SYLLABUS OF 1ST YEAR BIOTECHNOLOGY (ADD-ON/ ELECTIVE) 2010-2011

PAPER – A : INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGY

M. Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours
Instructions for paper setters and candidates

Set nine questions in all in three sections. All questions carry equal marks.

Section A will cover Unit I & II
Set 2 questions from each unit and any 2 is to be attempted

Section – B will cover Unit – III & IV
Set 2 questions from each unit and any 2 is to be attempted

Section – C will be compulsory and will have 7 – 10 short answer type (not objective type)
questions covering the whole syllabus.
UNIT- I
General Introduction: Definition & History From Biology to Biotechnology
Scope and importance : Emergence of Modern Biotechnology and its promises in agriculture,
medicine and environmental

Regulatory issues in Biotechnology : Biosafety in developed & developing countries;

UNIT- II
Basic Techniques in Biotechnology:
Centrifugation: theory and its application to biological system
Spectrometry: (Principals & applications of UV, VIS, IR, fluorescence in boligical system
Microscopy. : Principal, & working of various microscopes
Chromatography: Principles, TLC, gel permeation ionexchange,
Lypholization: theory applications.
UNIT -III
Role of Computers in Biotechnology : Introduction to Computers, various devices, memory and
application.

Role of Statistics: various basic programmes in the use of computers.

UNIT- IV
Fundamentals, of statistics: Data types, collection and representation of data, mean, median, mode,
measure of dispersion.
Probability definition, addition and multiplication theorms, Baye’s Theorm

References:

1. Modern concepts of Biotechnology. (2003) H.D. Kumar. Vikas Publishing House

2. Understanding Biotechnology. (2004) Aluizio Boren, Paricio R. Santos, David E. Bowen.
Pearson Education.
3. Biotechnology (1997) Keshav Trehan.
4. Biotechnology an introduction. Susan R. Barnum, Thomas Brooks/Cole.
PAPER - B : FOUNDATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

M. Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours
Instructions for paper setters and candidates

Set nine questions in all in three sections. All questions carry equal marks.

Section A will cover Unit I & II
Set 2 questions from each unit and any 2 is to be attempted

Section – B will cover Unit – III & IV
Set 2 questions from each unit and any 2 is to be attempted

Section – C will be compulsory and will have 7 – 10 short answer type (not objective type)
questions covering the whole syllabus.

UNIT-I
BASIC CELL BIOLOGY

Cell as a basic unit of living systems: The Cell Theory, Precellular evolution: artificial creation of
“cells”.
Introduction for Structure and function of cell organelles: Ultrastructure of cell membrane, cytosol,
golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), ribosomes, cytoskeletal structures (actin,
microtubules etc.), mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, peroxysomes and vacuoles, Nucleus
(nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromatin).
Cell motility (amoeboid, flagellar and ciliar).
Cell senescence and death.
Cell division & Cell cycle
UNIT-II
Introduction to genetics: Mendel revised chromosomal theory of inheritance, chromosome structure
& functions: chromosome banding, Introduction to genomics and proteomics.

UNIT-III
MICROBIOLOGY
History of Microbiology.
Classification of Microbes, Taxonomy, current methods of microbial identification, characteristic
features of Eubacteria, archaebacteria, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa and Viruses.

Nature of the microbial cell surface: Gram positive and gram negative bacteria, flagella, pili, cell
inclusions, endospore, growth curve, microbial metabolism and growth, synchronized and
continuous growth.

Nutritional classification of micro-organisms: microbes in extreme environments the thermophiles

and alkalophiles.
A survey of products from microorganisms.
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 UNIT-IV
BASIC BIOCHEMISTRY
General properties of organic & inorganic compounds.
Suitability of organic compounds for generation of structure, storage of energy & information.
Structure & Functions of Biomolecules – Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids
Enzymes - Classification, nomenclature, general properties, regulation of enzyme activity. Steady
state kinetics.
Applications in industries. – Enzymes in food processing, medicine, diagnostics and production of
new compounds.
Enzymes as research tools – ELISA methods, immobilized enzymes.
1. Molecular Biology of Cells by Watson, J. Alberts, Bet al. (2004)
2. The World of the cell by Becker, Smith & Hardin 2007, Pearson Education.
3. Biology, concept and application by Starr (2006) Pearson Education.
4. Microbiology Pelczar & Shamier, Pearscott
5. Principles of Biochemistry A.L. Lehninger, Nelson & Cox. (2004)
6. Biochemistry by L. Stryer
7. Biochemistry by Zubay, G. 1993, W.C. Brown Publishers.
8. Biochemistry by, Voet, D and Voet, J.G.

PRACTICAL – TECHNIQUES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY M.Marks: 50

1. Experiments on isolation of microbes spread plates, pour plates, and staining (simple,
differential, gram), count of microbes (standard plate count).

2. Isolation of microorganisms from air, water and soils, samples, dilution and pour plating.
3. Personal hygiene-Microbes from hands, tooth –scum and other body parts.
4. Testing of Microbiology qualities of milk and water.
5. Extraction and separation of lipids.
6. Estimation of proteins.
7. Estimation of DNA/RNA.
8. Isolation and purification of Proteins.
9. Chromatographic methods for separation of amino acids, lipids.
10. Measurement of size by ocular micrometer.
11. Estimation of sugar
12. Chromosome studies from tests & human chromosome studies
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 SYLLABUS OF B.SC. 2nd YEAR BIOTECHNOLOGY (ADD-ON/ELECTIVE)

M. Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours
Instructions for paper setters and candidates

Set nine questions in all in three sections. All questions carry equal marks.

Section A will cover Unit I & II
Set 2 questions from each unit and any 2 is to be attempted

Section – B will cover Unit – III & IV
Set 2 questions from each unit and any 2 is to be attempted

Section – C will be compulsory and will have 7 – 10 short answer type (not objective type)
questions covering the whole syllabus.

PAPER A : INTRODUCTION TO GENETIC ENGINEERING AND

IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT-I
Introduction: History and scope of recombinant DNA technology. Gene cloning and need to clone a
gene.
DNA Modifying enzymes, Restriction endonucleases, exonucleses, ligases, polymerase, kinase,
alkaline phosphatase, topoisomerases etc.
Purification of DNA from bacterial, plant and animal cells.
Cloning and expression vectors: Cloning vectors for E.coli, yeast, fungi, plants (Agrobacterium) and
plant &animal viruses.
UNIT-II
DNA cloning strategies : Preparation of genomic and cDNA libraries, bacteriophages and cosmids,
transformation and transfection, non vectorial transformation techniques electroporation, screening
of gene library and selection of clone.
Expression of cloned gene
Purification of recombinant proteins from cloned genes.
UNIT-III
Immunotechnology
Basic Immunology: Types of immunity – innate, acquired, active and passive.
Cells and tissues of immune system: Lymphoid cells, mononuclear cells, dendritic cells, lymphoid
organs.
Primary and secondary Antigen:- Immunogenicity, chemical composition, immunogen dosage,
Haptens, adjuvants.
Antibody structure, function and types-Antibody diversity, Ig Domains.
Ag-Ab interactions – Cross reactions, precipitation and agglutination.
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 UNIT-IV
Major Histo-compatibility complex (MHC), MHC restriction, regulation.
Antigen presentation and processing antigen presenting cells, cell mediated subset of T-cells, helper
and suppressor cells.
Cell mediated and humoral immunity, antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity, natural killer
cells.
Immunological Techniques: Immunodiffusion, Immunoelectrophoresis.
References:
1. Immunology (2006)– J. Kuby
2. Essentials of Immunology – I.Roitt Edition (2004)
3. Immunology : An Introduction – I.R. Tizard
4. A handbook of practical Immunology – G.P. Talwar
5. Principles of Genes manipulation by R.W. Old and S.B. Primrose
6. Gene cloning by T.A. Brown (2004)
7. Gene VIII, B. Lewin, (2004)
8. Genes to Genomes (2004)
9. Fundamentals of Genetic Engineering (Vol.12) by R.H. Rehm and G. Reed.

PAPER B: FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
M. Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours
Instructions for paper setters and candidates

Set nine questions in all in three sections. All questions carry equal marks.

Section A will cover Unit I & II
Set 2 questions from each unit and any 2 is to be attempted

Section – B will cover Unit – III & IV
Set 2 questions from each unit and any 2 is to be attempted

Section – C will be compulsory and will have 7 – 10 short answer type (not objective type)
questions covering the whole syllabus.

UNIT-I
Molecular basis of life
Structure of DNA, evidences, properties, types.
DNA replication both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
DNA recombination molecular mechanism prokaryotic and eukaryotic,
Insertion elements and Transposons.
Structure of Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes.

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 UNIT-II
Transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Post translation modifications.
UNIT-III
Prokaryotic gene expression (Lac, His trp operons, catabolic repression)
Eukaryotic gene expression and transcription factors.

UNIT-IV
Mutations:- Types, chemical and physical mutagens, induced mutations in plants, animal and
microbes and their importance.
Stem cell biology
Reference:
Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology (1994) S.J. Kendrew.
Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish et al (2004) Freeman & Co.
Molecular Biology of the genes by Watson et al, 5th Ed., (2006) Pearson Edu.
Biochemistry by Voet & Voet 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd., New York.

PRACTICAL – IMMUNOLOGY AND RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNIQUES

M.Marks :50
Preparation of normal serum and plasma
ELISA
To determine the WBC/RBC Count.
Radial immunodifussion analysis.
Diagnosis of an infectious disease by an Immuno assay.
Purification of antibodies.
Agglutination reaction
Isolation of chromosomal and plasmid DNA from Bacteria
Restriction digestion of DNA
Cytological Preparations:
Fixation, Dehydration & Staining
Squash in stain
Embedding & sectionings
Cell counting methods
Agarose gel electrophoresis

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 SYLLABUS OF B.SC. 3RD YEAR BIOTECHNOLOGY (ADD-ON) (2010-2011)

PAPER – A : PLANT & ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

M. Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours
Instructions for paper setters and candidates

Set nine questions in all in three sections. All questions carry equal marks.

Section A will cover Unit I & II
Set 2 questions from each unit and any 2 is to be attempted

Section – B will cover Unit – III & IV
Set 2 questions from each unit and any 2 is to be attempted

Section – C will be compulsory and will have 7 – 10 short answer type (not objective type)
questions covering the whole syllabus.

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT-I
Introduction to in vitro methods : Micropropagation ovule & ovary culture, embryo culture,
endosperm culture, somatic embryogenesis & organogenesis, , somaclonal & gametoclonal
variations, haploids & their applications.
Protoplast isolation, methods, testing their viability & regeneration, various methods of fusion:
somatic hybridization & their applications.

UNIT-II
Direct and indirect transformation of plants. Tumor formation in plant using Agrobacterium
tumefaciens. Mechanism of T-DNA transfer to plants, plasmid vectors for plant transformation.
Genetic manipulation of plants for virus resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, resistance to
fungi and bacteria.
UNIT-III
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Introduction to animal cell cultures
Requirement (laboratory equipment, media etc. primary and secondary culture cell lines)
Anchorage dependence and contact inhibition.
Contamination & remedial measures
Monolayer and suspension cultures.
Cryopreservation and germplasm storage.
Establishment of gene banks.
Cytodifferentation culturing of differentiation cells and retention of properties
Large scale production of animal cell in culture.
Transformation of animal cells. Transgenesis, applications of transgenic animal,
Bioharmacy stem cells : their applications in biology & medicine cloning : Procedure, applications
& problems.
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PAPER B: ENVIRONMENTAL & FERMENTATION BIOTECHNOLOGY

M. Marks: 75
Time: 3 Hours
Instructions for paper setters and candidates

Set nine questions in all in three sections. All questions carry equal marks.

Section A will cover Unit I & II
Set 2 questions from each unit and any 2 is to be attempted

Section – B will cover Unit – III & IV
Set 2 questions from each unit and any 2 is to be attempted

Section – C will be compulsory and will have 7 – 10 short answer type (not objective type)
questions covering the whole syllabus.

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT-I
Introduction to Environment.

Renewable and Non Renewable resources. Conventional Fuels and their Environmental Impacts.
Modern Fuels and their Environmental Impacts.

Methanogenic bacteria and biogas, microbial hydrogen production, conversion of sugars to ethanol,
The gasohol experiment, solar energy, converters – Hopes from the Photosynthetic pigments.

Treatment of municipal waste and industrial effluents.

UNIT-II
Degradation of pesticides and other toxic chemicals by microorganism.

Biodegradation of organic compounds.

Bacillin thuringiensis Toxin as a Natural Pesticide.

Biological control of other insects swarming the agricultural fields.

Enrichment of ores by microorganisms.

Biofertilizers – Nitrogen fixing microorganism enrich the soil with assimilable nitrogen

FERMENTATION BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT-III

Isolation and screening of microbes of industrial importance.

Strain Improvement : mutations and genetic manipulations.

Metabolites: Primary and secondary metabolic designs (expansion of substrate spectrum, product
yield, redesigning of secondary metabolic pathways.) Preservation of microbes.

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Introduction to fermentation processes: Inoculum development for industrial fermentation.
Substrates for fermentation media.

Sterilization: Principles and practices; fermenters and its accessories, fermentation media.

Types of industrial fermentations: Submerged, surface, continuous, bubble, cap bed batch etc.

UNIT-IV
Fermentation equipment : Design of fermenters, tank construction materials, control panels,
antifoams, autoclaving.

Energetic of microbial growth in fermenters : Reaction rates, heat and mass transfer, transport
phenomenon in reactors, macroscopic balances of energy and energy flow.

Upstream and downstream processing of industrial fermentations,

Cell disruptions, centrifugation, flocculation, filtration, ultrafiliteration, untracentrifugation, gel

filtration, chromatographic methods, and two phase aqueous separations.

Immobilization of cells and enzymes.

Hygiene and safety in a fermentation laboratory.

PRAC TICAL – PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUE CULTURE PRACTICAL

M. Marks: 50
1. Initiating Plant Tissue culture
2. Growth of plant cells into undifferentiated mass by manipulation of media
3. Embryogenesis in cultured cells
4. Initiation of cell suspension culture
5. Micropropagation: Plant multiplication and rooting
6. Preparation of Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution
7. Preparation of Minimal Essential Growth Medium
8. Isolation of Lymphocytes by Ficoll paque
9. DNA isolation from Blood Sample
10. To determine the pH of garden soil by pH meter
11. To study soil texture, water holding capacity of soil
12. Qualitative analysis of soil, water, food sample, etc.
13. Collection & Culturing of Microbes from some polluted spot and see their microbial
activity
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