- Mutation: Change in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA

o Abnormal number of chromosome could also cause mutation

o Abnormal structure of chromosome could also cause mutation
o Classifications
 As to inheritability
 Somatic mutation: mutation that are limited to the body cell
o Cannot be inherited
 Germinal/gametic cell mutation: mutation that happens to the sex cells
o Can be inherited
 As to cause
 Spontaneous/random mutation: mutation that arise due to random error in DNA
replication, transcription and translation
 Induced mutation: mutation that arise due to exposure to a mutagen
o Chemical mutagens
o Physical mutagens
 Ionizing radiation
 As to type
 Gene mutation: mutation that happen in a single gene
o Point mutation
 Simplest type of mutation
 A chemical change in just one base pair of a single gene
 Base pair substitution (A pairs with G or C instead of T, G pairs with A
or T instead of C)
 Could happen due to insertion, deletion
 Could lead to Frame shift mutation which is a change in the
triplet codon due to insertion or deletion of a nucleotide. Results
in an altered protein
 Silent mutation: base pair substitution that no observable effects
a. Due to wobbling
 Missense mutation: replacement of one amino acid by another
due to a change in the mRNA codon
 Non-sense mutation: base pair substitution that converts an
amino acid specifying codon to a stop codon
 Chromosomal mutation: mutations that arise due to:
ii. Chromosomal number aberration:
1. Monosomy - decrease in the normal chromosome)
2. Trisomy - increase in the normal number of chromosome)
3. Instead of 46 (23 pairs) number of chromosome which is normal,
the total chromosome could be less than or greater than
4. Due to nondisjunction
iii. Chromosomal structure:
1. Inversion
2. Translocation
3. Deletion
4. Duplication
MUTATION

GENE MUTATION Chromosomal

POINT MUTATION FRAMESHIFT Chromosomal Chromosomal

number aberration structure mutation