HW01-1

KNOWN: Dimensions, thermal conductivity and surface temperatures of a concrete slab. Efficiency of
gas furnace and cost of natural gas.
FIND: Rate and its daily cost of heat loss. (4pt)
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady state, (2) One-dimensional conduction, (3) Constant properties.
ANALYSIS:
The rate of heat loss by conduction through the slab is:
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 17℃ − 10℃
𝑞 = 𝑘(LW) = 1.4W/mK (11m × 8m) = 4312 W <
𝐻 0.20m

The daily cost of natural gas that must be combusted to compensate for the heat loss is:

𝑞𝐶𝑔 4312W × $0.02/MJ × 10−6 MJ/J

Cd = 𝑡= (24h/d × 3600s/h) = $8.28/d <
𝜂𝑓 0.90
COMMENTS: The loss could be reduced by installing a floor covering with a layer of insulation between
it and the concrete.
 HW01-2
KNOWN: Power required to maintain the surface temperature of a long, 25-mm diameter cylinder with an
imbedded electrical heater for different air velocities.
FIND: (a) Determine the convection coefficient for each of the air velocity conditions and display the
results graphically, and (b) Assuming that the convection coefficient depends upon air velocity as h = Cvn,
determine the parameters C and n. (4pt)
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Temperature is uniform over the cylinder surface, (2) Negligible radiation exchange
between the cylinder surface and the surroundings, (3) Steady-state conditions.
ANALYSIS:
(a) From an overall energy balance on the cylinder, the power dissipated by the electrical heater is
transferred by convection to the air stream. Using Newton’s law of cooling on a per unit length basis,
𝑃e′ = ℎ(𝜋𝐷)(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ )
where Pe′ is the electrical power dissipated per unit length of the cylinder. For the v = 1 m/s condition, using
the data from the table above, find e.g.
450W/m
ℎ= = 22.0 W/m2 K <
𝜋 × 0.025m(300 − 40)℃
Repeating the calculations, find the convection coefficients for the remaining conditions which are
tabulated above and plotted below. Note that h is not linear with respect to the air velocity.
(b) To determine the (C, n) parameters, we plotted h vs. v on log-log coordinates. It can be fitted by
log(ℎ) = 3.07 + 0.592 log(𝑣), i.e. C = exp(3.07) = 21.6 W/m2K(m/s)-n, and n = 0.592, respectively. <

100 100
90
80
80 70
60
h (W/m K)

h (W/m K)

60
2

50
40 40
30
20

0 20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1 10
v (m/s) v (m/s)
 HW01-3
KNOWN: Thickness and initial temperature of an aluminum plate whose thermal environment is changed.
FIND: (a) Initial rate of temperature change, (b) Steady-state temperature of plate, (c) Effect of emissivity
and absorptivity on steady-state temperature. (5pt)
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible end effects, (2) Uniform plate temperature at any instant, (3)
Constant properties, (4) Adiabatic bottom surface, (5) Negligible radiation from surroundings, (6) No
internal heat generation.
ANALYSIS: (a) Applying an energy balance, Eq. 1.12c, at an instant of time to a control volume about
the plate, 𝐸̇in − 𝐸̇out = 𝐸̇st , it follows for a unit surface area.
d𝑇
𝛼s 𝐺s (1m2 ) − 𝜀𝜎𝑇i4 (1m2 ) − ℎ(𝑇i − 𝑇∞ )(1m2 ) = 𝜌(1m2 × 𝐿)𝑐( )
d𝑡
Rearranging to obtain:
d𝑇 1
= [𝛼 𝐺 − 𝜀𝜎𝑇i4 − ℎ(𝑇i − 𝑇∞ )]
d𝑡 𝜌𝐿𝑐 s s
= [0.8 × 900W/m2 − 0.25 × 5.67 × 10−8 W/m2 K 4 (298K)4
− 20W/m2 K(25 − 20)℃] / (2700kg/m3 × 0.004m × 900J/kgK)
= 0.052℃/s

(b) Under steady-state conditions, 𝐸̇st = 0, and the energy balance reduces to

𝛼s 𝐺s (1m2 ) = 𝜀𝜎𝑇i4 (1m2 ) + ℎ(𝑇i − 𝑇∞ )(1m2 )

0.8 × 900W/m2 = 0.25 × 5.67 × 10−8 W/m2 K 4 𝑇 4 + 20W/m2 K(𝑇 − 293K)

The solution yields T = 321.4 K = 48.4°C.

 HW01-4
KNOWN: Surface-mount transistor with prescribed dissipation and convection cooling conditions.
FIND: (a) Case temperature for mounting arrangement with air-gap and conductive paste between case
and circuit board. (4pt)
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Transistor case is isothermal, (3) Upper surface
experiences convection; negligible losses from edges, (4) Leads provide conduction path between case
and board, (5) Negligible radiation, (6) Negligible energy generation in leads due to current flow, (7)
Negligible convection from surface of leads.

PROPERTIES: (Given): Air, k g,a = 0.0263 W/mK; Paste, k g,p = 0.12 W/mK; Metal leads, k = 25
W/mK.
ANALYSIS: (a) Define the transistor as the system and identify modes of heat transfer.
Ein − E out + E g = Est = 0
−q conv − q cond,gap − 3qlead + Eg = 0
T −T T −T
−hAs ( Tc − T ) − k g As c b − 3k Ac c b + Eg = 0
t L
where As = L1  L2 = 4  8 mm2 = 32  10-6 m2 and Ac = t  w = 0.25  1 mm2 = 25  10-8 m2.
Rearranging and solving for Tc ,

 
Tc = hAsT +  k g As /t + 3 ( k A c /L )  Tb + E g / hAs + k g As /t + 3 ( k A c /L ) 
Substituting numerical values, with the gap condition
Tc = 47.0℃ (𝑘g,a = 0.0263W/mK) and Tc = 39.9℃ (𝑘g,p = 0.12W/mK) <
As expected, the effect of the conductive paste is to improve the coupling between the circuit board and
the case. Hence, Tc decreases.

COMMENTS: Additional benefits may be derived by increasing heat transfer across the gap separating
the case from the board, perhaps by inserting a highly conductive material in the gap.
 HW01-5
KNOWN: Hot water pipe covered with thick layer of insulation.
FIND: Sketch temperature distribution and give brief explanation to justify shape. (4pt)
SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional (radial) conduction, (3) No internal
heat generation, (4) Insulation has uniform properties independent of temperature and position.
ANALYSIS: Fourier’s law, Eq. 2.1, for this one-dimensional (cylindrical) radial system has the form
d𝑇 d𝑇
𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘Ar = −𝑘(2𝜋𝑟𝑙)
d𝑟 d𝑟
where l is the axial length of the pipe-insulation system. Recognize that for steady-state conditions with no
internal heat generation, an energy balance on the system requires 𝐸̇in = 𝐸̇out since 𝐸̇g = 𝐸̇st = 0. Hence
qr is constant. Also, k is constant, thus,
d𝑇 d𝑇
1) qualitatively, 𝐴r = constant, Ar increase with r, so must decrease with r. As r increases, temperature
d𝑟 d𝑟
decrease, and temperature gradient also decreases, i.e. T - r gets flatter and
2) We can also solve the exact form of temperature distribution:
d𝑇
𝑟 = constant
d𝑟
which solves to be
𝑇 = 𝐶1 log (𝑟) + 𝐶2
C1, C2 are constants and depend on the boundary condition.
COMMENTS: (1) Note that, while qr is a constant and independent of r, qr" is not a constant. How does
qr" vary with r? (2) Recognize that the radial temperature gradient, dT/dr, decreases with increasing radius.
 HW01-6
KNOWN: Steady-state temperature distribution in a one-dimensional wall is T(x) = Ax2 + Bx + C,
thermal conductivity, thickness.
FIND: Expressions for the heat fluxes at the two wall faces (x = 0,L) and the heat generation rate in the
wall per unit area. (4 pt)
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional heat flow, (3) Homogeneous
medium.
ANALYSIS:
The heat fluxes at the wall faces can be evaluated from Fourier’s law,

dT
qx = −k = −k  2Ax + B
dx
using the expression for the temperature gradient derived above. Hence, the heat fluxes are:
Surface x=0:

qx ( 0 ) = − kB <
Surface x=L:

qx ( L ) = −k  2AL +B. <

To get the heat generation rate per unit area:
The appropriate form of the heat diffusion equation for these conditions is

d 2T q d 2T
+ =0 or q = -k .
dx2 k dx2
Hence, the generation rate is

d  dT  d
q=-k   = −k  2Ax + B + 0 ; q=-k  2A 
dx  dx  dx
L L
Eg =  q ( x )dx=  -k  2A dx=-k  2AL  <
0 0
Alternatively, derive from the energy balance equation (per unit area):

Ein − Eout + Eg = 0

qx ( 0 ) − qx ( L ) + Eg = ( −kB ) − ( −k )  2AL + B + Eg = 0
Eg = −2AkL.
Giving the same result.