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Canavero, 2015
Flavio Canavero
Politecnico di Torino, Italy
flavio.canavero@polito.it
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Outline
• Crosstalk phenomenology
Elementary model at low frequencies
Wide-bandwidth model
Crosstalk in time-domain
• Crosstalk reduction
Shielded wires
Twisted wires
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
CROSSTALK
• Fact of life
In a wire bundle, it is common
experience to find traces of a
signal on wires other than the
one used for transmission
• Definition
Crosstalk refers to the unintended
electromagnetic coupling between wires and PCB
lands that are in close proximity
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
G R
R G
G
R
R G R G
R
G
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Approximations:
• Low-frequency (the line is short wrt wavelength, L</10)
• weak coupling (wires are well separated)
3
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
L m lm L
L
Line cross-section Equivalent circuit
Closed-form expressions of
mutual inductance lm for Example:
simple geometries
(otherwise, numerical 0 dG d R
lm ln
solution!) 2 d GR rw 0
7
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
j c m L VˆG
L
Line cross-section Equivalent circuit C m cm L
Closed-form expressions of
mutual capacitance cm for Example:
simple geometries
(otherwise, numerical cm
lm
solution!) v (lG l R l m2 )
2
4
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
• definition of
Inductive and
Capacitive
coupling
coefficients
10
5
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Result # 1:
v
Crosstalk increases with frequency f max
10 L
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
>1 >1
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Capacitive crosstalk
Inductive crosstalk
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Result # 3:
Common-wire Xtalk is
frequency
independent
(ohmic [dc] losses only)
14
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
resistive Xtalk
inductive & capacitive
Xtalk
log10 f
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
R = 50 R = 1 k
VˆNE VˆNE
j M NE
IND
M NE
CI
j M NE
CAP
M NE
CI
VˆS VˆS
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
?
inductive & capacitive coupling
resistive coupling
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
18
9
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Outline
• Crosstalk phenomenology
Elementary model at low frequencies
Wide-bandwidth model
Crosstalk in time-domain
• Crosstalk reduction
Shielded wires
Twisted wires
20
10
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Wideband crosstalk model (iii)
1.st alternative: cascade of N cells implemented in SPICE
Example: the ribbon cable
5 cells
1 cell
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
d
Vm j TV1LT I I m
dz
d
I m j TI1CTV Vm
dz
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
real wires
real wires
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Outline
• Crosstalk phenomenology
Elementary model at low frequencies
Wide-bandwidth model
Crosstalk in time-domain
• Crosstalk reduction
Shielded wires
Twisted wires
30
15
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Approximations:
• Low-frequency (the line is short wrt wavelength, L</10)
• weak coupling (wires are well separated)
since
then
Result # 4:
Crosstalk appears as time derivative of the source
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Experimental verification
zoom
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Outline
• Crosstalk phenomenology
Elementary model at low frequencies
Wide-bandwidth model
Crosstalk in time-domain
• Crosstalk reduction
Shielded wires
Twisted wires
34
17
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
35
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
R FE
+
Result # 6:
Shield-to-Ground VˆG
avoids capacitive
coupling R NE
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
37
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
IˆR
IˆS Magnetic flux compensation allows
IˆG
simplification; hence
S RS
G
Effect of shield:
Result # 7:
Shield-to-Ground at both ends
limits inductive coupling
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Vˆ NECAP
, FE
0
v
f max
10 L
39
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Setup:
line length: 3.657 m
all terminations: resistance R
R values: 50 and 1 k
shield resistance: 89.8 m
shield break frequency: 5.8 kHz
40
20
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
41
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Outline
• Crosstalk phenomenology
Elementary model at low frequencies
Wide-bandwidth model
Crosstalk in time-domain
• Crosstalk reduction
Shielded wires
Twisted wires
42
21
01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Simplification:
• compress in 2D
• abrupt changes
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
inductive coupling
capacitive coupling
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Ê1 and Ê2 contributions
compensate between two
untwisted line consecutive cells
VˆNE
IND
R NE 1
worst case for
j (l m1 l m 2 ) LHT
odd # of cells
VˆS R NE R FE RS R L
VˆFEIND R FE 1
j (l m1 l m 2 ) LHT
VˆS R NE R FE RS R L
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Result # 8:
Twisted lines effectively v
f max
suppress inductive coupling 10 L
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Inductive coupling is
unaffected
untwisted line with balanced loads
Compensation of
capacitive currents
VˆNE 1
worst case for
CAP
R NE
odd # of cells
j ( c m1 c m 2 ) LHT
VˆS R NE R FE RS RL
VˆFE
CAP
R FE 1
j ( c m1 c m 2 ) LHT
VˆS R NE R FE RS RL
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Result # 9:
Twisted lines effectively
suppress capacitive coupling v
only if terminations are f max
10 L
balanced
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01OUX… - Advanced Design for Signal Integrity and Compliance. F.Canavero, 2015
Summary
• At low frequencies, crosstalk is growing by 20
dB/decade
• capacitive coupling dominates for high load impedance
• inductive coupling dominates for low load impedance
• common-wire crosstalk is frequency independent and
dominates only at very very low frequencies
• At high frequencies, influence of line resonances
• In time domain, crosstalk manifests itself as time
derivative of the source signal
• Crosstalk suppression:
• shielding avoids capacitive xtalk and limits inductive xtalk
• twisting avoids inductive xtalk (capacitive xtalk is suppressed
only with balanced terminations)
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