilly tornado
We had a lot of heavy rain this morning. hurricane
We haven't had any rain for a fortnight. thunderstorm

10
Lesson 7
Talking about Family Members and Personality
__________________________________________________________
Here are some useful phrases for discussing family and relationships. Learn how to talk about
brothers and sisters, children, and other family members, as well as describe your personal status.

1. Family Members

Males Females
father mother
son daughter
husband Wife
brother sister
uncle aunt
nephew niece
grandfather (granddad, grandpa) grandmother (granny, grandma)
grandson granddaughter
godfather godmother
godson goddaughter
stepfather stepmother
stepson stepdaughter
stepbrother stepsister
father-in-law mother-in-law
son-in-law daughter-in-law
brother-in-law sister-in-law
Parent
Child
relation
relative
twin
grandparents
grandchild
cousin

2. Personality

Emotional Characteristics
confident honest lazy
sensitive good-humored outgoing
calm moody cautious
hot-headed dishonest adventurous
impulsive hard-working shy
cheerful clever introverted
generous intelligent extroverted
kind arrogant easy-going
mean snobbish rude
crazy happy bad-mannered
sensible unhappy impolite
serious stupid Emotional
polite impatient conceited

11
 funny sophisticated brave
witty cheeky cowardly
boring friendly absent-minded
patient unfriendly talented
modest

3. Common Questions about the Family

Here are some sample sentences and phrases for describing people in English.
Tell me about your father. What kind of Well, he's very friendly, smart and funny.
person is he?
What does he look like? He's young, short and handsome.
He has straight black hair and green eyes.
What does your mother look like? She's tall, thin and beautiful.
She has blonde hair and wears glasses.
How about your little sister? She has curly red hair and a cute smile.
Everybody likes her.

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for talking about your family.
This is my father/dad.
This is my mother/mom.
This is my husband.
This is my wife.
(These are my parents)
There are five people in my family.
(My mother, my father, my older brother, my older sister, me, my younger brother.)
I have two brothers.
One is older.
One brother is older (than me).
One is younger.
I have one sister.
What number are you? I'm number three.
How many brothers and sisters do you have?
He's the oldest (of five children).
She's the youngest.
Cindy doesn't have any brothers or sisters.
Jared is an only child.
How many children do you have?
We have two. One son and one daughter.
Do you have any kids?
No, I'm not married.

12
Lesson 8
Talking about Mealtime
__________________________________________________________
Common expressions
1. Breakfast
Brunch

2. Lunch
Snack time

3. Dinner
Supper

1. What time do you usually have... breakfast?

lunch?
dinner?
Breakfast
Lunch is ready.
Dinner
2. Everybody, it’s now mealtime.
3. What’s for breakfast?
lunch?
dinner?
4. What would you like for breakfast?
lunch?
dinner?
5. Would you like some toast? Yes, please.
No, thank you.
6. Could you pass me the salt, please?
sugar, please?
butter, please?
chilli, please?
pepper, please?
7. Would you like a glass of water?
orange juice?
wine?
8. Careful, the plate's very hot! Handle with care, please.
9. Would you like some more? No, thanks. I'm full.
10. Have you had enough to eat? Absolutely.
11. Would anyone like dessert?
12. Would anyone like coffee?
13. What's for dessert?
14. That food/drink was lovely.
excellent.
very tasty.
delicious.

13
Lesson 9
Understanding the Different Types of Questions
__________________________________________________________
1. Yes/No Questions
There are many types of questions in English. The easiest are questions that can be answered
"yes" or "no."
To Be Am I right?
Are you Dr. Vira?
Are you sure?
Is everything OK? Is anything wrong?
Is the man over there your father?
Are you the student in this school?
Is he the teacher in this school?
Are you free right now?
To Do Do you speak English?
Do you remember me?
Do you like Japanese food?
Does she often come here?
Does he live in Phnom Penh?
Don’t you want to go with me?
To Have Have you ever been to Angkor Wat?
Have you got any brothers or sisters?
Has she been there with you?
Can Can you swim?
Can you read English newspaper?
Can you help me with this?
May May I know your name?
May I sit here?
May I go to the bathroom?

2. Wh-Questions
What What is this?/What’s this?/What is it?
What is that? or What’s that?
What are these? What are those?
What languages can you speak?
What is your name?
What is your job? What’s your father’s job?
What are you doing?
What's this called?
What's the matter?/What's going on?
Why Why do you learn English?
Why are you late for class today?
Why are so tired today?
Why are you so happy?
Why are you in a hurry?
Why are you so lazy today?

14
When When did you start learning English?
When can you come to my house?
When did you go there?
When will you pay me back?
When can I know the result of my exam?
When will he come?
When can we meet each other again?
Where Where is your house?
Where do you work?
Where are you going to?
Which Which book is yours?
Which one do you like?
Which one do you prefer? Tea or Coffee?
Which color do you like the best?
Who Who is she?
Who are you talking to?
Who can speak French in this class?
Who is the class monitor?
Who are you looking for?
Whom Whom do you want to meet?
Whom do you want to talk to?
Whose Whose book is this?
Whose ruler is that?
How How much does it cost?
How long does it take from here to your house?
How far is it from here to your house?
How often do you go to the cinema?
How do you spell your name?
How do you know Dr. Neau Vira?
How is the food?
How do you pronounce this word?

3. Direct and Indirect Questions

I want to know what your name is?
Can you tell me where your house is?
Would you mind telling me what your job is?
Could you please let me know when you will be free from work?
May I know what your phone number is?

4. Tag Questions
You are a student, aren’t you?
You are not a teacher, are you?
You can speak English, can’t you?
You can’t speak English, can you?
It’s your car, isn’t it?
It isn’t your car, is it?
You want to go with me, don’t you?
You don’t want to go with me, do you?

15
Lesson 10
Basic English Conversations for Daily Activities
__________________________________________________________
To learn Basic English, you need to, first of all, learn the following common English expressions
which will be very useful in many different situations and functions. Practice reading these
words and expressions with the help from your teacher.
Student 1 Student 2

1 What time do you get up? I get up about seven fifteen.

What time is breakfast at your house? Breakfast is always at a quarter to eight.

2 What do you usually do in the afternoon? We usually study or read.

What do you generally do over the We generally enjoy sports and visit friends.
weekend?

3 Do you ever go to museums? I go every now and then.

What kinds of things do you like to see? I enjoy seeing statues and old paintings.

4 Do you watch television very often? Well, I sometimes watch it in the evening.
Did you watch television last night? Yes, I did. I saw several good programs.

5 Do you ever listen to the radio? Certainly. In fact, I listen every night.
What's your favorite program? I like the 11 O'clock Theater best of all.

6 Do you speak English? Only a little, and not very well.

Do you know many words? No, I don’t. Only the important words.

7 Does your brother speak English? Well, he speaks a little English.

Do your sisters speak English? Yes, they do. They speak it very well.

8 Can I help you? Yes. I speak only French.

I'm sorry, but I don't understand French. Please find someone who speaks French.

9 What's the matter? I don't speak English.

Do you need some kind of help? Yes, but I can't explain it in English.

10 Do you think English is easy? No, I don't.

Why don't you think so? Because I don't understand it.

11 Hello. How are you? Pretty well, thanks. And you?

I'm fine, thanks. It's good to see you again.

12 Where have you been lately? I've been busy with extra work.
I've had a lot of work to do too. Yes. I haven't seen you for quite a while
either.

13 Hello. How's everything? Fine, thanks. How about you?

Just fine. What's new? Nothing much.

16
14 I'm pleased to meet you. The pleasure is mine.
I've heard John speak about you often. Only good things, I hope.

15 Look who's here! Are you surprised to see me?

Sure. I thought you were in Europe. I was, but I got back yesterday.

16 When did you eat lunch today? I ate from twelve to one.
Where did you have your lunch? I had it at Pete's Restaurant today.

17 Did you a good time at party? We had a wonderful time.

It was really a lot of fun. We ought to have another party like that
soon.

18 Did you have a good time last night? Yes, I had a wonderful time.
You'll probably have fun tomorrow too. I'm sure I'll have an excellent time.

19 Where did you go? We went to a beautiful beach.

Did you swim in the ocean? Yes, but we swam close to the shore.

17
Lesson 11
English Language in Communication
__________________________________________________________
1 Basic Introduction
Robert
Hi, I'm Robert.
Nice to meet you, too. What do you do?
Me too! What university do you teach at?
Oh, I teach at Hiroshima University.
2 The Weekend
Good morning. How are you today?
Pretty good. Did you have a nice
weekend?
Oh yeah? What did you see?
Did you like it?
Practice
A: I went to the movies.
A: I went to a new restaurant.
A: I went shopping.
A: I went for a drive.
3 Weekend Plans
Do you have any plans for this weekend?
I'm going to meet some friends.
We might go sailing if the weather is
nice.
No, my friend has one. She goes sailing
every weekend.
Let's practice
We might go for a drive.
We might go hunting.
We might go surfing.
We might buy a house.
We might play some music.
Your turn. You answer the questions.
Bill
Hi. I'm Bill. Nice to meet you.
I'm a university teacher. How about you?
I teach at Tokyo University. And you?
Good morning. I'm all right. How are you?
Not bad. I went to the movies on Saturday
night.
I saw the new Harry Potter movie.
Yes, it was excellent!
B: Oh yeah? What did you see?
B: Oh yeah? What did you eat?
B: Oh yeah? What did you buy?
B: Oh yeah? Where did you go?
I don't know. I might watch a video at home.
And you?
What are you going to do?
Sailing, wow! Do you have a sailboat?
A drive, wow! Do you have a car?
Hunting, wow! Do you have a gun?
Surfing, wow! Do you have a surfboard?
A house, wow! Do you have enough money?
Play music, wow! Do you have a band?

What are going to wear tomorrow?

What are you are going eat for dinner?
Who are you going to meet later?
When are you going to go home?
Where are you going to go for your next vacation?
How are you going to go home?
4 I don’t know how
Hi Bill. What's happening Not much. How about you, Robert?
Well, actually, I want to go to the art Which one? There are a few art museums in
museum this afternoon, but I don't know Fukuoka.
where it is. Do you know where it is?
I want to see the Napoleon exhibit. Have Ah, sure. That's the Fukuoka Municipal Art
you heard about it? Museum. It's in Ohori Park.

18
 So, how do I get there? That's easy. Just take the subway to the
Ohori
Park station. Walk through the park, and it's
there. You can't miss it!
Do you mean that I have to walk to the Yes, that's right. It doesn't take long. About
other side of the park to get to the ten minutes or so.
museum?
OK, I think I understand. Thanks. You're welcome.
Let's Practice
I want to buy a suit, but I don't know Yes, I like to buy suits at Fukuyama. You
where to shop. Do you know a good should go there.
shop?
I want to bake a cake, but I don't know Sorry, I don't know how. You should buy a
how. Can you help me? cook book.
I want to see a dentist, but I don't know Yes, my dentist is good. I'll give you his
who to see. Do you know a good dentist? number.
5 Who did you talk to?
I talked to someone interesting yesterday. Who did you talk to?
I can't remember his name, but I was Yeah...
sitting on the train...
..and this young man started talking to What did he say?
me.
He said that he was from Thailand and he You mean he was a university student.
was studying here in Japan.
No, he was a high school student. He had I see, so what did you talk about?
a uniform on.
He said that he enjoyed living in Japan, How was his English?
but he did not have much chance to speak
in English.
Pretty good. So, he asked me if we could That's interesting. It's not everyday that you
chat while sitting on the train. meet a Thai student in Japan.
Let's Practice
S1: I saw someone interesting last week. S2: Who did you see?
S1: I went somewhere fun last month. S2: Where did you go?
S1: I ate something strange. I don't feel so S2: When did you eat it?
good.
S1: I read an interesting book. S2: What did you read?
S1: I have to go to England next week. S2: Why do you have to go there?

Bill Robert
1 How long are you staying?
Hi Robert! What's up? I'm going to the U.S. next week.
Really? I didn't know that. Where’re you I'm going to Tampa.
going?
Where's that? In Florida.
What are you going to do there? I'm going to visit my family. My
grandmother lives there.
That sounds nice. When are you leaving? On Saturday March 11th.
How long are you staying? A couple of weeks.
2 Where do you usually go?
Where do you usually go on your I usually go to Canada in the summer.

19
 vacation, Robert?
What about the winter vacation? I like to stay here in Japan in the winter.
Don't you want to spend Christmas in I do, but it's just too cold.
Canada?
I know what you mean.
Practice
A: Where do you usually buy clothes? A: Where do you usually study?
B: I usually shop on the Internet. B: I usually don't study much.
A: Don't you want to try on the clothes A: Don't you want to pass your tests?
first? ________________________
________________________ A: Where do you usually eat lunch?
A: Where do you usually go on the B: I usually eat lunch at a restaurant.
weekends? A: Don't you like the cafeteria?
B: I usually stay home.
A: Don't you want to go out?
3 What kind of sports do you like?
Robert, I have some tickets to the Hawks Not really, Bill. I don't like baseball.
game. Do you want to go?
Oh, do you like sports? Yes, of course.
What kind of sports do you like? I like soccer.
Well, that's the world's most popular
sport.
Let's practice
What kind of sports do you like? I like soccer.
What kind of Japanese food do you like? I like sushi.
What kind of books do you like? I like Harry Potter.
What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies.
What kind of cars do you like? I like sports cars.
What kind of computers do you like? I like Apple computers.
4 What are you reading?
What are you reading? A spy novel.
How is it? It's good. Do you want to borrow it when I'm
finished?
Sure. Thanks.
Practice
A: What are you eating? A: What are you listening to?
B: A tuna sandwitch. B: A podcast.
A: How is it? A: How is it?
B: It's delicious. B: It's great!
________________________
A: What are you watching?
B: A movie.
A: What movie?
B: I don't know.
A: How is it?
B: It's boring.

20
 Part 2
Introduction to Basic English in Communication
__________________________________________________________

Lessons Topics
1 Greeting and Saying Goodbye
2 Expressing Thanks, Apologies, Welcoming and Congratulations
3 Expressing Needs and Feelings
4 Words and Phrases for the Classroom Use
5 Introducing Yourself and Other People
6 Arranging to Meet Someone
7 Asking for and Giving Information
8 Talking about Education and Interests
9 Applying for a Job
10 Using the Telephone
11 At the Estate Agents
__________________________________________________________

21
Lesson 1
Greeting and Saying Goodbye
____________________________________________________________
In an increasingly inter-connected world, a good knowledge of English is a great advantage for many
jobs. English is also the most widely used language for international business. Any trip or stay in an
English-speaking country will be greatly enriched if you can speak a little of the language. Even in
countries where English isn't the local language, you will still find it enormously useful on your
travels.

For Friendliness Descriptions

Hi! Hello!
For Politeness
Good morning! Good afternoon! Good When you greet older people or when you want to show
evening!
“Good bye”, “Bye-bye” or “Bye” are
used when we leave or about to leave
someone during the day time.
“Good night” is used when we leave
or about to leave someone during the
night time. Please do not say “Good
night” when you greet someone.
When you greet people who are younger than you, about
your own age or when you want to show your
friendliness to the people whom you talk to.
Description
your politeness to the people whom you talk to.
I’ve got to go now. Have a nice day.
I’m really in a hurry. Bye-bye. See you later.
I have an appointment and need to go now. See you.
I need an early rest. Good night. See you tomorrow.
I’m very sleepy and need to go to bed now. Good
night.
Let’s meet tomorrow morning. Good night.

Hello Goodbye
A. Hello, Peter. How are you? A. Goodbye, Janet. See you tomorrow!
B. Fine, thanks. How are you? B. Bye bye, Peter. Have a nice evening.
A. I'm fine, thank you. A. Thanks, you too!
B. Thanks.
Model Conversation
Hello. My name's Peter. What's your name? Janet.
Where are you from Janet? I'm from Seattle. Where are you from?
I'm from Madrid. Are you American?
Yes, I am. Are you Spanish? Yes I am.

22
Lesson 2
Expressing Thanks, Apologies, Welcoming and Congratulations
____________________________________________________________
1. Thanks and Apologies
Thanks for help. Thanks for your payment.
your hospitality. transportation.
email. advice.
cooperation. explanation.
understandability. kindness/generosity.
patience. good job.
treatment. honesty.

I’m sorry. It’s really my big fault. Sorry I’m late.

really sorry. It’s my mistakes. to keep you waiting.
terribly sorry. I really for the delay.
apologize.

2. Welcoming People
Welcome!
Welcome to Cambodia!
Welcome to our house!
Do come in! and Make yourself at home!
Welcome to my office!
Please come in!
How nice of you to come!
Please come in and take a seat!
Long time no see!
Please come in!

3. Congratulations and Commiserations

Congratulations!
Well done!
Great!
Good luck!
What a pity! or what a shame!
Bad luck!
Damn it!
Happy birthday!
Happy Valentine's Day!
Happy Christmas! or Merry Christmas!
Happy New Year!
Bless you! (after a sneeze)

23
Lesson 3
Expressing Needs and Feelings
____________________________________________________________
When You Agree When You Disagree
Yes. No.
No. Thank you.
Yes. Please.
No. Thanks.
Yes. You’re right. No. You’re not right.
OK. It’s not OK/That’s not OK.
Of course. Of course not.
That's fine. That’s not fine.
That's right. That’s not right.
Sure. I have no idea.
Certainly. I don’t think so.
Definitely. It’s beyond my knowledge.
Absolutely. Really? I’ve never thought of that.
It’s important. It's not important.
It’s not serious. It's serious.
It’s worth doing it. It's not worth it.
It doesn't matter. It’s really the matter.
That’s enough. That’s not enough.
I like him. I don’t like him.
her. her.
it. it.
them. them.
thirsty. thirsty.
I’m hungry. I’m not hungry.
tired/exhausted. tired/exhausted.
bored. bored.
worried. worried.
in a good mood in a good mood
free/busy. free/busy.
Excuse me, where’s the toilet?
the Gents?
the Ladies?
glad
I’m pleased to hear that. I’m sorry to hear that.
happy
delighted
Do you speak English? I don't speak English.
I don't speak much English.
I only speak very little English.
I speak a little English.
Please speak more slowly. I don’t really understand.
Could you please repeat that?
Please write down that word.
24
Lesson 4
Words and Phrases for the Classroom Use
____________________________________________________________
Before the Class Good morning.
Good afternoon.
Good evening.
Come in.
Please sit down.
Ready for class?
Let’s start the class.
Whose turn to clean the board today?
Whose turn to clean the classroom today?
How many students are absent today?
During the Class Please be quiet.
Could I have your attention, please?
What did we study in the last session?
Anyone remember what we did last time?
Why are you so quiet?
Be active!
What about you the class monitor?
After the Class Hurry up, please.
Just a few minutes more to go.
Any questions?
Time to finish our lesson.
Read unit.. for your next class.
Quietly leave the classroom.
See you.

Some more phrases:

Whose book is this? Entrance
Open the window, please. Exit/Emergency exit
Close the door, please. Push/Pull
Are you with me? Toilets/WC/Gentlemen (often abbreviated to
Do you need more time to do this Gents)/Ladies
exercise? Vacant
Keep quiet, please. Occupied or Engaged
Come to the board and write this word. Out of order
Stand up. Sit down. No smoking
May I go to the bathroom? Private/No entry
I have an upset stomach. Cafeteria
May I borrow your Bookstore
pen/book/pencil/eraser/ruler/marker/glass Tennis court
es? Language Laboratories
Why are you late for class today? Conference Room

25
Lesson 5
Introducing Yourself and Other People
____________________________________________________________
Learning to speak English will allow you to communicate with a massive number of people around
the globe. English is a relatively easy language to learn. With a little practice, you should soon find
yourself able to get by in most everyday situations.

1. Introducing Yourself
When you meet someone for the first time, you need to use some of the following phrases for
introducing yourself:

Self Introduction Descriptions

1. I’m Dr. Neau Vira. Use full name in business and formal situations.
2. I’m Dr. Neau. Use your title and your family name in business and formal situations
3. I’m Vira. Use first name in informal situations.

You can also use the following phrases when introducing yourself to someone:

Hi/Hello, My name’s (I’m) Dr. Neau Vira.

Good morning/afternoon/evening, I’m Dr. Neau.
Hi/Hello, Good morning/afternoon/evening, I’m Vira.

You can then add and say:

“Nice to meet you.”

“Nice meeting you.”
“Glad to meet you.”
“Pleased to meet you.” or “I’m really delighted to meet you.” For example:

Good morning, I’m Dr. Neau Vira. Nice to meet you. You will then get the responses from the
person whom you talk to:

Hi/Hello/Good morning//afternoon/evening.
I’m (name).
Nice/Pleased/Glad meeting you, too.
26
2. Introducing Other People
When you want to introduce someone to another person, you need to state the names of the two
persons:

Phrases you need to use Responses you will get

Sitha, this is my friend, Rotha.
Sitha, I’d like you to meet Rotha.
Sitha, may I introduce you to Rotha?
Good morning, Sothea. Let me introduce
you to Sophal. He’s an English language
teacher.
Good morning. I’m Sitha. Nice to meet you.
Hello. I’m Rotha. Nice meeting you, too.
My name’s Rotha. I’m really glad to meet you.
Hi. I’m Sophal. Nice to meet you.

Other Expressions You might here

P1: How long have you known Sitha?
P2: I have known him for more than three years. And what about you?
P1: I have known him since we were in high school together.
P2: This is a really long-lasting friendship!

P1: Are you also the teacher in this school?

P2: No, I’m. I’m a businessman. I’ve owned a small computer shop.
P1: Wow, that’s great! This business is really popular these days.
P2: Yes, I think so.

P1: By the way, may I ask some personal questions?

P2: OK. I don’t mind at all.
P1: Are you single or married?
P2: I’m married. I’ve been married for 13 years.
P1: Do you have any children?
P2: Yes, I do. I have one daughter and one son. They are now attending the primary school.

27
Lesson 6
Arranging to Meet Someone
____________________________________________________________

Inviting Someone Out Answers

Are you free ... this evening? Sorry, I can't make it.
tomorrow afternoon? I'm afraid I already have plans.
tomorrow evening? I'm too tired.
Have you got any plans this evening? I'm staying in tonight.
for . tomorrow? I've got too much work to do.
the weekend? I need to study.
Are you up to anything this evening?
What would you like to do this evening?
Do you want to go somewhere at the weekend? Sure. I'd love to. Sounds good.
Would you like to join me for something to eat? That sounds like fun
Do you fancy going out tonight?

Arranging the Time and Place

What time shall we meet?
When and where would you like to meet?
How are you going to get there?
Can I bring with me my wife and children?
Let's meet at eight o'clock.
I'll see you at ten o'clock in the pub.
I’ll see you at ten o’clock at the cinema.
I’ll use my car.
Yes, of course.

Meeting Up
I'm running a little late. It’s all right.
I’ll be there in five minutes. Good. Let’s meet each other there.
Have you been here long? Just a few minutes. Don’t worry.
Have you been waiting long? About half an hour.
I’ve been stuck in the traffic for about 20 Take it easy. I still can wait.
minutes.

Some more expressions

Do you want to go for a drink sometime?
I was wondering if you'd like to go out for a drink sometime
If you'd like to meet up sometime, let me know!
Would you like to join me for a coffee?
Do you fancy getting a bite to eat?
Do you fancy lunch/dinner some time?
Do you fancy dinner some time?
Do you fancy going to see a film some time?
Can we go together? Would you mind picking me up?
Could you please give me a lift home?

28
Lesson 7
Asking for and Giving Information
____________________________________________________________
Common Questions Answers
Excuse me. Where are you from? I’m from England.
Where do you come from?
Whereabouts are you from?
Whereabouts in England are you
from?
What part of England do you come
from?
Where do you live? I live in London.
America.
Germany.
I was born in American but grew up in Australia.
I’m originally from Australia but now live in the
USA.

What brings you to Cambodia? I'm on holiday.

I'm on business.
I live here.
I work here.
I study here.

Why did you come to Cambodia? I came here to work.

I came here to study.
I wanted to live abroad.
I came here to live with my husband.

How long have you lived here? I've only just arrived (a few months; about a year).

How long are you planning to stay Until August (a few months; another year; I’m not
here? sure.)

Do you like it here? Yes, I love it!

I like it a lot
It's OK

What do you like about this country? I like the food.

I like the weather.
I like the people.
I like the culture and ways of life.

What places in this country have you I’ve been to many places in this country. For
been to? example, the coastal regions, the capital city of

29
 Phnom Penh, the Cultural Heritages of Angkor Wat,
and the Ecotourism sites.
Here are some sample sentences and phrases for giving information in English.

Jeremy is from Ohio. Oh really? What part of Ohio? Columbus.

Kelly is a saleswoman.
He's a university student.
Ronda lives in Texas.
I work at a restaurant.
I live in Florida.
Where are you from?
What is your occupation?
Is that right? What company? Microsoft.
Oh. What university? Harvard.
Really? What city (in Texas)? Dallas.
Oh really? Which restaurant? Angelo Meroni's
Oh yeah? Where in Florida? Orlando.
I'm from Delaware.
I'm a police officer.

I work in a post office.
Greg works in a bank.
They live in Washington.
I eat breakfast at 8:00 a.m.
She goes to work at 9:00 a.m.
Eddy plays piano every
Friday.
Penny starts class at 10:00.
I don't drink beer.
Are you a letter carrier? No, I'm a postal clerk.
Is he a teller? Yes, he is.
Are they senators? No, they aren't.
What do you eat? (I eat) eggs, bacon, and toast.
Where does she work? In the cafeteria.
Where does he play? At the gym.
When does she finish? At 11:00.
Why (not)? I don't like it.

Indirect Requests and Information Exchange

(1) Tell someone to do something
(2) Tell someone some information
(3) Ask someone to do something
(4) Ask someone for some information
Please tell Rotha to clean up her room.
Could you tell Chenda to call me?
Tell him not to do that.
Can you tell him that the party starts at nine?
Please tell Mr. Ian that I will be late.
Please ask Teresa to give me a call.
Could you please ask Mike to be here at five?
Ask John if she is coming to the party.
Could you ask them if they did the homework?
Please ask her whether she finishes the assignment.
Ask him what he is doing.
Please ask her when she will be here.

30
Lesson 8
Talking about Education and Interests
____________________________________________________________
1. Education
Common Words and Phrases
Are you a student?
What do you study? history/economics/medicine/physics/biology/Geo
I’m studying graphy/
Khmer literature/English language...
Where do you study? I'm at Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP).
Which university are you at?
What university do you go to?
Which year are you in? I’m in my (first, second, third, final) year.
Do you have any exams coming up?
I've just graduated.
I'm doing a masters (Ph.D) in Law/Economics/International Relations
(IR)/Management/Chemistry.
How long have you been in this school? I’ve been in this school for more than 5 yeers.
Do you like this school? Yes, I do.
No, I don’t.

2. Interests
Here are some phrases which will be useful when talking about your hobbies and interests.
Things you like Things you don’t like (dislike)
What do you like doing in your spare time? I don't like pubs.
I like watching TV. noisy bars.
listening to music. nightclubs.
walking. I hate traveling abroad.
jogging. I can’t stand that sport.
I quite (really) cooking. I’m not golf.
like playing chess. interested in tennis.
swimming. football.
dancing. I’m not particularly sporty.
I love the theatre/the cinema.
going out.
clubbing/traveling.
I'm interested in photography/ history/ languages....
What sport do you like? What sport don’t you like?
Which team do you support? Which team don’t you support?
Do you play any instruments?
I play the guitar/the piano....
What sort of music do you like? What sort of music do you listen to?
I like listening to pop/rock/classical....

31
Lesson 9
Applying for a Job
____________________________________________________________
Asking about the Job
I saw your advert in the paper. Could I have an application form?
I'm interested in this position. Could you send me an application form?
I'd like to apply for this job. Is this a temporary or permanent position?
What are the hours of work? Will I have to work on Saturdays? Will I have to work shifts?
What's the salary? How much do I get paid?
Will I be paid weekly/monthly? Will I get paid for overtime? Will I get traveling expenses?
How many weeks' holiday a year are there?
When do you want me to start?

Things you might hear

We'd like to invite you for an interview. We'd like to offer you the job.
Have you got any experience?
Have you got any qualifications? What qualifications have you got?
Have you got a current driving licence?
How much were you paid in your last job?
Do you need a work permit?
How much notice do you have to give?
This is your employment contract. This is the job description.
We need someone with experience. We need someone with qualifications.
When can you start? There's a three month trial period.

Here are some English phrases for talking about jobs, which will allow you to discuss the type of job
you do and where you work.

What do you do? I'm a teacher/a student/a doctor.

What do you do for a living?
What sort of work do you do?
What line of work are you in?
I’m
Who do you work for?
Where do you work?
I'm training to be: an engineer/a nurse/a medical doctor/a lawyer/an accountant/supermarket
manager.
I'm on work experience
I'm doing an internship
I work as a journalist (computer programmer).
I work in television (IT; Sales; Publishing).
I work with computer (children with disabilities)
I’m a housewife. I stay at home and look after the children.
unemployed/out of work.
looking for work/looking for a job.
not working at the moment/retired.
I've got a part-time job/ a full-time job.
I work for a publishers (a private company)
I'm self-employed/I work for myself.
I have my own business
I work in: an office/a shop/a restaurant/a bank/a factory...

32
Lesson 10
Using the Telephone
____________________________________________________________
Making and Answering a Call
Hello! John speaking. Could I speak to Maria, please? Who's calling, please?
Where are you calling from? What company are you calling from?
Do you know what extension he's on? Hold the line, please. I'll put him on.
I'm sorry, he's not available at the moment.
in a meeting.
on another call.
not in at the moment.
Would you like to leave a message?
Could you ask him (her) to call me?
Can I take your number? What's your number?
Could I take your name and number, please?
I'll call back later.
Is it convenient to talk at the moment?
Can I call you back?
Please call back later.
Problems when making and answering a call
The line's engaged. I can't get through at the moment.
I'm only getting an answering machine.
Sorry, you must have the wrong number.
Can you hear me? I can't hear you very well
It's a bad line. I've been cut off.
Could you please repeat that?
Directory Enquiries
Could you tell me the number for the National Gallery?
the National Museum?
Angkor Hotel?
Calmet Hospital?

Some more common expressions

My battery's about to run out. I need to charge it up. Let’s talk again in the next 2 hours.
I'm about to run out of credit. Sorry, I ran out of You’d better refill the credit.
credit.
I can't get a signal. I've got a very weak signal. OK. I’ll call you later.
I'll send you a text. (I'll text you later.) Thanks. I’ll wait for your text.
Could I borrow your phone, please? Yes, here you are.
I'd like a phone card, please. Just a moment, please.
Thank you for calling. It’s my pleasure.
There's no-one here to take your call at the moment.
Please leave a message after the tone, and we'll get
back to you as soon as possible.

33
Lesson 11
At the Estate Agents
____________________________________________________________
Discussing your requirements
What kind of accommodation are you looking I'm looking for a flat
for? an apartment
a semi-detached house
a detached house
a terraced house
a cottage
a bungalow
I only need a one-bedroomed flat.
Are you looking to buy or to rent?
Which area are you thinking of? Not too far from the city centre.
How much are you prepared to pay?
What price range are you thinking of?
How many bedrooms do you want?
It's got two bedrooms, a kitchen, a living room, and a bathroom.
Are you looking for furnished or unfurnished accommodation?
Do you want a ... garden?
garage?
parking space?
Enquiring about a property
How much is the rent? Is the price negotiable?
Is there a ... primary school nearby?
secondary
university
How far is it from the nearest station?
Are there any local shops?
What are the car parking arrangements?
What sort of view does it have?
What floor is it on? It's on the ... ground floor/first floor/
second floor/third floor.
I'd like to have a look at this property.
When would you be available to view the
property?
The rent's payable monthly in advance
There's a deposit of one month's rent
How soon would you be able to move in?
It's not what I'm looking for.
I'd like to make an offer.
I'll take it.

34
 Part 3
Introduction to Basic English Grammar
____________________________________________________________
Lessons Topics
1 Overview of Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives
2 Overview of Adverbs, Verbs and Prepositions
3 Overview of Conjunctions and Interjections
4 Overview of Present Simple and Present Continuous
5 Overview of Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
6 Overview of Past Simple and Past Continuous
7 Overview of Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous
8 Overview of Future Simple and Future Continuous
9 Overview of Future Perfect Simple and Future Perfect Continuous
10 Overview of Conditional Sentences
11 Overview of Direct and Indirect Speech
____________________________________________________________

35
Lesson 1
Overview of Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives
____________________________________________________________
Grammar is central to the teaching and learning of languages. It is also one of the most difficult
aspects of language to teach and learn well. Then, do we need to study grammar to learn a language?
The short answer is “No”. Many people in the world speak their own native language without
having studied its grammar. Children start to speak before they even know the word “grammar”.
However, if you are serious about learning a foreign language, the long answer is “Yes”, grammar
can help you to learn a language more quickly and more efficiently. It’s important to think of
grammar as something that can help you like a friend. When you understand the grammar (or
system) of a language, you can understand many things yourself without having to ask a teacher or
look in a book. So, think of grammar as something good, something positive, and something that
you can use to find your way – like a signpost or a map. To the non-native speakers, particularly to
the Cambodian learners of English, learning grammar refers to the study of:

(1) Parts of Speech;

(2) Tenses;
(3) Conditionals; and
(4) Reported speech.

English grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech: (1) the noun, (2) the pronoun, (3)
the adjective, (4) the adverb, (5) the verb, (6) the preposition, (7) the conjunction, and (8) the
interjection.

(1) Nouns Examples

A noun is a word (1) to name a person. The man over there is my father.
used (2) to name an animal. Look at that dog. It’s really obedient.
(3) to name a place. That place is called the Royal Palace.
(4) to name a thing. This book is interesting.
(5) to name an abstract idea. That’s really a good opinion.
Notes:
Most nouns change their form to indicate number by adding "-s" or "-es". For example,
Car – Cars; Cat – Cats; House – Houses; Box – Boxes...
There are other nouns which form the plural by changing the last letter before adding "s".
Some words ending in "f" form the plural by deleting "f" and adding "ves," and words ending
in "y" form the plural by deleting the "y" and adding "ies,". For example, Wife – Wives;
Knife – Knives; Baby – Babies; Study – Studies...
Nouns are divided into two main types: (1) Proper Nouns and (2) Common Nouns.
1. Proper Nouns are special names of people, animals, plants, places, or things.
2. Common Nouns 1. Countable nouns (Concrete nouns): Table, tables, chair, chairs, house,
can be divided houses, box, boxes, car, cars
into: 2. Uncountable nouns (Mass nouns): Water, air, salt, sugar, rice, fire
3. Collective nouns (Group nouns): A group of students, a herd of cows
4. Abstract nouns: Health, illness, sickness,
5. Compound nouns: Bathroom, bedroom, airport, classroom

36
(2) Pronouns

Pronouns can replace a noun or another pronoun. Pronouns can be divided into:
1. Personal Pronouns can be divided into:
Subjective Pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Objective Pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Possessive Pronouns (determiner: in front of noun) my, your, his, her, its, our, their
Possessive Pronouns (no noun) mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
Reflective Pronouns: refer back to the subject of myself, yourself, himself, herself,
the clause or sentence. Note each of these can also itself, ourselves, themselves
act as an intensive pronoun.
2. Relative Pronouns are used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause.
Personal (For people) Neutral (For animals or objects) Either
As subject who which that
As object who or whom which that
Possessive whose of which or of whose
Notes: The relative pronouns are "who," "whom," "that," and "which."
The compounds "whoever," "whomever," and "whichever" are also relative pronouns. You can
use "who" and "whoever" to refer to the subject of a clause or sentence, and "whom" and
"whomever" to refer to the objects of a verb, a verbal or a preposition.
3. Interrogative Pronouns are used to ask questions. They are:
What Why How
Which Where How much
Who Whom How many
When Whose How often
How far
How long
4. Demonstrative Pronouns point to and identify a noun or a pronoun.
Singular Plural
Near this these
Away or Far away that those
Notes: "This" and "these" refer to things that are nearby either in space or in time, while "that"
and "those" refer to things that are farther away in space or time. The demonstrative pronouns
are "this," "that," "these," and "those." "This" and "that" are used to refer to singular nouns or
noun phrases and "these" and "those" are used to refer to plural nouns and noun phrases.
5. Quantifier Pronouns or Indefinite Pronouns
They are pronouns referring to an identifiable but not specified person or thing. An indefinite
pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some. The most common indefinite pronouns are
With Countable Nouns With Uncountable Nouns Neutral or Objects
Singular Plural
one (of) all (of) every bit of everything
any (of) both (of) little anything
each (of) some (of) a bit of something
everyone (of) most (of) any (of) nothing
either (of) many (of) some (of)
none of a few of much (of)
neither (of) several (of) a lot of

37
anyone
someone
no one
6. Intensive Pronouns
They are used to emphasize its
antecedent. Intensive pronouns are
identical in form to reflexive
pronouns.
(3) Adjectives
An adjective modifies a noun or a
pronoun by describing, identifying,
or quantifying words. An adjective
usually precedes the noun or the
pronoun which it modifies.
Adjectives can be divided into:
(1) Possessive Adjectives
(2) Demonstrative Adjectives
(3) Interrogative Adjectives
(4) Indefinite Adjectives
Examples
The Prime Minister himself said that he would lower
taxes.
They themselves promised to come to the party even
though they had a final exam at the same time.
Examples
That big house is mine.
I like white color.
This ruler is very long.
The white board is full of scratches.
My, your, his, her, its, our, their
This, these, that, those, what
Which, what, eg. What book are you reading? Which
plants should be watered twice a week?
are similar to an indefinite pronoun, except that they
modify a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase., eg. Many people
believe that ghosts do exist.
38
Lesson 2
Overview of Adverbs, Verbs and Prepositions
____________________________________________________________
(4) Adverbs
An adverb can modify a verb, an
adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a
clause. An adverb indicates manner, time,
place, cause, or degree and answers
questions such as "how," "when," "where,"
"how much".
Adverbs can be divided into Conjunctive
Adverbs.
You can use a conjunctive adverb to join
two clauses together. Some of the most
common conjunctive adverbs are "also,"
"consequently," "finally," "furthermore,"
"hence," "however," "incidentally,"
"indeed," "instead," "likewise,"
"meanwhile," "nevertheless," "next,"
"nonetheless," "otherwise," "still," "then,"
"therefore," and "thus." A conjunctive
adverb is not strong enough to join two
independent clauses without the aid of a
semicolon.
(5) Verbs
Verbs are words that express actions.
They are the most important part of the
sentence.
(Please read TENSES for the details.)
Verbs can be divided into: (a) Main verbs
and (b) Auxiliary verbs.
(a) Main verbs
(b) Auxiliary verbs
Examples
Unfortunately, the bank closed at three today.
He speaks very loudly.
She eats very slowly.
The children counter-talk to their parents
violently.
The government has cut university budgets;
consequently, class sizes have been increased.
He did not have all the ingredients the recipe
called for; therefore, he decided to make
something else.
The report recommended several changes to the
ways the corporation accounted for donations;
furthermore, it suggested that a new auditor be
appointed immediately.
The crowd waited patiently for three hours;
finally, the doors to the stadium were opened.
Batman and Robin fruitlessly searched the
building; indeed, the Joker had escaped through
a secret door in the basement.
Examples
My son runs very fast.
I am drinking wine.
The teacher effectively explains to his students.
run, sing, walk, eat, watch...
Main verbs can be divided into: (i) Regular verbs
(eg. call – called; walk – walked; ask – asked....)
and (ii) Irregular verbs (eg. run – ran; speak –
spoke; begin – began...).
Auxiliary verbs help the Main Verbs. They are
sometimes called Helping Verbs.
Auxiliary verbs can be divided into: (i) Primary
Auxiliaries which can also be used as the Main
Verbs (eg. do, be, and have) and (ii) Modals (eg.
can – could, will – would, shall – should, must,
may – might, used to, ought to, need, and dare)
39
 Note: need and dare can also be used as the Main
Verbs.

(6) Prepositions
A preposition links nouns, pronouns Examples
and phrases to other words in a The book is on the table.
sentence. The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.
The most common prepositions are: "about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along,"
"among," "around," "at," "before," "behind," "below," "beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond,"
"but," "by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from," "in," "inside," "into," "like,"
"near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past," "since," "through," "throughout,"
"till," "to," "toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within," and
"without."

The children climbed the mountain without fear.

The spider crawled slowly along the banister.
The dog is hiding under the porch because it knows it will be punished for chewing up a new
pair of shoes.

40
Lesson 3
Overview of Conjunctions and Interjections
____________________________________________________________
(7) Conjunction

You can use a conjunction to Examples

link words, phrases, and I ate the pizza and the pasta.
clauses. Call the movers when you are ready.
Conjunctions can be divided into:
(1) You use a coordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor,"
Coordinating Conjunctions "for," "so," or "yet") to join individual words, phrases, and
independent clauses.

My father and my mother are both teachers. (In this

example, the coordinating conjunction "and" links two
nouns.)
(2) A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause
Subordinating Conjunctions and indicates the nature of the relationship among the
independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).

The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after,"

"although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once,"
"since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where,"
"whether," and "while."

After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.

If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed
on Tuesday.
Gerald had to begun his thesis over again when his
computer crashed.
Midwifery advocates argue that home births are safer
because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer people
and fewer germs.
(3) Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use
Correlative Conjunctions them to link equivalent sentence elements.

The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and,"

"either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but also," "so...as," and
"whether...or."

Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel

plant.
Bring either a salad or a potato.
Thida is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or
to go to law school.
The explosion destroyed not only the school but also the

41

(8) Interjection
An interjection is a word
added to a sentence to convey
emotion.
It is not grammatically related
to any other part of the
sentence. You usually follow 2. What + noun!
an interjection with an
exclamation mark.
neighboring pub.
Examples
1. How + adjective!
How beautiful she is!
How humble you are!
How difficult this test is!
What a day!
What a silly thing to do!
Ouch, that hurt!
Oh no, I forgot that the exam was today!
Hey! Put that down!
42
Lesson 4
Overview of Present Simple and Present Continuous
____________________________________________________________
Past Present Future
1. Past Simple 1. Present Simple 1. Future Simple
2. Past Continuous 2. Present Continuous 2. Future Continuous
3. Past Perfect 3. Present Perfect 3. Future Perfect
4. Past Perfect Continuous 4. Present Perfect Continuous 4. Future Perfect Continuous

1. Present Simple
USES Examples
(1) She always forgets her purse. He never forgets his wallet.
Repeated Actions Every twelve months, the Earth circles the sun.
(2) California is in America. Phnom Penh is in Cambodia.
Facts or Generalizations Angkor Wat is in Siem Reap province.
Note: We normally use this TENSE with ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY:
always,
generally, usually, normally, regularly,
often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally,
seldom, rarely, hardly,
never

2. Present Continuous
USES Examples
(1) You are learning English now. They are reading their books.
Now They are not watching television. What are you doing?
(2) (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a
restaurant.)
Longer Actions in Progress I am studying to become a doctor. I am not studying to
Now become a dentist. I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
Are you working on any special projects at work?
(3) I am meeting some friends after work.
Near Future Isn't he coming with us tonight.
(4) She is always coming to class late.
Repetition and Irritation He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
with "Always" I don't like them because they are always complaining.

Exercise for Practice: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form Your answers
1. I ___ (negotiate) a new pay deal with my boss at the moment.
2. It ___ (rain) every time I ___ (leave) my umbrella at home.
3. Please sit down! I ___ (try) to watch this TV program.
4. Many of the world's natural resources __ (disappear).
5. My parents are in Siem Reap on holiday. They __ (stay) near Angkor Wat.

43
Lesson 5
Overview of Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
____________________________________________________________
3. Present Perfect
USES Examples
(1) I have seen that movie twenty times.
Unspecified Time Before I think I have met him once before.
Now There have been many earthquakes in California.
How do you actually use the Present Perfect?
1. I have been to France. I have been to France three times.
Experience Have you ever met him? No, I have not met him.
2. You have grown since the last time I saw you.
Change over time The government has become more interested in arts education.
3. Man has walked on the moon. Our son has learned how to read.
Accomplishments Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
4. James has not finished his homework yet.
An uncompleted action Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
you are expecting Bill has still not arrived. The rain hasn't stopped.
5. I have had four quizes and five tests so far this semester.
Multiple actions at She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but
different times nobody knows why she is sick.
Note: When we use the Present Perfect it means that something happened at some point in our
lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
(2) I have had a cold for two weeks.
Duration From Past Until She has been in England for six months.
Now

4. Present Perfect Continuous

USES Examples
(1) They have been talking for the last hour.
Duration from the Past She has been working at that company for three years.
Until Now James has been teaching at the University since June.
(2) Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
Recently, Lately She has been watching too much television lately.
NOTE: Present Perfect Continuous is rarely used in its passive form.

Exercises for Practice:

A. Been and gone. Circle your answers

1. The children are back at school now. They've been/gone on holiday for the summer.
2. I've got a lot of money. I've been/gone to the bank today.
3. "His car isn't in the garage. I think he's been/gone away for the day."

44
B. Present perfect with just, yet and already.
Put the words in the correct order. Sometimes two answers are possible.
1. just / to rain / has / it / started.
2. you / that book / have / yet / finished?
3. yet / that film / seen / haven't / I.
4. you / already / done / your shopping /
have?

C. Present perfect simple (PPS) and present perfect continuous (PPC)

Complete the questions. Use the PPS or PPC.

1. Mike is losing his hair. How long __________ his hair? How much hair __________?
2. I'm looking for a flat? How many flats __________ at? How long __________?
3. Annie is doing her homework. How long __________ it? How much homework
__________?

D. Rewrite the sentences beginning with the words given. Use for or since.
1. I last read War and Peace in 1980. I haven't...
2. Sarah started studying Spanish two years ago. Sarah has been...
3. It started raining on Monday. It hasn't stopped...
4. My mother stopped working ten years ago. My mother hasn't...
5. Steven Spielberg started directing films in the Steven Spielberg has been ...
1960s.

45
Lesson 6
Overview of Past Simple and Past Continuous
____________________________________________________________
1. Past Simple
USES Examples
(1) I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a movie yesterday.
Completed Action in the Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn't travel to Japan.
Past. She washed her car. She didn't wash her car.
(2) I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to
A Series of Completed swim. He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel
Actions at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
(3) I lived in Brazil for two years.
Single Duration We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
(4) I studied French when I was a child. He played the violin.
Habit in the Past They never went to school, they always skipped.

Exercise for Practice:

There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Find the mistakes and correct them.
1. I started studying Spanish two years ago.
2. Oh, no! Look! Someone stole my car radio!
3. We've played tennis yesterday afternoon.
4. When have you passed your driving test?
5. I never ate Chinese food in my life.

2. Past Continuous
USES Examples
(1) I was watching TV when she called.
Interrupted Action in When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
the Past While we were having a picnic, it started to rain.
(2) Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating dinner.
Specific Time as an At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
Interruption
Note: In the Simple Past a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the
Past Continuous a specific time only interrupts the action. Last night at 6 p.m., I ate dinner. (I
started eating at 6 p.m.) Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating dinner. (I started earlier and at 6 p.m.
I was in the process of eating dinner.)
(3) I was studying while he was making dinner.
Parallel Actions While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
(4) When I arrive at the party everybody is going to be celebrating.
Atmosphere Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few
people will be eating pizza and several people are going to be
drinking beer. They always do the same thing.

46
 (5) She was always coming to class late.
Repetition and He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
Irritation with
"Always

Exercises for Practice:

(i) There're mistakes in some of these sentences. Find the mistakes and correct them.
1. The Titanic traveled to New York when it hit an iceberg and
sank in the Atlantic.
2. The footballer ran towards the goal when he fell over.
3. The mouse was having a heart attack when the cat jumped
down from the chair.

(ii) Put the verbs into the correct form: the past simple or the past continuous.
1. while I / write / a letter the phone / ring.
2. she / not / lock / the door when she / leave / the office.
3. the train / go / through the tunnel when it / suddenly / stop.
4. Sally / wash / her hair when the doorbell / ring.
5. the cat / lie / on the sofa when the mouse / come / into the
room.

47
Lesson 7
Overview of Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous
____________________________________________________________
3. Past Perfect Simple
USES Examples
(1) I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to
Completed Action Before Kauai.
Something in Past I had learned Japanese before I went to Japan in 1998.
(2) We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
Duration Before Something By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London
in the Past for over eight years.

4. Past Perfect Continuous

USES Examples
(1) They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
Duration Before Something James had been teaching at the University for more than a
in the Past year before he left for Asia.
(2) Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
Cause of Something in the Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
Past

Exercises for Practice:

Past perfect simple and past simple Circle A or B

(i) Choose the correct answer - A or B? A B
1. I arrived at the bus station late yesterday. When I got there, my left had left
bus __.
2. I arrived at the bus station at 10 o'clock last night. My bus__ at left had left
10.15.
3. When I arrived home my father wasn't there. He___ out. went had gone
4. I had breakfast when I ___ a shower. had had had

(ii) Make sentences. Put the verbs into the past simple or past perfect simple.
1. when I / visit / the town last month / they / build / a new hospital.
2. when we / have / dinner / we / go / out for a walk
3. when Sue / look / in the fridge / all the food / go.
4. I / not know / the way to John's house / because I / not be / there before.
5. Mike / get / really exhausted in his first marathon because he / not run / in such a long race
before.

(iii) Past Perfect Continuous, Past Simple and Past Continuous

There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Find the mistakes and correct them.
1. We were waiting for an hour when our train finally arrived yesterday.
2. I'd been playing football for over twenty years when I gave it up in 1980.
3. We lived in Paris for ten years when we moved to Madrid last year.

48
 4. It was late and I was working since early in the morning, so I was very tired.
Lesson 8
Overview of Future Simple and Future Continuous
____________________________________________________________
1. Future Simple
USES Examples
(1) A: I'm really hungry.
"Will" to Express a B: I'll make some sandwiches.
Voluntary Action A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
(2) I will call you when I arrive.
"Will" to Express a If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure
Promise everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
(3) He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
"Be going to" to Express a A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake.
Plan B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
(4) The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
"Will" or "Be Going to" to The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
Express a Prediction John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.

2. Future Continuous
NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "going to" to create the Future Continuous with little
or no difference in meaning.
USES Examples
(1) I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
Interrupted Action in the I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
Future He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see
Jennifer when she arrives.
(2) Tonight at 6 p.m., I am going to be eating dinner.
Specific Time as an At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.
Interruption
(3) I am going to be studying while he is making dinner.
Parallel Actions While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.
Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and
having a good time.
(4) When I arrive at the party everybody is going to be celebrating.
Atmosphere Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few
people will be eating pizza and several people are going to be
drinking beer. They always do the same thing.
NOTE: Passive forms of the Future Continuous are not common.

49
Exercises for Practice:

Past perfect simple and past simple Circle A or B

(i) Choose the correct answer - A or B? A B
1. Don’t go out without a coat on. ____ a cold. You'll catch You're going to catch
2. I can't come out with you on Saturday ____ a friend. I meet I'm meeting
3. At 2.00 tomorrow ____ in my office. I'll work I'll be working
4. Look out! That glass ____ off the table. falls is going to fall

Present Simple and Will Circle A or B

(ii) Choose the correct answer - A or B? A B
1. We'll go for a picnic tomorrow if the weather ___ nice. will be is
2. If you go to Moscow, you ____ Red Square. will see see
3. Sue will give me some money when she ____ paid. will get gets
4. I'll phone Mike as soon as I ____ any news. will hear hear
5. Unless you work hard, you ____ your exams. will fail fail

50
Lesson 9
Overview of Future Perfect Simple and Future Perfect Continuous
____________________________________________________________
3. Future Perfect Simple
NOTES:
No future in time clauses.
It is possible to use either "will" or "going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no
difference in meaning.
USES Examples
(1) By next November, I will have received my promotion.
Completed Action Before By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the
Something in the Future entire house.
(2) I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
Duration Before By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.
Something in the Future

4. Future Perfect Continuous

NOTE:
It is possible to use either "will" or "going to" to create the Future Perfect Continuous with
little or no difference in meaning.
USES Examples
(1) They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Sok
Duration Before arrives.
Something She is going to have been working at that company for three
in the Future years when it finally closes.
Sothea will have been teaching at the University for more than
a year by the time he leaves for America.
(2) Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have
Cause of Something been jogging for over an hour.
in the Future Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany
because she is going to have been studying English in the
United States for over two years.
NOTE: Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common.

Exercises for Practice:

Future Continuous and Future Perfect. Ken and Kate are going to Paris tomorrow.
Here is their timetable for tomorrow morning:

Time Activities
7.30 - 8.30 Drive to the airport
8.30 Check-in at the airport
10.00 - 11.00 Flight to Paris
11.15 - 11.45 Taxi to the hotel
1.00 Lunch at the hotel

51
Complete the sentences about Ken and Kate. Put the verbs into the future continuous or
future perfect.

1. At 8.00 they ______________ (leave) home and they ______________ (drive) to the airport.
2. At 8.30 they ______________ (arrive) at the airport and they ______________ (check-in).
3. At 10.15 they ______________ (fly) to Paris.
4. At 11.30 they ______________ (arrive) in Paris and they ______________ (drive) to their hotel.
5. At 1.10 they ______________ (have) lunch at the hotel.

52
Lesson 10
Overview of Conditional Sentences
____________________________________________________________
Conditional Types Descriptions and Examples

(1) If is used to state general rules, e.g. If we heat water enough, it begins to
Zero Conditionals boil. In statements like this, if means the same as when or every time.
IF + DOES, DOES
If + present simple, present simple
Examples: If you drop an egg on the floor, it cracks.

(2) In 1st conditional if is used to speculate about the future consequences

The 1st of a specific event. In this case, the verb in the second part of the
Conditionals sentence is preceded by will.

COMMON MISTAKE
We do not use will in the if part of the sentence.
When we talk about an event that will take place in the future, we
can use if or when.

In a sentence with an if-clause we can use the imperative, or other modal

verbs, instead of will + infinitive
IF + DOES, WILL DO
If + present simple, will + bare infinitive
Examples:

I am flying to the States tonight. I'll give you a ring if I can find a
phone. (The speaker is not sure if he will be able to find a phone or
not.)
I am flying to the States tonight. I'll give you a ring when I get there.
(The speaker has no doubt that the plane will arrive safely.)
If you hear from Susan today, tell her to ring me.
If the traffic is bad, I may get home late.

(3) The 2nd conditional can be used to refer to less probable or impossible
The 2nd situations. The verb in the second part is preceded by would / should /
Conditionals could / might. The if-clause can come in the first part of the sentence, or
the second.
IF + DID, WOULD DO
If + past tense, would + infinitive
Examples:

If I knew her number, I would send her a fax.

If I had enough money in my pocket right now, I would buy this
book.
53
 If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that car.
If you were in my situations, what would you do?

(4) The 3rd conditional is used when talking about things that didn't
The 3rd happened in the past (and the consequence if they had happened). The
Conditionals verb in the second part is used with would / should / could / might (+
have + past participle).
IF + HAD DONE, WOULD + HAVE DONE
If + past perfect tense, would + present perfect
Examples: If I'd known it was formal party, I wouldn't have gone
wearing jeans and jumper. I would have worn suit.

Exercise for Practice:

A. Choose the correct answer- A, B or C. A B C

1. ___more money, I'd buy a new car. When I have If I have If I had
2. If I knew Alan's address, ___ to him. I’d write I’ll write I wrote
3. Your motorbike wouldn't have been stolen are were had been
if you___ more careful.
4. If I ___Japanese, I would have less trouble speak spoke had spoken
in Japan.
5. You ___the life of your car if you change would will prolong prolonged
the oil often. prolong
6. Simon doesn't want to come to the concert. will buy would buy buy
I ___ him a ticket if he did.
7. ___ working if you were a millionaire? Will you stop Would you stop Do you stop
8. What would you do if you __ in my are will be were
situation?
9. She would have been happy if she __ you had met met will meet
last week.
10. I will be very angry with you if you __ broke have broken break
your promise.

B. Read the situation and write a sentence with if or But if based on the given situations.

1. She didn't buy the coat because she didn't have enough money on her.
______________________________________________________________________________

2. She wasn't injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat-belt.
______________________________________________________________________________

3. We don't visit you very often because you live so far away.
______________________________________________________________________________

4. She doesn't go out very often because she can't walk without help.
______________________________________________________________________________

5. I didn't wake David because I didn't know he wanted to get up early.

54
 ______________________________________________________________________________
Lesson 11
Overview of Direct and Indirect Speech
____________________________________________________________
1. Definition
Indirect Speech (or 'reported speech') refers Examples
to a sentence reporting what someone has He said the test was difficult.
said. It is almost always used in spoken She said she watched TV every day.
English. If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is Jack said he came to school every day.
in the past, the reported clause will be in a
past form. This form is usually one step
back into the past from the original.
Note: He says the test is difficult.
1. If simple present is used in the reporting She says that she watches TV every day.
verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained. Jack says that he comes to school every day.
1. If reporting a general truth the present The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very
tense will be retained. important.

7. Changing Pronouns and Time Signifiers

When changing from direct speech to indirect speech, it is often necessary to change the
pronouns to match the subject of the sentence. For example:
She said, "I want to bring my BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children.
children."
Jack said, "My wife went with me to Jack said his wife had gone with him to
the show." the show.
It is also important to change time words (signifiers) when referring to present, past or future
time to match the moment of speaking. For example:
She said, "I want to bring my BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children
children tomorrow." the next day.
Jack said, "My wife went with me to Jack said his wife had gone with him to
the show yesterday." the show the day before.

3. Indirect Questions
When reporting questions, it is especially important to pay attention to sentence order. When
reporting yes/ no questions connect the reported question using 'if'. When reporting questions
using question words (why, where, when, etc.) use the question word.
She asked, "Do you want to come BECOMES She asked me if I wanted to come with
with me?" her.
Dave asked, "Where did you go last Dave asked me where I had gone the
weekend?" previous weekend.
He asked, "Why are you studying She asked me why I was studying English.
English?"
Harold asked, "Would you like to Harold asked if we would like to take a
take a break." break.

55
 The following chart includes sentences changed from quoted speech to reported speech using a
past form.
Simple changed to Simple
Progressive Progressive
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Perfect Progressive Perfect Progressive
Future Simple will would

4. Indirect Commands/Imperative
His father said, "Go to your room." His father told him to go to his room.
Her mother said, “Don’t go.” Her mother told him not to go.

Exercise for Practice:

Change the following sentences into the reported statements.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

1. “Did the children enjoy the play?” They asked me
2. "Where do you live?” They asked me
3. "I am going to resign." He told me
4. “When did you arrive?” She asked me
5. “I didn’t meet her yesterday.” He told me
6. "I met her two years ago." He told me
7. "What time is he coming?" They asked me
8. "Who were you talking to?" They asked me
9. “Do you like me?” She asked me
10. "Don't move!" He ordered me
11. "Go out!" He ordered me
12. "I don't want to meet you." She told me
13. "Come over to see me next Sunday". She told me
14. "Are you a new staff here?" She asked me
15. "I will be free tomorrow?" He said

56
 Part 4
Introduction to Basic English Reading and Writing
____________________________________________________________
Lessons Topics
1 You can live to be a hundred
2 Five Ways to Prevent Cancer
3 Smoking Tobacco is Suicide
4 Exercise for Good Health
5 Healthy Food for a Healthy Body
6 Introduction to Academic Writing: Descriptive Essay
7 Introduction to Academic Writing: Argumentative Essay
8 Introduction to Writing Informal Letters
9 Samples of Informal Letters
10 Introduction to Writing Formal Letters
11 Samples of Formal Letters
____________________________________________________________

57
Lesson 1
You can live to be a hundred
____________________________________________________________
1. Practice reading the following passage
Scientists say our bodies are designed to last 100 years. Yet, most people die before 100. Why?
One reason is that people don't think enough about health. Although none of us know how long we
will live, there are certain things that lengthen or shorten a person's life. They are your sex (male or
female), personality, success, family background, lifestyle, and health. In this passage, we will focus
on the last two since we can control them. As for health and lifestyle, there are four main things that
cause people to die early _ usually before the age of 80: (a) Lack of Exercise; (b) Tobacco Smoking;
(c) Obesity; and (d) Unhealthy Diet. Therefore, to live a long life and improve the quality of your life
today, you should not smoke, eat good food, keep your weight down, and exercise. But, that's not
all. You also need to live a balanced life. For example, you need just so much of certain types of
food. You need just the right amount of exercise, sleep, and relief from stress.

You may think living a healthy life is simple. It isn't, because it requires effort and willpower.
Consider foods, for example. Can you give up potato chips, candy, and other "junk" food? They
taste great. Unfortunately, they're not healthy foods; they're worthless calories. How about exercise?
It's difficult to keep up a regular training program, to do an exercise _ at least three time a week _
that gives the lungs, heart, and muscles a good workout. Another problem is stress: There is a lot of
it in society today. Finally, add in all the bad habits that people have like smoking, drinking, and not
eating breakfast, and you can understand why keeping a healthy lifestyle is so difficult. It is
understandable why so few people live to be 100 years old, even with the advances in modern
medicine which have increased average life spans. (Japan is near the top in life expectancy, but this
may change as lifestyle change.)

Wait a minute! You say you don't care about living to one hundred; you say an average life span (76
for men and 82 for women) is enough. However, wouldn't you like to have more energy, prettier
teeth, more self-confidence, be more handsome or more beautiful and avoid cancer as long as you
live? Of course you would. And you can. This textbook is your guide to a long, healthy life. Just
read it, believe it, and do it. Oh, one more thing: Don't forget to fasten your seatbelt!

2. Exercises for Practice

(i) Answer these questions.

1. Why do most people die before age one hundred?
2. What two things will this textbook focus on?
3. What is this textbook a guide to?
4. What are some bad habits that people have?
5. Why isn't it simple to live a healthy lifestyle?

(ii) Circle T (True) or F (False) for each statement. T F

1. You can't do anything about changing your sex or family background. T F
2. You do have control over your health and lifestyle. T F
3. A healthy lifestyle takes effort. T F
4. Cancer can never be prevented. T F
5. On the average, men live seven years longer than women. T F

58
(iii) Matching for Understanding
Choose the expression on the right that means the same as the word on the left, as it is used
in the text.
Your answer
1. design a. something done regularly
2. habit b. trying very hard
3. to last c. not enough
4. lifestyle d. having no value
5. obesity e. feel good about yourself
6. effort f. put on; connect
7. willpower g. the kind of life you live
8. worthless h. energy used by the body
9. lungs i. Not to wear out
10. calorie j. they pass air into blood
11. confidence k. original plan or idea
12. simple l. being overweight
13. scientists m. strong desire
14. lack of n. researchers
15. fasten o. easy

(iv) Dialogue Practice

Fred When I was jogging, I met an old man who wanted to race.
John How old was he?
Fred He looked like he was about 70.
John You are 20, so you should have been faster than him.
Fred That's what I thought. So, I agreed to race for money.
John How much did you bet?
Fred One dollar for each year's difference in our ages.
John Did you win the race and get $50?
Fred No, I lost eighty-five dollars.
John Why did you lose so much?
Fred Well, later I found out he was actually 105 years old!

59
Lesson 2
Five Ways to Prevent Cancer
____________________________________________________________
1. Practice reading the following passage
Every 124 seconds someone in Japan dies of cancer. Maybe that's why just hearing the word
"cancer" scares most people. Some think cancer is like a terrible lottery: You're unlucky if you get it
and lucky if you don't. That way of thinking is wrong. It's okay to be afraid of the disease, but it's
wrong to feel helpless about it because 80-85% of all cancers are related to lifestyle ____the way you
live your life. For example, the food you eat, the amount of stress in your life, and whether you
smoke or not, affect your chances of getting cancer. Here is a list of five things you can do every
day to protect yourself from cancer:

1. Eat high-fiber food: Foods that are high in fiber such as fruit, vegetables, and whole grains can
prevent colon cancer. Some common whole grain foods are whole wheat (brown) bread, whole
grain (brown) rice, and oatmeal.
2. Reduce fat in your meals: Too much fat in food increases the chance of breast, colon, and
prostate cancer. Eat fewer foods cooked in fat and oil; eat more lean meat, fish, and low-fat dairy
products.
3. Control your weight: A study found that men who were 40% or more overweight had a 33%
greater chance of getting cancer than people who were not fat.
4. Avoid nitrite-cured foods: These types of foods include ham, bacon, hot dogs, and sausage.
They may cause stomach cancer.
5. Don't smoke cigarettes: About 30% of all cancer is clearly because of cigarette smoking.
People who smoke have a 15-times greater chance of getting cancer than those who don't.

Some other things you can do to avoid cancer are these: get plenty of vitamins A and C; eat more
cabbage-type vegetables; don't drink too much alcohol; and avoid too much sun. Although your
chances of getting cancer increase as you get older, nearly half of all cancer patients can be cured by
modern medicine. Now you can understand why cancer is related to lifestyle, and you know some
ways to help prevent it. Just remember, cancer does not depend only on good luck or bad luck. It's
not like a lottery. It depends on how you take care of yourself.

2. Exercises for Practice

(i) Answer these questions.

1. What scares most people?
2. What percentage of all cancer is related to lifestyle?
3. By how much does being 40% overweight increase your chances of getting cancer?
4. How much can modern medicine help cancer patients?
5. What does avoiding cancer mostly depend on?

(ii) Circle T (True) or F (False) for each statement. T F

1. Every four minutes someone in Japan dies of cancer. T F
2. Whole grain (brown) rice and regular (white) rice are both high in fiber. T F
3. Eating ham and eggs for breakfast everyday may be bad for your health. T F
4. Thirty percent of all cancer is caused by cigarette smoking. T F
5. Too much sun is bad for your skin and could eventually cause skin cancer. T F

60
(iii) Dialogue Practice
Jeff Where did you get all that money?
Dick From insurance. Last year I was told I had cancer and only three months to live.
Jeff But, you're still alive.
Dick Of course, the doctor made a mistake. I didn't have cancer.
Jeff You are very lucky.
Dick Yes, plus I got 20 million yen from my cancer insurance company.
Jeff So, now you're a rich man.
Dick But, I'm not happy. I'd rather have hair than money.
Jeff What do you mean?
Dick Those chemotherapy treatments made all my hair fall out!

(iv) Using your dictionary, write the explanatory meanings of the twelve words below
before you read and do the questions below.
1. habits
2. Sore
3. Heal
4. Bleeding
5. Lump
6. Indigestion
7. swallowing
8. Wart
9. Mole
10. Cough
11. Hoarseness
12. pain
Cancer Warnings
There are seven (7) early warning signs that can mean you have cancer. You should know them.
Two out of every three people with early signs of cancer can be cured if they seek medical
attention immediately.
Do you have.......... 1. a change in toilet habits?
2. a sore that does not heal?
3. unusual bleeding?
4. a lump on your body?
5. indigestion/difficulty in swallowing?
6. a change in a wart or mole?
7. a continual cough or hoarseness?

61
Lesson 3
Smoking Tobacco is Suicide
____________________________________________________________
1. Practice reading the following passage
Do you want to die of cancer? If you do, it's very easy. Just smoke tobacco. Suicide means killing
yourself, and smoking is suicide. Many years of research have shown that smoking is
dangerous____ it kills people. In the U.S.A every year, over 70, 000 people die of lung cancer
caused by smoking. In Japan, the number is more than 40, 000 and increasing fast. That's only lung
cancer; other kinds of cancer and other diseases are also caused by smoking.

How does smoking kill? The answer is simple. It kills because smoke is a poisonous gas. People
who die in house fires usually die from the smoke, not the flames. People who smoke tobacco also
die from the smoke, although much more slowly. It usually takes 15-20 years before cancer
develops seriously. But, by the time a smoker finds out he has cancer it is often too late because the
3-year survival rate for lung cancer is only 44%. Yet, many people inhale cigarette smoke into their
lungs each day, year after year. The danger is real: One pack of cigarettes a day puts one liter of tar
in a smoker's lungs in a year. Each cigarette shortens the smoker's life by eight minutes. Tobacco
smoke contains these poisonous substances: carbon monoxide, cyanide, tar, and nicotine. These
chemicals destroy healthy body cells. Not only is smoking dangerous, it is dirty, too. It makes your
mouth, hair, and clothes smell bad. It makes your teeth brown. It makes the skin on your face look
old. Cigarettes can cause fires, and cigarette butts often become litter wherever people smoke.
Nowadays, especially in the U.S.A, smoking angers nonsmokers, some of whom may complain
about it. Many people say Japan is a "smoker's paradise" because, unlike the U.S., it has no laws to
control smoking in public places. Doctors at the Cancer Research Center in Tokyo say, "Lung
cancer is increasing in Japan, and most people don't know how dangerous it is, can't stop; their
bodies are addicted to nicotine, which is a habit-forming drug.

In the U.S.A., there is a no-smoking boom. These days, smoking is not allowed in many public
places, including airplanes. This is good news. The bad news is that because Americans are
stopping smoking, U.S. tobacco companies are increasing their exports to Japan. In this case, "Made
in U.S.A." is very bad. So, if you are wise and don't smoke, that's good; don't start. If you smoke,
stop now!

2. Exercises for Practice

(i) Answer these questions.

1. What is the easiest way to get cancer?
2. What does "suicide" mean?
3. In Japan every year, how many people die of lung cancer caused by smoking?
4. What percentage of lung cancer patients is still alive after three years?
5. What does it mean to be addicted to something?
(ii) Circle T (True) or F (False) for each statement. T F
1. Cancer usually develops seriously after 5-10 years of smoking. T F
2. The inside of a smoker's lungs are black. T F
3. It is becoming difficult to find a place to smoke in public in the U.S.A. T F
4. Smoking makes the skin on your face smooth. T F
5. A young smoker is fortunate because he can stop smoking before cancer T F
develops.
62
(iii) Finish the sentence. Choose a, b, or c to complete each sentence correctly.
A B C
1. Smoking is one kind of ………… sickness recreation slow suicide
2. Smoking causes ……….. backaches diseases loss of hair
3. Smoking is a ……………. dangerous drug poisonous gas both a and b
4. In Japan, the rate of lung cancer is… increasing decreasing not changing
5. When people die in house fires, the burning to death jumping out of a lungs filled
cause of death is usually ….. window with smoke
6. Research shows that each cigarette 5 minutes 8 minutes 18 minutes
shortens the smoker's life by ……
7. Substances in tobacco smoke that carbon monoxide tar and nicotine both a and b
destroy healthy body cells are ….. and cyanide

(iv) Dialogue Practice

Peter Hello Fred. Do you want to hear a bad joke?
Fred Yes, I do. Please tell me.
Peter What's black inside and covered with smoke?
Fred A stove or a chimney.
Peter Wrong. Your lungs.
Fred Are you complaining about my smoking again?
Peter Yes, because I'm worried about our friendship.
Fred What do you mean?
Peter Every cigarette you smoke shortens our friendship by eight minutes.
Fred Oh. I never thought of that!

63
Lesson 4
Exercise for Good Health
____________________________________________________________
1. Practice reading the following passage
It is easier not to exercise. It is easier to take an elevator than it is to climb the stairs. It is easier to
drive than to walk. It is easier to lie in bed than it is to jog on a cold winter morning. Unfortunately,
the good things in life do not always come easily, and a healthy body is a good thing. Good health
requires effort _ you have to work at it. As you get older, your body condition naturally gets worse,
but especially so if you are inactive. It is like a car engine: It will wear out or lose power much
sooner if you neglect it. Unfortunately, some people take better care of their car engines than they do
their bodies, even though body maintenance (exercise) is cheaper. For good body maintenance, you
must exercise regularly.

Do you know that exercise has these merits? (a) Longer life; (b) Better sleep; (c) More energy; (d)
Better body shape; and (e) Relief from stress.

Most people do know the importance of exercise, yet surveys show that only 10% of adults get
enough of it. If you are in the 90% group, you must be a member of the "Too" Club. "Too" Club
members say they are Too busy, Too tired, Too sick, Too young, or Too old to exercise. Or that
exercise is Too boring. Ask yourself this: Do you have about 90 minutes of free time in your weekly
schedule? It only takes about 90 minutes a week to exercise properly. "Properly" means to choose
an activity such as running or swimming that will increase your heart and lung performance to at
least 70% of capacity over a 30-minute period, at least 3 times a week. (Choosing an activity you
enjoy will help you to continue for a long time.) This would be about 2,000 calories worth of
exercise. Such exercise is called aerobic exercise.

Start now and set up your training schedule. Decide to do it for at least 6 weeks. Why 6 weeks?
Because most people give up after a few weeks. In addition, after 6 weeks you can begin to feel the
benefits. Once you know how good exercise makes you look and feel, you will want to make it a
part of your daily life. Remember, becoming healthy takes effort; it's not easy, but it's worth it. So,
whenever you feel too lazy to exercise __ and you know you should __ think about this expression:
"If you don't use it, you lose it."

2. Exercises for Practice

(i) Answer these questions.

1. What things in life do not always come easily?
2. What merits does exercise have?
3. How much time is necessary for a person exercise program?
4. Are you a member of the "TOO" Club? Why or why not?
5. What do you think "If you don't use it, you lose it" means?

(ii) Circle T (True) or F (False) for each statement. T F

1. It is not difficult to exercise regularly. T F
2. Most people are so busy they don't have 90 minutes of free time a week for T F
exercising.
3. You should burn about 2,000 calories a week through exercise. T F
4. After a few weeks of exercising, you can feel the benefits. T F
64
(iii) Matching for Understanding
Choose the expression on the right that means the same as the word on the left, as it is used
in the text.
Your answer
1. Merits a. become no good; get old
2. Choose b. keep doing
3. Capacity c. for walking to upper floor
4. Relief d. not interesting
5. Give up e. good points
6. Neglect f. a slow run
7. Schedule g. unit of body energy
8. Continue h. hot give attention to
9. Wear out i. Unwilling to work
10. Properly j. correctly; the right way
11. Calorie k. select; decide upon
12. Stairway l. help or make better
13. Boring m. plan or timetable
14. Lazy n. stop; quit; drop out
15. Jog o. the full amount; 100%

(iv) Dialogue Practice

Pete What are you going to do today, Dick?
Dick I'm going to that sports club to exercise.
Pete Why do you exercise?
Dick Because exercise makes me more handsome.
Pete Is that why you have so many girlfriends?
Dick Yes, it is.
Pete I exercise every day, but I can't find a girlfriend.
Dick Where do you exercise?
Pete In that building over there.
Dick The sports club?
Pete No, next to it, the "pachinko" place.
Dick What kind of exercise can you do in the "pachinko" parlor?
Pete It's called "finger" exercise.
Dick Are you crazy? Healthy fingers won't help you find a girlfriend!

65
Lesson 5
Healthy Food for a Healthy Body
____________________________________________________________
1. Practice reading the following passage
"You are what you eat" is often said by nutrition experts. It means that your diet (what you eat) is
the foundation for your physical and emotional well-being. Would you want to cross bridges or be in
buildings without good foundations? Of course not! But, many of us have bodies with poor
foundations because of unhealthy eating habits.

Once again, think of your body as an engine, and think of food as fuel __ for humans. When your
engine is getting good fuel and running smoothly, you're healthy, energetic, and physically attractive.
When it's getting poor quality fuel, you're likely to be unhealthy, not energetic, and overweight. To
prevent that from happening, think about nutrition and eat wisely. Develop a positive eating plan by
knowing which foods are good for you and which aren't. Then form good eating habits and don't
change. This is not easy to do because there is so much delicious food around us all the time, and
eating is one of life's great pleasures. Unfortunately, although they sound alike, "delicious" doesn't
always equal "nutritious". Actually, much of the food people love like potato chips, candy, ice
cream, and cola is not healthy. That means these foods are not good fuel for your body.

An average person needs about 2,500 calories a day from complex carbohydrates, protein, and fats.
A balanced variety of natural foods from the four basic food groups should give you all the vitamins
and minerals you need: (1) milk products; (2) meat, fish, chicken, and eggs; (3) vegetables and fruits;
and (4) bread and rice. Some points to remember are these: Eat a lot of fresh fruits, vegetables, and
high-fiber foods. Cut down on the meat and high-cholesterol foods. Drink pure, nutritious drinks
like milk and juice, not coffee and sodas. Reduce or eliminate the use of salt and sugar; they are in
most food already. If you had lived in Japan many years ago, choosing good food would have been
simple. People had little choice then; they had to eat what they could get, which was the traditional,
fresh-grown, vegetable-based diet. Today, we have more than enough food, but much of it is
unnecessary or unhealthy. This food is one cause of health problems like heart disease, diabetes,
stomach cancer, and obesity. Think about your diet. Remember, "You are what you eat." This
simply means that eating good food makes you healthy, happy, and __ really __ even handsome.

2. Exercises for Practice

(i) Answer these questions.

1. What does "You are what you eat" mean?
2. Why is it difficult to follow a good diet?
3. What are the four basic food groups?
4. What was the traditional Japanese diet like?
5. What health problems are caused by unhealthy eating?

(ii) Circle T (True) or F (False) for each statement. T F

1. Food can be thought of as a kind of fuel. T F
2. All delicious food is good for your health. T F
3. To "cut down" on a food means to eat least of it. T F
4. People who lived one hundred years ago probably were not fat. T F
5. Most food doesn't have enough sugar or salt in it. T F

66
(iii) Using Key Words Correctly
Write the missing word in each sentence by choosing a word from the box below.
overweight balanced cholesterol nutritious foundation
nutrition traditional habit obesity eliminate
delicious
Your Answers
1. The science of food and how it affects your health is called…………
2. ……food is good for your health because it contains many nutrients.
3. Being……………………may be one result of poor eating habits.
4. Something you do regularly is called a………………………
5. Food can taste…………………….but not be nutritious.
6. To……………………a food from your diet means to stop eating it.
7. A……………….diet means a variety of food from each food group.
8. Eating too many foods high in ………….could cause heart disease.
9. The…………………Japanese diet has always been a healthy diet.
10. The scientific name for being fat is………………………
11. Good food is a kind of ………………….for the body.

(iv) Questions for Discussion and Dialogue Practice

1. How often do you miss breakfast/lunch/dinner? Do you ever eat fast-food/brown bread?
2. How often do you drink beer/ wine/eat fresh fruit/eat vegetables?
Jim My favorite food is ice cream. Is it healthy?
Liz No, it's not very healthy.
Jim Why? It's made from milk, isn't it?
Liz A little milk, but mostly artificial chemicals and lots of sugar.
Jim Is there any healthy ice cream?
Dialogue Practice Liz Here is some special "natto" ice cream.
1 Jim "Natto" ice cream. That sounds bad!
Liz But, it's high in protein.
Jim Never mind, I make my own ice cream at home, anyway.
Liz What kind do you make?
Jim Alcohol ice cream.
Liz What! Now I know why you get a red face after eating ice cream.
Mrs I'm tired of cooking, cleaning and taking care of the children.
Mr I will try to help you more.
Mrs You use this house like a hotel.
Mr I will try to come home earlier.
Mrs Your children don't know you.
Dialogue Practice Mr I will try to play with them.
2 Mrs You never hold me or kiss me.
Mr I will love you more.
Mrs You never give me anything.
Mr I'll give you whatever you want.
Mrs Then I want out.
Mr Do you mean you want to go outside?
Mrs No, I want out of this marriage! D-I-V-O-R-C-E. Divorce!

67
Lesson 6
Introduction to Academic Writing: Descriptive Essay
____________________________________________________________
1. A Brief Introduction
When writing, all we need to do is to put what we have already known into a more specific structure,
a definite organization, the content of which is more selective, appropriate, and focused than our
everyday writing. We have to lose what is unimportant and to choose what is essential.

These are the key issues for writing: (a) The more you read, the better you will write, and the more
you write, the smooth flow of writing you will gain. (b) The only way to improve your writing, or to
write effectively, is to practice writing. (c) Writing can be done any time you are available. The
classroom is not the only source of language input. (d) Good writing needs a clear purpose. All texts
have their purposes and for each purpose there is a unique style and format. If you want your writing
to be effective, you must adhere to certain rules and standards that go along with each type of text.

2. Concepts for Effective Writing

To become an effective writer, you should: (1) First, decide what you will write, (2) Second, plan
your writing, (3) Make sure your writing focuses on the reader, and (4) Finally, check your writing.

3. The Form of an Essay

Most essays have three supporting points, developed in three separate paragraphs. (Some essays will
have two supporting points; others, four or more.) Each of the supporting paragraphs should begin
with a topic sentence that states the point to be detailed in that paragraph. Just as the thesis provides
a focus for the entire essay, the topic sentence provides a focus for each supporting paragraph. When
writing an essay, planning is crucial for success.

I. Introduction Thesis statement

Plan of development: Points 1, 2, 3
The introduction attracts the reader’s interest. The thesis statement (or thesis
sentence) states the main idea advanced in the paper. The plan of development
is a list of points that support the thesis. The points are presented in the order
in which they will be developed in the paper.
II. Body Paragraph 1 Topic sentence (Point 1) with Specific Evidence
The topic sentence advances the first supporting point for the
thesis, and the specific evidence in the rest of the paragraph
develops that first point.
Paragraph 2 Topic sentence (Point 2) with Specific Evidence
The topic sentence advances the second supporting point for
the thesis, and the specific evidence in the rest of the paragraph
develops that second point.
Paragraph 3 Topic sentence (Point 3) with Specific Evidence
The topic sentence advances the third supporting point for the
thesis, and the specific evidence in the rest of the paragraph
develops that third point.
III. Conclusion Summary, conclusion, or both
A summary is a brief restatement of the thesis and its main points. A
conclusion is a final thought or two stemming from the subject of the paper.

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4. Descriptive Essay
"Giving Up a Baby"

As I awoke, I overheard a nurse say, “It’s a lovely baby boy. How could a mother give him up?”
“Be quiet,” another voice said. “He’s going to wake up soon.” Then I heard the baby cry, but I never
heard him again. Three years ago, I gave up my child to two strangers, people who wanted a baby
but could not have one. I was in pain over my decision, and I can still hear the voices of people who
said I was selfish or crazy. But the reasons I gave up my child were important ones, at least to me.

I gave up my baby, first of all, because I was very young. I was only seventeen, and I was
unmarried. Because I was so young, I did not yet feel the desire to have and raise a baby. I knew
that I would be a child raising a child and that, when I had to stay home to care for the baby, I would
resent the loss of my freedom. I might also blame the baby for that loss. In addition, I had not had
the experiences in life that would make me a responsible, giving parent. What could I teach my
child, when I barely knew what life was all about myself?

Besides my age, another factor in my decision was the problems my parents would have. I had
dropped out of high school before graduation, and I didn’t have a job or even the chance of a job, at
least for a while. My parents would have to support my child and me, possibly for years. My mom
and dad had already struggled to raise their family and were not well off financially. I knew I could
not burden them with an unemployed teenager and her baby. Even if I eventually got a job, my
parents would have to help raise my child. They would have to be full-time baby-sitters while I tried
to make a life of my own. Because my parents are good people, they would have done all this for
me. But I felt I could not ask for such as big sacrifice from them.

The most important factor in my decision was, I suppose, a selfish one. I was worried about my own
future. I didn’t want to marry the baby’s father. I realized during the time I was pregnant that we
didn’t love each other. My future as an unmarried mother with no education or skills would certainly
have been limited. I would be struggling to survive, and I would have to give up for years my
dreams of getting a job and my own car and apartment. It is hard to admit, but I also considered the
fact that, with a baby, I would not have the social life most young people have. I would not be able
to stay out late, go to parties, or feel carefree and irresponsible, for I would always have an enormous
responsibility waiting for me at home. With a baby, the future looked limited and insecure.

In summary, thinking about my age, my responsibility to my parents, and my own future made me
decide to give up my baby. As I look back today at my decision, I know that it was the right one for
me at the time.

Practice writing the following topics (Follow the essay format)

1. To the best of your knowledge, what should be the best qualities of each individual?
Choose not more than THREE POINTS to describe this.
2. What benefits or advantages can one get from being able to master the English language?
Describe this.
3. Describe the significant points that attract foreign tourists to visit Cambodia.

69
Lesson 7
Introduction to Academic Writing: Argumentative Essay
____________________________________________________________
It is inevitable that as technology develops so traditional cultures must be lost. Technology and
tradition are incompatible – you cannot have both together. To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this statement?

I strongly disagree with this statement. There are several compelling arguments in support of the
view that technology and tradition are indeed compatible.

Firstly, we can today see many countries around the world where tradition and new technology live
side by side comfortably. Japan, for instance, is a leader in technology but still strongly holds its
traditional values, such as respect for elders. Whether Japanese people post hand-written letters to
their parents or send them e-mails, the traditional values remain unchallenged and unchanged,
although the technology has changed.

Secondly, there are innumerable cases throughout history where we can see that a change in
technology did not actually lead to a change in traditional culture. For example, when farmers all
around the world started using tractors instead of animals to plough their fields, their productivity
and lifestyle improved, but there was no significant change in their behavior, beliefs and customs.
The technology was incorporated into their traditional culture without challenging it.

Finally, we know that technology can actually help preserve traditional cultures. It not only aids us
to preserve ancient manuscripts and artifacts and to understand the roots of culture by exploring
history. It also helps with communication, and communication is the basis of all cultures.
Communication devices such as satellite televisions and cellular telephones are, for example, of great
benefit to geographically scattered cultures. Improved telecommunications technology enhances the
ability of these cultural groups to stay in touch with one another and find ways of safeguarding their
culture.

For these reasons, it is easy to support the view that technology and tradition are indeed compatible.
As technology develops, traditional cultures are not necessarily lost.

Please select ONE of these topics to write an argumentative essay

Do you agree or disagree with this statement? To what extent do you agree or disagree?

1. The best measure of success is how much money you earn.

2. Always tell the truth is a good thing people should do. To maintain a good relationship
with each other, people should not tell a lie.
3. It has been said that the quality of a man is his knowledge, and the quality of a woman is
her beauty.

70
Lesson 8
Introduction to Writing Informal Letters
____________________________________________________________
1. A Brief Introduction
Effective letter writing boils down to knowing: (a) Why you are writing a letter; (b) Understanding
your reader's needs; and then (c) Clearly writing what you need to say. When you write a letter, you
are trying to convince someone to act or react in a positive way. Your reader will respond quickly
only if your meaning is crystal clear.

The best letters have a conversational tone and read as if you were talking to your reader. In brief
then, you should be: (a) Clear; (b) Concise; (c) Correct; (d) Courteous; (e) Conversational; (f)
Convincing; and (g) Complete. Informal letters usually: (i) Start by enquiring about the health/well-
being of the person you’re writing to; (ii) Enquire about members of his/her family; (iii) Convey
your good wishes to him/her and the family; (iv) Provide information about you and your family; and
(v) Ask about his/her present situation and plans.

2. Format for an informal letter

_______________________ (The Heading)

_______________________

_______________________ (The Date)

_______________________ (The Greeting)

_________________________________________________________ (The Body)

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

_______________________ (The Complimentary Close)

_______________________ (The Signature)

P.S. (The Postscript is Optional)

3. Descriptions of Format for an Informal Letter

The Heading It contains the return address followed by a third line with the date.
The Greeting Dear Thida,
Dear Thida!
The Body It contains the main text. The block style (no indented paragraphs) is
considered too formal for a friendly letter, so each new paragraph should be
indented. Skipping a line between paragraphs, also helps the reader.

71
 The The left edge of the close and signature line in a friendly letter begin in the
Complimentary center, at the same column as the heading. The complimentary close begins
Close and with a capital letter and ends with a comma. Skip from one to three spaces,
Signature Line and type in the signature line, the printed name of the person signing the
letter. If the writer and reader are very friendly, or if the letter is handwritten
in the same script as the signature, the signature line or the last name in the
signature line may be omitted. Sign the name in the space between the close
and the signature line, starting at the left edge of the signature line.

4. The Mechanics of Writing

Commas in Letter Writing Examples

Use commas after the salutation Salutation Dear Fred,
(also called the greeting) in a My dearest Annie,
personal letter and after the Closing Sincerely,
complimentary closing in all Truly yours,
letters. With lots of love,
Best wishes,
Love forever,
Best regards,
Wishes,
Regards,
With all the best,
Love,
Capital Letters in Letters
(a) Capitalize the first word and Dear Sir:
all nouns in the salutation (or My dearest Aunt,
greeting). Greetings!
(b) Capitalize the first word in Sincerely,
the complimentary closing. Truly yours,
With best wishes,
Colons in Special Cases
1. Numerical expressions of 5:31 p.m.
time. The colon goes between the hour and minute. If seconds are
noted, a colon goes between the minute and second.
He ran the marathon in 2:14:33.2. (Two hours, fourteen
minutes, and thirty-three point two seconds.)
2. Salutations in business Dear Sir:
letters are followed by a Dear Ms. Hathaway:
colon.
3. Getting attention. Warning To be opened by authorized personnel
only.
Notice Do not use before October 15.
Notes: Postscripts (P.S.) can only be used with informal letters, but not in formal ones.

72
Lesson 9
Samples of an Informal Letter
____________________________________________________________
Sample 1 Descriptions
Address of the writer Heading
Date
Dear Aunt Barbara, Salutation/Greeting
What's new with you? Mom says you are coming to visit next Body
month. Could you bring me the photos from your trip to Africa? I want
to use them for a report in school! Thanks a lot.

Can't wait to see you.

Love, Closing
Tina Signature
P.S. I almost forgot. I will be back from vacation next Friday. I will Postscript
call you then.

A Letter to a Friend (who is living in another city)

Why write a letter to a friend, especially when you can use the telephone and call? Here are some
good reasons: (1) You are on vacation; (2) You are away at summer camp; (3) You have a secret you
would rather write about than say; (4) You express yourself better in writing; and (5) You want to get
a letter back.

Here are some questions you might ask yourself before writing your letter: (1) What did you talk
about the last time you spoke (wrote)? (2) What happened that makes you want to write? (3) What
exciting news do you want to share? (4) What's going on with your family? (5) What bad news do
you want to pass along? and (6) Is there anything you want to ask?

Sample 2 Descriptions
Address of the writer Heading
Date
Dear Peter, Salutation/Greeting
How are you? Last week, we got a new dog. We picked him up at Body
the pound. He's a 10-month-old totally hyper puppy. the vet we took
him to said he was part beagle and part English setter. Isn't that weird? I
named him Radar. When I walk him after school, he sniffs the ground
and barks at squirrels, birds, and anything else that moves. He eats
everything, and not only dog food. He's already chewed a Frisbee, my
brother's running shoes, and two brushes.

You should get a dog. Maybe when you come to visit me, we'll go
to the pound and pick one out. I'm sure your mom would love it if you
came home with a Saint Bernard. Yeah, wouldn't that be neat?
Your friend, Closing
Darith Signature

73
A Letter to a Pen Pal
A pen pal is someone you get to know through letters. When you correspond with a pen pal, you not
only make a new friend but you learn about a different country or region. Therefore, this letter
requires special information. Your letter should include: (1) personal details about yourself, your
friends and family; (2) information about your life, the place you live in, the kinds of foods you eat,
how you celebrate holidays; and (3) questions about your pen pal's country, and way of life.

Don't forget this is a letter not a questionnaire. Keep your questions brief, and don't lump them
together. Spread them throughout the letter. They should be things you are curious about.

Sample 3 Descriptions
Address of the writer Heading

Date
Dear Fernardo, Salutation/Greeting
My name is Mario and I live in Ontario, Canada. Ontario is Body
a province in the eastern part of Canada. I'm sending you a map (1) Introduce yourself
to show you where my city is. There are mountains and rivers in (2) Talk about where you
Ontario. It's great if you like to hike, fish, or do any other kind live, and what you do
of nature stuff. everyday
(3) Holidays you celebrate
I live in a small town with my parents and my sister Olga.
I'm in the seventh grade. I take history, English, mathematics,
and science in school. What subjects do you take in school?

We get a lot of snow in winter, and I go snow boarding and

skiing. One time, our whole school went skiing, even the
teachers. Does it ever snow in Portugal?

Next week is Halloween. My friends and I dress up in costumes

and go trick-or-treating in the neighborhood. This year, I'm
dressing up as Spiderman. Do you dress up for Halloween?

Well, that's all for now. I hope you write soon.

Your Ontario pen pal, Closing
Mario Signature
P.S. I hope you like the stamps on this letter. Do you collect Postscript
stamps? Can you put some good ones on your letter to me?

A Letter to a Family Member

Although you might not write a letter to a family member you see every day, you might write to a
favorite aunt or uncle who lives in another province or country, or your mom or dad if one of them is
away on trip, or to a brother or sister who is away at school or camp.

Sample 4 Descriptions
Address of the writer Heading

Date

74
 Dear Dad, Salutation/Greeting
Hi! How's your trip going? I'm taking care of things at Body
home. The best part is helping Mom get Tom to bed at night.
It's good to be the boss!

Guess what? I got an A on my spelling test at school today!

And I only cheated a little (just kidding). The only word I
missed was "dessert". I know, I know – pretty unbelievable, but
true. I spelled it "desert". What a dumb!

We all miss you. Especially me. See you soon.

Love, Closing
Anandar Signature
P.S. Mom and Tom say HI, too! Postscript

A Letter to Someone Who's Sick

Whether you are sick at home or in a hospital, a get-well letter is the next best thing to a personal
visit. Some people send commercially produced get-well cards, but a letter is more personal and
special. If you do send a greeting card, it's nice to add a personal note.

Be sympathetic: It's never fun being sick. Let the person know you understand. If it's a
serious illness, however, don't write about it. Be positive.
Share your experiences: Maybe you have the same illness as your friend. Recall your own
experience to show your friend you know what he or she is going through. But don't go on too
much about your own problems. After, it's your friend who need sympathy.
Give some news: People cooped up in bed are eager to hear what is going on in the outside
world. Let them know what's happening at school, in the neighbourhood, and with your family.
Be cheery: People say that "Laughter is the best medicine." Cheer up your friend with a joke or
a little humor.

Sample 5 Descriptions
Address of the writer Heading

Date
Dear Albert, Salutation/Greeting
I’m sorry you’re sick. It’s no fun having the measles, I Body
know. I had them last year. I was in bed for a week! It wasn’t
so bed though. Mom put a bell by my bed that I could ring
every time I needed something. You should get a bell.

Yesterday we had a geography test in school. It was

tough, but I think I passed. Aren’t you glad you missed it?
Having the measles isn’t so bad! Maybe I should catch them
again.

Get well so we could shoot some hoops.

Your buddy, Closing
Mark Signature

75
Lesson 10
Introduction to Writing Formal Letters
____________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
When you write a business letter, use this checklist to remind you of the key principles of effective
letter writing.

Keep it Short Cut needless words and needless information.

Cut stale phrases and redundant statements.
Cut the first paragraph if it refers to previous correspondence.
Cut the last paragraph if it asks for future correspondence.
Keep it Simple Use familiar words, short sentences and short paragraphs.
Keep your subject matter as simple as possible.
Keep related information together.
Use a conversational style.
Keep it Strong Answer the reader's question in the first paragraph.
Give your answer and then explain why.
Use concrete words and examples. Keep to the subject.
Keep it Sincere Answer promptly.
Be human and as friendly as possible.
Write as if you were talking to your reader.

2. Different Styles of Formal Letters

The following pictures show what a one-page business letter should look like. There are three
accepted styles.
(1) Block Letter

___________________ (The Heading)

___________________

___________________ (The Date)

___________________ (The Inside Address)

___________________

___________________ (The Greeting)

_______________________________________________________________ (The Body)

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

___________________ (The Complimentary Close)

___________________ (The Signature)

76
 (2) Modified Letter

__________________ (The Heading)

__________________

__________________ (The Date)

___________________ (The Inside Address)

___________________

___________________ (The Greeting)

________________________________________________________________ (The Body)

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

___________________ (The C. Close)

___________________ (The Signature)

(3) Indented Letter

__________________ (The Heading)

__________________

__________________ (The Date)

_________________ (The Inside Address)

_________________

_________________ (The Greeting)

_________________________________________________________ (The Body)

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

__________________ (The C. Close)

__________________ (The Signature)

77
3. Descriptions of Format for a Formal Letter
Formal letters should have a margin of at least one inch on all for edges. There are six parts to a
formal letter.

1. The Heading: This contains the return address (usually two or three lines) with the date on the
last line. Sometimes it may be necessary to include a line after the address and before the date for
a phone number, fax number, E-mail address, or something similar. Often a line is skipped
between the address and date.

2. The Inside Address: This is the address you are sending your letter to. Make it as complete as
possible. Include titles and names if you know them. This is always on the left margin. Skip a
line after the heading before the inside address. Skip another line after the inside address before
the greeting.

3. The Greeting: Also called the salutation, the greeting in a business letter is always formal. It
normally begins with the word "Dear" and always includes the person's last name. It normally
has a title. Use a first name only if the title is unclear. The greeting in a business letter always
ends in a colon. (You know you are in trouble if you get a letter from a boyfriend or girlfriend
and the greeting ends in a colon--it is not going to be friendly.)

4. The Body: It is written as text. A business letter is never hand written. Depending on the letter
style you choose, paragraphs may be indented. Regardless of format, skip a line between
paragraphs. Skip a line between the greeting & the body. Skip a line between the body & the
close.

5. The Complimentary Close: This short, polite closing ends with a comma. It is either at the left
margin or its left edge is in the center, depending on the Business Letter Style that you use. It
begins at the same column the heading does. The block style is becoming more widely used
because there is no indenting to bother with in the whole letter.

6. The Signature Line: Skip two lines and type out the name to be signed. Women may indicate
how they wish to be addressed by placing Miss, Mrs., Ms. or similar title in parentheses before
their name. The signature line may include a second line for a title, if appropriate. The
signature should start directly above the first letter of the signature line in the space between the
close and the signature line. Business letters should not contain postscripts. Some organizations
and companies may have formats that vary slightly.

78
Lesson 11
Samples of Formal Letters
____________________________________________________________
Sample 1 Description
The Sender’s Address The Heading

Date Date
The Receiver’s Address The Inside Address
Dear Sir: The Greeting
I am applying for the post of Security Guard advertised in "The The Body
Standard" yesterday and I am enclosing a copy of my CV as
requested.

As you can see, I have worked for five years as the Prime
Minister’s personal bodyguard and before that I was in the army.
My commanding officer and the Prime Minister can both supply
you with references and their addresses can be found on my CV.

My experience in the army included working in Northern Ireland

and the Falklands. I have also accompanied the Prime Minister on
his overseas trips. I notice that the advertised vacancy involves
working overseas and I am very keen on traveling, which is why I
have chosen to apply for this post.

I hope you will give my application serious consideration and I

look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully, The Complimentary Close
Name The Signature

Sample 2
The Sender’s Address

Date
The Receiver’s Address
Dear Sirs:
I would like to apply for the post of receptionist in your hotel advertised in today's issue of El
País.
My name is Carrne Simó. I am twenty years of age and I have just finished the Secretary studies,
though I have some experience as a receptionist in a hotel in Cambrils where I have been
working for two summers. I also speak English and French fluently and some German.
I am enclosing my C.V with my fully detailed qualifications and experience which I hope will
suit you.
I am looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
79
Carrne Simó

Sample 3
The Sender’s Address

Date

The Receiver’s Address

Dear Ms. Marks:

We would be very grateful if you would be able to send us a selection of travel brochures about
Queensland Australia.

Our class is researching the tourist attractions of Queensland as a social studies project. We
know that these brochures would be very useful as part of our presentation to parents and other
classes at the school.

Thank you for considering our request. We are happy to pay for any postage and have enclosed a
stamped addressed envelope.

Yours faithfully,

Fèlix Freixe

80
 References:
____________________________________________________________
Byrne, D. (1986). Teaching Oral English (2nd edn.). London: Longman.
Byrne, D. (1988). Teaching Writing Skills (2nd edn.). London: Longman.
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Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, G. and Brewster, J. (eds). (1991). The Storytelling Handbook for Primary Teachers.
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Ellis, G. and McRae, J. (1991). The Extensive Reading Handbook for Secondary Teachers.
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Harmer, J. (1989). Teaching and Learning Grammar. London: Longman.
Klippel, F. (1984). Keep Talking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kroll, B. (ed.). (1990). Second Language Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Murphy, R. (1985). English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nation, I.S.P. (1990). Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New York: Newbury House.
Nolasco, R. and Arthur, L. (1987). Conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nuttall, C. (1983). Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language. London: Heinemann.
Richards, J.C. and Schmidr, R. W. (eds.). (1983). Language and Communication. London: Longman.
Smith, F. (1978). Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ur, P. (1981). Discussions that Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ur, P. (1988). Grammar Practice Activities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Williams, E. (1984). Reading in the Language Classroom. London: Macmillan.

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__________________________________
Supported by EEQP-ADB
Grant No. 0090-CAM (SF)