JIS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Block-a, Phase-III, Kalyani, Nadia-741235

(Approved by AICTE & affiliated to WBUT)

Vocational training report

Under

AE, Kalyani Trans.(O&M) Sub-Division, W.B.S.E.T.C.L

Dated-27th December 2010 to 8th January 2011

At Kalyani 132 kV Substation

Report Submitted By:-

Debojyoti Roy

Department of Electrical Engineering

3rd Year EE/08/62

4TH Semester

JIS College Of Engineering, Kalyani

Signature of training in-charge

AE, Kalyani Trans. (O&M) Sub-Division, W.B.S.E.T.C.L

Signature of trainee
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very much thankful to the HR&A department of W.B.S.E.T.C.L Bidyut
Bhavan, Salt Lake and Kalyani sub station for providing me the opportunity of
vocational training at their substation. I am especially thankful to Sir S. Ghosh,
asst. engineer for his kind attention. I am equally thankful to Mr. Ghosh, Mr.
Ganguly, Mr. Bhattacharyya, Mr. Mayti and other officers for sharing their
valuable experiences at the yard and in control room by making me acquainted
with the practical phenomenon happening over there.
INTRODUCTION
Sub-station as the source of energy of local area of distribution in
which these are located. The main function of a substation is to
receive energy, transmit at high voltage from the generating station,
to reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for distribution and to
provide the facilities of switching. Substation has some additional
functions. They provide points where the safety devices are to be
installed to disconnect equipments or circuits when faults occur.
Voltage on the outgoing distribution feeders can be regulated at the
substation. A substation is a convenient place for installing
synchronous condensers at the end of the transmission line for the
purpose of improving power factor and make measurements to
check the various parts power system. We got the opportunity to
visualize all the phenomena written above at the Kalyani substation
of 132 KV of W.B.S.E.B. from 26.12.2006 to 12.01.2007 and our
experiences of the actions of different parts of the sub stations are
summarized in the following section as much as possible.

According to the voltage level substation is divided into following:

1) RECEIVING SUB-STATION:- The power generating stations

generally produce 11 KV powers which is stepped up by 132 KV for
distribution to reduce loss. Now the receiving substation collects 132
KV and step down it to 33KV and then feed it again into the
distribution line.

2) INTERMEDIATE SUB-STATION:- These types of sub stations are

located at the center of the city, which steps down 33 KV to 11 KV.
From here bulk consumers like factories, railways etc get power. So,
from intermediate substation is short

3) DISTRIBUTION SUB-STATION:- It collects 11 KV, 3 phase, 3 lines

power and then steps down it into 415 V or 230 V, 3 phases 4 wire
system for giving the power supply to the domestic consumers at the
different areas of the cities.
The network has various voltage levels for generation, transmission,
distribution, utilization, control and protection.

~ Generation is at the voltage level up to 30 KV A.C.(R.M.S.)this

is due to design limitation of ac generators.

~ Long distance power transmission by EHV lines rated 220 KV,

400 KV, 760 KV, ac for long distance and high power higher
voltages are economical and essential.

~ Backbone of transmission network is by EHV ac transmission

line 400 KV ac.

Utilization is at low voltage up to 33 KV and step down it to 400 V ac larger

factories power at 132 KV and have internal distribution at 3.3 KV to 400 V
ac.

Generating unit:

In the generating unit mechanical power is converted into electrical

power and the power is transmitted through transmission line and
conductors and towers. Usually it is done at high voltage to the
generating station in which the switching operation and stepping
down operation is done.

In our Kalyani substation the main power is coming from BTPS

generating unit and DHARAMPUR substation .in case of fault
occurring in DHARAMPUR substation, KALYANI SUBSTAION can
transmit power to DHARAMPUR substation. The power is transmitted
through various types of conductors which are suspended from
various types of towers.

TOWERS:

The supporting structures for line conductors are called towers.

In general towers have the following properties:

1) High mechanical strength to withstand the weight of

conductors and wind loads.

2) Light in weight without the loss of mechanical strength

3) Cheap in cost
 4) Longer life

5) Easy accessibility of conductors

for maintenance.

For transmission purpose we

only use steel towers.

Various types of steel towers:

1) A TYPE tower : it’s a

suspension type tower and it has angle of deviation of 0-2
degree between the conductors

2) B TYPE tower : these are tension towers having an angle

of deviation of 2 -15 degree

3) C TYPE tower : : these are tension towers having an

angle of deviation of 15 -30
degree

4) D TYPE tower: these are also

tension type tower having angle
of deviation of 30-60 degree.

INSULATOR:-

The insulators are used for to purpose.

They support the conductors and provide
necessary insulation between line
conductors and supports. The most
commonly used material for
manufacturing insulators are
  Porcelain

 Glass

 Synthetic Resin

Among them Porcelain are hugely used.

The porcelain is basically glazed.

There are several types of insulators used in a substation which are

used depending upon the service requirement. Post insulators are
used for bus-bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast
iron cap and flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded
so that the bus bar can be directly bolted to the cap. When the line
is subjected to greater tension, strain insulators are used. For low
voltage lines shackle type insulator is used. For high voltage lines
suspension type insulators are used. When tension in the line is
exceedingly high, two or more strings are used in parallel. At the
dead end tension type insulators are used also where the line has
any bend tension type insulators are used. The insulators are shown
in the figure beside.

PROFORMA FOR USING INSULATOR

Area where the insulator be used Specification of insulator

Rail Crossing Both end tension type
High Way crossing (N.H. or Large At least one type tension and
Road) double string suspension type
Small Road crossing Double string suspension type

PILOT DISC: - When there is a bend near about 90° movement in

transmission line then the inside jumper can be get in touch with the
tower earthed body by wind pressure. To prevent this one more
insulator string is to be attached with the tower this is called pilot
disc.

DIAGRAM OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF INSULATORS

OVERHEAD LINES :-

An overhead line may be used to transmit or distribute

electric power. The successful operation of an overhead line
depends to a great extent upon the mechanical design of
the line. In general, the main components of an overhead
line are:

1) Conductors

2) Supports

3) Insulators

4) cross-arms
CONDUCTOR MATERIALS: The conductor is one of the
important items as most of the capital outlet is invested for
it. Therefore proper choice of material and size of the
conductor is considerable importance. The conductor
material used for transmission and distribution of electric
power should have the following properties:

1) High electric conductivity

2) High tensile strength

3) Low cost so that it can be used for long distances

4) Low specific gravity so that weight/volume is small.

The most commonly used conductor materials are copper,

aluminium, steel core aluminium and galvanized steel.

Due to low tensile strength aluminium conductors’ produces

great sag. These prohibits their use for larger spans and
makes them unsuitable for long distance transmission in
order to increase the tensile strength the aluminium
conductor is reinforced with a core of galvanized steel wires.
The composite conductors thus obtained are known as
steel cored aluminium and is abbreviated as A.C.S.R. It is an
acronym of Aluminium conductor steel reinforced.

According to I.E rules the conductors

are distinguished by their common
names by different names of animals
for easy identification of workers such
as ACSR PANTHER, ACSR ZEBRA,
ACSR DEER, ACSR DOG, and ACSR
MOOSE.
A.C.S.R
The specification of ACSR PANTHER: -
for 132 Kv transmissions it is used.

It consists of central core of

galvanised steel wires surrounded by a number of
aluminium strands usually diameter of both steel and
aluminium wires is the same. The cross section of ACSR
PANTHER is 21 mm having 7 steel conductors at centre and
30 aluminium conductor at the periphery each of 3 mm.
The current carrying capacity of ACSR PANTHER is 520 A at
40 degree ambient temperature.

The result of these composite conductors is that steel core

takes greater percentage of mechanical strength while
aluminium strands carry the bulk of current. The steel cored
aluminium conductors have the following advantages:-

1) The reinforcement with steel increases the tensile

strength but at the same time keeps the composite
conductor light. Therefore the steel cored aluminium
conductors will produce smaller sag and hence longer
span can be used.

2) Due to smaller sag steel cored aluminium conductors,

towers of smaller heights can be used.

GANTTI TOWER: - To give horizontal displacement to

vertically displaced transmission line at the entrance in
substation the towers basically used is called gantti tower. It
has a small base area. The conductors coming from
transmission lines fall upon this tower structure. From the
gantti tower Power line carrier communication (PLCC)
used for telecommunication, tele-protection and tele-
monitoring between electrical substations through power
lines at high voltages is suspended.
 Diagram of a Gantii tower

Wave trap: - Power line carrier communication (PLCC)

is also called "Wave trap". It is
connected in series with the power
(transmission) line. It blocks the
high frequency carrier waves
(24 kHz to 500 kHz) and let power
waves (50 Hz - 60 Hz) to pass
through. It is basically an inductor
of rating in milli henry.

We have audible frequency

between 20 Hz- 20,000 Hz.In a
PLCC system the communication is
established through the power line.
The audio frequency is carried by a
carrier frequency and the range of
carrier frequency is from 50 kHz to
500 kHz. The modulation generally
used in this system is amplitude
modulation. The
carrier frequency range is allocated
to include the audio signal,
 protection and the pilot frequency. The pilot frequency is a
signal in the audio range that is transmitted continuously
for failure detection.

The voice signal is converted/compressed into the 300 Hz to 4000

Hz range, and this audio frequency is mixed with the carrier
frequency. The carrier frequency is again filtered, amplified and
transmitted. The transmission of these HF carrier frequencies will be
in the range of 0 to +32db. This range is set according to the
distance between substations.

There are two types of PLCC:-

1) C.C :- Coupling capacitor wave trap

2) C.V.T :- Capacitor Voltage Transformer Wave trap
ISOLATOR :-

In substations, it is often desired to

disconnect a part of the system for general
maintenance and repairing. This is
accomplished by an isolator.

An isolator is a knife switch and is design to

open a circuit under no load. If an isolator is
open carelessly when carrying a heavy
current the resulting arc easily causes a
flashover to the earth. This may disrupt the
supporting insulators and may even cause
a fatal accident to the operator, particularly
in high voltage circuit.

The operating mechanism is manual plus

one of the following:

 Electrical motor mechanism

 Pneumatic mechanism

Isolators cannot be opened unless circuit

breaker is opened. Circuit breaker cannot
be closed unless isolator is closed.

Isolators are of two types:

• Horizontal isolator

• Vertical
isolator

HORIZONTAL ISOLATOR
MAIN BUS: - Main bus is the prime portion from which
power is transmitted to power transformer for step down
operation. It receives power through the isolator and then
transmits to the power transformer. Main bus is a three
phase line where ACSR DEER is used. (AS PER I.E. RULES).
But 132 KV ACSR panther can also be used. Since as per
strong recommendation of I.E RULES ACSR DEER is used in
KALYANI SUBSTATION.

BUSBARS: - When a number of lines operating at the same

voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bus bars
are used as the common electrical component. Bus bars are
of copper or aluminium bars and operate at constant
voltage. The incoming and outgoing lines in a substation are
connected to the bus-bars. The most commonly used bus-
bars arrangements in sub-stations are

1) Single bus bar arrangement

2) Single bus bar system with sectionalisation

3) Double bus bar arrangement

Spare bus bar: - In case of

repair of main bus bar or fault
occurring on it the continuity of
supply can be maintained by
transferring it through the spare
Figure 1
bus bar to the power
transformer.
Figure : BUS COUPLER

BUS COUPLER: - The

interlocking function blocks the
possibility to operate high
voltage switching devices, for
instance when a disconnector is
 under load, in order to prevent material damage and
accidental human injury.

Each control terminal has interlocking functions for different

switch yard arrangements, each handling interlocking of one
bay. The function is distributed to each control terminal and
not dependent on any central function. For the station wide
interlocking, the control terminals communicate via the
system wide interbay bus or by using hard wired binary
input-output.

The interlocking conditions depend on the circuit

configuration and status of the installation at any given
time.

COMMUNICATION ROOM:-The work of PLCC is controlled and manipulated in

communication room.

As human voice frequency is low so it is amplified to high level by amplifier, also

there are various types of filters, capacitors and rectifiers to get crystal
communication.
MAJOR ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS USED IN SUB STATION
POWER TRANSFORMERS: - The transformers are a stationary apparatus by which
electrical power is transformed from one circuit to another circuit without change in
frequency. It can rise or lower the voltage with a corresponding increase or decrease in
current. Two circuits primary and secondary are linked by common magnetic flux through
mutual induction. The two circuits are electrically isolated but magnetically linked through a
path of low reluctance. If one coil is connected to an ac supply, an alternating flux is set up in
which links both the circuits and thus self inductance and mutually induced EMFs are set up
in both circuits. This helps to transfer voltage from one side to another. We have observed 3
power transformers in the Kalyani substation along with a stationary auxiliary transformer.
These transformers are step down transformers (132/33kv) connected in Y-D mode and the
remaining transformers are in the D-Y mode and stepping down the voltage 33/11 KV.
ACCESSORIES OF POWER TRANSFORMER

CORE AND WINDING:- The core of the transformer may be of various

shapes i.e. core, shell. It is made by cold-rolled grain oriented silicon-
steel lamination. Laminated sheets are insulated from each other by
applying a thick layer of varnish insulation on the lamination. The
core is laminated to reduce eddy current losses. The laminations are
made in steps and try to give circular cross section. Bolts and nuts
secure the lamination. The core is placed at the bottom of the tank.
The tanks are constructed from welded sheet steel for small tanks
and boiler sheet steel for large tanks. There are thermometer
pockets, radiators tubes for increasing cooling surface. A three
phase transformer has six separate windings- three primary and
three secondary wounded on iron core. Enameled copper with
insulation is used for winding. Insulated papers are used for inter
layer insulation. Paper in the form of tape may be used for taping
winding leads and other parts. Press boards are used as insulation
between windings and cores. Press boards are also used to separate
H.V. windings from L.V. windings input nearer the core.

TRANSFORMER OIL:- The tank filled with transformer oil and tank is
sealed. It is a mineral oil obtained by refining crude petroleum. It
serves the following purposes:

 Provides additional insulation.

 Carries away the heat generated in the core and oils.

A Good transformer oil should have:

 High dielectric strength.

 Low viscosity to provide good heat transformer.

 Good resistance to emulsion.

 High flash/fire point.

 Free form inorganic acid, alkali and corrosive sulphur.

 Free form slugging under normal operating conditions.It is

necessary to check the oil in regular intervals.

DIVERTER TANK: - It is drum like structure, mounted on a transformer wall

and filled with transformer oil and connected to a conservator. It reduces
arcing during tap changing processes.

RADIATOR: - It is of small thickness and large diameter plates and

used for heat dissipation of oil during operation. Larger diameter
means larger surface area and better cooling.
 CONSERVATOR: - The conservator consists of
an air-tight metal drum fixed above the level of
the top of the tank and connection with the tank is
completely filled with oil. The conservator is
partially filled with oil. The function of a
conservator is to take up construction and
expansion of oil without allowing it to come in
CONSERVATOR TANK contact with outside air. (Transformer oil will
expand due to the heat generated because of the
losses taking place in the transformer.)

BREATHER: - When the temperature changes, the oil expands or

contracts and there is a displacement of air.
When the transformer cools down, the oil
level goes down and air is drawn in. The oil
should not be allowed to come in contact
with atmospheric air as it may take up
moisture which may spoil its insulation
properties. Air may cause acidity and
slugging of oil; so the air, coming in, is
passed through an apparatus called breather
for the purpose of extracting the moisture.
The breather consists of a small vessel,
which contains a drying agent called silica
gel crystals. s

TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: - There are two temperature

indicators on the transformer tank, one for the oil temperature
measurement and other for the core temperature measurement. In
31.5 MVA transformers, when oil temperature reaches 65 degree c
cooling fans start automatically. But when the oil temperature rises
75 degree c or winding temperature rises at 85 degree c the alarm
circuit will be closed. Further increase in oil or winding
temperature the circuit will be trip automatically. Cooling fans are
placed beside the radiator tube, which are used for oil cooling.
Generally the cooling fans start automatically, but when needed it
can be start manually.
BUSHING: - Bushing is fixed on the
transformer tank and through those
connections are made to the external
circuit. Ordinary Porcelain insulators can
be used as bushing up to a voltage of 33
BUSHING
KV. Above 33kv, oil filled type of bushing
are used. In oil filled bushing, the
conductor is passed through the hollow
porcelain insulator filled with oil.

BUCCHOLZ RELAY: - It is a gas activated relay inside in oil immersed transformers for protection
against all types of fault. Any fault produces heat and in course the evaluation of gases. It mainly
consists of two float switches and
placed in the connecting pipe
between he main tank and the
conservator. Under normal condition
the main tank and the Bucholz relay
is completely filled up with oil and
the conservator tank is half full.
When the fault occurs, it produces
gas which is collected in the
container. So the oil level falls and
closing the alarm circuit. If no
attention is paid to it the gas
collection will be more and close
another circuit, which will cut out the
transformer from the line.

ADVANTAGES:
 1. It is the simplest form of transformer protection
2. It detects the slow developing faults at a stage much earlier
than other forms of protection.

EXPLOSION VENT/PRESSURE RELEASE VENT: - When the gas pressure on the container is
heavy, explosion vent is released. Alarm and the trip circuit are closed by the Bucholz relay, before
opening the explosion vent.

TAP CHANGING: - Mainly 132/33 KV transformer used on load tap changing and 33/11 KV
transformer use off load tap changing. The tap changing is mainly done on the H.V. side because
current flow is less than he L.V. side, which reduces flashing during tap changing. Here tap is changed
in 132/133 KV transformer.

SWITCH POSITION H.V. SIDE VOLYTAGE SWITCH CONNECT LEAD

NUMBER NUMBER
1 145200 NTO 1
2 143550 NTO 2
3 141900 NTO 3
4 140250 NTO 4
5 138600 NTO 5
6 136550 NTO 6
7 135300 NTO 7
8 133650 NTO 8
9 132000 NTO 9
10 130350 NTO 10
11 128700 NTO 11
12 127050 NTO 12
13 125400 NTO 13
14 123750 NTO 14
15 122100 NTO 15
16 120450 NTO 16
17 118800 NTO 17