Definition of Analytical Exposition

Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social
function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
Example
The Problem of Being Too Fat
Being too fat is commonly known as overweight or obesity. It is simply defined as too much body fat
inside. Overweight potentially leads high risk of health problem.

Being too fat is recognized as a major factor for heart disease. Due to the overweight, the heart will
work harder. It can lead to the heart attack. Furthermore, obesity potentially rises blood cholesterol and
blood pressure. In addition, being too fat can change the amount of sugar in the blood. This will cause
diabetes and other serous disease.

Beside all of that, being too fat is often avoided by many young women. They said that becoming too
fat will bother their physical beauty appearance.

More serious studies are necessary to see the effect of obesity. However it is clear enough that
overweight is not good enough for healthy life.

Definition of Hortatory Exposition

Hortatory exposition is a text which represent the attempt of the writer to have the addressee do
something or act in certain way.
Example
Watch your Kids While Watching TV
Television becomes one of the most important devices which takes place in almost houses. It can unite
all members of the family as well as separate them. However, is it important to know what your kids
are watching? The answer is, of course, absolutely "Yes" and that should be done by all parents.
Television can expose things you have tried to protect the children from, especially violence,
pornography, consumerism and so on.
Recently, a study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or at
bedtime often cause bed-time disruption, stress, and short sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for
watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.
Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being
inactive and overweight.
Considering some facts mentioning above, protect your children with the following tips:

• Limit television viewing to one-two hours each day

• Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their own bedrooms
• Review the rating of TV shows which your children watch
• Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening in the show
Spoof Text

Definition and Social Function of Spoof

Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending.
Its social function is to entertain and share the story.
Example
The Zoo Job Story
One day a clown was visiting the zoo and attempted to earn some money by making a street
performance. He acted and mimed perfectly some animal acts. As soon as he started to drive a crowd, a
zoo keeper grabbed him and dragged him into his office. The zoo keeper explained to the clown that
the zoo's most popular gorilla had died suddenly and the keeper was fear that attendance at the zoo
would fall off. So he offered the clown a job to dress up as the gorilla until the zoo could get another
one. The clown accepted this great opportunity.
So the next morning the clown put on the gorilla suit and entered the cage before the crowd came. He
felt that it was a great job. He could sleep all he wanted, played and made fun of people and he drove
bigger crowds than he ever did as a clown. He pretended the gorilla successfully.
However, eventually the crowds were tired of him for just swinging on tires. He began to notice that
the people were paying more attention to the lion in the next cage. Not wanting to lose the attention of
his audience, he decided to make a spectacular performance. He climbed to the top of his cage, crawled
across a partition, and dangled from the top to the lion's cage. Of course, this made the lion furious, but
the crowd people loved it.
At the end of the day the zoo keeper came and gave him a raise for being such a good attraction. Well,
this went on for some time, he kept taunting the lion, the audience crowd grew a larger, and his salary
kept going up. Then one terrible day happened. When he was dangling over the furious lion, he slipped
and fell into the lion cage. The clown was really in big terrible situation. He was terrified.
Sooner the lion gathered itself and prepared to pounce. The clown was so scared. He could do nothing
and he began to run round and round the cage with the lion close and closer behind. Finally, the lion
could catch him. The clown started screaming and yelling, "Help me, help me!", but the lion was quick
and pounces. The clown soon found himself flat on his back looking up at the angry lion and suddenly
he heard a voice from the lion’s mouth;"Shut up you idiot! Do you want to get us both fired?".

Explanation Text
Explanation text is written to explain how or why something happens, eg how river valleys are formed
or why the Romans built roads. Typically such text consists of a description of the phenomenon and an
explanatory sequence. The writer will normally need to use connectives expressing cause and effect (eg
so, therefore, as a result) and time
Example
Tsunami
The term of “tsunami” comes from the Japanese which means harbour ("tsu") and wave ("nami"). A
tsunami is a series of waves generated when water in a lake or a sea is rapidly displaced on a massive
scale.

A tsunami can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying
water. Such large vertical movements of the earth's crust can occur at plate boundaries.

Subduction of earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunami, and occur where denser
oceanic plates slip under continental plates.

As the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity to regain its equilibrium, it radiates
across the ocean like ripples on a pond.

Tsunami always bring great damage. Most of the damage is caused by the huge mass of water behind
the initial wave front, as the height of the sea keeps rising fast and floods powerfully into the coastal
area.
Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from
different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.
Example
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of the world. The
first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power produces
around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution
as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:

• It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.

• It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.
• It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
• It produces small amount of waste.
• It is reliable.
On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for many
years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable, a lot of money has to
be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the fastest
growing source of power in many parts of the world.
Definition of News Item:
News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are considered newsworthy or
important.
Growing Number of High School Student Smoking

A survey has found about 13 percent of first-time smokers in the country are junior high school
students. It also revealed 89 percent of young female employees were smokers.

The survey was conducted in five major cities across the country, including Surakarta in Central Java.

Muhammad Syahril Mansyur, the Surakarta Health Agency’s respiratory illness division, said that the
finding of the survey showed an alarming growth rate of Indonesian smokers. "This situation is a cause
for concern,” he said. “It appears the country’s younger generation is uneducated about the health risks
of smoking.”

The Indonesian anti-tobacco campaign has reportedly been deemed as ineffective as the government
refuses to sign the international convention on tobacco control. It said that cigarette producers
contributed to a large amount to state revenue and gave jobs to thousands of workers.

A review is an evaluation of a publication, such as a movie (a movie review), video game, musical
composition (music review of a composition or recording), book (book review); a piece of hardware
like a car, home appliance, or computer; or an event or performance, such as a live music concert, a
play, musical theater show or dance show. In addition to a critical evaluation, the review's author may
assign the work a rating to indicate its relative merit. More loosely, an author may review current
events, trends, or items in the news.
Example
2012 Film Review
2012 is Roland Emmerich's film which uses the Mayan calendar and other end-of-days prophecies for
their doomsday scenario. It imagines the world coming to an end in 2012.

2012 film brings off a series of wonders. The movie hits its peak early on. It starts when Cusack drives
a limo through the streets of Los Angeles as freeways and skyscrapers crumble all around him from the
shock of a 10.5 earthquake. The preposterous flying sequence is equally thrilling. The climax occurs
aboard the giant ark, when an equipment malfunction almost threatens the entire mission.

Unfortunately, the crucial sequence is not filmed or edited with the requisite clarity. In 2012 film,
Emmerich leaves us befuddled as to exactly what is happening to whom. However, Emmerich' 2012
deserves credit for offbeat casting. Cusack supplies his trademark hangdog charm. McCarthy has
perhaps his best role ever as Peet's cocky. Danny Glover lends dignity to the role of the tormented
president. Chiwetel Ejiofor, as the chief scientist, brings a moving sense of anguish to a stock role. Platt
has fun playing the villain of the piece, and Woody Harrelson also chews the scenery as a bug-eyed
radio prophet trying to warn his listeners about Armageddon.