88 3 Elements 3.

3 Paths and Roads 89

Application Roadway width, main arterial road Roadway width, connecting road Configuration Height Function Areas of application

Single-lane carriageway / one-way street High curb 10–14 cm (maximum Separation of roadway/walkway Non built-up main arterial roads, built-up
20 cm) (roadside bikeway) four- and multilane main arterial roads
Typical case (with cyclists using the roadway) 4.25 m (where available space is limited: 3 m) 3.5 m (where available space is limited: 3 m)*
8–12 cm Division of roadway or parking lane from Two-lane main arterial roads, connecting
Bicycle traffic on roadway in opposed Not applicable 3.5 m (3 m with sufficient turnout walkway (roadside bikeway) roads
direction opportunities)
Half-height curb 4–8 cm Division of roadway from walkway (roadside Two-lane main arterial roads, connecting
Roadway with advisory bike lane 3.75 m (2.25–1.5 m) with minor truck traffic Does not generally occur bikeway) or roadway from parking lane roads

Two-lane roadway Low curb 0–4 cm Division of roadway from walkway (roadside Two-lane main arterial roads with low
bikeway) or from parking lane traffic volumes, connecting roads, de-
pressed curb at crossing points for pedes-
Typical case 6.5 m ** 4.5–5.5 m Table 3.3.14 Areas of application trians, wheelchair users (≤ 3 cm), cyclists*
of varied curb heights
With public transit bus service 6.5 m ** 6.5 m * For cyclists, a flush curb represents the optimal alternative; deviations are only permitted in exceptional cases. Along segregated bikeways, a flush curb shall always
be provided.

Limited public transit bus service and 6m 6m

minor use requirements***

Low frequency of encounters with 5.5 m (at reduced speed) − User group Type of edging
truck traffic
< 3 cm curb height Ramp (across entire ≥ 3 cm curb height Precast flush transitional curb Narrow ramp with Narrow ramp with
High frequency of encounters with bus and 7m − (across entire width of width of crossing) (across entire width unit (“Rollbord”) + 6 cm curb central crossing (with central crossing (ramp
truck traffic crossing) of crossing) height (segregated crossing) lateral transitional perpendicular to curb)
curbs)
With advisory bike lanes for cyclists 7.5 m with 1.5 m advisory bike lanes on both
sides Suitable for
7.5 m with 1.25 m advisory bike lanes on both pedestrians
sides in confined conditions****

Two-lane carriageway Roadway width

Conditionally
Typical case 6.5 m suitable for
pedestrians
Low frequency of bus or truck traffic 6 m (with limited available space: 5.5 m)

Bus or truck traffic dominates 7 m (only in cases where continuous side-by-side travel should be ensured) Suitable for
wheelchair users
Local residential streets and alleys

Local residential street 4.75 m (delivery vehicles permitted) Conditionally

Table 3.3.13 Dimensions for (Separation principle) suitable for
one- and two-lane roadways as wheelchair users
well as divided carriageways, Local residential alley 3 m (delivery vehicles and parking in adjacent areas permitted)
local residential streets and local (Mixed principle)
residential alleys, as per RASt 06 Suitable for per-
* Requirements stemming from winter maintenance shall be checked individually ** With this dimension, obligatory mandatory cycling facilities are ordinarily to sons with im-
be provided *** For example, solely provides access **** Not adjacent to frequently used parking lanes paired mobility

Conditionally
suitable for per-
sons with im-
paired mobility

Curbs and Edging Suitable for blind

and visually im-
Within municipal limits, the separation between roadway
paired persons
and side paths is usually made by a clearly recognizable curb,
which can take the form of a high, half-height, or low curb.
In accordance with the RASt 06 guidelines for urban road Not suitable for
design, each of these configurations have different appli- blind and visually
cations according to the particular road use. ➞ Table 3.3.15 impaired persons
To ensure accessibility, curbs are lowered accordingly
in the vicinity of driveways and bicycle crossings. At bike-
ways and for wheelchair users, a curb that drops down to Ensures safety
the road level is desirable. For barrier-free accessibility
in the interests of an environment designed to also be ex-
perienced through touch, a curb height of 6 cm is consid-
Abb. 3.3.20 Sidewalk with
wheelchair-accessible curb ramp ered optimal because it is indisputably tactile for visually Accessible in
from 3 to 0 cm, information sur- impaired and blind persons using canes. Curb heights of terms of “Design
face, and direction field at a less than 3 cm should be safeguarded with a tactile warn- for all”
shared crossing point for wheel-
chair users as well as blind and ing surface to assist blind and visually impaired persons.
visually impaired persons (➞ Figures 3.3.7 and 3.3.8)
Table 3.3.15 Suitability criteria of edging for various types of users
of sidewalks – the variant with a separate crossing using a flush
transitional curb unit (“Rollbord”) next to a 6 cm high curb represents
the optimal crossing solution in terms of “design for all”

190 3 Elements 3.10 Woody Plants 191

Free-Growing Hedges Trimmed Hedges

Solitary trees Trees in rows Solitary trees Trees in rows Free-growing hedges provide decorative or functional en- Trimmed hedges are given shape through regular and re-
closure of a property or they structure an open space as peated pruning, so the plants which are used must be ac-
30 30 linear elements. They can be planted as flowering hedges, cordingly tolerant of pruning. They are more laborious to
Acer platanoides Acer pseudoplatanus
25 25 evergreen hedges, as mixed plantings, or as homogeneous care for than free-growing hedges.
20 20 hedgerows. Depending on the species selected, they also Since the growth in many woody plants is strongest at
offer sources of nourishment and nesting opportunities for the top, the lower part can quickly grow bare. A tapered
15 15
various birds, bees, and other animals. Since these hedges cut that gets narrower toward the top is therefore recom-
10 10
only receive occasional maintenance pruning, their growth mended. With evergreen woody plants, the edges can be
5 5 is more consistent with natural conditions, generally mak- trimmed more vertically than with deciduous woody plants.
ing their space requirements relatively large. A zone 2 m Due to the trimming, which is done one to two times
25 50 75 100 years 50 years 25 50 75 100 years 50 years
wide plus swaths for future growth on both sides (1 m each) each year, most woody plants do not bloom or do so only
should be planned as a minimum. ➞ Figure 3.10.12 However, to a limited degree. Some varieties, such as Buxus semper-
30 30 small species that are less than 1 m wide without prun- virens ‘BlauerHeinz,’ only grow to be 0.4 m high and wide.
Aesculus hippocastanum Carpinus betulus ing can also be used. But these species will not grow any These woody plants are well suited for low borders, and
25 25
taller than 0.5–1 m. pruning back is not required.
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5

25 50 75 100 years 50 years 25 50 75 100 years 50 years

30 30
Corylus colurna Crataegus laevigata
25 25

1.0 m
Swath for future growth
20 20
15 15
10 10 C S S M S D S C S D S S C S D S

2.0 m
5 5
S D S C S C S M S S M S D S C S
25 50 75 100 years 50 years 25 50 75 100 years 50 years 1.0 m

Figure 3.10.10 Typical development of various tree species from Swath for future growth
juvenile to mature form as solitary trees and in rows

Trees and shrubs planted in two rows on a 1 × 1 m grid, with underplanting

Tree layer D Dominant

M Mantle shrubs
C Companion trees and shrubs
S Perennials, herbs, and secondary woody plants
1.0 m

Swath for future growth

Shrub layer
S S S M S C S S S C S M S S S C
Field

S D S S S C M S D S S C S D S S
Capping
4.0 m

Sod Crown
up to 1.5 m

C S S S D S S S S C S S D S S S
Herb layer
Core

S S M S S S M S C S M S S S S M
Border Mantle zone Core zone
1.0–1.5 m
1.0 m

Field hedge 2.5–3.0 m “Steinriegel” hedge Swath for future growth

Difficulties in tending to the plants in places where (Typical in many regions of southern Germany)
there are changes in topography allow development Found especially in the vicinity of large river valleys /
Hedgebank without/with trench Trees and shrubs planted in four rows on a 1 × 1 m grid, with underplanting
of a double woodland margin where fieldstones are prevalent
(Typical in many regions of northern Germany)
Woody plants are (traditionally) cut back to the trunk every
7–10 years; Berm form restricts spread of the root system

Figure 3.10.11 Various types of seminatural hedges Figure 3.10.12 Planting scheme for free-growing hedges

Zimmermann / Planning Landscape  978-3-0346-0760-5  January 2015

www.birkhauser.com
 216 3 Elements 3.11 Vegetated Roofing 217

≥ 75 cm
0.50 m 0.50 m 0.50 m 30 cm 20 cm

≥10 cm
Gravel

Leaf catch
Vegetated area basket

Paving slab Clearance strip along roof edge Vegetation-free zone around a roof drain
Gravel strip

approx. 100 cm
20 cm 50 cm 10 cm
0.25 m

0.50 m 0.50 m 0.50 m 1.00 m 3.00 m

≥ 15 cm
Leaf catch
basket

Protective strip along a masonry wall Roof drain

≤ 40 m
≤ 40 m

Firewall >1 m >1 m

≥ 0.3 m

≥ 0.3 m
DIN 4102-A
Gravel Concrete paver

Figure 3.11.3 Measures for

Fire compartment wall extending above roof as per DIN 4102-A or bands of gravel or concrete pavers at a spacing of ≤ 40 m
securing corner areas

45.0°

≥ 50 cm
> 30° Planting only in exceptional cases

≥ 80 cm

< 80 cm
≥ 50 cm ≥ 50 cm

> 20° Installation of supplemental shear barriers

> 15° Installation of erosion-control fabric

> 10° Root-resistant waterproofing/sturdy

eaves profile

Bands of gravel or concrete pavers surrounding roof openings Bands of gravel or concrete pavers in front of walls with window sill
(e.g. domed skylights) height < 80 cm.
Figure 3.11.4 Safeguards needed
as roof slope increases
Figure 3.11.5 Minimum clearances to vertical building components and edge conditions

236 4 Typologies 4.1 Gardens 237

Spatial Configuration of Allotment significantly improve the microclimatic conditions, have a

Garden Sites positive effect on the water balance, provide habitats for
flora and fauna, and contribute to a healthy air exchange
Allotment gardens and community gardens are primarily and to linking habitats.
reserved for noncommercial horticultural use and for rec- The following communal facilities should be provided
reation. Accordingly, many laws and regulations governing for an allotment garden site:
allotment gardens limit other uses, the degree of imper- • Circulation paths
Fruit and meable surfaces, etc. • Clubhouse
vegetable patches Shared greenery
Allotment gardens are always part of a larger allotment • Waste container area
(Fruit-) Hedge Perennial flowers / rose beds (Berry) Bushes Access path
garden site with collective infrastructure and shared open • Storage shed and/or yard
spaces and possibly a clubhouse. A publicly accessible • Bicycle parking
route through the site is not always available, but should • Automobile parking, capacity dependent on the site’s
be provided. Especially with larger sites, doing so averts accessibility via public transport
Common
room the creation of a barrier and better integrates the allotment • Play area for children (if needed)
gardens into their surroundings. • Boundary planting (if needed)
Allotment gardens fulfill important social, climatic, and • Public route through the site / small green corridor
Summer
house ecological functions. In inner­city locations, they serve to
Tool Terrace
stor-
age

Shrubs Tall-stemmed (fruit) tree

Compost Fruit spindle tree

Access path Shared greenery Perennial flowers / rose beds Flowering shrubs
(Fruit-bearing) Hedge Perennial flowers / rose beds Fruit and vegetable patches

Common
room
Perennial flowers /

Summer
rose beds

house
Grass
Tool Terrace
stor-
age

Summer house located in a central position Summer house located in a northeast position

Perennial flowers / Fruit and Compost Fruit spindle tree

rose beds vegetable patches
(Fruit-bearing) Hedge Tall-stemmed (fruit) tree
Tool storage
N

Optimal location for

outdoor seating areas
Entrance
Figure 4.1.1 Exemplary layouts
of allotment garden plots with
summer houses (max. 24 m² floor Figure 4.1.2 Location of summer Afternoon/evening sun
area) house and outdoor seating on the
plot

Zimmermann / Planning Landscape  978-3-0346-0760-5  January 2015

www.birkhauser.com