SGGS LATIN MODULE

ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013

1.PROLEGOMENA

I. INTRODUCTION: The Indo-European Languages

a. As the name indicates, the Indo-European
linguistic family extends from India to Occidental
Europe.
b. Its propagation, evolution, was slow through
various millennia before Christ.
c. Its expansion was done in various tribes in distinct
directions.
d. The mother tongue was subdivided into various
derived languages.
e. These are the more important derived groups:
i. Indo-Iranian – goup of related languages
spoken by about 1 billion people in a region
extending from Eastern Turkey to Bangladesh
including most of India.
1. Vedic – in grammatical forms, Vedic is
richer than Sanskrit.
2. Sanskrit – from “samskrta” meaning
“adorned, cultivated, perfected”; the
 classical, sacred and literary language of
the Hindus of India.
3. Hindu – major language of India, half a
billion or 40% of the population of India
speak some form of Hindu as first
language.
4. Bengali – spoken by inhabitants of
Bangladesh
ii. Baltic – languages spoken in the area
bordering the Baltic Sea.
1. Latvian – official language of Latvia since
1918.
2. Lithuanian – spoken by inhabitants of
Lithuania, the Russian language has a
strong influence on Lithuania.
iii. Slavic – today spoken by more than 250
million people in eastern and central Europe,
most of Balkan Peninsula and Northern Asia.
1. East Slavic / Russian – lengua franca of
the Russian Empire and Soviet Union,
spoken by more than 200 million people
in Russia.
2. South Slavic (Bulgarian, Macedonian,
Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, Slovenian)
3. West Slavic / Polish – spoken by
inhabitants of Poland
 4. Chechenion – spoken in Chechnya
iv. Celtic – spoken widely in Europe during the
Greek and Roman times.
1. Breton – spoken by natives of Brittany in
northwestern France.
2. Cornish – descended from the speech of
ancient Britons, now southwestern
England.
3. Welsh – native language of Wales.
4. Irish – or Irish Gaelic, native Celtic
language of Ireland
5. Scottish Gaelic – brought by Irish colonists
to Scotland in the 4th to 6th centuries.
v. Germanic – spoken by about 500 million
people in northern and western Europe,
North America and South Africa, Australia.
1. East Germanic / German
2. North Germanic / Scandanavian which
include:
a. Danish (Denmark)
b. Swedish (Sweden)
3. West Germanic – which include:
a. English
b. Dutch (Belgium)
c. Yiddish
d. Netherlandish
 e. Dutch-Flemish
vi. Greek – language of the people of Greece
1. Attic –
2. Doric –
vii. Italic – or the Romance Languages
1. Latin – language of Ancient Rome and the
neighboring territory of Latium
2. Spanish – official language of Spain and
the native language of more than 300
million people in the world
3. Italian – a direct offspring of Latin spoken
by the Romans and imposed by them on
the people under their dominion.
4. French – official language of France
5. Portuguese – resembles Spanish
6. Romanian – official language of Romania
and Moldova, spoken by 24 to 28 million
people.
7. Catalan – official language of the Kingdom
of Aragon in the 12th Century

II. Historico-Geographical Development of Latin

Language
 a. The Romans spread the great Roman Empire to
the Atlantic, Rhine, Danube, Caspian, Euphrates &
to the African deserts. Within the Empire, is the
Mediterranean. The Romans called it MARE
NOSTRUM.
b. The Romans made a vast cultural labor over
conquered lands, they imposed their own
language. Latin became the universal means of
communication, especially in North Africa which
later was replaced by Arabic.
c. With the Barbaric Invasion and consequently with
the disintegration of the Empire, Vulgar Latin
began to decompose into different sisterly
tongues. Thus derived are the following: Spanish,
Italian, French, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan.
III. Ancient Literary Latin
a. Early Period (240 –70 BC)
i. This era includes the writings of Ennius,
Plautus, Terence
b. Golden Age (70 BC –14 AD)
i. Includes the famous works of Julius Caesar,
Cicero, Livy; the poetry of Catullus, Lucretius,
Virgil, Horace and Ovid.
ii. Latin developed into a highly artistic medium
of expression and achieved its greatest riches
and flexibility.
 c. Silver Age (14 AD – 130 AD)
i. Characterized by rhetoric elaboration and
epigrammatic expression
ii. Includes the writings of Seneca, the dramatist
and Tacitus, the historian
d. Late Latin Period (2nd – 6th Century AD)
i. Circa 636
ii. Includes the writings of the Patristic Fathers of
the Church
1. St. Augustine of Hippo (City of God,
Confessions)
2. Tertulian , etc.
iii. Invading Barbaric tribes brought Latin to
forego forms of idioms; corrupted Latin was
termed “Lingua Romana” and was
distinguished from “Lingua Latina” which was
the classical tongue cultivated by the learned.
IV. Ancient Spoken Latin
a. Characterized by:
i. Freedom of syntax
ii. Numerous interjections
iii. Frequent use of Greek words

b. Sermo Cotidianus
i. The colloquial speech of polite society
c. Sermo Plebeius
 i. Vulgar Latin
ii. Language of the uneducated class
iii. Characteristics:
1. Disregard for syntax
2. Love for new words
3. Striving for simplicity especially in word
order
V. Medieval Latin
a. Latin was the language of letters in Western
Europe in the middle Ages.
b. The Latin of this period is termed Medieval Latin
or Low Latin. Even for the people in general, Latin
continued to be a living language, because the
church provides a huge mass of ecclesiastical
literature in both prose and poetry. The language
however underwent many changes.
c. The syntax was further simplified, new words were
adopted from various sources, and new meanings
came into existence; nevertheless, Latin changed
far less during this period than did French or
English.

VI. New/Modern Latin

a. In the 15th and 16th centuries, New Latin also called
Modern Latin came into existence.
 b. Almost all books of importance – scientific,
philosophical, and religious, were written in Latin
at this time, including the works of Dutch scholar
Desiderius Erasmus, the English philosopher
Francis Bacon, the English physicist Isaac Newton.
c. Latin was the medium of Diplomatic Intercourse
among European Nations.
d. At the end of the 17th century, Latin ceased to be
an international tongue.
e. During the 18th and 19th centuries, however, it
remained the language of classical scholarship,
and even in the 20th century scholarly treatises are
sometimes composed in Latin.
f. Today, the Roman Catholic Church still employs
Latin as the language of her official documents.

VII. Importance of the Study of Latin.

a. Part of our cultural institution – customs,
traditions have their root in Rome.
 b. The Catholic Church employs Latin as official
language in all its documents, cults, and liturgy.
c. The liturgy of the Catholic Church are all written in
Latin
d. The books of the Canon Law are all written in
Latin.
e. Judicial Terms in Latin are used in court hearings
(eg. Impeachment).
f. Medical Terms are used in the field of medicine.
g. Scientific names are in Latin.
h. For personal enlightenment (the illuminati know
Latin, hehe).

2. COURSE OUTLINE (First Month)

a. Phonetics. Alphabet. Vowels and Dipthongs.
Consonants. Syllables. Accent. Reading Practice.
 b. Noun Structure. Declension: Classification and
number, Case, First Declension, Particulars.
c. Verb Structure. Conjugation: Stem and Ending,
Moods, Tenses, Voice; Classification and Number,
First Conjugation – Active, Passive.
d. Second Declension. Nominative in US, ER, and UM.
Gender.
e. The Verb SUM. The compounds of SUM.
Particulars.
f. The structure of Adjective. Nominative Singular in
US, A, UM; in ER, ERA, ERUM and in ER, RA, RUM.
Declension. Formation of Comparative and
Superlative.
g. Concordance/Agreement of Adjective with the
Noun, the Verb with the Subject, and of the
Predicate.

3. Lesson 1: PHONETICS
a. The Latin Alphabet.
i. is the same structure as that now used in
English except that it has no W and Y.
ii. The Vowels. The Consonants.
 A E I O U

B C D F G H J K L
M N P Q R S T V X Z

iii. PRONUNCIATION
1. In Latin, all letters are sounded.
2. The vowels: they are either long or short.
Generally they are read as long.
Difference is ignored.
A - ALMA (as in father)
E - NOMEN (as in get)
I - IRA (as in machine)
O - SOL (as in no)
U - CORNU (as in rule)

3. The Dipthongs:
ae /oe – like ea or e as in pear
au -- like ou in laudo
ui -- like we
ei -- as in eight
 4. P followed by an H is pronounced like F
(ph)
5. Q followed by U and I pronounced like
KW
6. S followed by C is pronounced like SHALL
as in SCINTILLA.
7. X followed by vowels (a, e, I, o, u) or H or
S and it begins a word, is pronounced like
GS as in EXAUDIRE
8. T followed by E, I, is pronounced like TS as
in TERTIA

iv. SYLLABLES
a. To form a syllable, consonants are joined to
the following vowel.
1. MA / TER
2. NAU / TA
3. NO / MEN
4. DO / MI / NUS
5. A / NI / MA / LIS
ii. Two or more consonants are divided after the
first.
1. POR / TA
2. EXER / CITUS
3. PUL / CHRA
 iii. When a mute C G P B T D F
is followed by R L
both consonants go with the following vowels
eg. LA / CRIMA
A / GRUM
LOCU / PLES

V. ACCENT.
a. in every Latin word a syllable is accented,
that is, pronounced with a superior stress or
force of voice.
b. In words of two syllables: accent is on the
first
1. Via
2. Bellum
3. In words of three or more syllables the
accent is on the penultimate – if the
syllable is long (if the second last syllable
is long, it is accented) otherwise, the
accent is on the third and last syllable.
1. Labores
2. Viderunt
3. Dominus
c. Quantity of syllables.
1. A syllable is long:
1. if it contains a dipthong
 2. its vowel is followed by X or Z or two
consonants
i. caelum
ii. exemplum
iii. gaza
iv. nocte
2. a syllable is short:
1. its vowel, followed by another vowel
or H
i. puer
ii. regere
iii. Gloria

d. Reading Practice

The Lord's Prayer:

PATER NOSTER, qui es in caelis, sanctificetur nomen
tuum. Adveniat regnum tuum. Fiat voluntas tua, sicut in
caelo et in terra. Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis
hodie, et dimitte nobis debita nostra sicut et nos dimittimus
debitoribus nostris. Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed
libera nos a malo. Amen.
 e. For Dictation

The Hail Mary:

AVE MARIA, gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Benedicta tu in
mulieribus, et benedictus fructus ventris tui, Iesus. Sancta
Maria, Mater Dei, ora pro nobis peccatoribus, nunc, et in
hora mortis nostrae. Amen.

Hail, Holy Queen:

SALVE REGINA, Mater misericordiae. Vita, dulcedo, et
spes nostra, salve. Ad te clamamus exsules filii Hevae. Ad
te Suspiramus, gementes et flentes in hac lacrimarum valle.
Eia ergo, Advocata nostra, illos tuos misericordes oculos ad
nos converte. Et Iesum, benedictum fructum ventris tui,
nobis post hoc exsilium ostende. O clemens, o pia, o dulcis
Virgo Maria. 

2. NOUN STRUCTURE

a. ACCIDENCE: part of grammar which treats of the inflection of words

Declension for Nouns
Conjugation for Verbs

b. Part of Speech: in Latin there are eight

Four are inflected
 Nouns
Adjectives
Pronouns
Verbs
Four are not inflected
Adverb
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection

c. Inflection: a word is inflected when final syllable or syllables are

changed so that to the unchangeable part of the word (BASE/STEM)
are added SUFFIXES/TERMINATIONS/ENDINGS to indicate its number
or relation to other words.

d. Declension: is the inflection of a noun adjective and pronoun.

The termination of nouns and pronouns show differences of

Number
Case

The terminations of adjectives show differences of

Number
Case
Gender

The terminations of verbs show differences of

Voice
Mood
Tense

The study of Latin morphology is important. In the first study of

morphology, it is enough to study the principal parts: NOUNS,
ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS and REGULAR CONJUGATIONS

e. Morphology: can be divided into 3:

Words that are inflected (nominal/pronominal)
 NOUNS
ADJECTIVES
PRONOUNS
Words that are inflected (verbal)
VERBSS
Words without inflection
PREPOSITION
ADVERS
CONJUNCTION
INTERJECTION

f. Nominal/Pronominal Inflection

1. Elements of inflection/declension:
a. ROOT/STEM/BASE (unchangeable part)
b. TERMINATION or ENDING (changeable part)
e.g. leon – is
leon – um
how to get the root:
genitive plural, removing the ending

2. GRAMMATICAL ACCIDENTS:
a. Gender
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
b. Number
Singular
Plural
c. Case:
- Indicates the function of a word in a phrase
- It refers to the various forms or terminations
assumed by nouns, adjectives and pronouns
according to their function in the sentence.
- The part of the word which remains the same
in all different cases is called the stem;
 - The stem of nouns and adjectives can be
ascertained by the genitive singular, removing
its ending or terminations.

3. CASES. There are 6 cases in Latin:

a. Nominative case
b. Genetive case
c. Dative case
d. Accusative case
e. Ablative case
f. Vocative case

4. Nominative Case
a. The case of the subject and of the nominal
predicate/complement
b. Answers the questions WHO? WHAT
i. Rosa est pulchra.
ii. Deus est sanctus.

5. VOCATIVE CASE
a. The case for calling or exclaiming
b. It does not have any grammatical dependence with the rest
of the words in the sentence
i. Domine, amo te.

6. GENETIVE CASE
a. Expresses the English possessive case.
b. And all or nearly all relationships indicated by the
preposition OF
c. Answers the question WHOSE? OF WHAT?
i. Reginae filia.

7. DATIVE
a. Denotes the Indirect Object of the verb
b. Answers the question TO or FOR WHOM?
i. Puella reginae rosam dat.
 8. ACCUSATIVE
a. Denotes direct object of a transitive verb
b. Answers the question WHOM? Or WHAT?
i. Amo Deum

9. ABLATIVE
a. Expresses
i. Means
ii. Instrument
iii. Manner
iv. Separation
v. Company
vi. Origin
vii. Cause
viii. Place
ix. Time
b. Answers the question
i. Where
ii. When
iii. Whence
iv. with What
c. Used sometimes with or without a preposition
d. Rendered by the English preposition
i. In
ii. With
iii. From
iv. By
- Venio ex civitate.
- Caesar gladio pugnat
- Sum in civitate

to enunciate a noun, the nominative and genitive singular is said

e.g. puella, puellae

Five Declensions:
There are five declensions in Latin
 Distinguished by the genitive singular
1st Declension: ae
ND
2 Declension: i
rd
3 Declension: is
th
4 Declension: us
th
5 Declension: ei

First Declension:
1. Endings in a (Nominative a; Genetive ae)
2. It is so called because the a is the final vowel or ending
3. This covers all feminine nouns in a and some masculine nouns
in a
4. Some nouns of the first declension make the dative plural in
ABUS
a. Filia, filiabus
b. Dea, deabus
5. In Latin, there are no articles.

Some nouns of the First Declension:

1. Aqua, ae - water
2. Anima, ae - soul
3. Terra, ae - earth
4. Via, ae - way
5. Vita, ae - life
6. Culpa, ae - fault
7. Maria, ae - Mary
8. Academia, ae - academy
9. Adolescentia, ae youth
10. Adolescentula,ae young maiden
11.Adultera,ae - adulterers
12.Agonia,ae - agony
13.Allegoria, ae - figure/allegory
14.Amphora,ae - bottle/pitcher
15.Ampulla,ae - bottle
16.Apologia,ae - defense
17.Apostasia,ae - apostasy
18.Apostata, ae - apostate
19.Aquila, ae - eagle
20.Ara,ae - altar
21.Aranea,ae - spider
22.Arca,ae - arc
23.Area,ae - floor
24.Arida,ae - dryness
25.Arnilla, ae - bracelet
26.Aula,ae - dwelling/temple
27.Aura,ae - air/breath
28.Aurora,ae - morning
29.Avaritia,ae - avarice
30.Avia,ae - grandmother

31.Baptista,ae - Baptist
32.Basilica, ae - church
33.Bellua,ae - monster
34.Bestia,ae - beast
35.Blasphemia,ae - blasphemy
36.Brocca,ae - coat
37.Bruma,ae - winter
38.Buccina,ae - trumpet
39.Calvaria,ae - skull
40.Camera,ae - vault
41.Capella, ae - chapel
42.Catena, ae - chain
43.Caterva,ae - crowd
44.Cathedra, ae - chair
45.Caverna,ae - cave/hollow place
46.Cera, ae - wax
47.Charta, ae - paper
48.Chorda,ae - string
49.Cisterna, ae - pit
50.Coena,ae - supper/dinner

51.Cenobite,ae - monk
52.Cognate,ae - cousin
53.Collonia,ae - city
54.Columna,ae - pillar
55.Concupiscentia,ae lust/love
56.Culcitra, ae - bed
57. Culpa, ae - fault
58.Cultura,ae - worship
59.Cura,ae - care
60.Curia, ae - senate house
61.Dalmatica, ae - Dalmatic
62.Dea,ae - goddess
63.Decimal,ae - tenth
64.Deipara,ae - Mother of God
65.Delica,ae - delight
66.Disciplina,ae - study/instruction
67.Divitia,ae - wealth
68.Domina,ae - mistress/lady
69.Ecclesia,ae - church/assembly
70.Epistola,ae - letter
71.Essential,ae - essence
72.Eva,ae - Eve
73.Fabrica,ae - building
74.Fabula,ae - by word / story
75.Facture,ae - creation
76.Fallacia,ae - deceit
77.Familia,ae - family
78.Farina,ae - meal
79.Favilla,ae - ashes
80.Femina,ae - woman
81.Fenestra,ae - window
82.Feria,ae - weekday
83.Fibra,ae - fiber
84.Fiducia,ae - confidence
85.Filia,ae - daughter
86.Fistula,ae - flute
87.Fixura,ae - print
88.Fractura,ae - breaking
89.Frequentia,ae - frequency/number
 90.Furia, ae - fury
91.Gehenna,ae - hell
92.Gallina,ae - hen
93.Gaza,ae - treasure
94.Gemma,ae - jewel
95.Gloria,ae - glory
96.Herba,ae - grass
97.Hora,ae - hour
98.Hostia,ae - host
99.Hydria,ae - water jar / water pot
100. Incola,ae - stranger/sojourner

VERB STRUCTURE

A verb is a variable word in a sentence which expresses a reality or

action, almost always with an indication of time and persona

e.g. Multae naves sunt in portu

The verb can be:

1. Copulative - unites a subject to the predicate or nominal

predicate

e.g. Navis est magna et pulchra.

2. Predicative - expresses action or state

e.g. Milites veniunt in portum.

The verb can be:

1. Regular:
 a. FOUR TYPES, known and recognized by the ending of the present
infinitive
i. 1st Conjugation: -ARE
ND
ii. 2 Conjugation: -ERE
RD
iii. 3 Conjugation: -ERE
TH
iv. 4 Conjugation: -IRE
2. Irregular:

Verbs have voices:

1. Active
2. Passive

DEPONENT VERBS:
Have a conjugation in one voice and meaning in another
PASSIVE in form and ACTIVE in meaning.

1. Active Deponent: Passive Form (Conjugation), Active in meaning

2. Passive Deponent: Active in Form, Passive in meaning
3. Semideponent: Passive form in the second ending, active in meaning

ACCIDENTAL (Grammatical)

1. Voice – indicates whether the subject executes or receives the action.

2. Mood – indicates how the subject executes or receives the action.
3. Time – indicates when the subject executes or receives the action.
4. Number – indicates how many subjects receive or execute the action.
5. Person – indicates who executes or receives the action.

Moods:
Indicative
Imperative
Subjunctive
Infinitive
Participle
Supine
 Gerund
Gerundive

Time:
Past:
Imperfect
Perfect
Pluperfect

Future:
Imperfect
Perfect

Personal Tenses: Those which have persons

Nominal Tense
No persons
Used to do the office of a noun; serves a noun
Infinitive
Participle
Gerund
Gerundive

THE CONJUGATION

The verb in Latin is composed of a STEM and of ENDING

1. The STEM:
a. VERBAL Stem – remains permanent in all forms/tenses of
conjugation
i. e.g. AM – ATIS
AM – AVITIS
AM – ATURUS

b. TEMPORAL Stem – remains permanent in certain groups of tenses

 i. e.g AMAV – ISTI
AMAT – URUS

THE ELEMENTS OF CONJUGATION IN LATIN

1. The STEM – indicates the meaning

2. The VOWEL OF UNION – indicates the conjugation
3. The TEMPORAL SUFFIX – indicates the time / mood
4. The PERSONAL ENDING – indicates the person

e.g.

STEM : am mon
VOWEL OF UNION : a e
TEMPORAL SUFFIX : ba ba
PERSONAL ENDING : tis tis

The STEM of Verb from which are derived the rest of tenses in the active voice:

AMO 1. PRESENT STEM : indicates an action in development

AMAVI 2. PERFECT STEM : indicates a finished action
AMATUM 3. SUPINE STEM : indicates a general meaning

Tenses Formed from the Three:

1. Present:
a. Present
b. Preterite Imperfect
c. Future Imperfect
2. Perfect:
a. Preterite Perfect
b. Preterite Pluscuam
c. Future Perfect
3. Supine:
a. Future Infinitive
 b. Participle (Future0

TEMPORAL SUFFIX – indicates mood/tense

e.g. AMA – BA – TIS

AMAV – ISSE – TIS

Note: NO modal-temporal suffix in the present and perfect:

Endings and Personal Terminations indicate the person.

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Sing. O R
AS RIS
AT TUR

Plu. AMUS MUR

ATIS MINI
ANT NTUR

*Enunciation of Verbs:
- it says the following:
1. Present Indicative First Person
2. Present Infinitive
3. Present Perfect Indicative
4. Supine
- e.g.
First Conjugation:
AMO
AMARE
AMAVI
AMATUM

Liber apertus in mensa

 In monu sinistra navis
Manus dextra in ore
Occuli in caelum
Ita laboras?

FIRST CONJUGATION or A CONJUGATION

ACTIVE
(Tenses formed from the Present)

A] INDICATIVE MOOD

1. PRESENT TENSE
AMO (I love) AMAMUS (we love)
AMAS (you love) AMATIS (you love)
AMAT (h/s/it loves) AMANT (they love)
2. IMPERFECT
AMABAM (I was loving) AMABAMUS (we were loving)
AMABAS (you were …) AMABATIS (you were loving)
AMABAT (h/s/it was …) AMABANT (they were loving)

3. FUTURE IMPERFECT
AMABO (I shall love) AMABIMUS (I shall love)
AMABIS (you will …) AMABITIS (you will …)
AMABIT (h/s/it will …) AMABUNT (they will …)

B] SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

1. PRESENT
AMEM (I should love) AMEMUS (we should love)
AMES (you would …) AMETIS (you would …)
AMET (h/s/it would …) AMENT (they would …)

2. IMPERFECT
AMAREM (I should be loving) AMAREMUS (we should be loving
AMARES (you would be …) AMARETIS (you would be …)
 AMARET (h/s/it would be …) AMARENT (they would be …)

C] IMPERATIVE MOOD

1. PRESENT
AMA (2ND Person, Sing.) (love thou)
AMATE (2ND Person, Plu.) (love ye)

D] INFINITIVE

1. PRESENT
AMARE (to love)

E] PARTICIPLE

1. PRESENT
AMANS (loving)

LESSON 1

Review of Past Lesson

A] NOUNS
1) Nouns have gender, number, case, and declension.
2) Gender. There are three genders in Latin: masculine,
feminine, neuter.
3) All nouns meaning individual male persons are masculine.
4) All nouns meaning individual female persons are feminine.
5) Number. There are two numbers in Latin: singular and plural.
6) The singular speaks of one: via, a road.
7) The plural speaks of more than one: viae, roads.
8) Case. There are six cases in Latin (Declension)
a. Nominative : the case of the subject
b. Genetive : the case of the possessor.
c. Dative: the case of the indirect object (“to” or “for”)
d. Accusative: the case of the direct object
e. Ablative: the “by-with-from” case (used w preposition)
f. Vocative: the case of the person addressed
9) Declension. Declension consists in adding the proper endings
to the stem to show the different genders, numbers, and
cases.
10) The Stem. The stem is found by dropping the ENDING of
the GENETIVE SINGULAR.
e.g. via, viae = stem is vi
11) The Five Declensions. There are five declensions in
Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the
genitive singular.
1 2 3 4 5
-ae -i -is -us -ei
vi-ae serv-i leg-is port-us r-ei
 12) How to Decline a Noun. The 5 Declensions

First Declension

Singular FORM MEANING USE

Nom. TERR-A LAND, THE LAND, A LAND SUBJECT
Gen. TERR-AE OF THE (A) LAND POSSESSIVE
Dat. TERR-AE TO (FOR) THE (A) LAND INDIRECT OBJ.
Acc. TERR-AM THE (A) LAND DIRECT OBJ.
Abl. TERR-A BY, WITH, FROM THE (A) LAND

Plural
Nom. TERR-AE LANDS, THE LANDS SUBJECT
Gen. TERR-ARUM OF THE LANDS POSSESSIVE
Dat. TERR-IS TO (FOR) THE LANDS INDIRECT OBJ.
Acc. TERR-AS LANDS, THE LANDS DIRECT OB.
Abl. TERR-IS BY, WITH, FROM THE LANDS

Second Declension

MASCULINE NOUNS

Singular FORM MEANING USE

Nom. SERV-US THE (A) SLAVE SUBJECT
Gen. SERV-I OF THE (A) SLAVE POSSESSIVE
Dat. SERV-O TO (FOR) THE (A) SLAVE INDIRECT OBJ.
Acc. SERV-UM THE SLAVE DIRECT OBJ.
Abl. SERV-O BY, WITH, FROM THE (A) SLAVE

Plural
Nom. SERV-I SLAVES, THE SLAVES SUBJECT
Gen. SERV-ORUM OF (THE) SLAVES POSSESSIVE
Dat. SERV-IS TO (FOR) (THE) SLAVES INDIRECT OBJ.
Acc. SERV-OS (THE) SLAVES DIRECT OBJ.
Abl. SERV-IS BY, WITH, FROM (THE) SLAVES

NEUTER NOUNS

Singular FORM MEANING USE

Nom. BELL-UM (THE) (A) WAR SUBJECT
Gen. BELL-I OF (THE) (A) WAR POSSESSIVE
Dat. BELL-O TO (FOR) (THE) (A) WAR INDIRECT OBJ.
Acc. BELL-UM (THE) (A) WAR DIRECT OBJ.
Abl. BELL-O BY, WITH, FROM (THE) WAR

Plural
Nom. BELL-A (THE) WARS SUBJECT
Gen. BELL-ORUM OF (THE) WARS POSSESSIVE
Dat. BELL-IS TO (FOR) (THE) WARS INDIRECT OBJ.
Acc. BELL-A (THE) WARS DIRECT OBJ.
Abl. BELL-IS BY, WITH, FROM (THE) WARS

B] VERBS.
1. Verbs have voice, mood, tense, number, and person.
2. Voice. There are two voices; Active and Passive.
a. The Active Voice represents the subject as acting or
being.
e.g.
Legatum laudo. I praise the envoy.
Valeo. I am well.
b. The Passive represents the subject as acted upon.
e.g.
 Laudor. I am praised.

3. Mood. There are three moods: Indicative, Subjunctive,

Imperative.

4. Tense. There are six tenses: Present, Imperfect, Future,

Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect.

5. Number. There are two numbers: Singular and Plural.

6. Person. There are three persons:

First Person – the one speaking – I, WE
Second Person – the one spoken to – YOU
Third Person – the one spoken of – he, she, it, they

7. CONJUGATION consists in adding the proper ending to the

proper stem to show the different voices, moods, tenses,
numbers, and persons.

8. The FOUR CONJUGATIONS. There are four conjugations in

Latin. They can be distinguished by the ending of the present
infinitive active.

1 2 3 4
-are -ere -ere -ire
laud-are mon-ere mitt-ere aud-ire
9. Principal Parts of the Verb. There are four parts of the
verb called principal parts because all the others are formed
on them or on their stems. These parts are:

1 2 3 4
Pres. Ind. Act.: laud-o mon-eo mitt-o aud-io
Pres. Inf. Act. : laud-are mon-ere mitt-ere aud-ire
Perf. Ind. Act.: laudav-i monu-i mis-i audiv-i
Perf. Part. Pas.:laudat-us monit-us miss-us audit-us

10. The Present Stem is found by dropping the ending of the

present infinitive active. On this stem are formed all present,
imperfect, and the future tenses; the gerund and the
gerundive

laudare laud-
monere mon-
mittere mitt-
audire aud-

11. The Perfect Stem is found by dropping the ending of the

Perfect Indicative. On this stem are formed all perfect,
pluperfect, future perfect tenses active.

laudavi laudav-
monui monu-
misi mis-
audivi audiv-
12. The FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS

Model Verbs
laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatus, 1 tr., praise
moneo, monere, monui, monitus, 2, tr., advise
mitto, mittere, missi, missus, 3, tr., send
audio, audire, audivi, auditus, 4, tr., hear
ACTIVE VOICE

Personal Signs of the Active

Singular Plural
First Pers. (I) - o or -m (WE) -mus
Second Pers. (YOU) -s (YOU) -tis
Third Pers. (He,She,It) - t (They) -nt

First Conjugation
Active Voice
Indicative Mood
Present Tense
laud-o I praise, I am praising, I do praise
laud-as you praise, etc.
laud-at he,she,it praises, etc.

laud-amus we praise, we are praising, we do praise

laud-atis you praise, etc
laud-ant they praise, etc.

Imperfect Tense
laud-abam I was praising, I praised
laud-abas you were praising, you praised
laud-abat he,she,it was praising, etc.

laud-abamus we were praising

laud-abatis you were praising
laud-abant they were praising

Future Tense
laud-abo I shall praise
laud-abis you will praise
laud-abit he,she,it will praise

laud-abimus we shall praise

laud-abitis you will praise
laud-abunt they will praise
Second Conjugation
Active Voice
Indicative Mood
Present Tense
mon-eo I advise, I am advising, I do advise
mon-es you advise, etc.
mon-et he,she,it advises, etc.

mon-emus we advise, we are advising, we do advise

 mon-etis you advise, etc.
mon-ent they advise, etc.

Imperfect Tense
mon-ebam I was advising
mon-ebas you were advising
mon-ebat he,she,it was advising

mon-ebamus we were advising

mon-ebatis you were advising
mon-ebant they were advising

Future Tense
mon-ebo I shall advise
mon-ebis you will advise
mon-ebit he,she,it will advise

mon-ebimus we shall advise

mon-ebitis you will advise
mon-ebunt they will advise

LESSON 2

“CERBERUS”
 Caecilius est in horto. Caecilius in horto
sedet. servus est in atrio. servus in atrio laborat.
Metella est in atrio. Metella in atrio sedet.
Quintus est in tablino. Quintus in tablino scribit.
Cerberus est in via.
Coquus est in culina. Coquus in culina
dormit. Cerberus intrat. Cerberus circumspectat.
cibus est in mensa. canis salit. canis in mensa
stat. Grumio stertit. canis latrat. Grumio surgit.
coquus est iratus. “pestis! furcifer!” coquus
clamat. Cerberus exit.

words and phrases

est is in via in the street

pater father scribit is writing
mater mother bibit is drinking
filius son laborat is working
servus slave dormat is sleeping
coquus cook intrat enters
canis dog circumspectat looks around
in tablino in the study table cibus food
in atrio in the reception hall in mensa on the table
in triclinio in the dining room salit jumps
in horto in the garden stat stands
in culina in the kitchen stertit snores
latrat barks furcifer scoundrel!
surgit gets up clamat shouts
iratus angry exit goes out
pestis! pest!

about the language

1). Latin sentences containing the word “est” often follow an order similar
to that of English.

e.g. Metella est mater. Metella is the mother.

canis est in via. The dog is in the street.

practicing the language

1) Complete each sentence with the suitable word from the list below.
Write out the compound sentence in Latin, and then translate it into
English.

Quintus, Grumio, Caecilius, canis, mater, servus

 1. ________________ est in horto.
2. ________________ est in via.
3. ________________ est in culina.
4. ________________ est in tablino.
5. ________________ est in atrio.
6. ________________ est in tricinio.

2) Complete each sentence with a suitable phrase from the list below.
Write out the completed sentences in Latin, and then translate it
into English.

in via, in horto, in tablino, in culina, in tricinio

1. Clemens _________________ laborat.

2. Caecilius _________________ scribit.
3. Canis ____________________ latrat.
4. Metella __________________ stat.
5. Coquus est ____________________ .
6. Quintus est ____________________ .

Words and Phrases checklist

1. Atrium - atrium/reception hall

2. Canis - dog
3. Coquus - cook
4. Est - is
5. Filius - son
6. Hortus - garden
7. In - in/on
 8. Laborat - he, she, it works (is working)
9. Mater - mother
10. Pater - father
11. Sedet - sits (is sitting)
12. Servus - slave
13. Via - street, road

Word search

Match each definition with one of the words given below

Affiliate, Canine, Horticulturalist, Laboratory, Maternity, Sedentary

1. __________: a room or building used for scientific testing or research.

2. __________: a person who works with plants.

3. __________: motherhood.

4. __________: the act of providing goods or assistance.

5. __________: pertaining to dogs.

7. __________: tending to be inactive.

8.__________: to associate or join oneself.

LESSON 3

1. Other nouns that belong to the Second Declension

singular
n vir (man) ager (field) puer (boy)
g vir-i agr-i puer-i
d vir-o agr-o puer-o
a vir-um agr-um puer-um
a vir-o agr-o puer-o

plural
n vir-i agr-i puer-i
g vir-orum agr-orum puer-orum
d vir-is agr-is puer-is
a vir-os agr-os puer-os
a vir-is agr-is puer-is

2. Third Declension.

2.1 The nominative singular of the third declension has no model

ending. Thus lex, law, pars, part, flumen, river, hostis, enemy,
are all nouns of the third declension. The genitive ending (for
the 3rd declension is ALWAYS –is) shows the declension and
gives the stem.
2.2 Nouns naming individual male persons are masculine:
e.g. miles, militis = soldier
2.3 Nouns naming individual female persons are feminine:
e.g. mater, matris = mother
 2.4 Nouns ending in -ER, -OR (ERROR) are masculine
2.5 Nouns ending in –S, -O, -X (SOX) are feminine
2.6 Nouns ending in –L, -A, -N, -C, -E, -T (LANCET) are neuter
2.7 Declension. First find the gender of the noun. Then find the
stem from the genitive.
2.8 For masculine and feminine nouns, add the endings of lex or
pars.
2.9 For neuter nouns add the endings of flumen.
2.10 The Vocative is always the nominative.

3. Sample of Masculine and Feminine Nouns of the 3rd Declension

lex, legis (masculine)

n lex the law

g leg-is of the law
d leg-i to (for) the law
a leg-em the law
a leg-e by, with, from the law

n leg-es the laws

g leg-um of the laws
d leg-ibus to (for) the laws
a leg-es the laws
a leg-ibus by, with, from the laws
pars, partis (feminine)

n pars the part

g part-is of the part
d part-i to (for) the part
a part-em the part
a part-e by, with, from the part

n part-es the parts

g part-ium of the parts
d part-ibus to(for) the parts
a part-es the parts
a part-ibus by, with, from the parts

3.1 All masculine nouns of the third declension are declined like lex
execpt the following nouns which have –ium in the genitive
plural like part-ium:

3.2 All nouns that have the same number of syllables in the
genitive singular as in the nominative singular, as: hostis, hostis
(host-ium), enemy.

3.3 Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants, as: gens, gentis,
tribe, stem is gent-, hence gentium.
4. Neuter Nouns of the 3rd Declension

n flumen the river

g flumen-is of the river
d flumen-i to (for) the river
a flumen the river
a flumen-e by, with, from the river

n flumen-a the rivers

g flumen-um of the rivers
d flumen-ibus to (for) the rivers
a flumen-a the rivers
a flumen-ibus by, with, from the rivers

Third Conjugation
Active Voice
Indicative Mood
Present Tense
mitt-o I send, I am sending, I do send
mitt-is you send, etc.
mitt-it he, she, it sends, etc.

mitt-imus we send, we are sending, we do send

mitt-itis you send, etc
mitt-unt they send, etc.
 Imperfect Tense
mitt-ebam I was sending
mitt-ebas you were sending
mitt-ebat he,she,it was sending

mitt-ebamus we were sending

mitt-ebatis you were sending
mitt-ebant they were sending

Future Tense
mitt-am I shall send
mitt-es you will send
mitt-et he,she,it will send

mitt-emus we shall send

mitt-etis you will send
mitt-ent they will send

Fourth Conjugation
Active Voice
Indicative Mood
Present Tense
aud-io I hear, I am hearing, I do hear
aud-is you hear, etc.
aud-it he, she, it hears, etc.

aud-imus we hear, we are hearing, we do hear

aud-itis you hear, etc
aud-iunt they hear, etc.
 Imperfect Tense
aud-iebam I was hearing
aud-iebas you were hearing
aud-iebat he,she,it was hearing

aud-iebamus we were hearing

aud-iebatis you were hearing
aud-iebant they were hearing

Future Tense
aud-iam I shall hear
aud-ies you will hear
aud-iet he,she,it will hear

aud-iemus we shall hear

aud-ietis you will hear
aud-ient they will hear

MERCATOR

amicus Caecilium visitat. amicus est Mercator. mercator villam intrat.

Clemens est in atrio. Clemens mercatorem salutat. Caecilius est in tablino.
Caecilius pecuniam numerat. Caecilius est argentarius. amicus tablinum
intrat. Caecilius surgit.
“salve!” Caecilius mercatorem salutat.
 “salve!” Mercator respondet.
Caecilius triclinium intrat. amicus quoque intrat. amicus in lecto
recumbit. argentarius in lector recumbit. Grumio in culina cantat. Grumio
pavonem coquit. coquus est laetus. Caecilius coquum audit. Caecilius non
est laetus. Caecilius cenam exspectat. amicus cenam exspectat. Caecilius
Grumionem vituperat.

Words and phrases

Mercator - merchant In lecto recumbit -reclines on a couch

Amicus - friend Cantat - is singing
Visitat - is visiting Pavonem - peacock
Villam - the house Coquit - is cooking
Salutat - greets Laetus - happy
Pecuniam - money Audit - hears, listens to
Numerat - is counting Non est - is not
Argentarius - banker Cenam - dinner
Salve! - hello! Exspectat - is waiting for
Respondet - replies Vituperat - tells off, curses
Quoque - also, too

IN TRICLINIO
Grumio triclinium intrat. Grumio pavonem portat. Clemens triclinium
intrat. Clemens vinum portat. Caecilius pavonem gustat.
“pavo est optimus!” Caecilius clamat.
mercator quoque pavonem gustat. mercator cenam laudat. dominus
coquum laudat. Grumio exit.
 ancilla intrat. ancilla sauviter cantat. ancilla dominum delectat. ancilla
mercatorem delectat. mox dominum dormit. amicus quoque dormit.
Grumio triclinium intrat et circumspectat. coquus cibum in mensa
videt. Grumio cibum consumit et vinum bibit! Caecilius Grumionem non
videt. coquus in triclinio magnifice cenat.
coquus ancillam spectat. ancilla Grumionem delectat. Grumio
ancillam delectat. Grumio est laetissimus.

Words and Phrases

Portat - is carrying Mox - soon

Vinum - wine Et - and
Gustat - tastes Videt - sees
Optimus - very good / excellent Cibum - food
Laudat - praises Consumit - eats the food
Dominus - master Magnifice - magnificently
Ancilla - servant / slave Cenat - eats dinner / dines
Suaviter - sweetly Laetissimus - very happy
Delectate - pleases

Practing the Language

Complete the sentence with a word that makes good sense, choosing your
answer from the words in parentheses.

1. Caecilius pecuniam _____________ (numerat, dormit).

2. Clemens vinum ________________ (laborat, portat).
3. ancilla hortum _________________ (intrat, gustat).
4. Metella mercatorem _____________ (salutat, cantat).
5. Quintus cenam _________________ (visitat, consumit).
6. servus villam ___________________ (dormit, intrat, portat).
7. amicus Grumionem ______________ (spectat, stat, recumbit).
8. mater filium ___________________ (surgit, dormit, vituperat).
 9. mercatorem canem _______________ (sedet, consumit, audit).).
10. dominus ancillam ____________ (scribit, laudat, numerat.

Word Search

Match each definition with one of the words given.

amicable, ancillary, commerce, disgust, domination, dormitory, laudable

1. __________: to offend or sicken

2. __________: trade

3. __________: friendly

4. __________: worthy of praise

5. __________: helpful; additional

6. __________: power or control

7. __________: sleeping quarters

LESSON 4

1. THE FOURTH DECLENSION. All masculine except manus, us (hand,

f.); domus, us (house, f.); cornu, cornus (horn, n.), genus, genus (knee,
n.)

4TH DECLENSION

MASCULINE: e.g. portus, portus (harbor)

n port-us the harbor

g port-us of the harbor
d port-ui to (for) the harbor
a port-um the harbor
a port-u by, with, from the harbor

n port-us the harbors

g port-uum of the harbors
d port-ibus to (for) the harbors
a port-us the harbors
a port-ibus by, with, from the harbors

FEMININE: e.g. domus, domus (house)

n dom-us the house, etc…

g dom-us
d dom-ui
a dom-um
a dom-o

n dom-us
g dom-orum
d dom-ibus
a dom-os
a dom-ibus

NEUTER: cornu, cornus (horn)

n corn-u the horn, etc…

g corn-us
d corn-u
a corn-u
a corn-u

n corn-ua
g corn-uum
d corn-ibus
a corn-ua
a corn-ibus
2. THE FIFTH DECLENSION. All feminine except dies,diei which is
generally masculine. In the singular, however, when it means a set date
or a “period of time” even dies is often feminine. Certain nouns, such as
fides, fidei have no plural form.

n res the thing/affair, etc…

g r-ei
d r-ei
a r-em
a r-e

n r-es
g r-erum
d r-ebus
a r-es
a r-ebus

3. Some nouns of the First Declension

1. terra, ae - land, earth

2. copia, ae - supply
3. copiae, arum - military troops
4. gloria,ae - fame, glory
5. Galia, ae - Gaul
6. gratia, ae - favor, grace, influence
7. gratiae, arum - thanks
8. inopia, ae - scarcity, want
9. nauta, ae - sailor
10.porta, ae - gate
11.provincia, ae - province
12.silva, ae - forest
 13.via,ae - way, road
14.victoria,ae - victory
15.Maria,ae - Mary
16.Roma,ae - Rome

4. Some nouns of the Second Declension

1.amicus,i - friend
2.Christianus,i - Christian
3.Christus,i - Christ
4.Deus,i - God
5.dominus,i - lord / master
6.filius,i - son
7.Gallus,i - a Gaul
8.gladius,i - sword
9.mundus,i - world
10.murus,i - wall
11.populus,i - people / nation
12.Romanus,i - a Roman
13.servus,i - servant
14.bellum,i - war
15.caelum,i - sky / heaven
16.frumentum,i - grain / crops
17.imperium,i - empire / power / command
18.oppidum,i - town
19.periculum,i - danger
20.praemium,i - reward
21.regnum,i - kingdom
22.signum,i - signal / sign

5. Some nouns of the Third Declension

1.Caesar,is - Caesar
2.clamor,clamoris- shout
3.dux,ducis - leader
4.eques,equities - horseman / cavalry
5.frater,fratris - brother
6.homo,hominis - man
 7.imperator,imperatoris – commander in chief / general
8.legio,legionis - legion
9.lex,legis - law
10.lux,lucis - light
11.mater,matris - mother
12.miles,militis - soldier
13.pater,patris - father
14.pax,pacis - peace
15.princeps,principis - chief / leading man
16.rex,regis - king
17.salus,salutis - welfare / salvation
18.veritas,veritatis- truth
19.virtus,virtutis - virtue /courage
20.vox,vocis - voice / cry
21.caedis,caedis - slaughter
22.collis,collis - hill
23.gens,gentis - tribe
24.hostis,hostis - enemy
25.mons,montis - mountain
26.pars,partis - part
27.pons,pontis - bridge
28.urbs,urbis - city
29.corpus,corporis - body
30.flumen,fluminis - river
31.iter,itineris - route / journey
32.nomen,nominis - name
33.vulnus,vulneris - wound

6. Some nouns of the Fourth Declension

1.adventus,us - arrival / coming

2.equitatus,us - cavalry
3.exercitus,us - army
4.impetus,us - attack
5.metus,us - fear
6.portus,us - harbor
7.senatus,us - senate
8.spiritus,us - breath / spirit
 7. Some nouns of the Fifth Declension

1.acies,aciei - battle line

2.fides,fidei - faith / faithfully
3.res,rei - thing /affair
4.spes,spei - hope

ACTIVITY

in foro
Caecilius non est in villa. Caecilius in foro laborat.
Caecilius est argentarius. argentarius pecuniam numerat.
Caecilius forum circumspectat. ecce! Pictor in foro
ambulat. pictor est Celer. Celer Caecilium salutat.
ecce! Tonsor quoque est in foro. Tonsor est Pantagathus.
Caecilius tonsorem videt.
“salve!” Caecilius tonsorem salutat.
“salve!” Pantagathus respondet.
ecce! Venalicius forum intrat. venalicius est Syphax.
Venalicius mercatorem exspectat. Mercator non venit. Syphax
est iratus. Syphax mercatorem vituperat.

Words & Phrases

in foro in the forum

ecce! see! look!
pictor painter / artist
ambulat is walking
 tonsor barber
venalicius slave-dealer
non venit does not come

ACTIVITY

pictor
pictor ad villam venit. pictor est Celer. Celer ianuam
pulsat. Clemens pictorem non audit. servus est in horto. Celer
clamat. canis Celerem audit et latrat. Quintus canem audit.
Quintus ad ianuam venit. filius ianuam aperit. Celer Quintum
salutat et villam intrat.
Metella est in culina. Quintus matrem vocat. Metella
atrium intrat. pictor Metellam salutat. Metella pictorem ad
triclinium ducit.
Celer in triclinio laborat. Celer picturam pingit. magnus
leo est in pictura. Hercules quoque est in pictura. leo
Herculem ferociter petit. Hercules magnam fustem tenet et
leonem veberat. Hercules est fortis.
Caecilius ad villan revenit et triclinium intrat. Caecilius
picturam intente spectat et picturam lauudat.
Words & Phrases

ad villam to the house

ianuam pulsat knocks on the door
ad ianuam to the door
aperit opens
vocat calls
ducit leads
picturam pingit paints a picture
magnus big / large
leo lion
ferociter fiercely
petit heads for, attacks
 fustem club
tenet is holding
verberat is striking
fortis brave
revenit returns
intente intently

tonsor
tonsor in taberna laborat. tonsor est Pantagathus.
Caecilius intrat.
“salve, tonsor!” inquit Caecilius.
“salve!” respondet Pantagathus.
tonsor est occupatus. senex in sella sedet. Pantagathus
novaculam tenet et barbam tondet. senex novaculam intente
spectat.
poeta tabernam intrat. poeta in taberna stat et versum
recitat. Caecilius ridet, sed tonsor non ridet. versus est
scurrilis; tonsor est iratus.
“furcifer! furcifer!” clamat Pantagathus. senex est
pertirritus. tonsor barbam non tondet. tonsor senem secat.
multus sanguis fluit.
Caecilius surgit et e taberna exit.

Words & Phrases

in taberna in the shop ridet laughs / smiles

inquit says sed but
occupatus busy scurrilis obscene / dirty
senex old man perterritus terrified
in sella in the chair secat cuts
novaculam razor multus much
barbam tondetis trimming his beard sanguis fluit blood flows
poeta poet e taberna out of the shop
versum recitat ecites a line
 Questions

1. Who is working in the shop when Caecilius arrives? What is he doing?

2. Who comes into the shop after Caecilius? What does he do?
3. Why is the barber angry?
4. What happens to the old man?
5. What does Caecilius do? Why?

Activity 11/12/11

Omnes homines boni orant sed homines mali non

orant. Christiani in nomine Christi orant. Rex bonus
pro regno et militibus orat. Dux bonus pro militibus
orat. Et milites et nautae propter belli pericula orant.
Et patres et matres pro filiis orant. Filii pro patribus et
matribus orant. Amici pro amicis orant. Christus pro
omnibus hominibus orat.
Cum oramus, Deum laudamus. Omnes Christiani
Deum, patrem omnium hominum, laudant, quod
multas res bonas hominibus parat. Milites post
victoriam et salute Deum laudant; patres et matres
Deum propter pacem et filiorum salute laudant.
Assignment: 11/23/2011
 ACTORES
magna turba est in urbe. feminae et puellae sunt
in turba. senes quoque et iuvenes sunt in turba.
servi hodie non laborant. senes hodie non
dormiunt. mercatores hodie non sunt occupati.
Pompeiani sunt otiosi. urbs tamen non est quieta.
Pompeiani ad theatrum contendunt. magnus
clamor est in urbe.
agricolae urbem intrant. nautae urbem
petunt. pastores de monte veniunt et ad urbem
contendunt. turba per portam ruit.
nuntius in foro clamat: “actores sunt in urbe.
actores sunt in threatro. Priscus fabulam dat.
Priscus fabulam optimam dat. actores sunt
Actius et Sorex.”
 Caecilius et Metella e villa discedunt.
argentarius et uxor ad theatrum ambulant.
Clemens et Melissa ad theatrum contendunt. sed
Grumio in villa manet.
words and phrases

actores actors nautae sailors

turba crowd petunt head for, seek
feminae women pastores shepherds
puellae girls de monte down from the mountain
iuvenes young men per portam through the gate
otiose at leisure, idle ruit rushes
quieta quiet nuntius messenger
ad theatrum to the theatre fabulam dat is putting on a play
contendunt hurry uxor wife
clamor shout, uproar manet remains, stays
agricolae farmers

ACTIVITY FOR THE FIRST DECLENSION:

Translate in English:
1. Nautae terram laudant.
2. Nautae provinciam vident.
3. Maria silvas laudat.
4. Nauta silvas videt.
5. Nauta portam videt.
6. Provinciam non laudant.
 7. Nautae mariam laudant.
8. Victoriam laudant.
9. Nautae gloriam laudant.
10. Mariam laudant.
11. Provinciam videt.

Translate in Latin:
1. They praise Mary.
2. The sailors see the province.
3. The sailors praise glory.
4. He sees the gate.
5. The sailor does not see the province.
6. They praise the forest.
7. He sees the sailors.
8. She praises the victory of the sailors.
9. They see the gate.
10. Mary does not praise the sailors.
11. The sailors see the land.

ACTIVITY FOR THE SECOND DECLENSION:

Translate into English:

1. Christiani orant.
2. Amici Dei Christianos laudant.
3. Christiani Filium Dei laudant.
4. Christiani Mariam laudant.
5. Nautae servos non vident.
6. Servi Christianos laudant.
7. Christiani servos Dei laudant.
8. Gloriam Dei vident.
9. Christiani Christum laudant.
10. Maria et Christus amicos Dei laudant.
11. Deus terram et silvas videt. Nautas et servos et Christianos videt.
12.Christiani Filium Mariae laudant.

Translate into Latin:

1. Christians praise the son of Mary.
2. Mary sees the Son of God.
3. Christians praise the victory of Christ.
 4. Mary praises God.
5. God praises the glory of Christ.
6. Christ praises the friends of Mary.
7. The servants of Mary praise Christ.
8. The friends of God praise Mary.
9. The sailors do not praise the victory of the slaves.
10. Mary sees the glory of God and the victory of Christ.
11. God sees the earth; He sees the forest.

Translate; underline the direct object.

1. Amici Dei regnum Christi laudant.
2. Maria premium et victoriam Christi videt.
3. Nautae caelum et terram vident.
4. Deus pericula Christianorum videt.
5. Dues bella non laudat.
6. Servi Christi imperium Christi laudant.
7. Maria gloriam regni Christi videt.
8. Filius Dei praemia Mariae laudat.
9. Nautae pericula non laudant.

Translate.
1. Christus Deo gloriam dedit.
2. Servis gladios non dederunt sed nautis gladios dederunt.
3. Nautae amicis victoriam dederunt.
4. Dues amicis Mariae praemia dedit.
5. Deus Filio regnum dedit.
6. Christiani gloriam Mariae et Filio Mariae dederunt.
7. Dues Christo terram dedit.
8. Nautae gloriam belli laudant sed pericula belli non laudant.
9. Provinciam amico dedit.
10. Deus gloriam et victoriam Christianis dedit.
11. Amico gladium dedit.

Translate:
1. God gave a kingdom to Christ.
2. He gave a sword to the friend but not to the slave.
3. The Christians gave glory to God.
4. They did not give the province to the slaves.
5. Sailors do not praise the dangers of war but they praise the victory and
the rewards of war.
6. God gave a kingdom and an empire to Christ.
7. The Son of God gave heaven to the Christians.
8. The sailors see the sky.