Basics of Filtration

PROCESS FILTRATION
PROCESS FILTRATION
Basics of Filtration
y Reasons for filtration
y Removal of fluid
contaminants
y Eliminate costly problems
y Filtered product more
valuable
y Increases product yield
y Collection of suspended
solids
y Catalysts
y recoveryy
y Reduce operating costs
y Driving forces
y Filtration
y The removal of a suspended
p p
particle from a fluid,, liquid
q or
gas, by passing the fluid through a porous or semi
permeable medium.
y Separation
y The removal of a dissolved substance from a carrier fluid
stream.
y Cartridge filtration
y Pressure driven
y Other driving forces
y Gravitational
y Settling
y Centrifugal
y Vacuum
y Advantages
y Greater output
y Small equipment required
y Ease handling volatile liquids
y Pressure drop
y System pressure drop
y Cartridge pressure drop
y Housing pressure drop
y Filtration variables
y Flow rate
y Differential pressure
y Viscosity
y Contaminant
y Flow conditions
y Compatibility
y Area
y Flow rate
y Size determined by the cartridge
y In most cases the flow rate and/or capacity needs of the
application will be used to determine the appropriate size
of cartridge.
cartridge The housing will then be sized to fit the
selected cartridge.
y Inlet/Outlet
y The inlet/outlet pipe size is also selected to meet the flow
rate requirement. In most cases this is already
determined by the pipe size in the system.
y Differential pressure
y Difference in pressure between the inlet and outlet
sides of a filter
y Measured as PSI or kPa and referred to as PSID, P,
pressure drop
d or differential
diff i l pressure
y For applications sensitive to pressure drop, housing and
cartridge
g need to be considered
y P = P cartridge + P housing
y Location
y The size of the housing may be influenced by the amount
of space available for the installation.
y Location and product selection can also be influenced by
th surrounding
the di environment.
i t
y Dirt holding capacity
y Dirt holding capacity is a measure of the weight gain
of a filter during it’s useful (as measured by pressure
drop at a given flow rate) life
y Systems
y Open
p
y Effluent to atmosphere
y Parallel
y Two or more systems
T t
y Higher flow rates
y Reduced pressure drop
y Series
y Two or more systems
y Step filtration
y Parallel system
y Series system
y Mechanical capture
y Direct interception
p
y Physical barrier capture
y Bridging
g g
y Two particles hitting the
filter medium at the same
time creating a smaller
pore
y Sieving
g
y Particle to large to pass
through pore
y Inertial impaction
p
y Inertia principle
y Diffusion interception
y Pi
Primarily
il ffound
d iin gases
y Electro kinetic effects
y Electrically charged filter
medium
y Gravitational settling
g
y Heavier particles settle to
bottom
y Means of retention
y Mechanical retention
y Particle restriction from
passing through medium
y Adsorptive
p retention
y Adherence of particles to
medium
y Media migration and particle migration
y Media migration is the sloughing of the filter medium into
the filtered fluid
y Particle migration is the sloughing of filtered particulate
matter
tt from
f th filter
the filt cartridge
t id i t the
into th filtered
filt d fluid.
fl id This
Thi
most often occurs due to changes in the flow rate or
excessive pressure drop
y Cartridge flow
y Radial flow
y Pleated
y String wound
y Polypropylene spun
y Paper carbon
y Carbon block
y Granular Carbon
y Specialty
y Cartridge flow
y Up
p flow
y Granular carbon
y Specialty
y Softener
y DI
y Iron reduction
y Surface
y Particles on the surface
of medium forming a cake
y Surface filters
y Surface filters remove particulate
matter via a sieving mechanism.
(you can’t push a basketball through
chicken wire.)
wire )
y The media is usually pleated to
provide the maximum amount of
surface area.
y Depth
p
y Particles trapped
throughout the depth of
medium
y Depth filters
y Depth filters remove particulate matter via
a tortuous path. The fluid travels radially
through the depth of the cartridge.
y Depth
D th cartridges
t id normally
ll have
h a graded
d d
density. They have larger openings at
their surface and smaller openings near
their center.
y Surface vs. depth filters
y In theory a surface filter will work better when the
particulate matter in the water is all the same size
y A depth filter will work better when the particulate
matter
tt has
h a broad
b d range off sizesi and
d the
th filter
filt truly
t l
has gradient density
y Surface vs. depth filtration
Parameter Surface Filters Depth Filters
Deformable Particles May blind off pleats Recommended - adsorptive retention
Non-deformable Particles Removes narrow range Removes broader range of particles
Rating Absolute or nominal Absolute or nominal
Classification/ Clarification Classification Clarification
Flow per 10 Equivalent PSID Recommended 10gpm Recommended 5gpm

Economics - Particle Retention < 10 Holds more dirt than depth, handles More economical than pleated at
Micron higher flow rate greater than 10 microns
More expensive initially than depth, More economical initially than pleated,
Cartridge Cost
fewer replacements, holds more dirt holds less dirt
Housing Cost Fewer cartridges - smaller housing More cartridges - bigger housing
y Performance factors
y Filtration efficiency and micron rating
y Dirt holding capacity
y Pressure drop
y Media migration & particle migration
y Chemical compatibility
y Cartridge types
y Cartridge types-continued
y Fiber filtration
y Fiber diameter
y Thinner fibers equal finer
filtration
y Porosity
y Ratio of void volume to
total volume of medium
y Thickness of media
y Thicker medium equals
decreased pore size
y Industrial water requirement
y Industrial water requirement-Continued
y Several sources are available to check the
compatibility of housings for use with fluids other than
water. Remember to check all materials in the cap,
sump O-ring,
sump, O ring and cartridge.
cartridge
y Chemical compatibility-continued
y Temperature
y Standard polypropylene housings have a maximum
temperature rating of 125°F (52°C).
y Glass reinforced nylon housings have a maximum
t
temperature
t rating
ti off 165°F (74°C).
(74°C)
y All Housings should be protected from freezing.
y Temperature
Buna-N 250° F (121° C)
Ethylene Propylene 350° F (177° C)

Gasket Material
Viton 450° F (232° C)
Teflon 500° F (260° C)
Polyester 300° F (149° C)

Filter Media Polypropylene 200° F (93° C)
Nylon 300° F (149° C)
Carbon Steel 300° F (149° C)
304 Stainless Steel 300° F (149° C)

Housing Media 316 Stainless Steel 300° F (149° C)
PVC 150° F (65° C)
Polypropylene 125° F (52° C)

y Filtration efficiency and micron rating
y There is a big
g difference between absolute and nominal
y In most cases a nominally rated filter is adequate
y A filter’s efficiency is the percentage of particles of a specific
size (microns) that it will remove
y Filter efficiency is dependent on flow rate
y A nominal micron rating is generally accepted to mean the
particle
ti l size
i att which
hi h the
th filter
filt is
i 85% efficient
ffi i t
y An absolute micron rating is generally accepted to mean the
particle size at which the filter is 99.99% efficient
y Relative sizes of particles
y Micron size
Particle Size
Table salt 100 microns
Human hair 40 - 70 microns
Talcum powder 10 microns
Fine test dust 0.5 - microns
Pseudomonas diminuta 0.3 - microns
Magnified 500 times

y Filter efficiency Beta ratio % Efficiency
1 0
y A filter’s efficiency
y is a 2 50
function of the beta ratio. 4 75
5 80
10 90
20 95
50 98
75 98.67
100 99
1,000 99.9
5,000 99.98
10,000 99.99
Infinity 100

Basics of Filtration

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Basics of Filtration

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PROCESS FILTRATION

Non-deformable Particles Removes narrow range Removes broader range of particles

Rating Absolute or nominal Absolute or nominal

Classification/ Clarification Classification Clarification

Flow per 10 Equivalent PSID Recommended 10gpm Recommended 5gpm

Ethylene Propylene 350° F (177° C)

Teflon 500° F (260° C)

Polyester 300° F (149° C)

Carbon Steel 300° F (149° C)

304 Stainless Steel 300° F (149° C)

Polypropylene 125° F (52° C)

Magnified 500 times

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