MADE BY-

SONAL RANI
ID NO.- 017/15
BSc(Ag.) IV semester
RLBCAU

Submitted to- Dr. RP Maurya

Course instructor
ABOUT
 Botanical name- Capsicum annum L.
 Family- Solanaceae
 Chromosome no.- 2n=24
 Native – tropical America
 Climate- mostly Tropical region
 Chillies are also called as pungent pepper grown all over the world
except in colder climates.
 Bell peppers are constituents of many foods.

‐ add flavour,
‐ colour
‐ Vitamin A & C
‐ Pungency.
• Pungency is due to presence of ‘Capsaicin’.
DISTRIBUTION  Asia:- India, China, Indonesia,
Korea, Pakistan, Turkey and Sri
Lanka
 Africa:- Nigeria, Ghana, Tunisia,
and Egypt
 North-Central America:- Mexico,
USA
 Europe:- Yugoslavia, Spain,
Romania, Bulgaria, Italy and
Hungary
 South-America:- Argentina and
Peru
 In India- distribution of chilli in
India is mainly in Andhra
Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Punjab,
 Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and
Tamil Nadu.
MAJOR CULTIVATED SPP.

There are 5 major cultivated species of chilli

which are listed below:
 Capsicum annuum

 C. frutescens

 C. chinense

 C. pendulum

 C. pubescens
BREEDING OBJECTIVES
• Earliness
• Desirable fruit shape and size (obovate and round fruit
in bell pepper and long fruits in chilli)
• Superior fruit quality (pleasing flavour, high sugar /
acid ratio, high pigment content and vitamin C in bell
pepper and high capsaicin.
• Resistance is to diseases (fruit rot, Cercospora leaf
spot, powdery mildew, bacterial leaf spot, phytophthra
root rot, root knot, common TMV
• Resistance to insects (thrips, mite, aphid, fruit borer)
• Resistance or tolerance to abiotic stress (heat, water
stress, salinity etc).
 FLORAL
BIOLOGY
Leaves- simple, reticulate venation
Flower- bisexual, Actinomophic

Calyx- Sepals five, united,

Aestivation – Valvate

Androecium-Stamens five,
Epipetalous
Gynoecium- bicarpellary,
syncarpous, ovary superior
Fruit type- Berry or capsule

Seed- many, endospermous.

ANTHESIS, DEHISCENCE & VIABILITY
Time of anthesis and dehiscence: Time of flower opening
(anthesis) and bursting of anthers (dehiscence) were
recorded on 7:15 am to 11:15 am. But peak time is 7:15
am. Dehiscence is seen after 30 minutes of anthesis.
Pollen viability: Freshly opened flowers (before
dehiscence) of each genotype were collected and glass
slides were prepared from dehisced pollen by staining
with freshly prepared 0.2% 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium
chloride (TTC) solution.
 Slides were then placed in dark for half an hour at room
temperature and viability of pollen was observed under
compound microscope.
STIGMA RECEPTIVITY

 stigma is receptive from the day of

Anthesis and remain receptive up to 2
days after Anthesis.
 Fruit set is maximum on the day of
Anthesis about 80% and the pollen
fertility is around 96%.
BREEDING METHODS
 Introduction-
 Introduction of plants is the earliest of the
methods followed inplant breeding.
Established plants of one area are taken to the
newer area for the use of mankind. Quarantine
has to play important role in introduction to
ensure that the material which is to
beintroduced should not carry diseases or pests
with it.
 Ex: Yolo wonder, California Wonder, Chinese
Giant, World Beater
 Pureline selection- Pure line selection is a method in
which new variety is developed by selection of single best
plant progeny among traditional varieties or land races.
Ex: Arka Mohini from Titah(USA)
Arka Gaurav from Golden California Wonder (USA)
Arka Basant from Sonoksri(Hungary)
Other varieties are G1, G2, G3, G4, NP-46A, K-1, CO-
1, Muslawadi, Sankeshwar-32, Malkapuri, Sindhur, Seema,
Mirapa,Patna Red.
 Back crossing-
 Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of
its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, in
order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is
closer to that of the parent.
 Ex- IIHR Bangalore to incorporate resistant to powdery
mildew from L. baccatum var. pendulum .
 Heterosis-
 Heterosis, hybrid vigor, or outbreeding
enhancement, is the improved or increased
function of any biological quality in a hybrid
offspring.
 F1 hybrids are popular is USA and Europe
and gaining popularity in India after the
initiation. The first hybrid in India was Bharat
developed by Indo‐American hybrid seed
company,
Banglore (1973) followed by several
companies.
 Mutation breeding-
 sometimes referred to as "variation breeding", is the
process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in
order to generate mutants with desirable traits (or
lacking undesirable ones) to be bred with other
cultivars. Found to be effective and efficient breeding
tool in pepper.
 Ex: MDU-1 has been developed by treating the seed
of K-1 by gamma radiation in TNAU in 1977.

Breeding for disease and pest resistance-

 Tolerant to thrips- Chamatkar, NP-46A, Caleapin Red.
 Tolerant to mites- Kalyanpur Red, Goli Kalyanpur,
Punjab Lal
 Tolerant to Aphids- Kalyanpur Red, LEC-28, LEC-30,
LEC-32.
VARIETIES OF CHILLI
IMPROVEMENT WORKS

 • Breeding work on chillies was commenced at the

Agriculture

 Station, Lam, Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh in

1928.

 • An improved variety ‘G‐1’ was released in 1933.

 • All India Coordinated Vegetable Improvement

Project was initiated under ICAR during 1970‐71.
HARVESTING

1. Time of chilli harvesting depends upon the purpose and is done by picking the
fruits.

2. Picking of green chillies starts from 90 days after transplanting.

3. Only green coloured fully developed chillies are picked at 10 days interval.

4. Fresh chillies are packed and sent to market immediately.

5. Picking continues up to three months.

6. Picking of red chillies starts 105 days after transplanting.

7. It is done at 10 to 15 days interval for 3 to 4 times in case of rainfed crop and

for 5 to 6 times in irrigated crop.

8. The fruits are picked along with stalk.

YIELD

1. Average yield green chillies – 80 to 100

qt/ha.
2. Average yield of dry red chillies –
i) Rainfed – 5 to 6 qt/ha.
ii) Irrigated – 15 to 20 qt/ha.
3. The recovery of dry chillies is 25 to 30% of
the fresh weight