problems 183

3. Vary the constants C1 , C2 , . . . , Cn to make them functions of x, and obtain

(k)
n equations yP , k = 0, 1, . . . , n−1,

Ci ⇒ ci (x) (k)  
yC(k) (x; C1 , C2 , . . . , Cn ) ====⇒ yP x; c1 (x), c2 (x), . . . , cn (x) .
i = 1, 2, . . . , n

(k)
4. Differentiating yP with respect to x and comparing with the expressions
(k+1)
yP , k = 0, 1, . . . , n−2, and substituting yP and the derivatives into the
original differential equation yield n linear algebraic equations for c1 (x),
c2 (x), . . . , cn (x).
5. Solve these equations for c1 (x), c2 (x), . . . , cn (x).
6. Integrate to obtain the functions c1 (x), c2 (x), . . . , cn (x). A particular solu-
 
tion yP x; c1 (x), c2 (x), . . . , cn (x) is then obtained.

Euler Differential Equations

(an x n D n + an−1 x n−1 D n−1 + · · · + a1 x D + a0 ) y = f (x), D ( · ) ≡ d( · )/dx.
Letting x = ez or z = ln x, x >0, D ( · ) ≡ d( · )/dz, then
x n D n (·) = D ( D −1)( D −2) · · · ( D −n+1)(·), n = positive integer.

The Euler differential equation is converted to a differential equation with constant

coefficients.

Problems
Complementary Solutions
4.1 ( D 3 − 2 D 2 + D − 2) y = 0 ANS yC = A cos x + B sin x + Ce2x

4.2 ( D 3 + D 2 + 9 D + 9) y = 0 ANS yC = A cos 3x + B sin 3x + Ce−x

4.3 ( D 3 + D 2 − D − 1) y = 0 ANSyC = (C0 +C1 x)e−x + C ex

 √ √ 
4.4 ( D 3 + 8) y = 0 ANS yC = ex A cos( 3x) + B sin( 3x) + Ce−2x
 √ √ 
4.5 ( D 3 − 8) y = 0 ANS yC = e−x A cos( 3x) + B sin( 3x) + Ce2x

4.6 ( D 4 + 4) y = 0 ANS yC = ex (A1 cos x +B1 sin x)+e−x (A2 cos x +B2 sin x)

4.7 ( D 4 + 18 D 2 + 81) y = 0 ANS yC = (A0 +A1 x) cos 3x +(B0 +B1 x) sin 3x

4.8 ( D 4 − 4 D 2 + 16) y = 0
√ √ 
ANS yC = e 3x
(A1 cos x + B1 sin x) + e− 3x
(A2 cos x + B2 sin x
184 4 linear differential equations

4.9 ( D 4 −2 D 3 +2 D 2 −2 D +1) y = 0 ANS yC = (C0 +C1 x)ex +A cos x +B sin x

4.10 ( D 4 − 5 D 3 + 5 D 2 + 5 D − 6) y = 0
ANS yC = C1 e−x + C2 ex + C3 e2x + C4 e3x

4.11 (D 5 − 6D 4 + 9D 3) y = 0 ANS yC = C0 +C1 x +C2 x 2 +(D0 +D1 x)e3x

4.12 ( D 6 − 64) y = 0 ANS yC = C1 e−2x + C2 e2x

 √ √   √ √ 
+ e−x A1 cos( 3x) + B1 sin( 3x) + ex A2 cos( 3x) + B2 sin( 3x)

Particular Solutions — Method of Undetermined Coefficients

For the following differential equations, specify the form of a particular solution
using the method of undetermined coefficients.
4.13 ( D 2 + 6 D + 10) y = 3x e−3x − 2e3x cos x
4.14 ( D 2 − 8 D + 17) y = e4x (x 2 − 3x sin x)
4.15 ( D 2 − 2 D + 2) y = (x + ex ) sin x
4.16 ( D 2 + 4) y = sinh x sin 2x
4.17 ( D 2 + 2 D + 2) y = cosh x sin x
4.18 ( D 3 + D ) y = sin x + x cos x
4.19 ( D 3 − 2 D 2 + 4 D − 8) y = e2x sin 2x + 2x 2
4.20 ( D 3 − 4 D 2 + 3 D ) y = x 2 + x e2x
4.21 ( D 4 + D 2 ) y = 7x − 3 cos x
4.22 ( D 4 + 5 D 2 + 4) y = sin x cos 2x

Particular Solutions — D -Operator Method

4.23 ( D 5 − 3 D 3 + 1) y = 9e2x ANS yP = e2x

4.24 ( D − 1)3 y = 48x ex ANS yP = 2x 4 ex

4.25 ( D 3 − 3 D ) y = 9x 2 ANS yP = −x 3 − 2x

4.26 (D 5 + 4D 3) y = 7 + x ANS yP = 96 x (28+x)

1 3

4.27 ( D 2 − D − 2) y = 36x e2x ANS yP = 2e2x (3x 2 −2x)

4.28 ( D 4 + 16) y = 64 cos 2x ANS yP = 2 cos 2x

4.29 ( D 4 + 4 D 2 − 1) y = 44 sin 3x ANS yP = sin 3x

Problems 185

4.30 ( D 3 + D 2 + 5 D + 5) y = 5 cos 2x ANS yP = 2 sin 2x + cos 2x

4.31 ( D 2 + 3 D + 5) y = 5e−x sin 2x ANS yP = −e−x (2 cos 2x + sin 2x)

4.32 ( D 4 − 1) y = 4e−x ANS yP = −x e−x

4.33 ( D 2 + 4) y = 8 sin2 x ANS yP = 1 − x sin 2x

4.34 ( D 3 − D 2 + D − 1) y = 4 sin x ANS yP = x (cos x − sin x)

4.35 ( D 4 − D 2 ) y = 2ex ANS yP = x ex

General Solutions
4.36 y  − 4 y  + 4 y = (1 + x)ex + 2e2x + 3e3x
ANS y = (C0 +C1 x)e2x + (x +3)ex + x 2 e2x + 3e3x
4.37 ( D 2 − 2 D + 5) y = 4ex cos 2x
ANS y = ex (A cos 2x + B sin 2x) + x ex sin 2x

4.38 ( D 2 + 4) y = 4 sin 2x ANS y = A cos 2x + B sin 2x − x cos 2x

4.39 ( D 2 − 1) y = 12x 2 ex + 3e2x + 10 cos 3x
ANS yP = C1 e−x + C2 ex + ex (2x 3 −3x 2 +3x) + e2x − cos 3x

4.40 y  + y = 2 sin x − 3 cos 2x ANS y = A cos x +B sin x −x cos x + cos 2x

 
4.41 y  − y  = ex (10 + x 2 ) ANS y = C1 + C2 ex + ex 13 x 3 −x 2 +12x
4.42 ( D 2 − 4) y = 96x 2 e2x + 4e−2x
ANS y = C1 e−2x + C2 e2x + e2x (8x 3 − 6x 2 + 3x) − xe−2x
4.43 ( D 2 + 2 D + 2) y = 5 cos x + 10 sin 2x
ANS y = e−x (A cos x +B sin x)+ cos x +2 sin x −2 cos 2x − sin 2x
4.44 ( D 2 − 2 D + 2) y = 4x − 2 + 2ex sin x
ANS y = ex (A cos x + B sin x) + 2x + 1 − x ex cos x
4.45 ( D 2 − 4 D + 4) y = 4x e2x sin 2x
ANS y = (C0 +C1 x)e2x − e2x (x sin 2x + cos 2x)
4.46 ( D 3 − D 2 + D − 1) y = 15 sin 2x
ANS y = Cex + A cos x + B sin x + 2 cos 2x + sin 2x
4.47 ( D 3 + 3 D 2 − 4) y = 40 sin 2x
ANS y = (C0 + C1 x)e−2x + C2 ex + cos 2x − 2 sin 2x
186 4 linear differential equations

4.48 y  − y  + y  − y = 2ex + 5e2x

ANS y = A cos x + B sin x + Cex + x ex + e2x
4.49 ( D 3 − 6 D 2 + 11 D − 6) y = 10ex sin x
ANS y = C1 ex + C2 e2x + C3 e3x + ex (3 sin x − cos x)
4.50 ( D 3 − 2 D − 4) y = 50(sin x + e2x )
ANS y = Ce2x +e−x (A cos x +B sin x)+6 cos x −8 sin x + 5x e2x
4.51 y  − 3 y  + 4 y = 12e2x + 4e3x
ANS y = (C0 + C1 x)e2x + C3 e−x + 2x 2 e2x + e3x
4.52 ( D 4 − 8 D 2 + 16) y = 32e2x + 16x 3
ANS y = (C0 +C1 x)e−2x + (D0 +D1 x)e2x + x 2 e2x + x 3 + 3x
4.53 ( D 4 − 18 D 2 + 81) y = 72e3x + 729x 2
ANS y = (C0 + C1 x)e−3x + (D0 + D1 x)e3x + x 2 e3x + 9x 2 + 4

Method of Variation of Parameters

4.54 y  − y = x −1 − 2x −3 ANS y = C1 e−x + C2 ex − x −1
1  
4.55 y  − y = ANS y = C1 e−x +C2 ex −x e−x + sinh x ln1−e−2x 
sinh x
ex   
4.56 y  − 2 y  + y = ANS y = C0 + C1 x + x lnx  ex
x
4.57 y  + 3 y  + 2 y = sin ex ANS y = C1 e−2x + C2 e−x − e−2x sin ex

4.58 y  − 3 y  + 2 y = sin e−x ANS y = C1 ex + C2 e2x − e2x sin e−x

4.59 y  + y = sec3 x ANS y = A cos x + B sin x + 12 sec x

 − 1 
4.60 y  − y = 1−e2x 2 ANS y = C1 e−x +C2 ex − 12 e−x sin−1 ex − 12 1−e2x

4.61 y  − y = e−2x sin e−x ANS y = C1 e−x +C2 ex − sin e−x −ex cos e−x
√  5
4.62 y  + 2 y  + y = 15e−x x +1 ANS y = e−x C0 + C1 x + 4(x +1) 2
4.63 y  + 4 y = 2 tan x
 
ANS y = A cos 2x + B sin 2x + sin 2x lncos x  − x cos 2x
e2x
4.64 y  − 2 y  + y = ANS y = (C0 +C1 x)ex + ex ln(1+ex )
(ex + 1)2
1
4.65 y  + y  = ANS y = C1 +C2 e−x − ln(e−x +1)−e−x ln(ex +1)
1 + ex
Problems 187

Euler Differential Equations

4.66 (x 2 D 2 − x D + 1) y = ln x ANS y = (C0 +C1 ln x)x + 2 + ln x
5
4.67 x 2 y  + 3x y  + 5 y = 2 ln x
x
−1
   
ANS y=x A cos(2 ln x) + B sin(2 ln x) + x −2 25 + ln x
4.68 (x 3 D 3 + 2x 2 D 2 − x D + 1) y = 9x 2 ln x
ANS yC = C1 x −1 + (C2 + C3 ln x)x + (3 ln x −7)x 2
 
4.69 (x −2)2 D 2 − 3(x −2) D + 4 y = x
  
ANS yC = (x −2)2 C0 +C1 lnx −2 +x − 32
4.70 x 3 y  + 3x 2 y  + x y  − y = x 2
1  √3
√3
 x 2
ANS y = C x + √ A cos
x 2
ln x + B sin
2
ln x +
7