“ONLINE VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM”

A PROJECT SYNOPSIS

Submitted to

Dr. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

By

AKASH CHAUDHARY(1642210005)
KM ANJALI VERMA(1642210042)
SANDEEP CHAUDHARY(1642210084)
RISHIKESH YADAV(1642210080)

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LUCKNOW

2019 - 2020
 INTRODUCTION

This project aims to solve the problem of tracking and accountability of vehicles
by providing a software platform. This project would serve as an important step
to help in Vehicle tracking, component monitoring, vehicle analysis and fleet
management. An efficient vehicle tracking system is implemented for
monitoring of any equipped vehicle from any location at any time with the help
of Global Positioning System (GPS) and which will enable users to locate their
vehicles with ease and in a convenient manner. This web application will
provide a dashboard for better and easy understanding of their vehicle
positions and related statistics.
The core function of our project is to develop a tracking system that is cost-
effective.
The GPS receiver receives the location data like latitude and longitude of a
vehicle and send them by using an HTTP request to web server. The browser is
used to load the web page which contains Google maps to show the location of
the vehicle in real time. The web page containing the map directly marks the
coordinates, as it arrives, without reloading the page. That means, in real time,
we get to see the location of the vehicle.
The system tracks vehicles on an online map through a Web Application.
The system allows the user to track and check vehicle fuel entries, servicing
data and even repair/ maintenance status. This system allows users to keep
track of their vehicles provided on rent or lease to someone else.
A GPS tracking unit is a device that uses the Global Positioning System (GPS)
to determine the precise location of a vehicle, person, or other asset to which it
is attached and to record the position of the asset at regular intervals. The
recorded location data can be stored within the tracking unit, or it may be
transmitted to a central location data base, or internet-connected computer,
using a cellular (GPRS or SMS), radio, or satellite modem embedded in the
unit. This allows the asset's location to be displayed against a map backdrop
either in real time or when analysing the track later, using GPS tracking
software.

1. Technology Used:

1.1. Python: Python is a widely used general-purpose, high level programming

language. It was initially designed by Guido van Rossum in 1991 and
developed by Python Software Foundation. It was mainly developed for
emphasis on code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to
express concepts in fewer lines of code.
1.2. Django: Django is a high-level Python Web framework that encourages
rapid development and clean pragmatic design. A Web framework is a set
of components that provide a standard way to develop websites fast and
easily. Django’s primary goal is to ease the creation of complex database-
driven websites.

ONLINE VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM

 1.3. Cloud computing: Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of
computer system resources, especially data storage and computing
power, without direct active management by the user. The term is
generally used to describe data centers available to many users over the
Internet.

1.4. GPS: The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation

system made up of at least 24 satellites. GPS works in any weather
conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day, with no subscription
fees or setup charges.

1.5. Google Maps: Google Maps is a web mapping service developed by

Google. Google Maps is a Web-based service that provides detailed
information about geographical regions and sites around the world. In
addition to conventional road maps, Google Maps offers aerial and
satellite views of many places. In some cities, Google Maps offers street
views compromising photographs taken from vehicles.

2. Ambition:
A wide range of tracking systems has been developed so far tracking vehicles
and displaying their position on a map, we can also use the system that has
been developed to tracks the mobility of a human being and vehicles. Now a
day's tracking a Vehicles mobility has become a crucial issue these days be it
tracking a criminal came on payroll or a detective going to detect a case or
any other utility.

ONLINE VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM

 Fig : how it’s work

STATEMENT ABOUT THE PROBLEM

In the real World A Transport Company or Customer and many other user (like schools,
college) is the problem that driver misuse the Vehicle like it take extra fuel and too
many time’s Owner have problem to track their vehicle and also can’t be planned about
future trip. If the owner have current location about their vehicle so owner can easily
planned future trip for the vehicle at that time owner can’t miss the new trips for the
vehicle.
In this situation our system help to owner to track their vehicle to make future trip for
the vehicle and it also reduce the fuel consumption and if driver facing any problem
during the trip the owner can easily contact the driver and easily provide the help to the
driver.

ONLINE VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM

WHY IS THE PARTICULAR TOPIC CHOSEN?

A wide range of tracking systems has been developed so far tracking vehicles and
displaying their position on a map, we can also use the system that has been developed
to tracks the mobility of a human being. Now a day's tracking a person's mobility has
become a crucial issue these days be it tracking a criminal came on payroll or a
detective going to detect a case or any other utility.

1) Basic :-
A GPS tracking unit is a navigation device normally carried by a
moving vehicle or person or animal that uses the Global Positioning System
(GPS) to track the device's movements and determine its location. The
recorded location data can either be stored within the tracking unit or
transmitted to an Internet-connected device using the cellular (GPRS or SMS),
radio, or satellite modem embedded in the unit. This allows the location to be
displayed against a map backdrop either in real time or when analysing the
track later, using GPS tracking software. Data tracking software is available
for smartphones with GPS capability.

2) Safety:-
GPS tracking systems are believed to be an incredible invention of
the modern time. People, who rely on its assistance to find their routes in a
new city, are now moving forward to make most of its advanced usages. With
GPS systems, people can track their most precious possessions ranging from
their children to their laptops and vehicles.
At present, GPS technology has stepped up to the more advanced
level, and has several roles to perform in law enforcement,
emergency services as well as in various commercial industries.
Ranging from GPS vehicle tracking to GPS personal tracking and
GPS kids tracking, GPS systems have addressed almost every
possible need of the potential users.
With GPSWOX.Com, you get a variety of best tracking software to
meet your particular personal and business needs. Here are a few
benefits of using GPS tracking system.

3) Security for Theft:-

With variations of vehicle tracking system insurance
companies can locate the stolen vehicle and stop its engine. To make this system
common Insurance companies offer discount for the insurance of cars.
Ex: Genel Sigorta provides 15% discount for the customers who are agree to
apply UND vehicle tracking system (UND is a product of UND Teknolojileri,
which has a agreement with Genel Sigorta.)

ONLINE VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM

4) To provide emergency service to customers.
Ex: Porsche offers a GPS tracking system for its customers. With pushing on a
single button called S.O.S on the middle console Porsche customer can get road
service. ( Only in Europe)
5) To keep track of the products against auto theft.

OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT :-
The global positioning system, more commonly referred to as GPS. GPS was
originally developed for military purposes, but has since become available to
non-military personnel worldwide as well. According to the National Executive
Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing, the
objectives of GPS are to provide accurate positioning, navigation and atomic
timing services . A GPS tracking vehicle tracking devices gadget isn't the same as an
auto GPS. Equally GPS products operate by employing details by using satellite
coordinates. The fundamental function of the GPS tracker is usually to monitor a
particular concentrate on auto or motor vehicles. The tracking machine will be able to
relay info relating to where by the motor vehicle has traveled, just how long the
automobile stopped, and so on. GPS monitoring equipment are generally set up in autos.
Having said that,GPS tracking units may be useful for motor cycles, scooters and
bicycles.
All GPS trackers use worldwide positioning satellites which may identify properly a
vehicle's locale and speed. The GPS monitoring process sends info to orbiting GPS
satellites which route the info by way of a mobile or cellular phone network back to an
linked obtaining machine..Like a popular auto GPS procedure, GPS trackers may deliver
thorough mapping information showing in which a concentrate on vehicle has traveled.
GPS trackers are utilized by law enforcement, private investigators, fraud or coverage
investigators, corporate and personal folks to safe details needed for investigative
applications. Some firms, like limousine firms, cab providers and supply providers, use
GPS trackers keep an eye on and preserve precise facts records on how company car or
truck
Some providers applied GPS monitoring systems to enhance productiveness by
monitoring mileage and pace of organization motor vehicles to control gas use, therefore
preserving fuel charge. Also, GPS tracking devices can be utilised legally to monitor
relatives pursuits, i.e. children or spouses. Having said that, the usage of GPS trackers is
controversial in these regions. Although GPS monitoring equipment is often utilized for
most States, lawfully with no special permit or license.

ONLINE VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM

 FEASIBILITY STUDY :- Feasibility is the determination of
whether or not a project is worth doing. The process followed in
making this determination is called feasibility study. This type of
study determines if a project can and should be taken. Once it
has been determined that a project is feasible, the analyst can go
ahead and prepare the project specification which finalizes
project requirement.
Different Types of Feasibility Study
In the conduct of feasibility study, the analyst will usually
consider seven distinct, but inter- related types of feasibility.
They are
(1) Technical Feasibility
(2) Operational Feasibility
(3) Economic Feasibility
(4) Social Feasibility
(5) Management Feasibility
(6) Legal Feasibility
(7) Time Feasibility

(1)Technical Feasibility: This is concerned with specifying

equipment and software that will successfully satisfy the user
requirement; the technical needs of the system may vary
considerably but include response time under certain conditions,
facility to communicate data to distant location and ability to
process a transaction at a particular speed.
2)Operational Feasibility:It is mainly related to human
organization and political aspects that organizational structures
are distributed and the new skills are to be required.
 PLANNING OF WORK

Our data consists of heterogeneous datasets, we have lot of

variability in the cars. So it might be easy to develop an
algorithm that works for particular image but it ismuchdifferent
challenge to find an algorithm that works across the board of
heterogeneous datasets.There are couple of approaches we can
take we can try an algorithm that isrobustto the heterogeneity or
we can cached the data into more homogeneity state. The
following steps requires for the this projects–
1 ) Data Simulation–To simulates the date for efficient Pattern Matching
with higher Efficiency we have to simulate and arrange dataset according
to our Efficiency and Algorithms.
2) Template Matching–Template matching is a technique in digital image
processing for finding small parts of an image which match a template image.
It can be used in manufacturing as a part of
qualitycontrol,awaytonavigateamobilerobot,orasawaytodetectedgesinimag
es.it is unreasonable to provide a multitude of templates to cover each possible
occlusion. For example, the search image may be a playing card, andinsome of the
search images, the card is obscured by the fingers of someone holding the card, or
by another card on top of it, or any object in front of the camera for that matter. In
cases where the object is malleable or poseable.
3) Result–After matching the sample if match found and it generate
the report as Infected or Uninfected. If it shows Infected then it generate the
percentage of infected cell associated with matched image else generate the
report asU n i n f e c t e d . If the sample doesn’t match with the dataset then it
needs to trained the dataset by updating the sample and after training of
dataset this model is more efficient than previous.

4) Feedback–This Model store the feedback of a User to Make the

model more efficient . After the Result of Report is generated and appears on
screen the Model asked the User for the Feedback .

5) Maintenance and Upgradation- Whenever any problem occurs

or any issues arises with Model the Model is efficient to handle the errors
but if any major issues arise then it generate the log report about the
issues and report the user
PROCESS DESCRIPTION INCLUDING DFD
PROCESS DESCRIPTION FOR PURPOSED WORK:

USE CASE DIAGRAM

FACILITIES REQUIRED FOR PURPOSED WORK

SYSTEM SPECIFICATION–

Processor Intel i5 or upgraded Processor

RAM 4GB minimum
Storage 1 GB
IDE Notebook
Software Platform Django
Device Tracking Device
Programming Language Python
Interface Language English
 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:

For the GPS tracking system we have three module that will be attached to each
other . This three module together will perform as a GPS tracking system.
 Arduino uno-R3
 GPS shield
 GPRS shield

1) ARDUINO Uno R3:

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet).
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and
a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery
to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Revision 2 of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it
easier to put into DFU mode.

Revision 3 of the board has the following new features:

 Pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new
pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the
voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the
board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that
operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future
purposes.
 Stronger RESET circuit.
 Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

“Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0.
The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The
Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the
Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino
boards
Summary:
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage
7-12V
(recommended)
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by
Flash Memory
bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz

Power:
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power
supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the
board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers
of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the
power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can
be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector
(5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins
bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.
 GND. Ground pins.
 IOREF. This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which
the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin
voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the
outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V.
Memory:

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB
of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM
library).

Input and Output:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or
output,using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:
 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt
on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See
the attachInterrupt() function for details.
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with
the analogWrite() function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits
of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and
the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:
 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using
the Wire library.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a
reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication:
The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V)
serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX).
An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears
as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard
USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is
required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data
to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash
when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the
computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A Software Serial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's
digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details.
For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

Automatic (Software) Reset:

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a
connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of
theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 Nano farad
capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset
the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply
pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the boot loader
can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start
of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running
Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB).
For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will
intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a
sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first
starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after
opening the connection and before sending this data.
The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on
either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN".
You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to
the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

USB Overcurrent Protection:

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports
from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal
protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to
the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is
removed.

Physical Characteristics:
The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively,
with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four
screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance
between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing
of the other pins.
2. GPS shield:

Adding GPS to your Arduino has never been easier. The multiple GPS receivers
attach easily to the shield, you will be able to locate your exact position within a few
meters. Here's where we are. GPS also gives you amazingly accurate time! A GPS quick
start guide is available for this product.
With the GPS Shield you can add GPS functionality to Arduino. A connector for
the popular EM-406 GPS receiver is populated on the board, and footprints for EM-408
and EB-85A/FV-M8 connectors are also made available (connectors are not soldered on or
included and can be found below in the related items). The regular GPS pins (RX, TX,
PPS, etc.) are also broken out to a 10-pin 0.1" pitch header, and a small prototyping area is
also provided.
The DLINE/UART switch switches the GPS module's input/output between
Arduino's standard TX/RX pins or any digital pins on the Arduino (default setting uses
pins 3 and 2 connected to TX and RX, respectively). The regular GPS pins (RX, TX, PPS,
etc.) are broken out to a 10-pin 0.1" pitch header, and a small prototyping area is also
provided. An ON/OFF switch is included which controls power to the GPS module.
Additionally, the Arduino reset switch is also brought out.

Includes:

 GPS Shield
 EM-406 GPS Module
 EM-406 Interface Cable
 Set of Stackable Headers

Features:

 EM-406 connector populated

 EM-408 and EB-85A connector footprints provided and connected for optional use
 UP501 connector and footprint
 Coin cell battery socket footprint provided and connected for optional battery
backup of EB-85A GPS module
 Standard Arduino sized shield
 Prototyping area
 GPS serial and PPS signals broken out to a 0.1*
 ON/OFF switch controls power to GPS module
2.2.3. GPRS Module: ( SM5100B )

Power Consumption:
 Off mode: <100uA
 Sleep mode: <2.0mA
 Idle mode: <7.0mA (average)
 Communication mode: 350 mA (average,GSM)
 Communication mode: 2A (Typical peak during TX slot,GSM).
 Frequency Bands: EGSM900 +GSM850+ DCS1800+PCS1900

Transmit Power:
 Class 4 (2W) for EGSM900/GSM850
 Class 1 (1W) for DCS1800/PCS1900
 Supported SIM card: 3V/1.8V SIM card. (auto recognize)
 4x6 keyboard interface available
 UART0 interface with flow control, up to 460kbps
 UART1 interface without flow control, two-wire interface, up to 460kbps
 LCD interface available, over SPI

ROLE & DESCRIPTION OF TEAM

TEAM – GUIDE --- Ms. ANITAL PAL
PROJECT ---- ONLINE VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM
TEAM LEADER --- AKASH CHAUDHARY
NAME ROLL NO ROLE
AKASH 1642210005 PROGRAMMER
CHAUDHARY
ANJALI VERMA 1642210042 PROGRAMMER
SANDEEP 1642210084 DESIGNER
CHAUDHARY
RISHI YADAV 1642210080 HARDWARE
MANAGEMENT

LIMITATION:-
1. Lack of Local Knowledge.
2. Driving Distraction.
3. Signal or Battery Failure.
4. Reliance on US Department of Defense.
5. Privacy Issues.
6. Commercial Exploitation

FUTURE SCOPE :- Global Positioning System has numerous applications.

The earliest application was military. Boaters were the first civilians to use GPS
extensively for navigation, as dead reckoning is prone to error. Many high-end cars
have a GPS navigation system which serves much the same purpose as a marine GPS.
Some athletes are turning to GPS to track speed and distance. A few digital cameras
have a GPS receiver which records the location where the picture was taken. So far,
I've listed only one-way applications. Two-way applications include cell phones when
calling the emergency number and vehicle tracking.

CONCLUSION:- The main objective of this thesis was to design and construct a cost-
effective system to track position or movements of vehicles using a Network based
positioning system.It can say the primary objective was achieved by 100%. In conclusion of
this thesis, itcan be assured that the main objective of this project for Masters Degree,
being thegain of knowledge in relevant area of vehicle movement tracking, gain theoretical
andpractical knowledge, concluding in the design and development of a working systemfor
the intended customer organization was successful.
REFERENCE :-
• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=6132526&queryText
%3DVehicle+Tracking+Using+Driver+Mobile+Gps+Tracking
• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=5940500&queryText
%3DVehicle+Tracking+Using+Driver+Mobile+Gps+Tracking.
• Brad Parkinson Oral History, IEEE History Center,
1999.
• Build it and They will come: the Far-reaching Effects of Global Positioning
Systems,

• Arthur Stern Oral History: Satellite Navigation to Shipping Companies, IEEE

History Center, 1993.

• Computing and electronics

• Engineering fundamentals
• Environment
• Transportation
• Navigation
• Satellite navigation systems