Single Phase GSM Based Wireless Energy Metering
with User Notification System
Waqas Ali, Haroon Farooq, Aneeb Khalid
Department of Electrical Engineering (RCET)
University of Engineering & Technology Lahore
Lahore, Pakistan
waqas.ali@uet.edu.pk
Abstract—The automation is now becoming necessary almost
in every field including distribution, control and monitoring of
electrical energy. However, in Pakistan the situation is very poor,
and the country is facing the severe energy crisis because of
outdated power system infrastructure. Even the energy
monitoring and metering system for billing is still based on
conventional electro-mechanical type meters; which are now
being replaced by electronic type digital energy meters in many
sub-divisions of Pakistan. However, the collection of energy
meter readings data from these meters is being conducted
manually which opens the doors of corruption in the form of
overbilling which is a major challenge for the current
government together with the electricity theft. Although; some
steps, including the deployment of mobile based meter reading
process using android phones, have been taken to solve this issue
but the problem still persists. This is mainly because of the
traditional manual meter reading method, which is obsolete,
outmoded, inefficient and time consuming. So, this paper
presents the simple, efficient, and inexpensive design of an
automatic single phase energy meter reading system based on
GSM wireless network which also has the provision for user
notification. This system uses the short messaging service to
transmit the energy meter readings data to utility for billing as
well as to update the consumers about their energy usage on
regular basis. Moreover, this paper also discusses the potential
impacts of this system usage both for utilities and consumers
especially in Pakistan.
Keywords—Automatic Meter Reading; Wireless Energy
Metering; GSM; SMS; Consumer; Utility.
I. INTRODUCTION
The electrical energy has become an essential necessity to
human life. Its production and proper utilization is the
backbone of the survival, socio-economic development and
progress of a nation. Therefore, its distribution and
management has top priority in government policies globally.
However, from the last two decades, its demand is increasing
day by day which leads to the advent of new technologies [1].
Apart from the efforts to meet its growing demand, the
automation into the energy distribution, control and
monitoring are also needed to improve. Therefore, installation
of electronic type digital meters is one of the important steps
of utilities towards automating the metering process [2]. But
978-1-5386-1556-0/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE
Ali Raza, Nouman Tanveer
Department of Electrical Engineering
The University of Lahore
Lahore, Pakistan
ali.raza@ee.uol.edu.pk
its reading method is still like a traditional meter reading
process that is based upon electro-mechanical type analog
meters.
The meters data reading, and their collection and
processing for billing through manual process similar to
traditional meter reading process by human operators has
become obsolete and it is an incompetent, unproductive and
wasteful way to meet the future development needs [2]. As in
this process a utility company employee also known as meter
reader, has to be physically present onsite to take the readings
and collect the data of energy meter readings. So, this method
of collecting data of meter readings becomes more erroneous
and costly when readings have to be collected from larger
areas and often scattered rural areas. And sometimes, meter
readers are unwilling to make the attempt to travel to such
areas and will often submit wrong approximations of the
amount of electricity consumed. And in some cases, where the
households are located in huge multistory buildings and
specious housing plots, the traditional meter reading is highly
inefficient. There is also possibility of missing bills and
absence of consumer etc. So there is a great demand of
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system which reads and
collects the data of energy meters automatically, and processes
the readings data for billing without any human intervention
[3]. The AMR system is an efficient and reliable metering
method which reduces operational costs by allowing remote
access and control to energy meter and eliminating the need
for the utility company personnel to visit every home for data
collection [3, 4]. Thus, the presented paper discusses the
issues and challenges due to the current practice of manual
meter reading method in Pakistan, and converse about the
possible outcomes of the AMR system usage both for utilities
and consumers. This research work also presents the simple
design and implementation of a single phase GSM based
wireless AMR system that has the capability for energy usage
notification to keep the consumers updated about their energy
consumption.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Overbilling has been a very hot issue in Pakistan for
decades. The excessive and unbelievable high bills
specifically in the months of summer, when the load shedding
is at its peak, leads to mass protests and demonstrations
countrywide which sometimes create law and order problems.
Hence, to rectify the faulty billing information due to
inefficient metering system of Distribution Companies
(DISCOs), the government has launched the mobile based
meter reading process through android phone in several sub-
divisions of the DISCOs including urban and rural areas of
Pakistan [5]. The meter readers are now duty bound to report
for meter reading in every month. It is their prime
responsibility to visit the site and take picture of every meter
to record actual reading for billing. So, this system will also
ensure the reduction and elimination of absenteeism.
Moreover, the excess charging at the will of the meter reader
will no more be possible now because the image printing is
also done on the consumer bills [6]. Fig. 1 shows the copy of
such type of bill for one of the DISCOs on which the image of
meter reading is printed.
Fig. 1. Consumer’s electricity bill.
Despite, this positive step of mobile based meter reading
system by DISCOs, the relentless complaints of overbilling by
consumers still exist. Though, a significant reduction has been
noticed [5]. But, the situation is not as good in many sub-
divisions of DISCOs all over the Pakistan where substantial
overbilling has not stopped despite the repeated claims of the
government of addressing this issue. This is because of the
unqualified, untrained, inexperienced and incompetent meter
reading staff, which was actually politically hired in different
political governments to make happy and adjust their party
workers mostly in rural and in some urban areas of Pakistan.
Due to their unskillfulness, incompetence and dishonesty, the
mobile based meter reading process has also become
ineffective and unsuccessful. Fig. 2 shows the images of meter
reading taken by such type of staff, which are wrong and not
readable on consumer bills, in comparison to some precisely
readable images taken by proficient staff.
Fig. 2. Images of meter readings.
III. LITERATURE SURVEY AND PROPOSED SOLUTION
On the basis of various platforms, researchers have
proposed many technologies in the literature for automatic
meter reading of energy as a solution to the traditional
approach of collecting meter readings manually. These include
Power Line Carrier (PLC), Telephone Line, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, WiFi, GPRS and GSM [2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11].
Depending upon the mode of transmission, these technologies
are categorized into two groups; wire-based that includes
Power Line Carrier and Telephone Line, and wireless-based
which includes Bluetooth, Zigbee, WiFi, GPRS and GSM [2,
7]. The wire-based techniques for AMR systems require
complex infrastructure for the setup leading to expensive
implementation and operation [12]. Whereas, the wireless-
based techniques incorporate security and high speed data
transmission, which are their biggest advantage [13]. In
addition, they avoid or require very less human interventions
in the field and are very less prone to error and climatic
conditions. Their reliability is also very high in comparison to
wire-based technologies [3, 12, 14]. However, among the
various wireless-based techniques for AMR systems,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, and WiFi are very useful for low or short
range application, while GPRS and GSM are suitable and
valuable for long distance data transfer [15]. But, the use of
GPRS for the development of AMR systems for long distance
transmission of electric energy is difficult to implement,
because the use of GPRS is not so common and it is still a
dream for ordinary people [2]. While, the GSM is very
common, finest and uprising technology, and widely known in
throughout the world for its vast network coverage, cost
effectiveness and also for its competitive growth in market [7,
15, 16]. Even in Pakistan alone where the current estimated
population is 180 million plus [17], the number of GSM
mobile phone users reached more than 140 million [18]. Thus,
the rapid growth and advancements in the infrastructure of
GSM based information and communication technology in the billing purpose as well as to consumers to keep updated about
last few years have made possible the development of their energy usage.
wireless-based AMR systems. These GSM based ARM
systems are more efficient, reliable and equally suitable for
both short and long range data transmission [2, 12]. Moreover,
this method for energy metering using GSM technology is also
effectual and successful in rural areas where most people do
not have access to a fixed telephone network. So in a country
like Pakistan, the GSM based AMR system is a great solution
to many problems of utilities as well as consumers. Therefore,
this research work presents the design of wireless energy
metering based on GSM technology which uses Short
Messaging Service (SMS) to send meter reading data to utility
and to notify the consumers periodically about their energy
usage. Though, some researchers have already proposed the
design of GSM energy meter in literature. But some missed Fig. 3. General structure of the complete GSM metering system.
the SMS facility to inform consumers about their energy
consumption [12, 19, 20], while some utilized built in digital Therefore, this system is not only capable of measuring the
energy meter as part of their AMR system [12, 13, 14], energy consumption, storing it to memory and sending it to the
whereas some employed electronic sensors to sense the input utility via SMS after specific intervals of time; but also has the
signal for their energy metering system [2, 21, 22]. However ability to send the number of energy units (kWh) consumed to
the proposed work is an addition to the previous works and the user via SMS after the same specific intervals as for utility.
different in sense that it is using PT and CT for input signal This feature is very useful for the utilities for automatically
sensing and in addition it has the capability to send the collecting the meter reading values that not only saves the
notification through SMS to consumers about his energy usage time and manpower but also reduces the chance of human
that help in bill verification. Moreover, this paper presents the error. Furthermore, this system also enables the consumers to
complete design of energy meter from signal input to final know about their energy usage. Thus, the installation of such
display of energy consumed which is reliable, efficient, and type of system can change the whole scenario of energy
inexpensive. metering and its data collection.
Thus, the presented system of energy metering that
encompasses the GSM technology as a mean of transmitting V. DESIGN ARCHITECTURE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
energy data is an excellent approach. From utilities point of The detailed design architecture of the proposed system to
view, this method of energy metering is an effective and automatically read the single phase energy consumption of
excellent way out to eliminate the manual process of meter consumer with the provision of user notification is shown in
reading which is very time consuming and tiresome and Fig. 4 at the part of consumer’s end, while at part of utility’s
causes human errors. In addition, this will also reduce the end, it is shown in Fig. 5.
extra man power needed for the manual reading of energy
meters. Moreover, this technique will also diminish the false
and inaccurate billing and will close the door of corruption.
Furthermore, this system will also keep the consumers Single
informed about their energy usage on periodic basis and will Phase CT & PT
Supply
be helpful to control their electricity bill within their budget as
the electricity tariff is high in Pakistan and increases with the
increase in energy usage which is a major concern for the Interfacing Circuits
consumers. Besides, it will eradicate the burning issue of for CT & PT
overbilling in Pakistan. Hence, the installation and
implementation of this system will be equally favorable and
promising for the regular monitoring of energy for both
Controller

utilities and consumers in Pakistan.

Micro-

LCD GSM
Display Module
IV. GENERAL OVERVIEW AND STRUCTURE OF SYSTEM
The general overview and structure of the complete system
proposed for the wireless energy metering using GSM
technology is shown in Fig. 3. The complete system is made
up of GSM energy meter which is installed at the premises of Power Supply for Load
each consumer, consumer’s GSM interface mobile and utility System’s Components
central database server for the collection of meter readings
data. The system works in conjunction with the GSM network
to transmit the energy meter readings using SMS to utility for Fig. 4. GSM energy metering part at consumer’s end.
 (PT) to sense the value of load current and supply voltage
respectively. The CT and PT are basically AC transformers
Power Supply for and together come into the category of instrument
System’s Components
transformers which are designed for measurement, and
generally perform two major tasks; the first one is to transform
currents or voltages from a usually high value to a measurable
safe value and the second one is to provide isolation from high

Controller
current or high voltage circuits. CT is a series connected type

Micro-
GSM LCD
Module Display of instrument transformer which is used to step down the
current to a safe level, while PT is a parallel connected type
and used to step down the voltage value to a safe limit.
Therefore, for the presented design, a CT of ratio 20/1
amperes and a PT of ratio 220/12 volts are used.
Computer Interfacing
Unit B. Power Supply
The power supply section is developed to give supply to
microcontroller and other components of the proposed system.
The 5V DC is required for the working of microcontroller,
GUI Based Central while 5V same or some less DC voltage is required to energize
Database System
the other components of the system for their safe operation.
For this purpose, a PT steps down the 220V AC to 12V, which
Fig. 5. Receiving part for the collection of meter readings at utility’s end. is then converted into rectified DC by using bridge rectifier.
Since the output of bridge rectifier is pulsating DC, so it is
The GSM energy meter at consumer’s end is connected converted further into pure DC by using filter capacitors. Then
between the utility’s single phase supply and consumer’s load. a regulator IC LM7805 is used to convert the DC voltages
To measure the energy consumed by load, the current and from 12V to 5V regulated DC. Fig. 6 shows the circuit
potential transformer (CT and PT) sense the current and schematic of power supply that gives 5V regulated DC.
voltage drawn by load at the analog front end of the input side However, another regulator IC LM317 is also used in this
of the energy meter. The sensed quantities are fed to circuit to convert the DC voltages to low as 3.7V which is
microcontroller chip through interfacing circuits. The required for the secure and appropriate working of GSM
microcontroller chip is basically the core of this part which module as above this (3.7V) may damage it.
performs energy measurements and calculations and shows the
consumed energy by load on LCD display. The
microcontroller chip also sends the measured and calculated
energy reading to utility as well as to consumer via GSM
module through SMS on daily basis. At utility’s end, the
energy reading SMS is received by GSM module of receiving
part of the system. The microcontroller chip processes the
receiving data, and sends it to display on LCD as well as sends
it to GUI based central database system through computer
interfacing unit. Where, the stored data of energy meter’s
readings is further process for billing purpose.

VI. DESIGN DETAIL OF GSM ENERGY METER AT

CONSUMER’S END
The design development of GSM energy meter part of the Fig. 6. Circuit schematic of power supply.
proposed system at consumer’s end for measuring the
consumed energy units comprises of CT and PT, interfacing C. Interfacing Circuits
circuits, microcontroller, LCD display, GSM module and
The step down values of current and voltage form CT and
power supply to energize the GSM energy meter’s
PT respectively is fed to microcontroller through interfacing
components of the proposed system as shown in the design
circuits. Fig. 7 shows the schematics of these circuits. The
architecture of Fig. 4. The microcontroller chip is basically the
voltage signal form PT is directly applied to rectifier circuit
heart of this part which performs calculations and other
while the current signal is given through 10 ohm burden
system’s related tasks. The detail of these components is as
resistance. The capacitors at the output of bridge rectifiers are
follow.
connected to reduce the ripples and to ensure smooth dc
voltage, while the voltage divider networks are used to get the
A. CT and PT required signal voltage for microcontroller. The output signals
For measuring the energy consumed, the proposed system from these circuits are fed to the ADC pins of microcontroller
is using a current transformer (CT) and a potential transformer through 4.7V zener diodes.

Fig. 7. Microcontroller interfacing circuits (a) for CT, and (b) for PT.
D. Microcontroller
The PIC16F877A microcontroller is used for the proposed
system which is featured with 256 bytes memory, self-
programmable, an ICD, 2 comparators, 8 channels of 10-bit
analog-to-digital converter (ADC), 2 capture/compare/PWM
functions, and synchronous serial port. The pin description of
this microcontroller is shown in Fig. 8. The 2nd and 3rd are its
ADC pins on which signal from CT and PT through associated
interfacing circuits is fed respectively. The 1st pin is given 5V
supply through 10k ohm resistor. A crystal oscillator of 4MHz
is connected between its 13th and 14th pin to provide clock
pulses to microcontroller. The 11th and 32nd pins are given
5V supply. The port B is interfaced with LCD to display the
measured and calculated parameters. The microcontroller feed
the massage signal containing reading data of energy meter for
transmission to GSM module via a buffer IC CD4050. For this
purpose, the 26th pin of microcontroller is connected to 2nd
pin of this IC while the 3rd pin of this IC is connected to Tx
pin of GSM module. The microcontroller is programmed
using C language to read the data from inputs and computes
the units of energy consumed and stored in the memory and as
well as to displays these computed values of current, voltage
and energy units on LCD. In addition, it sends the computed
energy daily to utility via SMS through GSM module and as
well as to consumer’s registered mobile.
E. LCD display
The 2x16 LCD display is used in the proposed system to
show the measured values. This LCD is capable of displaying
two rows of 16 characters in each row as shown in Fig. 9. One
row is used to display the supply voltage and load current,
while in second row the number of energy units consumed is
displayed. The LCD is interfaced with port B of the
microcontroller. Its 15th pin is connected to 5V supply
through 100 ohm resistor and its 4th, 5th, and 11th to 14th
pins are interfaced with port B of the microcontroller.
Fig. 8. PIC 16F877A pin configuration.
Fig. 9. 2x16 LCD display.
F. GSM module
Fig. 10 shows the SIM900D GSM module along with its
pin description which is used for the proposed system. The
SIM900D is a quad-band GSM module which integrates
TCP/IP protocol and extended TCP/IP AT commands which
are very useful for data transfer applications. It operates with
low power consumption and has 48 SMT pads/pins and
provides all hardware interfaces between the module and
circuit boards. A GSM SIM card is used inside it for data
communication. Therefore, the proposed design is using this
module as mobile/data communication equipment to send the
information regarding the numbers of electricity units of
energy consumed to registered mobile number of consumer
and to utility interfaced GSM module using GSM wireless
network through SMS. For this purpose, the GSM module is
interfaced with microcontroller through a buffer IC CD4050.
The IC CD4050 operates with 5V DC power supply which is
given on its 1st pin while the 8th pin of this IC is connected to
ground. However, to energize the GSM module, the 38th pin
of it is connected to 3.7V of DC power supply.
VII. DESIGN DETAIL OF GSM RECEIVER FOR COLLECTING
METER READINGS AT UTILITY’S END
The design development of GSM receiving part of the
proposed system at utility’s end for the collection of meter
readings data comprises of GSM module, microcontroller
chip, LCD display, computer interfacing unit, GUI based
central database system and a power supply to energize the
receiver’s components of the proposed system as shown in the
design architecture of Fig. 5. The detail of these components is
as follow.

Fig. 10. SIM900D GSM module along with its pin configuration.
A. Power Supply
The design of power supply section of receiving part of
proposed system is same as GSM energy meter part. The Fig.
6 shows the circuit schematic of power supply that gives 5V
regulated DC to microcontroller and also provides 5V same or
some less to drive the other components of the system for their
safe operation such as GSM module etc.
B. GSM module
The similar GSM module SIM900D of Fig. 10 is also used
for the proposed system receiving part. To communicate with
the GSM energy meter for the collection of energy unit
readings via SMS, a unique registered GSM SIM card is
inserted inside it. In addition, it is also interfaced with
microcontroller through its Rx pin that is connected to the
25th pin of microcontroller. Whenever an SMS is received, it
is sent to the microcontroller for further processing. The 3.7V
of DC power supply is connected to its 38th pin for its
working.
C. Microcontroller
The similar microcontroller of Fig. 8 is also used for the
proposed system receiving part. Like to GSM energy meter,
the 1st pin of it is connected to 5V supply through 10k ohm
resistor while its 13th and 14th pins are connected to crystal
oscillator of 4MHz. Whereas 5V DC power supply is
connected at its 11th and 32nd pins. The Port B of it is
interfaced with LCD to display the receiving data and 25th pin
is interfaced to the Rx pin of GSM module. The
microcontroller is programmed such that whenever an energy
reading message is received, it is shifted towards the database
system through computer interfacing unit and as well as to
displays this message on LCD.
D. LCD display
The similar 2x16 LCD display of Fig. 9 is also used in the
proposed system’s receiving part to show the received energy
units reading. The first row is used to display the meter ID,
while in second row the number of energy units consumed is
displayed. The LCD is interfaced with port B of the
microcontroller and its 15th pin is connected to 5V DC supply
through 100 ohm resistor for its operation.
E. Computer Interfacing Unit
The display of received energy unit message on LCD is
not enough regarding the system requirement. Therefore, the
received messages must also be saved in the database system
of utility as well for further processing of data for billing. For
this purpose, the receiving module is interfaced with database
computer system. This can be done by connecting the Rx pin
of microcontroller to computer through RS-232 serial port.
But, the problem is the incompatibility between the computer
system and microcontroller. This problem is resolved using
MAX232 IC which consists of two transmitter-receiver
arrangement such that two serial ports can be connected using
the same chip. Four capacitors of each 10uF are used to
generate the required RS-232 standard voltage from the
TTL/CMOS voltage. The transmitters convert the TTL/CMOS
level to RS-232 level whereas the receiver receives the RS-
232 input and converts them to TTL level voltage. Thus, the
MAX232 IC acts as an intermediate stage between
microcontroller and a computer for communication. The Fig.
11 shows the circuit diagram of this intermediate connection
along with their pin configuration.
F. GUI Based Central Database System
Fig. 12 shows the GUI based window of the central
database system. The database for the collection of energy
meter readings is developed using SQLite which is a high
quality, visual, and open source tool to create, design, and edit
database files. The detail of all consumers is pre entered into
the database system upon registration for the use of electricity
alongside the installation of GSM energy meter at consumer’s
premises. The database system is interfaced with the receiving
part of the GSM energy metering system at utility station
where the receiving energy unit values are automatically saved
in it. The stored meter readings in the database are then further
process for the calculation of bills.
Fig. 11. Interfacing unit circuit between microcontroller and computer.
Fig. 12. GUI window of central database system.
VIII. EXPERIMENTAL TESTING AND SYSTEM RESULTS
The proposed system was experimentally tested for a load
using two different SIM cards to validate its working. The
results of these experiments are shown in Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig.
15 and Fig. 16.
Fig. 13. Meter reading on LCD display at consumer’s end for two users.
Fig. 14. Meter reading on LCD display at utility’s end for two users..
Fig. 15. Meter reading SMS on the display of consumer’s registerd
mobile for two different users.
Fig. 16. Meter reading on GUI based database system at utility’s end
for two users.
IX. CONCLUSIONS
This work describes the issues and problems in the current
practices of the conventional manual energy meter reading
method especially for Pakistan and highlights the benefits of
getting reading automatically using AMR systems. In addition,
this work presents the complete design and development of a
single phase GSM based wireless AMR system for energy
monitoring which has the capacity to notify user/consumer.
The presented design is simple, reliable, efficient, and
inexpensive whose assembly is based upon low cost surface-
mount technology. This system takes the advantage of
available GSM network coverage to transmit the energy meter
reading data automatically to utility as well as to consumers
on daily basis using SMS. The expenses of data transmission
are charged on standard SMS rates which are generally very
low in Pakistan for GSM technology. Thus, the system
overcomes the shortcomings of traditional manual meter
reading system; by the provision of ease in taking the meter
readings, accuracy in billing and detection of faulty
conditions; with very low operational costs while eliminating
the possible corruption related to meter reading especially
overbilling. In addition, it enables the energy utilities to
generate bills on time, and manage meter failures more
efficiently. Moreover, the information about daily, monthly
and yearly energy usage will help utilities to better understand
energy demand patterns. Furthermore, the details regarding
daily energy consumption will also help consumers to manage
and control their energy usage. Hence, the proposed GSM
based wireless energy metering system is equally beneficial
for both energy service providing utilities and consumers.
X. FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
There are various possible future research directions to
extend the given idea. At the outset, the presented system can
be modified using latest single phase metering ICs which
provide more parameters and same concept can be further
expanded to three phase energy metering systems using three
phase metering microchips. The addition of automatic billing
in the presented system can also be a very good option that
can be further enhanced by incorporating the online payment
and prepaid billing schemes simultaneously. The generation of
different alerts and remotely cutting off the supply of meters,
by utilities, in case of unpaid bills can also be added in the
presented idea. Furthermore, the inclusion of the illegal use of
electricity detection would also be a plus point in future.
Moreover, the same idea can also be applied to gas and water
metering systems by proper amendment.
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