+ Chemical Reactions 151 unit 8 CHEMICAL REACTIONS 5 Teaching Hours Syllabus: Types of Reactions - Combination, Decomposition, Displacement and Acid- Base reactions: Rate of chemical reactions. 8.1. INTRODUCTION There ‘are always continuous changes happening in our surroundings and inside our body. These changes are either physical or chemical. The changing of ice into water is the physical change. Burning of paper into ash is chemical change. Chemical change brings about a change in the basic properties as well as the molecular structure of matters. In chemical change the existing molecules of the matters reorganize themselves to form a new substance. The.chemical changes are expressed in chemical reactions. In this unit different types of chemical reactions, factors affecting the chemical reactions and chemical equations and their balancing will be discussed. 8.2. CHEMICAL REACTION ‘Any chemical change in substance whether combination, decomposition, displacement or reafrangement of the molecules of the substance which involves the transformation of matter into a new substance is termed a chemical reaction. The substances that undergo a chemical change are the reactants and as a result of the chemical change, the substances produced are called the products. a Alll chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations. The chemical reactions are represented by word equation and formula equation. The reactants are written on the left hand side and the products on the right hand side of the sign = (equal to) or > (artow). The arrow sign pointing towards the right side is placed between the reactants and products. This arrow indicates the direction of change, that is, the reactants on the left hand side combine to give the products written on the right hand side in the equation. - 8.3. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Matter undergoes various types of chemical changes. All these chemical changes can be grouped into four main types on the basis of their nature. 1) Combination or addition reaction 2) Decomposition or dissociation reaction 3) Displacement or replacement réaction a) Single displacement reaction b) Double displacement reaction 4) Acid base or neutralization reaction152 _New Science-An Introduction for Class -X 1) Combination Reaction _ The type of reaction where two or more than two reactant elements or compounds combine to form a single new product compound is called a combination reaction. A few examples of combination reactions are given below: a) —_ Two elements combine-te-form a compound : 7) Magnesium burns in air containing oxygen forming magnesium oxide. 2Mg (s) + O2(g) > 2Mg0 (8) ii) Iron when heated with sulphur forms iron sulphide. Fe (s) +S (s) —-> FeS (s) iii) Sodium combines with chlorine to form sodium chloride: 2Na (s) + Cl; (g) > 2NaCl (s) iv) At high temperature, high pressure and in the presence of catalyst, nitrogen combines with hydrogen to form ammonia. 450° C/500°C . Ne(@) + 3H (8) Eg. 2NH3 (e) +4 ¥) Hydrogen ‘and chlorine combine in the presence of sunlight to form hydrogen chloride. 3 . Hy (g) + Cly (g) —Snlistt_, arr (gy vi) Nitrogen combines with oxygen at high temperature forming nitric oxide. Np (8) + 02 (8) —* + 2NO (2) b) Two or more compounds combine to form a single new compouni ') Calcium oxide combines with water to form calcium hydroxide (Slaked lime). : CaO (s)+H;0 (2) > Ca (OH): (aq) ii) Ammonia and hydrogen chloride combine together to form ammonium chloride. — NH (g)+HCI(g) > NH4CI(s) °c) One element and one compound combine to give a new compound. i) . Oxygen combines with carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide, 2C0 (8) + Op (g) > 2C0;(g) ii) Oxygen combines with sulphar dioxide to form sulphur trioxide, 2802 () + 02 (g) > 280; (g) Some more examples of combination reactions are given below: 2K (8) + Ch (g) > 2KCl (s) 4Na (8) + Op (g) > 2Na,0 (s) 4Fe (s) + 02 (g) > 2Fe,0s (5) 2Al (8) + No (g) > 2AIN (8) 2) Decomposition Reaction The type of reaction in which the molecules of a react : tant compound break into molecules of two or .more different product compounds is called a decomposition reaction, TheChemical Reactions 153 decomposition reactions are brought about by heating, by passing electricity, with the help of light energy, pressure and catalyst. @) By using heat i) On heating, calcium carbonate decomposes to give calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. : CaCO; (s) —4-> CaO (s) + CO; (g) ii) Mercuric oxide on heating decomposes to give mercury and oxygen. 2Hg0 (s) —*> 2Hg (I) + O2(8) iii) Potassium chlorate when heated alone decomposes to give potassium chloride and ‘oxygen at high temperature, 2KCI0 (8) 4» 2KCI(s) + 302 (8) b) By electrolysis i) When electric current is passed through acidified water, it decomposes to produce hydrogen and oxygen. 2H,0 (1) PES 2H, (g) + 02 (@) ii) | When electric current is passed through molten sodium chloride, it decomposes to give sodium metal and chlorine gas. 2NaCl (s) —HEAHW _, aN (5) + Ch (B) SINC) eee ON OEE ©) By catalyst Potassium chlorate decomposes At low temperature of about 240° C into potassium chloride and oxygen when manganese dioxide is added. 2KCIOs (s) SA 2KCI(s) + O2 (8) Manganese dioxide acts as a catalyst. Similarly hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen in the presence of catalyst. : 2420, (aq) MP2 24,0 (1) + 028) d) Light —_.—?Sao i Light decomposes silver bromide into silver and bromine: ~ 2AgBr (s) —H8H y 2Ag (s) + Brs(g) ii) Ultraviolet rays convert oxygen present 20 kth above the earth's crust into ozone, 302 (@) + 205 (8) 3) Displacement Reaction . The type of reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms (radical) present in a molecule of the reactant compound is displaced by another reactant atom or a ‘group of atoms (radical) forming a new product compounds is called displacement reaction. Displacement reaction is of two types: ? i) Single displacement and ii) Double displacement ¥) Single displacement: The reaction in which an element or a radical of a compound is displaced by another element, a) Displacement of less active element from a compound by an active metal154 New Science-An Introduction for Class - X i) When a piece of iron is added to a solution of copper (II) sulphate, iron displaces copper from copper sulphate. Fe (s) + CuSOq (aq) > FeSOg (aq) + Cu (s) : This displacement reaction occurs because iron-is more reactive that copper. ii) When a strip of copper is added to a solution of silver nitrate, silver is displaced by copper. A Shining deposit of silver is seen on the copper strip. Cu (s) + 2AgNO3 (aq) > Cu (NO3)p (aq) + 2Ag (8) Activity: Take some solution of copper sulphate in a beaker, add a few pieces of zinc and stir with a glass rod. ‘Qbservatign: The blue colour of the solution will gradually fade and the solution becomes colourless, and at the same time reddish brown particles of copper will settle down in the beaker. ~ Zn (s) + CuSOq (aq) —> ZnSOq (aq) + Cu (S) Copper metal has been displaced from copper sulphate by zine b) Displacement of less active non-metal from its compounds: More active halogen displaces less active halogen from the corresponding halide, For example, when chlorine gas is passed into the solution of potassium iodide, potassium chloride and iodine are produced. 2KI (aq) + Ch (g) > 2KCI (aq) + | iii) Displacement of hydrogen from acids by active metals. Active metals displace’ hydrogen from acids. For example, when a piece of calcium is added toa dilute solution of sulphuric acid, hydrogen gas is evolved and calcium sulphate is formed. Ca (s) + HS0q (aq) > CaSOq (aq) + Hp (2) Ee ee ii) Double displaéement reaction The type of reaction in which two reacting compounds exchange their corresponding part or a radical of the compound to form two new product compounds, is called double displacement. For example, when a solution of silver nitrate is added to a solution’of sodium chloride, a white precipitate of silver chloride is formed. AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) -> AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq) .4) Acid-base Reaction An acid and base react to form a salt and water. Such a reactioni is also called acid-base reaction. In this reaction, neutral_product compounds are formed, So such type of reaction is also called neutralization reaction. For example, When hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide react, sodium chloride and water are formed. : HCI (aq) + NaOH (aq) > NaCl (aq) + Hy () Some more examples of neutralization reactions are given below: H,S0, (aq) + CaO (8) > CaSO, (aq) + H,0 (!) HCI (aq) + CaO (s) -> CaCh (aq) + H30() H,SO, (aq) + FeO (s) > FeSO, (aq) + H,0 ()) HINO; (aq) + KOH (s) > KNOs (aq) + H,0 ()Chemical Reactions 155 8.4. | FACTORS AFFECTING CHEMICAL REACTIONS Chemical reactions occur at different rates. Some chemical reactions such as Tusting of iron occurs very slowly while some such. as release of hydrogen and formation of sodium hydroxide when sodium is placed in water is very fast. In practice some reactions need to be performed fast and some slow. Some reactions occur simply by contact while some reactions depend upon concentration of the reactants, temperature, pressure and the presence of a catalyst etc. Some of the factors which affect the rate of any chemical reaction are discussed: 1, _ Temperature: In general, the rate of a chemical reaction increases with a rise of temperature. perature increases the energy of the reactant molecules. We know that the kinetic energy of the molecules increases with increase in temperature. Increase in temperature also leads to increase in the rate of collisions between the molecules and therefore lead to an increase in reaction rate. 2, _Pressure: Certain chemical reactions occur when the reactants are subjected to high pressure. A mixture of potassium chloride and sulphur explodes when rubbed under high pressure or “struck with a hammer. Generally reaction between gases depend upon pressure, Increase in the pressure favours their reaction. The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen in occurs at high pressure. Ammonia is formed in this reaction, 3. _ Surface Area: The rate of reaction also depends upon the particle size of the reactants. In a Tion= homogeneous reaction (A reaction in which the reactants and products are in different solid physical states). Such as'solid is reacting with liquid, the rate of reaction is increased by using the powder form of the reactant. For a given weight of solid, powder offers a much larger area to the reacting liquid than the solid lump, Smaller the particle size of the reactants, faster would be the reaction. Lumps of coal are difficult to burn in air, but coal powder burns in air almost explosively. 4. Light: Some chemical reaction tke place by the action of light energy. Such zeactions are called photochemical reactions. Light energy activates the molecules and increases the rate of reaction. For example, silver bromide is decomposed by tight. 2AgBr (aq) > 2Ag (s) + Brp(g) Photosynthesis occurs in the presence of light. 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (1) Coli20¢ (s) + 6 O2(g) Ozone formation occurs in the presence of UV radiation. i 202 (g) > 2 03(g) ° Some chemical reactions take place only on heating the substance. Heat increases the energy in the reacting molecules. This increases the collisions between the molecules, , c Calcium carbonate decomposes when it is strongly heated. CaCO; (s) ++ — C20 (8) + COp(g) 6. _Btetroty: Many chemical reactions néed energy in‘the form of electricity. On passing eleciric current through acidified water, hydrogen and oxygen are produced. 2H,0 (1) > 2H, (g) + O2(g) 7. Contact: There are instances when two. or more substances undergo a chemical reaction ey are made in contact with each other. For instance, when sodium is placed in a beaker containing chlorine. Immediately a vigorous -chemic formation of sodium chloride. 2Na (8) + Cla (g) > 2NaCl (s) al reaction occurs with the156 New Science-An Introduction for Class - X Chemical reaction between certain substances occurs only when their solutions are id sodium chloride and solid silver nitrate do not react. When water is ‘a chemical reaction takes plate immediately and silver” cholride is 8. Solution: prought in contact; soli added to the mixture, precipitated NaNO3(s) + AgCl (s) s increase the rate of the faster reaction. At high eases and more frequent NaCl (aq) + AgNOs (aq) > 9. Concentration: _In general, increase in concentration of reactants tion of the reactants means a Feaction i.e. higher concentra ; concentration the number of molecules per unit volume inc! to an increase in reaction rate. collisions between the molecules lead ‘The sodium thiosulphate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form colloidal sulphur. Nay&203 (aq) + 2HCI (aq) -» 2NaCl (aq) + 120 (I) + SO} (g) + S (colloidal) Colloidal sulphut appears as milkiness in the solution. When two s milkiness appears after certain time. 10,’ Catalyst: Certain chemical reactions are “oes ot take any part in the réaction. potassium chlorate in presence ‘of manganese dioxi heating. : olutions are mixed the favoured by the presence of a substance which itself Such a substance is called a catalyst. For example, ide fastens the release of oxygen on 2KCIO (s) 2 2KCI(s) + 302 (8) 2KCIO; (s) AXE» 2KCI (s) + 302(8) MnO, 8.5. CATALYST A catalyst is a substance which though present ina small i it > quantity alters the speed (ei accelerates or retards) of a chemical reaction without being changed or used_up. The Beards not undergo any chemical change. This phenomenon is called catalysis. Catalysts are of two types: 1) Positive catalyst: It accelerates the s f the reacti je sit f en speed of the reaction. Decomposition of hydrog: peroxide with manganese dioxide in the preparation of oxygen is amy Vv ge gi an example of positive 2H,0: (aq) —M#> 24,0 ) + 02 (8) 2) —Nesatine it It retards the speed of a chemical reaction. Glycerine, if it is added in a solution of hydrogen peroxide, it appreciably reduces its rate of decomposition into wat and oxygen. Glycerine is a negative catalyst. . C,H, (OH, 21,0; (aq) POs 2440) +028) Characteristics of Catalyst 1) It does not start the reaction’ It simply alters the speed of reaction that has already started. 2) It remains unchanged in mass and chemical composition at the end of the reaction | 3) It is specific in action, i.e. a given catalyst can be used for a particular reaction only, not , not I. ioxit betes see Geert aaa dioxide acts as a catalyst is the preparation of oxygen but izing agent in the preparatior i ic acid i ‘ oe inva int tm nec nat n of chlorine from hydrochloric acid in which itChemical Reactions 157 8.6. | EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS Mostly, the chemical reactions are accompanied by heat changes. When the reaction takes place, either heat is released or it is absorbed by the system, therefore, the reactions are either - exothermic or endothermic in nature. Exothermic reaction: The reaction which gives out heat along with the product is called exothermic reaction, All burning reactions are exothermic reactions. While writing the ‘Suafioms for these reactions, heat is written on the product side. For example, y The burning of coal in air to form carbon dioxide is an exothermic reaction. Heat-is given out in this reaction. C (s) + O2 (g) > CO> (g) + Heat 2 Calcium oxide (quick lime) when added to water evolves a large amount of heat. a0 (s) + H,0 (1) -> Ca (OH); (s) + Heat Some other examplesinclude, SSS CH, (g) + 202(g) > CO, (g) + 2H20 (J) + Heat Mg (5) + O2 (@) —> 2 MgO (s) + Heat 2H; (g) + O2 (g) > 2 H0 () + Heat Zn + Hy S04 —> ZnSO, + Hy? + Heat Endothermic Reaction: The reaction which takes in heat from the surrounding is called endothermic reaction. Therefore, while writing these reactions, + Heat is written on the reactant side or - Heat on the product side. For example, formation of carbon disulphide from carbon and sulphur takes place by absorption of heat. C(s) + 28 (s) + Heat — CS2 (s) Nitric oxide is formed Trom nitrogen and oxygen at high temperature. A large amount of heat is absorbed in this reaction. N2(g) + O2(g) + Heat > 2NO 7 Decomposition of calcium carbonate is an Important industrial endothermic chemical reaction. Another important endothermic industrial reaction is the production of sodium and chlorine from sodium chloride. The chlorine can be used to make PVC. 2NaCl (s) + Heat —> 2Na (s) + Cl,(g) Decomposition reactions are usually endothermic. Some examples include, 2NaNO3 (s) + Heat > 2NaNO3 (s) + O2(g) NH4Cl (s) + Héat > NH; (g) + HCI (g) 2HgO (s)+Heat—> 2Hg (J) + 02 (g) Activity: To show that rate of chemical reaction depends on temperature. 1, Take about 10 ml of the sulphuric acid and add few pieces of oxalic acid crystals in two and marked A and B. 2. Warm the contents of beaker A to about 40° C; beaker B to 35°C, and beaker C to 30° C 3. Add 5 ml of potassium permanganet solution to each beaker and mix them with the help of glass rod 4. Solution in both the beakers appear rose colour 5. Now add spirit in beaker A and warm the content of beaker A to about 60-80° C. 6. Observe in which beaker the rose colour diappear fast. Observation: Solutions of both the beakers show rose colour in the beginning. In Beaker A colour disappear fast. The colour in Beaker B diasapper slowly, .158 New Science-An Introduction for Class -X Conclusion: Increase in temperature , potassium permaganet and sulpheric acid. This shows that the reactior temperature. has increase the rate of reaction between oxalic ‘acid, n rate increases with a rise in Activity: To show the effect of surface area on rate of reaction 1 yen Take two beakers “A” and “B” and add 20 ml of the hydrochloric acid in each. Use ‘measuring cylinder to measure the volume of acid. Take 2 gm of zince powder and 2 gm of zince pieces. Put zine powder in beaker “A” and zine pieces in beaker “B’ at the same time. Mix the mixture in both the beakers with the help of glass rod separately. Observe in which beaker the bubbles of gas releasefast. Observation: Bubbles of gas released faster in the beaker containing zinc powder. Conclusion: Increase in surface area of the reactant has increase the rate of reaction. This shows that the reaction rate increases with increasing surface area. 8.7. | POINTS TO REMEMBER 10. 12, 13. Ina chemical reaction, there is a change in molecular structure and properties of the reactants. 2 Ina chemical reaction, only the exchange of atoms occur to form different reactants. A chemical equation is used to represent a chemical reaction. In chemical equation, reactants are placed on the left hand'side of an arrow and.the products on the right hand side. a Chemical reactions are of four types: Combination reaction, Decomposition reaction, Displacement reaction and neutrazation reaction. Heat, electricity, contact, light, pressure, catalyst etc are some of the factors that bring about chemical reactions. Some chemical reactions take place only in the solution form: sodium chloride and silver nitrate react only on aqueous solution... In combination reaction two or more substances combine to form a new substance. In decomposition reaction, a compound is decomposed into two or more new substances. Factors like heat, catalyst, electricity play an important role in such reactions. In single displacement reaction, an element ina compound is displaced. by another element. A more reactive element displaces a less reactive one from its compound. In double displacement reaction two reacting compounds exchange their Corresponding parts or radical to form new compounds. In acid-base reaction, an acid reacts with a base to form salt and water. The rate of the chemical reaction is affected by concentration of solution, temperature, pressure, catalyst, surface area of the reactants, size of the reactant ~ molecules, etc.