Part programming

1. Part programming consists of a sequence of instructions to

be performed on the NC/CNC machine.
2. This are two types
1.Manual part programming.
2.Computer – aided part programming. CNC
3. In order to prepare part programming the programmer
decides the order of the machining operations required to
produce a component.
4.The choice of machine tools and cutting tools depends upon
the operations.
5.Each line of program is numbered in sequence , details of
operation are stated and the x, y, z coordinates are given.
 Steps involved in the development of a part program

1. Prepare the process plan.

2. Identify the machine tool.
3. Select the drive axes.
4. Choose tools.
5. Determine machining parameters such as feed rate , depth of
cut , spindle speed.
6. Make job and tool set –up plans
7. Decide the tool path.
8. Write the part program
9. Test the program.
10. Document the program
Steps involved in the development of a part program
Structure of NC part program data with in the block
Methods of manual part programming

• NC information is passed to MCU in the block format /

statements
• Each block of NC data may be arranged differently ,
depends upon the control system requirements of the
system configuration.
• The four basic tape format used for NC input are:
1. Fixed sequential format
2. Tab sequential format
3. Block address format,
4. Word address format.
• Data within an NC block is specified in the following
order
1. Fixed sequential tape format:
In each NC block same length and and to contain the same
number of characters are used.
Example: if feed and speed are the same for ten blocks of NC
data , f and s must coded in each block.

0050 00 +0025400 +0012500 +0000000 0000 00

0060 01 +0025400 +0012500 -0010000 0500 08
0070 00 +0025400 +0012500 +0000000 0000 09

2. Block address tape format:

In subsequent NC blocks through the specification of a change
code
the change code follows the blocks and the block,
sequence number , and indicates which values are to be
changed relative to the preceding blocks
3. Tab Sequential Tape Format:
This uses special symbol called the tab to separate data
values within a block.
EXAMPLE:
0050 TAB 00 TAB +0025400 TAB +0012500 TAB +0000000 TAB
0060 TAB 01 TAB TAB TAB - 0010000 TAB 0500 TAB 08
0070 TAB 00 TAB TAB TAB - 0000000 TAB 0000 TAB 09

4. Word address tape format:

It uses alphanumeric data specification. Each data value
is preceded by a letter which indicates the type of data
that follows.
N20 G00 X1.200 Y.100 F325 S1000 T03 M09
This format is used by most of the NC machines, also called
variable block format.
 Basic CNC input data
1. Sequence numbers (N code):It is used to identify each block
within the CNC program and provides a means by which CNC
commands may be rapidly located.
Three digit numbers to appear after the N symbol.
N025 Y25 Z0.
2. Co ordinates function: The coordinates of the tool tip are
programmed for generating a given component geometry.
the coordinates are specified by using the word address
X,Y,Z,,U,V,W,I,J,K
for example: X = 100.125 y -25.005 z- 5.565

3. Feed function: the feed rate displacement or spindle feed

rate is expressed in mm/min.
the 3 digit number prefixed by the letter “ F ”
Example : F 125 indicates that the feed rate is 125mm/min
4.Speed function: the spindle speed is expressed in rev/min and
is a three- digit number prefixed by the letter “ S ”
for example: S1000 indicates that the spindle speed is 1000rpm.\

5.Tool function: The tool function is used in conjunction with the

miscellaneous function for tool changes (M06),
and as a means of addressing the new tool.

for example : T05 M06 .

The execution of the above statement ensures that the new tool
numbered 05 is set-up.
Preparatory Functions:
It is represented by a 2 digit number prefixed by the letter “ G ”
the purpose of preparatory function is to command the machine
tool to perform the function represented by the selected code
number.
Example: G90 specifies absolute input dimensions.
ISO has standardized a number of these preparatory function

MOTION GROUP:

G00 Rapid Positioning

G01 Linear interpolation.
G02 Circular interpolation CW.
G03 Circular interpolation CCW.

DWELL

G04 dell.
FUNCTIONAL CODES:
Miscellaneous Functions:

This functions involve actions that are necessary for machining

(spindle on/off , coolant on/off).

These are used to designate a particular mode of operation for

a CNC machine tool.

Program Number:
The symbol used for program number is ‘O’ or
“:” followed by its number.
Example:0123 or :123
The program number does not interference with
the execution of the CNC program.
 Interpolation:
1. Linear interpolation in practice are 2 types
linear and circular
2. parabolic and cubic interpolation are also available for
use in the more advanced system.
Definition: it is method that develops intermediate
coordinate points on a straight line between the given start and finish
points.
2.The input contains discrete information in the form of absolute
or incremental movements.
3. G CODE for linear interpolation is G01.
4.When motion is desired along a straight line at a given feed
rate the function is used.
5.If the cut has to be made from A to B at feed rate of 200
mm/min as shown , then the block is written as:
Circular interpolation:
1.It is used to traverse along an arc.
2.G- code for circular interpolation is G02 (for CWD) or G03
(CCD)
3.when the motion is A to B in a XY plane as shown the block is
written by.
 Canned cycles:
A canned cycle consists of a series of motions repeated a number of
times like drilling , boring and tapping
Example: A drilling cycle consists following motion of drill bit:
1.Rapid approach to work piece
2.Drill at feed rate
3.rapid return to initial position
G92: absolute presetting.
G90: Absolute programming.
G00: point – to – point
positioning , rapid traverse.
G01:Linear interpolation.
T01: Tool number.
S592: speed 592.
M03: spindle rotates cws.
F100: Tool feed 100
mm/minute.
Z14: Depth of tool cut.
M05: spindle off.
M30:End of tape + tape
rewind.
G92: absolute presetting.
G90: Absolute programming.
G00: point – to – point positioning
, rapid traverse.
G01:Linear interpolation.
T01: Tool number.
S592: speed 592.
M03: spindle rotates cws.
F100: Tool feed 100 mm/minute.
Z14: Depth of tool cut.
M05: spindle off.
M30:End of tape + tape rewind.
 Canned cycles:
A canned cycle consists of a series of motions repeated a number of
times like drilling , boring and tapping
Example: A drilling cycle consists following motion of drill bit:
1.Rapid approach to work piece
2.Drill at feed rate
3.rapid return to initial position
Tool length compensation
1. If the tools are more than one tool, the programmer has to take
care of the individual tool lengths for the programming the Z-
depth.
2.In the CNC practice all tool are measured in the assembled state
by using tool pre-setter.
3.When new tool is changed , it is necessary to measure the new
tool length offset and input it into the memory of the CNC machine.
4.Tool length compensation functions in a machine centre are:
G45 = Extension of axis travel by the amount stored in the offset
data memory
G46 = Reduction by the amount stored in the offset data memory
Example :G00 G45 Z-75 H04
H04 is the offset in number stored in number 04of the offset data
memory.
Cutter Radius compensation:
1.In profile turning or pocketing , the cutter radius affects accuracy of the work
piece. Therefore , it becomes necessary to compare the tool path by offsetting the
contour by an amount equal to the cutter radius.
2.Figure shows part contour and the tool path for a typical component.
3.The preparatory functions G40,G41 and G42 are used for cutter radius
compensation.
G40=Compensation off.
G41 = It is used when the cutter is on the left of the tool path when looking in the
direction of the tool movement.
G42 = It is used when the cutter is on the right of the tool path when looking in the
direction of the tool movement.
Types of media
There are four types of NC media. these are
1.punched cards
2.punched tape
3.magnetic tape
4.magnetic disks
5.computer transmitted NC data.
1.Punched tape: the punched cards are almost obsolete as an input media for
NC
2.the std IBM card is 3.250 in wide , 7.375 in long and 0.0007 in thick as shown
3.hole size an spacing precisely specified.
4.Each card contains 12 rows of hole locations with 80 horizontal position across
the card.
5.the common code used for punched cards is BCD (Binary coded decimal)
6. the code for each character is represents by defining two section on the card.
7.The upper three rows are called Zone rows , while the bottom nine rows
represents the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
8.The letter symbols comprise one zone and digit entry.
2.Punched Tape:
1.The specifications for punched tape are standard by the EIA
(Electronic Industries Association)

2.made up of paper , paper-plastic sandwiches, aluminum – plastic

laminates , or other Materials.

3.flexowriter reads and prints tapes at high speed.

4.Data is entered by using std typewriter keyboard and is converted

into printed output and perforated tape.

5.punched tape can also be generated directly from output of

computer - based NC part programming systems.

6.tape is prepared directly by the computer by using a device called

a tape punch.
3.Magnetic Tape:
1.It is made by coating a polyester or Mylar film with
an iron oxide coating.

2.this tapes have high storage densities: 1600 to

6250 bytes per inch are common in computer
applications.

3. the use this tapes are for NC are limited by the

fragile nature of the media

4.Dirt , oil, or dust can cause read errors, and in

industrial area ferrous metal filings and or
magnetized tools cause damage to the data on the
tape
Magnetic Disks:
1.A more reliable magnetic storage device ,the
floppy has been introduced.
2.the 2 sizes are commonly used 5.25 and 3.5 inchs.
3.3.5 sizes stores more data and better protection.
4.later CD ROM (compact Disc read only memory)
Computer-transmitted NC Data:
1.in a CNC system , the MCU is replaced by
programmable mini computer
2.A number of NC programs can be stored in the
memory of the computer.
3.after the NC instructions are stored , the computer
performs all the basic NC functions.
Task :
 Thank you
Narsaiah boshalla