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Essays In Artificial Intelligence And Biological Life

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2020 by Ian Beardsley


 2 of 82

Preface
The developments of my theory has paralleled the
development of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity remarkably.
His theory made use of a little known mathematics, Tensor
Calculus, that was developed in Italy by Levi Civita much
earlier (29 March 1873 - 29 December 1941) a pupil of its
inventor . He needed this mathematics to formulate his
theory, but did not know how to use it. He asked his
friend, Marcel Grossman to teach it to him. My theory
needed a little known calculus as well that was developed
in Italy much earlier, when Tullio Volterra created the
product integral to solve differential equations in 1871. It
was proposed later to be a generalized form of calculus
by, get this, people of the name Grossman and Katz.
Furthermore, as tensor calculus was a generalization of
vector calculus, so is product calculus of classical
calculus.

The need for relativity stemmed from an experiment done

on the mountain that forms the northern border of the
valley where I live, The San Gabriel Valley, the mountains
being the San Gabriel Mountains, the experiment the
Michelson-Morely experiment to determine the speed of
light in two different directions.

The theory began when my wife and I, she Italian, went to

the library at the colleges so she could use the computers
to look for a job. I used the computers while she did that,
to research mathematics.

At some point I started developing work in the connection

between artificial intelligence (AI) and biological life mainly
as a way to understand the origins of life. Interestingly, as
of recently I have become captivated by the work of Abel
and Trevors, who have written a paper on how biological
life can evolve by Natural Selection, but the the operating
system and programming instructions cannot come into
existence by Natural Selection. Abel and Trevors coined
these phrases from computer science, AI operating
 3 of 82

systems and programming languages being parallel to

biological life’s triplet codon system at the DNA level.

It turns out that Abel, approaching the origin of life

question from a computer science background, is also
using a new emerging science to help, called
biosemiotics, that uses linguistics, or the study of
language in other words to understand the coding nature
of life. In other words, the relationships between words
might explain the relationships between the chemical
components of biological life, in particular, of the coding
language.

In a sense, the relationships I am discovering in my theory

between molar mass, density, and radius of elements and
compounds, since they are mathematically elegant, not
only suggest that this could be in a sense the operating
systems of AI and Biological life at the most primary level,
but that life could be mathematical in structure, in many
instances purely algebraic.

I began to look into product calculus, because I had the

question in mind, whether I could write the arithmetic
mean, harmonic mean, and geometric mean all as one
equation. Product calculus is based on the geometric
mean while classical calculus the arithmetic mean.

Essentially, I found the problem arises that one needs to

use a limit operation where the geometric mean is
concerned and that the geometric mean is a definition in
product calculus, not derived. But, I found that because
there are two core AI elements, I could do it with the
special case relationships between all these means that
exist for n=2. It could actually already be done without
limits for any size of n, but required an inverse function
operation, which I wanted to remove so I would have an
algebraic expression that could be manipulated
algebraically.

The paper I refer to by D.L. Abel and J.T. Trevors is

Chance and necessity do not explain the origin of life.
(Cell Biology International 2004)

 4 of 82

Ultimately I feel we cannot speak of biological life without

comparing it to some other construct like AI, I feel it is a
purpose of biological life (C, N, O, H) to discover the
properties of P, B, Si so it can make computing machines
ultimately necessary to its survival. I feel artificial
intelligence and biological life are mathematical
constructs.

 5 of 82

Table of Contents

Silicon And Carbon…………………….6

A Scheme For The AI Elements………18

The Case For Molar Mass In

Artificial Intelligence……………………39

The Generalized Equation

Of AI……………………………………..52

 6 of 82

Silicon and Carbon

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2020 by Ian Beardsley

 7 of 82

This is the prequel to Bone, where I compared the aspect

of biological life that is bone, to artificial intelligence (AI).
This work deals with the comparison of biological life to
artificial intelligence where the elements with which the
former are built (CHNOPS) to the elements with which the
latter are built (Si, Ge, P, B, Ga, As) are concerned. It is a
purpose of biological life (C, N, O, H) to discover the
properties of (P, B, Si) so it can make computing machines
which are necessary to its survival.
 8 of 82

The golden ratio and the golden ratio conjugate are

the solution of the quadratic

(b)
2
a a
− − 1 = 0 that meets the conditions
b
a b
= and a=b+c

b c

a 5−1 1
Where Φ = and ϕ = , ϕ= .

b 2 Φ
We guess that artificial intelligence (AI) has the golden
ratio, or its conjugate in its means geometric, harmonic,
and arithmetic by molar mass by taking these means
between doping agents phosphorus (P) and boron (B)
divided by semiconductor material silicon (Si) :

PB (30.97)(10.81)
= = 0.65

Si 28.09
2PB 1 2(30.97)(10.81) 1
= = 0.57

P + B Si 30.97 + 10.81 28.09

0.65 + 0.57
= 0.61 ≈ ϕ

2
Which can be written

PB(P + B) + 2PB
≈ ϕ

2(P + B)Si
 9 of 82

We see that the biological elements, H, N, C, O compared

to the AI elements P, B, Si is the golden ratio conjugate
(phi) as well:

C+N+O+H
≈ ϕ

P + B + Si
So we can now establish the connection between artificial
intelligence and biological life:

PB(P + B) + 2PB
(P + B + Si ) ≈ (C + N + O + H )

2(P + B)Si
Which can be written:

[ Si Si ] P + B [ Si Si ]
P B 2PB P B
PB + +1 + + + 1 ≈ 2HCNO

Where HNCO is isocyanic acid, the most basic organic

compound. We write in the arithmetic mean:

[ 2 ][ Si Si ]
2PB P+B P B
PB + + + + 1 ≈ 3HNCO

P+B
Which is nice because we can write in the second first
generation semiconductor as well (germanium) and the
doping agents gallium (Ga) and arsenic (As):

[ 2 ][ Si Si ] [ Ge Ge ]
2PB P+B P B Ga As
PB + + + + 1 ≈ HNCO + +1

P+B

Where

[ Si + + 1]
P B
Zn Si
≈

[ Ge + + 1]
Se Ga As
Ge
 10 of 82

Where ZnSe is zinc selenide, an intrinsic semiconductor

used in AI, meaning it doesn’t require doping agents. We
now have:

( Se ) P + B ( Se ) 2 ( Se )
Zn 2PB Z n P + B Zn
PB + + ≈ HNCO

We could begin with semiconductor germanium (Ge) and

doping agents gallium (Ga) and Phosphorus (P) and we
get a similar equation:

2Ga P
= 42.866, Ga P = 46.46749

Ga + P
In grams per mole. Then we compare these molar masses
to the molar masses of the semiconductor material Ge:

2Ga P 1 42.866
= = 0.59

Ga + P Ge 72.61
1 46.46749
Ga P = = 0.64

Ge 72.61
Then, take the arithmetic mean between these:

0.59 + 0.64
= 0.615

2
We then notice this is about the golden ratio conjugate, ϕ,
1
which is the inverse of the golden ratio, Φ. ϕ ≈ . Thus, 

Φ
 11 of 82

we have

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
1. ≈ ϕ

2(Ga + P)Ge

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
2. ≈Φ

2(Ga + P)Si
This is considering the elements of artificial intelligence
(AI) Ga, P, Ge, Si. Since we want to find the connection of
artificial intelligence to biological life, we compare these to
the biological elements most abundant by mass carbon
(C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus
(P), sulfur (S). We write these CHNOPS (C+H+N+O+P+S)
and find:

CHNOPS 1
≈

Ga + As + Ge 2
A similar thing can be done with germanium, Ge, and
gallium, Ga, and arsenic, As, this time using CHNOPS the
most abundant biological elements by mass:

[ ] [ Ge Ge ] [ Si ]
2Ga As Ga + As Ga As Ga As
Ga As + + + + 1 ≈ CHNOPS + +1

Ga + As 2 Si

( S ) Ga + As ( S ) (S)
O 2Ga As O Ga + As O
Ga As + + ≈ CHNOPS

[ Ge + Ge + 1]
Ga As
O
≈

[ Si + Si + 1]
S Ga As

Ga As(Ga + As) + 2Ga As

≈ 1

2(Ga + As)Ge
 12 of 82

C+H+N+O+P+S 1
≈

Ga + As + Ge 2
We can also make a construct for silicon doped with
gallium and phosphorus:

2(Ga + P)Si
(C + N + O + H ) ≈ (P + B + Si )

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P

2(Ga + P)Si
HNCO ≈ (P + B + Si )

(Ga + P)[ Ga P + Ga + P ]
2GaP

2(P + B + Si )Si
HNCO ≈ 2GaP

Ga P + Ga + P

And for germanium doped with gallium and phosphorus:

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
≈ ϕ

2(Ga + P)Ge

[ ][ ] [ ]
2Ga P Ga + P P B Si Ga As
Ga P + + + + ≈ HNCO + +1

Ga + P 2 Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge

( S ) Ga + P ( S ) 2 (S)
B 2Ga P B Ga + P B
Ga P + + ≈ HNCO

 13 of 82

The Fundamental AIbioequations

[ 2 ][ Si Si ] [ Ge Ge ]
2PB P+B P B Ga As
PB + + + + 1 ≈ HNCO + +1

P+B

[ ] [ Ge Ge ] [ Si ]
2Ga As Ga + As Ga As Ga As
Ga As + + + + 1 ≈ CHNOPS + +1

Ga + As 2 Si

[ 2 ][ Ge Ge Ge ] [ Ge Ge ]
2Ga P Ga + P P B Si Ga As
Ga P + + + + ≈ HNCO + +1

Ga + P

2(P + B + Si )Si
HNCO ≈ 2GaP

Ga P + Ga + P

PB(P + B) + 2PB
≈ ϕ

2(P + B)Si

Ga As(Ga + As) + 2Ga As

≈ 1

2(Ga + As)Ge

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
≈ϕ

2(Ga + P)Ge

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
≈ Φ

2(Ga + P)Si
C+N+O+H
≈ ϕ

P + B + Si
C+H+N+O+P+S 1
≈

Ga + As + Ge 2
 14 of 82

[ Si + + 1]
P B
Zn Si
≈

[ Ge + + 1]
Se Ga As
Ge

[ Ge + Ge + 1]
Ga As
O
≈ 

[ Si + Si + 1]
S Ga As
 15 of 82

The Author

 16 of 82

A Scheme For The AI Elements

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2020 by Ian Beardsley


 17 of 82



 18 of 82

The Scheme

I have a theory (my book Mathematical Structure) that suggests I

find a numerical scheme for the elements of the periodic table
that can allow me to manipulate them mathematically. The
theory results in equations for molar mass, density, and atomic
radii of artificial intelligence (AI) elements.

Silicon and germanium are in group 14 like carbon (C) and as

such have 4 valence electrons. Thus to have positive type silicon
and germanium, they need doping agents from group 13 (three
valence electrons) like boron and gallium, and to have negative
type silicon and germanium they need doping agents from group
15 like phosphorus and arsenic.

We need a scheme that takes all of this into account.


 19 of 82

We begin with the periodic table of the elements:

And then pull out that section with the primary artificial
intelligence (AI) elements:

And we next number the elements as such,…

 20 of 82

Thus 13 is an element in row 1 and must be boron because it has

three valence electrons. 14 is carbon because it is in row 1 and
has four valence electrons. And so on. So, instead of element Si
we have E_24, and instead of element Ge, we have E_34, and so
on. Thus,…

Becomes,…

E13 E14 E15

E23 E24 E25

E33 E34 E35

Where E means “element”.

Molar Mass and Atomic Radius Taken Together

We guess that artificial intelligence (AI) has the golden

ratio, or its conjugate in its means geometric, harmonic,
and arithmetic by molar mass by taking these means
between doping agents phosphorus (P) and boron (B)
divided by semiconductor material silicon (Si) :

PB (30.97)(10.81)
= = 0.65

Si 28.09
2PB 1 2(30.97)(10.81) 1
= = 0.57

P + B Si 30.97 + 10.81 28.09

 21 of 82

0.65 + 0.57
= 0.61 ≈ ϕ

2
Which can be written

PB(P + B) + 2PB
≈ϕ
2(P + B)Si

We now want to write out the equations for atomic

radius, density, and molar mass as these are the
components upon which the properties of the
elements should rely, using data set 3.

P_R Radius 100 pm

Phosphorus

B_R Radius Boron 85 pm

Si_R Radius 110 pm

Silicon

Ga_R Radius 130 pm

Gallium

As_R Radius 115 pm

Arsenic

Ge_R Radius 125 pm

Germanium

P_M Molar Mas 30.97 g/mol

Phosphorus

B_M Molar Mass 10.81 g/mol

Boron

Si_M Molar Mass 28.09 g/mol

Silicon
 22 of 82

You will find:

[ GeR GeR ]
GaR As
+ R +1 ≈π and

[ SiR SiR ]
PR B
+ R ≈ Φ

Or,…

PR + BR SiR
≈Φ Or,…. ≈ ϕ

SiR PR + BR
We now subscript the elements with M for molar
mass in our equation:

PM BM (PM + BM ) + 2PM BM
≈ ϕ

2(PM + BM )SiM

Which can be written,…

2PM BM
PM BM + (PM + BM )
≈ ϕ

2SiM
Which yields,…

2SiR 2PM BM
Si ≈ PM BM +

PR + BR M PM + BM
 23 of 82

We could begin with semiconductor germanium (Ge)

and doping agents gallium (Ga) and phosphorus (P)
and we get a similar equation:

2GaP
= 42.866, GaP = 46.46749

Ga + P
In grams per mole. Then we compare these molar
masses to the molar masses of the semiconductor
material Ge:

2GaP 1 42.866
= = 0.59

Ga + P Ge 72.61
1 46.46749
GaP = = 0.64

Ge 72.61
Then, take the arithmetic mean between these:

0.59 + 0.64
= 0.615

2
We then notice this is about the golden ratio
conjugate, ϕ, which is the inverse of the golden ratio,
1
Φ. ϕ ≈ . Thus, we have

GaP(Ga + P) + 2GaP
1. ≈ ϕ

2(Ga + P)Ge

GaP(Ga + P) + 2GaP
2. ≈Φ

2(Ga + P)Si
 24 of 82

This is considering the elements of artificial

intelligence (AI) Ga, P, Ge, Si. Since we want to find
the connection of artificial intelligence to biological
life, we compare these to the biological elements
most abundant by mass carbon (C), hydrogen (H),
nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S).
We write these CHNOPS (C+H+N+O+P+S) and find:

So it becomes obvious that just as we had:

2SiR 2PM BM
Si ≈ PM BM +

PR + BR M PM + BM
We have

2SiR 2GaM PM
Ge ≈ GaM PM +

PR + BR M GaM + PM

PR + BR [ GaM + PM ]
SiR 2GaM PM
2SiM ≈ GaM PM +

Density and Atomic Radius Taken Together

We had

[ GeR GeR ]
GaR As
+ R + 1 ≈ π

[ SiR SiR ]
PR B
+ R ≈ Φ

 25 of 82

Where molar mass was connected to atomic radius

through Φ, we see that density is connected to
atomic radius through π. We introduce

Gaρ 5.904
= = π

Pρ 1.88

And write

[ GeR GeR ]
GaR AsR Gaρ
+ +1 =

Pρ

Which can be written

Gaρ
( Pρ )
GaR + AsR = − 1 GeR

Which says the semiconductor material Ge by radius

is equal to the sum of the doping agents across it by
radius, by a factor of the the doping agents Ga and P
by density minus one.

 26 of 82

If we use data set three, this has an accuracy of

( 1.88 )
5.904
130 + 115 = − 1 125

245 = 267.55

245
= 0.9157

267.55
91.57%

Density and Molar Mass Taken Together

Quite obviously we have

[ GeM GeM ]
G aM AsM
+ +1 ≈π

And we have said

G aρ
≈π
Pρ

So we have

[ GeM GeM ]
G aM AsM G aρ
+ +1 ≈
Pρ

Which can be written

 27 of 82

G aρ
( Pρ )
G aM + AsM ≈ − 1 GeM

Which has an accuracy of

( 1.88 )
5.904
69.72 + 74.92 = − 1 72.61

144.64 = 155.416

144.64
= 0.93
155.416
93%

So our equations are

2SiR 2PM BM
Si ≈ PM BM +

PR + BR M PM + BM
2SiR 2GaM PM
Ge ≈ GaM PM +

PR + BR M GaM + PM

PR + BR [ GaM + PM ]
SiR 2GaM PM
2SiM ≈ GaM PM +

Gaρ
( Pρ )
GaR + AsR = − 1 GeR

 28 of 82

Gaρ
( Pρ )
GaM + AsM ≈ − 1 GeM

Interesting

Let us look at two of the five equations we most recently

derived, the following:

2SiR 2PM BM
SiM ≈ PM BM +

PR + BR PM + BM
2SiR 2GaM PM
GeM ≈ GaM PM +

PR + BR GaM + PM
PR + BR
If = AR the arithmetic mean between
2
doping agent radii and, PM BM = GM,
GaM PM = GM the geometric means between
2PM BM
doping agents, and, = HM,
PM + BM
2GaM PM
= HM the harmonic means between
GaM + PM
doping agents then

SiM SiR
= GM + HM

AR

Or,…

SiM SiR = (GM + HM )AR

 29 of 82

I find this interesting; the product between the

semiconductor molar masses and radii is equal to the
arithmetic mean between doping agent radii times the
sum of the geometric means and harmonic means of the
molar masses of doping agents.

Applying The Scheme

M R M M M M R R
E24 E24 = [G (E25 , E13 ) + H(E25 , E13 )]A(E25, E13)

Where we have superscripted E with M for molar mass

and E with R for radius, and written G for geometric mean,
H for harmonic mean, and A for arithmetic mean. The
equation reads the molar mass of silicon times the radius
of silicon equals the geometric mean of phosphorus and
boron by molar mass plus the harmonic mean of
phosphorus and boron by molar mass quantity times the
arithmetic mean of phosphorus and boron by radius. We
can also write:

M R M M M M R R
E34 E24 = [G (E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )]A(E33 , E25 )

Which reads the molar mass of germanium times the

radius of germanium equals the geometric mean between
gallium and phosphorus by molar mass plus the harmonic
mean between gallium and phosphorus by molar mass
quantity times the arithmetic mean between gallium and
phosphorus by radius. You can verify this by looking at our
table for the primary AI elements:

E13 E14 E15

E23 E24 E25

E33 E34 E35

We find the last is more accurate if we use


 30 of 82

M R M M M M R R
E34 E34 = [G (E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )]A(E33 , E25 )

Instead of

M R M M M M R R
E34 E24 = [G (E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )]A(E33 , E25 )

That is

GeM GeR = (GM + HM )AR

Instead of

GeM SiR = (GM + HM )AR

But since we have

GaP(Ga + P) + 2GaP
1. ≈ ϕ

2(Ga + P)Ge

GaP(Ga + P) + 2GaP
2. ≈ Φ

2(Ga + P)Si
Using 2 instead of 1 with

[ SiR SiR ]
PR B
+ R ≈ Φ

We have

GM + AM SiM
=4

AR SiR
Which is:

 31 of 82

M M M M M
E24 G(E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )
4 R =

E24 A(E33R , ER )
25

Let’s compute the accuracy of our equations,…

SiM SiR = (GM + HM )AR

SiM SiR = (28.09)(110) = 3,089.9

GM = (30.97)(10.81) = 18.2978

2(30.97)(10.81)
HM =

(30.97 + 10.81) = 16.026

100 + 85
AR = = 92.5

2
(GM + HM )AR = 3,174.8775

3,089.9
100 = 97.3%

3,174.8775
For

M R M M M M R R
E24 E24 = [G(E25 , E13 ) + H(E25 , E13 )]A(E25 , E13)

 32 of 82

GM = (69.72)(30.97) = 46.467

2(69.72)(30.97)
HM = = 42.8886

(69.72 + 30.97)
(130 + 100)
AR = = 115

2
(GM + HM )AR = 10275.894

GeM GeR = (72.61)(125) = 9,076.25

9,076.25
100 = 88.3%

10275.894
For

M R M M M M R R
E34 E34 = [G(E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )]A(E33, E25)

1 a SiM
[GM + HM] = 4

AR b SiR
1 28.09
[46.467 + 42.8886] = 4

115 110
0.777=1.02

We find it is more accurate if we use

100 + 85
AR = = 92.5

2
 33 of 82

1 28.09
[46.467 + 42.8886] = 4

92.5 110
Which is

0.966=1.02

0.966
(100) = 94.7%

1.02
For

M M M M M
E24 G(E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )
4 R =

E24 A(E25R , ER )
13

We have in total:

M R M M M M R R
E24 E24 = [G(E25 , E13 ) + H(E25 , E13 )]A(E25 , E13)

97.3% accurate

M R M M M M R R
E34 E34 = [G(E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )]A(E33, E25)

88.3% accurate

M M M M M
E24 G(E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )
4 R =

E24 A(E25R , ER )
13

94.7% accurate

We can also use our notation for the 2 of our 5

equations that are:

 34 of 82

Gaρ
( Pρ )
GaR + AsR = − 1 GeR

G aρ
( Pρ )
G a M + A sM ≈ − 1 G eM

Which are:

ρ
E33
( P25 )
R R R
E33 + E35 = ρ − 1 E34

ρ
E33
( P25 )
M M M
E33 + E35 = ρ − 1 E34

Where an E superscripted with ρ means the density of element E.

We now have in total:

M R M M M M R R
E24 E24 = [G(E25 , E13 ) + H(E25 , E13 )]A(E25 , E13)

M R M M M M R R
E34 E34 = [G(E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )]A(E33, E25)

M M M M M
E24 G(E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )
4 R =

E24 A(E25R , ER )
13

ρ
E33
( E25 )
R R R
E33 + E35 = ρ − 1 E34

ρ
E33
( E25 )
M M M
E33 + E35 = ρ − 1 E34 

 35 of 82

We already calculated the accuracy of the last two:

ρ
E33
( P25 )
R R R
E33 + E35 = ρ − 1 E34

91.5% accurate.

ρ
E33
( E25 )
M M M
E33 + E35 = ρ − 1 E34

93% accurate

We need to calculate the accuracy of the less accurate form of

1 SiM
[GM + HM ] = 4
AR SiR

1 28.09
(46.567 + 42.8886) = 4
115 110
0.777=1.02

0.777
100 = 76%
1.02
And the less accurate form of

SiM SiR = (GM + HM )AR

Which is in the more accurate form

GeM GeR = (GM + HM )AR

And, is

 36 of 82

GeM SiR = (GM + HM )AR

Which is

(46.467+42.8886)115=(72.61)(110)

10275.894=7987.1

7987.1
100 = 77.72657%

10275.894
Thus taking all of our equations together we have
(next page)…

 37 of 82

M R M M M M R R
E24 E24 = [G(E25 , E13 ) + H(E25 , E13 )]A(E25 , E13)

97.3%

M R M M M M R R
E34 E34 = [G(E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )]A(E33, E25)

88.3%

M M M M M
E24 G(E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )
4 R =

E24 A(E25R , ER )
13

94.7%

M M M M M
E24 G(E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )
4 R =

E24 A(E33R , ER )
25

76%

M R M M M M R R
E34 E24 = [G(E33 , E25 ) + H(E33 , E25 )]A(E33, E25)

77.72657%

ρ
E33
( E25 )
R R R
E33 + E35 = ρ − 1 E34

91.5%
ρ
E33
( E25 )
M M M
E33 + E35 = ρ − 1 E34

93%

The less accurate forms may be just as important than the more
accurate forms because the percentages might be important.

 38 of 82

The Author

 39 of 82

The Case For Molar Mass In Artificial Intelligence

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2020 by Ian Beardsley


 40 of 82



 41 of 82

Introduction

The primary elements of artificial intelligence (AI) used to

make diodes and transistors, silicon (Si) and germanium
(Ge) doped with boron (B) and phosphorus (P) or gallium
(Ga) and arsenic (As) have an asymmetry due to boron.
Silicon and germanium are in group 14 like carbon (C) and
as such have 4 valence electrons. Thus to have positive
type silicon and germanium, they need doping agents from
group 13 (three valence electrons) like boron and gallium,
and to have negative type silicon and germanium they need
doping agents from group 15 like phosphorus and arsenic.
But where gallium and arsenic are in the same period as
germanium, boron is in a different period than silicon
(period 2) while phosphorus is not (period 3). Thus
aluminum (Al) is in boron’s place. This results in an
interesting equation.

Si(As − G a) + Ge(P − Al ) 2B
=
SiGe Ge + Si

The differential across germanium crossed with silicon plus

the differential across silicon crossed with germanium
normalized by the product between silicon and germanium
is equal to the boron divided by the average between the
germanium and the silicon. The equation has nearly 100%
accuracy:

28.09(74.92 − 69.72) + 72.61(30.97 − 26.98) 2(10.81)

=
(28.09)(72.61) (72.61 + 28.09)

0.213658912 = 0.21469712

0.213658912
= 0.995

0.21469712
 42 of 82

We found (Beardsley, Mathematical Structure, 2020) that

the differential across silicon (P-Al) times germanium (Ge)
over boron (B) plus the differential across germanium (As-
Ga) times silicon (Si) over boron (B) was equal to the
harmonic mean between Si and Ge. This was interesting
because aluminum is used as what I called a dummy
doping agent element, which when inserted predicts the
actually doping agent boron, that seems out of place in
the periodic table where the core artificial intelligence
elements are concerned. This is written:

Si Ge 2SiGe
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) =
B B Si + Ge

Stokes Theorem states:

∫S ∮C
⇀ ⇀ ⇀ ⇀
(∇ × u ) ⋅ dS = u ⋅dr

⇀ ⇀
i j⃗ k
⇀
∇×u = ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
u1 u 2 u3

i⃗ j⃗ k⃗
∂ ∂ ∂ Si
∂x ∂y ∂z = (As − G a) i ⃗
B
Si Si
0 B
(G a)z B
(As)y

i⃗ j⃗ k⃗
∂ ∂ ∂ Ge
∂x ∂y ∂z = (P − Al ) j ⃗
B
Ge Ge
B
(Al )z 0 B
(P)x
 43 of 82

u ⃗ = (u1, u 2, u3) v ⃗ = (v1, v2, v3)

(G a)z j ⃗ + (As)y k ⃗
Si Si
u ⃗ = 0i ⃗ +
B B

(P)y k ⃗
Ge Ge
v⃗= (Al )z i ⃗ + 0 j ⃗ +
B B
We know the harmonic mean H of a function is

1
H= b
1
∫
b−a a
f (x)−1d x
And, that the arithmetic mean A of a function is
b
1
b − a ∫a
A= f (x)d x
We have

Si Ge Ge − Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) = Ge
B B ∫Si dxx

But, we want to use Stokes theorem so we want the integral

in the numerator. So, we make the approximation

H≈A

And, we have

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge 1
Ge − Si ∫Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) d x d y ≈ xd x
B

But, this is only 80% accurate. We find it is very accurate if

we say
 44 of 82

4
f (x) = x
5
Which yields

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1
Si Ge 1 4 Ge
Ge − Si 5 ∫Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) d x d y ≈ xd x
B

We have by molar mass

Si 28.09
(G a) = (69.72) = 181.1688g /m ol
B 10.81
Ge 72.61
(Al ) = (26.98) = 181.2227g /m ol
B 10,81
Si 28.09
(As) = (74.92) = 194.68111g /m ol
B 10.81
Ge 72.61
= (30.97) = 208.02328g /m ol
B 10.81
Thus,…

u ⃗ = 181z j ⃗ + 195y k ⃗

v ⃗ = 181z i ⃗ + 208y k ⃗
 45 of 82

We can break up our integral into two integrals u, and v:

1 1 Ge
Si 1 1
∫0 ∫0 B 3 (Ge − Si ) ∫Si
(As − G a)d yd z ≈ xd x

1 1 Ge
Ge 2 1
∫0 ∫0 B 3 (Ge − Si ) ∫Si
(P − Al )d x d z ≈ yd y

Holding x constant and y constant in our u and v integrals

we have subtle eclipses in the y-z planes and x-z planes
respectively:

 46 of 82



 47 of 82



 48 of 82



 49 of 82

Whose components decompose as follows,…



 50 of 82



 51 of 82

The Author

 52 of 82

The Generalized Equation Of AI

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2020 by Ian Beardsley


 53 of 82



 54 of 82

By Molar Mass

We found that the differential across silicon (P-Al) times

germanium (Ge) over boron (B) plus the differential across
germanium (As-Ga) times silicon (Si) over boron (B) was
equal to the harmonic mean between Si and Ge. This was
interesting because aluminum is used as what I called a
dummy doping agent element, which when inserted
predicts the actually doping agent boron, that seems out
of place in the periodic table where the core artificial
intelligence elements are concerned. This is written:

Si Ge 2SiGe
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) =
B B Si + Ge

By Density

We ask if the asymmetry in the AI elements in the periodic

table due to boron results in a dynamic equation by molar
mass, then does it as well by density? While molar mass is
due to the composition of elements, density is due to the
balance between the strong nuclear force holding protons
together balanced by their electric forces that are mutually
repulsive.

The density of boron is 2.340 grams per cubic centimeter,

that of phosphorus (white phosphorus) is 1.88 grams per
cubic centimeter and gallium is 5.904 grams per cubic
centimeter. Arsenic is 5.7 grams per cubic centimeter,
germanium is 5.323 grams per cubic centimeter and
aluminum is 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter. We have the
following scenario:
 55 of 82

Again we see boron breaks the symmetry in that period

three densities are on the same order and period 4 densities
are on the same order, but that of boron is almost the same
as silicon in period three. We see that semiconductor
material Si is the the average between doping agent P and
would be doping agent aluminum that takes the place of
boron and, that, the average doping agent Ga and
 56 of 82

semiconductor material Ge is approximately the average of

doping agent As. Thus we have:

Ga-As=0.204 (differential across Ge)

Al-P=0.82 (dummy differential across Si)

Si~B

Ge/Si~B

Si
(0.82) = 0.816
B
Ge
(0.204) = 0.464
B
0.816
= 1.7586
0.464

GeSi = 3.52

3.52
= 1.76 ≈ 1.7586
2

(Al − P) GeSi
B≈ Ge
G a − As 2
Si + P
2≈
2
And, we have

2Ge(G a − As)
B≈ GeSi
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)
 57 of 82

The first factor takes the form of the harmonic mean

between a and b, H:

2a b
H=
a+b

And the second term takes the form of the geometric mean
between a and b, G:

G= ab

The equation is 94.68% accurate.

2(5.323)(5.904 − 5.7)
(5.323)(2.33) = 2.2155
2.33(2.7 − 1.88) + 1.88(2.7 − 1.88)

2.2155
= 94.68
2.340

Aluminum, while a dummy in the equation used to arrive at

the dynamics due to asymmetry by way of boron actually is
widely used in AI because it is a conductor, which makes it
an electric shield, so it can be used to enclose electrical
circuitry to protect it from electric fields. Thus we have the
two equations by molar mass and density respectively:

2Ge(G a − As)
B≈ GeSi
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1
Si Ge 1 4 Ge
Ge − Si 5 ∫Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) d x d y ≈ xd x
B

But
 58 of 82

2Ge(G a − As)
B≈ GeSi
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)

Can be written

B
[Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] ≈ GeSi
2Ge(G a − As)

But

GeSi

Is the geometric mean between Ge and Si. The geometric

mean between a and b is given by:

( b − a ∫a )
1
G f¯ = ex p log f (x)d x

Thus our equation in terms of density can be put in integral

form as well:

∫0 ∫0 [ 2Ge(G a − As) ]
1 1 Ge

( Ge − Si ∫Si )
B 1
[ Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] d x d y = ex p log(x)d x

And we see that this integral is correct:

5.323(ln(5.323) − 5.323) − 2.33(ln(2.33) − 2.33) = 3.936

3.936
= 1.315
5.323 − 2.33
e 1.315 = 3.725

Which is close to
 59 of 82

(5.323)(2.33) = 3.52

3.52
= 0.945
3.725
94.5%

By Atomic Radius

I then considered atomic radii of these elements.

60 of 82
 61 of 82

The atomic radii data varies some from source to source.

Here I use data set 4 (previous page) that is the average of
respective values in data sets 1, 2, and 3. We have looked
at molar mass, and density and the dynamic relationships
that result in terms of them do to the asymmetry introduced
into the AI elements in the periodic table. It is natural to
look at radius next. It has a lot to do with the structure and
properties of the elements just like is true of the their molar
masses and densities.

Here we have the differential across Si, times Si/B plus the
differential across Ge times Ge/B is the golden ratio, phi,
times the arithmetic mean between Si and Ge in atomic
radius.

(Al-P)=143-116=36

(Ga-As)=19

(36)(115/88)=36(1.3)=46.8

19(123/88)=19(1.4)=26.6

46.8+26.6=73.4

(115+123)/2=119

119
= 1.62 ≈ Φ = 1.618
73.4
 62 of 82

Si Ge Si + Ge
(Al − P) + (G a − As) =Φ
B B 2
The golden ratio and the golden ratio conjugate are the
solution of the quadratic

(b)
2
a a
− − 1 = 0 that meets the conditions
b
a b
= and a=b+c

b c

a 5−1 1
Where Φ = and ϕ = , ϕ= .
b 2 Φ
We have already said
b
1
b − a ∫a
f¯ = f (x)d x

Thus by radius the integral form of the equation is:

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge Φ
Ge − Si ∫Si
(Al − P) + (G a − As) d xdy = xd x
B

The Generalized Equation

We can write a generalized equation for physical

parameters whether the parameters are molar mass, density,
or atomic radius. If the differentials

(As − G a) and (P − Al ) by molar mass or

(Al − P) and (Al − P) by density or

 63 of 82

(Al − P) and (G a − As) by atomic radius

Are respectively ΔE1 and ΔE2

And, the ratios

Si Ge
and by molar mass or
B B
B B
Si and P by density or
2Ge(G a − As) 2Ge(G a − As)
Si Ge
and by atomic radius
B B
Are, quotients Q1, and Q2, respectively, then if

∇ = (ΔE1, ΔE2 )

Q = (Q1, Q2 )

And, since the geometric mean, arithmetic mean, quadratic

mean (root mean square), harmonic mean are special cases
of the generalized mean:

1 n p p1
(n ∑ )
xi p= 0,1, 2, -1,…
i=1

Then the generalized form of our equations is:

1 n p p1
(n ∑ )
∇⋅Q =C xi
i=1
 64 of 82

Where C is some constant. This is all the following

equations:

Si Ge Ge − Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) = Ge
B B ∫Si dxx

By molar mass.

∫0 ∫0 [ 2Ge(G a − As) [ ]
1 1 Ge

( Ge − Si Si )
B 1
∫
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] d x d y = ex p log(x)d x

By density.

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge Φ
Ge − Si ∫Si
(Al − P) + (G a − As) d xdy = xd x
B

By atomic radius.

Elaboration On The Equation

My generalized equation of the parameters using

1 n p p1
(n ∑ )
xi
i=1

uses

b
b ∫a f (x) pd x
p→0 ( b − a ∫a )
1 p
1 1
lim u dx = p
b
p

∫a d x

The generalization of L p norms when p—>0.

 65 of 82

The equation becomes

( b − a ∫a )
1 1
∇⋅Q =C f (x) pd x p

However, the generalized power mean

1 n p p1
(n ∑ )
Mp(x1, …, x n ) = xi
i=1

While this is the arithmetic mean when p=1, and the

harmonic mean for p=-1, I have used it as the geometric
mean for p=0, which we can see explodes to infinity at
zero. But, since I am a physicist and not a mathematician, I
assume taking the limit as p—->0 is the same as evaluating
it at zero. But, as physicists undergo courses of
mathematics, I do understand how to present equations in
terms of the formalities of mathematics. The proper way to
treat this as a mathematician is, the limit as p goes to zero is
the geometric mean because

∏
M 0(x1, …, xn ) = n xi
i=1

However we can generalize the equation to include the

geometric mean without having to take the limit as p goes
to zero using the f-mean. We have:

1 n
(n ∑ )
M f (x1, …x n ) = f −1 ⋅ f (x i )
i=1
 66 of 82

The power mean is obtained by letting

f (x) = x p

Thus, our equation becomes:

1 n
(n ∑ )
∇ ⋅ Q = C f −1 ⋅ f (x i )
i=1

It is the geometric mean if

f (x) = log(x)

This can be thought of as saying molar mass, density, and

atomic radius are all different manifestations of the same
thing.

Let’s evaluate

1 n p p1
(n ∑ )
xi
i=1

At p=1 and p=-1, with n=2 since so far our equations have
2 terms.

1 n p p1 1
(n ∑ )
1 Si + Ge
xi = Si + Ge =
i=1
2 2 2

( Si Ge )
1 n p p1 1 1
(n ∑ )
1 −1 2 2SiGe
xi = + = =
i=1
2 1
+
1 Si + Ge
Si Ge

x1 = Si, x2 = Ge
 67 of 82

Thus we now have the three equations by molar mass,

density, and atomic radius respectively that are respectively
harmonic, geometric, and arithmetic means between Si and
Ge:

Si Ge 2SiGe
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) =
B B Si + Ge
2Ge(G a − As)
B≈ GeSi
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)
Si Ge Si + Ge
(Al − P) + (G a − As) =Φ
B B 2
These take the integral forms, respectively

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1
Si Ge 1 4 Ge
Ge − Si 5 ∫Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) d x d y ≈ xd x
B

∫0 ∫0 [ 2Ge(G a − As) [ ]
1 1 Ge

( Ge − Si Si )
B 1
∫
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] d x d y = ex p log(x)d x

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge Φ
Ge − Si ∫Si
(Al − P) + (G a − As) d xdy = xd x
B

But I wish to write the generalized equation

1 n
(n ∑ )
−1
∇ ⋅ Q = Cf ⋅ f (x i )
i=1

Without the inverse function operation f −1. We have

removed the limit operation, can we now remove it? We
have to ask why it is there. Where the arithmetic and
harmonic means are given by
 68 of 82

1 n
(n ∑ )
−1
M f (x1, …x n ) = f ⋅ f (x i )
i=1

When

f (x) = x p

For different values of p, but the geometric mean is given

by

1 n
(n ∑ )
−1
M f (x1, …x n ) = f ⋅ f (x i )
i=1

When

f (x) = log(x)

Analyzing this, I see it is because if we refer back to the

foundations of calculus, while the integral of simple
functions can be considered

x n+1
∫
x nd x = +C
n+1

We have a conundrum for

1
f (x) = = x −1
x
That the power rule gives:

1 x −1+1
∫ x
dx =
0
 69 of 82

Thus to get around this, we searched for a function such

that the integral holds, and as such we discovered the
natural logarithm (ln) and Euler’s number e. And we have

1
∫ x
d x = ln(x) + C

d x
e = ex
dx
Where

ln(x) = loge(x)

And, the derivative of e x is itself and e is the transcendental

and irrational number given by

e=2.718…

That is, while

1
f −1ln(x) ≠
ln(x)

f −1ln(x) = e x

And there may be a way for me to write my equation

without both limits and the inverse function operator by
using a relatively newer branch of non-Newtonian calculus,
using the product integral given by the operator
n

∏
i=0
 70 of 82

The way to look at this is

dx x −1+1 1
∫ x
= = = ln(x)
0 0

That is, we call 1/0 infinity because the zero keeps dividing
into one and never reduces it, thus it is a function; the
natural logarithm of x.

The generalized power mean can be thought of as

1 n
(n ∑ )
M f (x1, …x n ) = f −1 ⋅ f (x i )
i=1

Or,…

1 n p p1
(n ∑ )
Mp(x1, …, x n ) = xi
i=1

The harmonic mean, H and, the arithmetic mean, A, are

special cases of the generalized power mean
(f (x) = x p, p = − 1,1, respectively). That is the harmonic
mean is

n
M−1(x1, x2, …xn) =

x1−1 + x2−1… + xn−1

The geometric mean, G, is a special case as well but,
f(x)=ln (x). However of these special cases there are
special cases for n=2. They are

 71 of 82

2x1x2
H=

x1 + x2
x1 + x2
A=

2
G= x1x2

In these cases they are all related to one another. This is

as such:

G2
H=

A
This is interesting because there are only two core artificial
intelligence elements silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge). That
is why my equations only have two terms.

Thus, since

( b − a ∫a )
1 1
∇⋅Q =C x0d x 0 = H A

p→0 ( b − a ∫a )
1 1
∇ ⋅ Q = lim C x f ( p)d x p = SiGe

Ge
b
4 ∫Si x d x
( b − a ∫a )
1 1
x pd x p = = SiGe

5 ∫ Ge d x
Si x

When p=0. Because we had

 72 of 82

Si Ge Ge − Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) = Ge
B B ∫Si dxx

∫0 ∫0 [ 2Ge(G a − As) ]
1 1 Ge

( Ge − Si ∫Si )
B 1
[ Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] d x d y = ex p log(x)d x

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge Φ
Ge − Si ∫Si
(Al − P) + (G a − As) d xdy = xd x
B

But wrote

Si Ge Ge − Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) = Ge
B B ∫Si dxx

As,..

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1
Si Ge 1 4 Ge
Ge − Si 5 ∫Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) d x d y ≈ xd x
B

Using 4/5 in place of Φ. This has an accuracy of

SiGe = (5.323)(2.33) = 3.52

x 2 Ge
4 2 | Si 14.167 − 2.714
= 0.8 = 3.4

5 ln Ge ln
5.323
Si 2.33

3.4
= 0.9659

3.52
96.59%

 73 of 82

Product Calculus

The arithmetic mean of a function f(x) is the inverse

operation to integration. The arithmetic mean derivative is
the one we are all familiar with, the Fermat-Newton-
Leibnitz derivative:

dF(x)
D (1) F(x) =

dx
It is an additive operator:

D(F1(x) + F2(x)) = DF1(x) + DF2(x)

It was suggested by Michael Spivey that there be a

generalized calculus for the product integral which is
related to the geometric mean over an interval, which is
multiplicative. The arithmetic mean is:

b
1
b − a ∫a
f (x)d x

It is an additive derivative and thus applies effectively to

infinite series. The geometric mean

1 b
e b − a ∫a ln( f (x))d x

Is multiplicative and applies effectively to products:

D(F1(x)F2(x)) = DF1(x)DF2(x)

b
1
b − a ∫a
f (x)d x

Is the inverse operation of additive integration in the sense

that

 74 of 82

1
x = 1

x
b
1 1
∫
dx = x ∣ ba = 1

b−a a b−a
The multiplicative integral is useful for growth:

Ae r(t)dt

Where we have the sequence of infinite products

Ae r(t1)Δt e r(t2 )Δt…e r(tn )Δt = Ae [r(t1)+r(t2 )+…+r(xn )]Δt

We say the product integral of e r(t) is

b
b
e r(t)dt = e ∫a r(t)dt

∏
a

And, of f(x) over an interval [a,b] is

b
b
f (x)d x = e ∫a (lnf (x))d x
∏
a

The harmonic mean in terms of discrete product notation

can be written as the the ratio between between the
geometric and arithmetic means:
n
n ⋅ ∏i=1 xi
H=
∑i=0 { x1 ∏i=1 xi}
n n
i

n n

∏ ∑
is a product analog to and
i=0 i=0
 75 of 82

b a

∏ ∫b
is a product analog to
a

That is, the harmonic mean has in the denominator the

arithmetic mean of the product of numbers n times, and the
numerator is the nth power of the geometric mean. This is
written

H(x1, …, xn ) =

(G (x1, …, xn ))n
=
A(x2 x3…xn, x1 x3…xn, x1 x2…xn−1)

(G (x1, …, xn ))n
A ( x1 ∏i=1 xi, x1 ∏i=1 xi, …, x1 ∏i=1 xi)
n n n
1 2 n

Are we any closer to writing

1 n
(n ∑ )
−1
∇ ⋅ Q = Cf ⋅ f (x i )
i=1

Without the the inverse function operator by using product

integral notation? Hard to say. Which can also be written

Ge

[ (Ge − Si ) ∫Si ]
−1 1
∇⋅Q =C⋅f f (x)d x

It is actually clear to me now. The following equation:

 76 of 82

∏
M 0(x1, …, xn ) = n xi
i=1

Is a definition, not the result of algebraic operations.

Ge

[ (Ge − Si ) ∫Si ]
−1 1
∇⋅Q =C⋅f f (x)d x

∏
M 0(x1, …, xn ) = n xi
i=1

Is a definition just like

1
∫ x
d x = ln(x) + C

We can approximate any function with a polynomial, the

simples example being the linear approximation formed by
writing the change in f(x) due to a change in x:

f (x) = f (a) + f′(a)(x − a)

This results in Taylor’s formula

f′′(a)
f (x) = f (a) + f′(a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + …
2!
From which we derive the Taylor series
∞
f n(a) f′′(a)
(x − a)n = f (a) + f′(a)(x − a) + (x − a)2 + …
∑ n! 2!
n=0
 77 of 82

We know the kth derivative of e to the x is e to the x itself.

Thus,

f (k)(x) = e x

x2 x3
ex = 1 + x + + +…
2! 3!
xn
lim =0
n→∞ n!

∞
x xn x2 x3
∑ n!
e = =1+x + + +…
n=0
2! 3!
∞
1 1 1 1
∑ n!
e= =1+ + + + … = 2.718
n=0
1! 2! 3!

The Solution

We want to write

1 n
(n ∑ )
−1
∇ ⋅ Q = Cf ⋅ f (x i )
i=1

Or,…

Ge

[ (Ge − Si ) ∫Si ]
−1 1
∇⋅Q =C⋅f f (x)d x

Without f −1 operation.
 78 of 82

We have

Si Ge Ge − Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) = Ge
B B ∫Si dxx

When p=-1

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge Φ
Ge − Si ∫Si
(Al − P) + (G a − As) d xdy = xd x
B

When p=1

We want

∫0 ∫0 [ 2Ge(G a − As) ]
1 1 Ge

( Ge − Si ∫Si )
B 1
[ Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] d x d y = ex p log(x)d x

For some value of p. We create two more integer variables

q, and r. We write:

s Ge
Ge ∫Si x q d x
[ b − a ∫Si ]
1
∇⋅Q = f (x)s d x

( Si ( x ) )
Ge r
1
∫ dx

If s=-1, q=0, r=0, then we have:

Si Ge Ge − Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) = Ge
B B ∫Si dxx

If s=1, q=0, r=0 then we have

 79 of 82

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge Φ
Ge − Si ∫Si
(Al − P) + (G a − As) d xdy = xd x
B

If s=0, q=1, r=1 then we have

∫0 ∫0 [ 2Ge(G a − As) [ ]
1 1 Ge

( Ge − Si ∫Si )
B 1
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] d x d y = ex p log(x)d x

We can write the equation with product operators:

n
n ⋅ ∏i=1 xi
H=

∑i=0 { x1 ∏i=1 xi}

n n
i

∏
G= n xi

i=1

b
1
b − a ∫a
A= f (x)d x

q
r
n s
n⋅ ∏i=1 xi n b

( b − a ∫a )
1
∏
∇⋅Q = n xi f (x)d x

∑i=0 { x1 ∏i=1 xi}

n n
i=1
i

If q=0, r=0, s=1

∇ ⋅ Q = A

If q=0, r=1, s=0

∇ ⋅ Q = G

 80 of 82

If q=1, r=0, s=0

∇⋅Q =H

Let us now include our constant C in the equation. We

have:
q
r
n s
n ⋅ ∏i=1 xi n b

( b − a ∫a )
Φ
∏
∇⋅Q =C n xi f (x)d x
∑i=0 { x1 ∏i=1 xi}
n n
i=1
i

B
C=
2Ge(G a − As)

C has the value:

2.340g /cm3
C= = 1.077cm3 /g
2(5.323g /cm3)(5.904g /cm3 − 5.6g /cm3)

This is H2O (water,1.00 grams per cubic centimeter by

definition). This is for s=0, r=1, q=0.

We can simply write:

q
r
n s
n⋅ ∏i=1 xi n Si

( Ge − Si ∫Ge )
Φ
∏
∇⋅Q = n xi f (x)d x
∑i=0 { x1 ∏i=1 xi}
n n
i=1
i

In which case it represents:

 81 of 82

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1
Si Ge Ge − Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) = Ge
B ∫Si dxx

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge Φ
Ge − Si ∫Si
(Al − P) + (G a − As) d xdy = xd x
B

1 1 Ge

( Ge − Si ∫Si )
1
∫0 ∫0 [H2O [Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)]] d x d y = ex p log(x)d x
 82 of 82

The Author