d/2

300

d/2

4.) Maximum design moment:

Pu = 479.6 kN
1.09 m

0.3
0.3 2m
qu

625 625

Vu = 479.6 – 119.9(0.625)2 = 432.76 kN Critical section

for beam shear
Vu 432760
υp = ∅ b d = (0.75)(625)(4 )(325) = 0.71 MPa
o
M = 119.9(2)(1.09)(1.09/2)
20.7
υp = 0.71 MPa < √ = 1.52 MPa (safe) M = 142.45 kN-m
3

3.) Ultimate beam shear stress at the 2m

critical section:
0.85 m
0.91m 0.09 1m 0.3
0.3

0.3
0.3 2m
Critical section
for beam shear

Critical section d=0.325 0.765 M = 119.9(2)(0.85)(0.85/2)

for beam shear
M = 86.12 kN-m
Vu = 119.9(0.765)(2) = 183.447 kN
Vu 183447
υp = = (0.75)(2000)(325) = 0.38 MPa Mmax = 142.45 kN-m
∅ bd

20.7
υp = 0.38 MPa < √ = 0.76 MPa (safe)
6
Page | 1
 P2 = 286 + 224 = 510 kN
∑MF2 = 0
326(6.8) = R1(6)
R1 = 369.47 kN
R1
Area = q
net
A warehouse is located on the property
line of building site. The structural 369.47
2(W) = 100
designer decide to design a strap footing to
support the exterior column load. W = 1.85 m
Allowable net soil pressure 100 kPa. fc’ =
20.7 MPa, fy 414 MPa. Neglecting the 2.) Dimension of footing 2.
weight of footings, strap floor slab,
∑Fv = 0
determine the following:
R1 + R2 = 326 + 510
2m B R2 = 326 + 510 – 369.47
400 400
R2 = 466.53 kN
W 400 0.8 0.6 400 B
R2
F1 F2
Area = q
net
0.2 6.80 m
466.53
DL=200 kN DL=286 kN B2 = 100
LL=126 kN LL=224 kN
B2 = 4.67 m2

0.40 B = 2.16 m
0.48 m

1m 1m
B Use 2.16 m x 2.16 m
0.2 0.8 6m 3.) Factored shear and moment for
R2
R1 strap beam.
1.) Width of footing 1.
Pu1 = 1.2(200) +1.6(126)
2.) Dimension of footing 2.
Pu1 = 441.6 kN
3.) Factored shear and moment design for
Pu2 = 1.2(286) +1.6(224)
strap beam.
Pu2 = 701.6 kN
Solution:
∑MF2 = 0
1.) Width of footing 1.
441.6(6.8) = R1(6)
P1 = 200 + 126 = 326 kN
R1 = 500.48 kN
Page | 2
∑Fv = 0 VE = 320.733 + 297.56(0.4) – 701.6 =
- 261.843 kN
R1 + R2 = 441.6 + 701.6
VF = - 261.843 + 297.56(0.88) = 0
R2 = 441.6 + 701.6 – 500.48
R2 = 642.72 kN
Location of max. moment occurs at point O,
Uniform pressure per m on footing 1: where shear is zero. (cutting method at O)
500.48
q1 = 2
= 250.24 kN/m 250.24(y) – 441.6 = 0

Uniform pressure per m on footing 2: y = 1.76 m.

642.72 1
q2 = 2.16 = 297.56 kN/m Max. M = 2 (-341.504)(1.76)

Max. M = - 300.52 kN-m

Pu1 = 441.6 kN Pu2 = 701.6 kN Factored shear for strap beam:
Vu = 58.88 kN

0.48 m
Factored moment for strap beam:
Mu = -293.46 kN-m
250.24 kN/m 297.56 kN/m
0.4 1.6 3.92 m 0.88 0.4 0.88

320.733
58.88
y = 1.76 O 58.88

0.24
-261.843
-341.504

139.66
104.38 116.10

-68.30 -62.65
-293.46
-300.52

VA = 250.24(0.4) – 441.6 = - 341.504 kN

VB = - 341.504 + 250.24(1.6) = 58.88 kN
VC = 58.88 kN
VD = 58.88 + 297.56(0.88) = 320.733 kN

Page | 3
 2.) Required footing thickness for
punching shear stress at ultimate loads.
y
2.8 m

0.4 m
FOOTING SUPPORTED BY PILES
WITHOUT BENDING MOMENT
0.8 m
A 300 mm x 300 mm column is supported x 2.4 m 300+d
as shown. 0.8 m

Dimensions are as follows: 0.4 m

a = 0.4 m, b = 1.6 m, c = 1 m, d = 0.4 m
0.4 m 1m 1m 0.4 m
The column carries the following service 400+d
loads:
Pu = 1128 kN
DL = 500 kN, LL = 330 kN, fc’ = 20.7 MPa, fy
= 415 MPa
Allowable stresses at ultimate loads:
For beam shear = 0.76 MPa
300+d 300+d
For punching shear = 1.52 MPa
Minimum concrete cover to the centroid of R=125.33 kN
reinforcement = 0.25 m.
Vu = 1128-125.33
1.) Calculate the required footing thickness
for the critical beam shear stress at Vu = 1002.67 kN
ultimate loads. Vu
υ = ∅b d
o
2.) Calculate the required footing thickness
for punching shear stress at ultimate loads. 1002670
1.52 = (0.75)(300+ d)( 4)(d )
3.) Calculate the number of 20 mm ∅ bars
required for the maximum moment about d2 + 300d – 219883.7719 = 0
x-axis using the effective depth of footing.
d = 342.32 mm
Total depth = 342.32 + 250
a
Total depth = 592.32 mm say 600 mm
b/2 t = 0.6 m

b/2

a
Page | 4

d c c d
3.) Number of 20 mm ∅ bars required
for the max. moment about the x-axis
using the

FOOTING SUPPORTED BY PILES WITH

BENDING MOMENT
A square footing as shown is supported by
9 piles spaced at 0.70 m. center to center. It
carries an ultimate axial load of 1020 kN
and an ultimate moment of 52 kN-m.
Effective depth of footing is 400 mm. fc’ =
20.7 MPa, fy = 400 MPa. Neglecting weight

Page | 5
of footing. Size of column is 400 mm x 400 P u Mc 1020 (52)(0.8)
fmin = - I = 9 -
mm. A 3.84

fmin = 102.5 kN/pile

2.2 m
3.) Number of 18 mm ∅ bars needed.
Pu
Mu

0.4
x = 0.8 - 2 = 0.6 m
d = 400 mm
Design moment:
Mu = 3R(0.6) = 3(124.17)(0.6)
Mu = 223.51 kN-m
1.) Determine the maximum net pile loads.
Reinforcement index:
2.) Determine the minimum net pile loads.
Mu = ∅ fc’ b d2 w (1 – 0.59w)
3.) Determine the number of 18 mm ∅ bars
223.51x106 = (0.9)(20.7)(2200)(400)2
needed.
w(1-0.59w)
Solution:
w (1-0.59w) = 0.034083
1.) Maximum net pile loads.
0.59w – w + 0.034083 = 0
P Mc
fmax = u + I w = 0.034797
A
wfc ' (0.034797)(20.7)
Assume area of one pile = 1 m2 ⍴ = fy = = 0.001801
400
A9 piles = 1m2(9) = 9 m2 1.4 1.4
⍴min = fy = 400 = 0.0035
Equivalent moment of inertia of piles
about the centroid of footing: Use ⍴min = 0.0035
∑Ad2 = I = (1)(0.8)2(3) + (1)(0.8)2(3) As = ⍴ b d = 0.0035(2200)(400)
I = 3.84 m4 As = 3080 mm2
c = 0.8 m (from the center of footing to No. of 18 mm ∅ bars required:
center of a pile)
π
(18)2N = 3080
M = 52 kN-m 4

1020 (52)(0.8) N = 12.10 say 13 bars

fmax = 9 + = 124.17 kN/pile
3.84
Use 13-18 mm ∅ bars
2.) Minimum net pile loads.

Page | 6
STRAP FOUNDATION ON PILES
Two interior columns individually on pile
caps that are interconnected by a grade
beam as shown. Distance from centreline
to centreline of columns is 5 m. Location of
pile cap B is due to mislocated piles. Pile
cap B is designed by assuming that the
loads are equally distributed to each pile
within the pile cap.
Dimension of column = 400 mm x 400 mm
Capacity of piles = 1000 Kn
Effective depth of pile cap = 1000 mm
fc’ = 34.6 MPa, fy = 414 MPa

0.3 0.450.450.3
2m 0.4

1.1f
2m 3m
1.1

0.2 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.4

1.5 m
Pu1 = 4160 kN Pu2 = 5020 kN
Page | 7
 400+d

0.2m 0.2
5m

Pu
R1 4.55 m R2
Pile cap A Pile cap B

1.) Find the ultimate punching shear stress

at pile cap A.
1000
2.) Find the ultimate beam shear stress at
pile cap A.
3.) Find the max. design moment for pile 1400 1400
cap B.

Vu = Reaction due to 4 piles

Vu = 4(732.704) = 2930.816 kN
Solution: Vu 2930816
υp = ∅ b d = (0.75)(1400)(4 )(1000) = 0.70 MPa
o
1.) Ultimate punching shear stress at
pile cap A. 34.6
υp = 0.70 MPa < √ = 1.96 MPa (safe)
3
∑MA = 0
2.) Ultimate beam shear at pile cap A.
R2(4.55) = 5020(5)
0.2
R2 = 5516.48 kN
R1 + R2 = 4160 + 5020
R1 = 4160 + 5020 – 5516.48
0.4 2m
R1 = 3663.52 kN
0.4
3663.52
Ultimate load on each pile = 5

= 732.704 kN < 1000 kN 0.2m 0.8m 0.8 0.2m

2m Vu = (2)(732.704) = 1465.408 kN
Vu 1465408
υp = = (0.75)(2000)(1000) = 0.98 MPa
∅ bd

34.6
400+d 2m υp = 0.98 MPa ≈ √ = 0.98 MPa (safe)
6

Page | 8
3.) Max. design moment for pile cap B.

0.7

0.4

1.1
0.4

3.0 0.4

1.1

0.4

0.3 0.9 0.3

M = 3P(0.7) RETAINING WALL SUPPORTING SOIL

PRESSURE
6P = R2
Given a retaining wall as shown in the
5516.48
P= 6
= 919.41 kN figure.
0.2 m
M = 3(919.41)(0.7)
M = 1930.76 kN-m
5.4
6m

1.8 m
0.6
0.5 m 0.7 m
3m

fc’ = 24 MPa,
fy = 414 MPa,
Soil unit weight = 18.2 kN/m3,
Concrete unit weight = 23.544 kN/m3,
Active earth pressure coefficient = 1/3

Page | 9
The required strength of the wall, 1
W3 = 2 (23.544)(5.4)(0.3) = 19.071 kN
U = 0.7 D + 1.7 E
where D is dead load and E is earth W4 = (23.544)(0.6)(3) = 42.379 kN
pressure. Consider per meter strip of wall
along its length. Ry = W 1 + W 2 + W 3 + W 4
1.) Calculate the factor of safety against Ry = 176.904 + 25.428 + 19.071 + 42.379
sliding of the retaining wall. Consider
Ry = 263.782 kN
coefficient of friction at the base = 0.57.
Neglect passive earth pressure at the toe. 1 2
γ s C h2 (18.2)( )(6)
P= = 3 = 109.2 kN
2.) Calculate the maximum design moment 2 2
Mu, at the stem of the wall.
Factor of safety against sliding:
3.) Calculate the spacing of 20 mm ∅ bars
μ R y (0.57)(263.782)
required at the stem of the wall. Use 85 F.S. = = = 1.38
mm cover to the centroid of stem P 109.2
reinforcement. 2.) Max. design moment Mu, at the stem of
the wall.
1 2
γ s C h2 (18.2)( )(5.4)
P= = 3 = 88.45 kN/m
2 2
h 5.4
Solution: M = P ( 3 ) = 88.45 ( 3 ) = 159.21 kN-m
1.) The factor of safety against sliding of Mu = M (0.7 D + 1.7 E)
the retaining wall. Consider coefficient
of friction at the base = 0.57. Neglect Mu = 159.21(0.7(0) + 1.7(1))
passive earth pressure at the toe.
Mu = 270.66 kN-m
0.2 m
3.) Spacing of 20 mm ∅ bars main
vertical reinforcement of the stem. Use
W1 W2 85 mm cover to the centroid of stem
5.4
6m
reinforcement. Consider 1 m strip of
P W3
wall.
5.4/3 W4
=1.8m
Effective depth of stem:
0.6 0.3 m
1.8 m 0.5 m 0.7 m d = 500 – 85 = 415 mm
3m
Consider 1m strip of wall Reinforcement index:

Dead loads: Mu = ∅ fc’ b d2 w (1 – 0.59w)

W1 = (18.2)(5.4)(1.8) = 176.904 kN 270.66x106 = (0.9)(24)(1000)(415)2 w(1-

0.59w)
W2 = (23.544)(5.4)(0.2) = 25.428 kN
Page | 10
w (1-0.59w) = 0.07276
0.59w – w + 0.07276 = 0
w = 0.07618

wfc ' (0.07618)(24)

⍴ = fy = = 0.004416
414

1.4 1.4
⍴min = fy = 414 = 0.003382

Use ⍴ = 0.004416

As = ⍴ b d = 0.004416 (1000)(415)
As = 1832.64 mm2

Using 20 mm ∅ bars required:

1000
N = S (no. of bars)

π
(20)2N = 1832.64
4
π 2 1000
(20) ( ) = 1832.64
4 S

S = 171.42 mm say 150 mm

Use spacing 150 mm o.c.

Page | 11