PLANT REPRODUCTION

A. Asexual Reproduction

a) Natural – Vegetative propagation using vegetative propagules such as

metamorphosed organs.

Ex.

b) Artificial – cuttings
-- layering (marcotting)
-- grafting
-- tissue culture

Ex.

Cuttings

Air-layering (Marcotting)
 Grafting

Tissue culture

B. Sexual Reproduction

- plants have diplo-haplontic life cycles, which means, there is an

alternating diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gamerophyte)
generations. These generations are heteromorphic (different
structures).

1. FLOWER
PARTS: a) essential/ fertile parts
-CARPEL or PISTIL (megasporophyll)- stigma, style,
ovary and ovule: GYNOECIUM
-STAMEN (microsporophyll)- anther and filament:
ANDROECIUM

b) non-essential/ sterile parts

-PETALS – corolla
-SEPALS – calyx
-perianth- collective term for corolla and calyx.

*all floral parts are attached to the receptacle and held by the
peduncle.
 2. VARIATIONS IN FLORAL STRUCTURE

a) presence or absence of floral parts

COMPLETE FLOWER- when the stamen, pistil, petals and sepals
are present within the flower
INCOMPLETE FLOWER- when any of the four floral parts is
missing

Complete Incomplete

What’s missing in the incomplete flower?_________________

b) presence or absence of reproductive structures
PERFECT FLOWER- 1 flower: present both stamen and pistil
(bisexual)
IMPERFECT FLOWER- either stamen or pistil is missing in a
flower (unisexual): STAMINATE (with stamen only) or
PISTILLATE (with pistil only)
MONOECIOUS- both male and female flowers in one
plant (“live-in”)
DIOECIOUS- the male and female flowers are housed in
different plants (“separated”)

Monoecious incomplete flower

Dioecious incomplete flower

c) similarity in shape and distance of floral parts
REGULAR FLOWER- all parts are similar in shape and distance
from the receptacle
IRREGULAR FLOWER- parts are different in shape and distance

Regular Irregular

d) symmetry
ACTINOMORPHIC – radially symmetrical
ZYGOMORPHIC – bilaterally symmetrical

Zygomorphic Actinomorphic

e) attachment of petals
APOPETALOUS – each petal is attached at its base to the
receptacle
GAMOPETALOUS – petals are fused at their bases, forming a
corolla tube

Apopetalous Gamopetalous
f) arrangement of floral parts
WHORLED FLOWER- all floral parts in whorls or circles the axis
(receptacle)
SPIRAL FLOWER- all floral parts in spiral or helical arrangement

spiral flower

g) position of floral parts with respect to the ovary

HYPOGYNOUS- floral parts below the ovary
EPIGYNOUS- floral parts above the ovary
PEIGYNOUS- half- superior, half-inferior

h) position of ovary with respect to other floral parts

SUPERIOR OVARY- hypogynous flower
INFERIOR OVARY- epigynous flower
 3) ANTHER

a-epidermis; b-tapetum; c-spore mother cell; d-pollen

 4) OVARY

Types of placentation:

Lilium ovary
5) OVULE

A- Chalaza

B- Nucellus

C- Integuments

D- Antipodals

E- Polar nuclei

F- Egg

G- Synergids
6) TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE

Spike – sessile florets (no pedicel)

Catkin – inverted spike
Spadix – spike and spathe
Raceme – pedicellate
Panicle – branched florets
Cyme – odd nos., terminal flowers bloom first
Corymb- flat top, matginal flowers bloom first
Umbel – pedicels, equal in length; one point of origin
Head or capitulum- 2 types of florets: ray and tube flowers