01 Intro To Radio System - 1607 - 8.5 PDF

Introduction to Radio Systems
Ceragon Training Services
CeraOS 8.5
Proprietary and Confidential JULY 2016

Agenda
• Radio Relay Principles
• Parameters affecting propagations:
• Attenuation
• Humidity/gas absorption
• Atmospheric conditions (refraction)
• Dispersion
• Multipath/ducting
• Polarization & Rain attenuation
• Climatic conditions (rain zone, temperature)
• Terrain (flatness, type, Fresnel zone clearance, diffraction)
• Modulation
• SNR & BER 2
Proprietary and Confidential
Transmission Media
Capacity
Optical Fiber
Radio Link
Electrical
Satellite
Cables
Range
Proprietary and Confidential 3

Optical Fiber
Pros
• “Infinite” speed
• Highly reliable
Cons
• Limited ‘Capilliarity’ - its not always where you need it
• Prohibitively expensive to retrospectively deploy in cities: $200/m+ to dig
• Expensive to lease connectivity from incumbent telco operators
• UK = Gig E circuit £10k per annum +
• Often unknown/unexpected High excess construction charges
• Long lead time times for new deployments
• Often many months for new fibre to be dug or leased line connections to be connected
• Fibre is the ultimate solution but if its not available what are the alternatives?

Criteria for Optical Fiber alternatives
✓
✓ Cost effective equipment cost (CAPEX)
✓ Minimal installation lead time and cost
✓ Cost effective annual running costs (OPEX)
WIRELESS TICKS
✓ Mature and reliable technology
ALL THE BOXES
✓ Capacity scalable to Gigabit rates

Radio Link Waves
Environment
Ionosphere
(80-720 km)
Mesosphere
Terrestrial (50-80 km)
waves Stratosphere
(12-50 km)
Troposphere
Refracted wave (0-12 km)
Direct wave
Line of Sight(LOS)
Antenna
Reflected wave mounting
height
Earth’s Curvature
Radio Relay Principles
• A Radio Link requires two end stations
• A line of sight (LOS) or nLOS (near LOS) is required
• Used Microwave Radio Link frequencies: ~380 GHz
f1
RF Signal
f1’
Radio Link = Duplex Channel
Path Terrain

High and Low frequency stations
Terminology
• A duplex radio channel occupies 2 frequencies: f1, f1’ (FDD)
• Separation wide enough to avoid interference
Tx(f1)=11500 MHz Rx(f1)=11500 MHz

Local site Remote site
Near End Far End
A End Z End
High station Low station
Rx(f1’)=11000 MHz Tx(f1’)=11000 MHz
Radio Link = Full Duplex Channel
High station means: Tx(f1) >Rx(f1’) Low station means: Tx(f1’) < Rx(f1)
Standard frequency plan patterns
• Only Low stations can interfere High stations Frequency reuse
Tx Tx Tx Tx Tx Tx
Ch 1&3 H Pol Ch 1&3 V Pol Ch 1&3 H Pol Ch 1&3 V Pol Ch 1&3 V Pol
• Reduced risk for overshoot

Frequency shift
Tx Tx Tx Tx Tx Tx
Ch 1&3 H Pol Ch 1&3 V Pol Ch 1&3 H Pol Ch 1&3 V Pol Ch 1&3 V Pol
• Reduced risk for overshoot Tx Tx in upper part of Band

Tx Tx in lower part of Band
1
Preferred site location structure
• Preferred site arrangements instead of straight line for reducing interference
between Low units in Link n and High units in Link n+1
√
High
Low
×
Radio Principal Block Diagram
Z' E' A' B' C' D'

Input Digital Branching
Modulator Transmitter RF Tx Filter Feeder
signal Line interface Network(*)
TRANSMITTER PATH
D C B A E Z
Branching RF Rx Filter Demodulator Digital Output
Feeder Receiver
Network(*) Line interface signal
RECEIVER PATH

RF Principles
• RF - System of communication employing electromagnetic waves (EMW)
propagated through space
• EMW travel at the speed of light (300,000 km/s)
• The wave length is determined by the frequency as follows -
𝑪 c is the propagation velocity of EM
Wave Length= d= 𝒇
, waves in vacuum (3x108/s)
• Microwave – refers to very short waves (millimeter waves) and typically

relates to frequencies above 1GHz:
• 300 MHz ~ 1 meter
• 10 GHz ~ 3 cm
• Complete Microwave range varies between 300MHz to 300 GHz

•Proprietary
Most of the civil transmission equipment use 4  42GHz
and Confidential 13
RF Principles
• We can see the relationship between colour, wavelength and amplitude using this
animation

Radio Spectrum

Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization
ITU
Band name Abv Frequency Wavelength Example uses
band
Extremely low frequency ELF 1 3–30 Hz 100,000 km – 10,000 km Submarine comms
Super low frequency SLF 2 30–300 Hz 10,000 km – 1000 km Submarine comms
Ultra low frequency ULF 3 300–3000 Hz 1000 km – 100 km Submarine comms, mines comms
Very low frequency VLF 4 3–30 kHz 100 km – 10 km Navigation, time signals, submarine comms, wireless heart rate monitors, geophysics
Low frequency LF 5 30–300 kHz 10 km – 1 km Navigation, clock time signals, AM longwave broadcasting (Europe and parts of Asia), RFID, amateur radio
Medium frequency MF 6 300–3000 kHz 1 km – 100 m AM (medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur radio, avalanche beacons
High frequency HF 7 3–30 MHz 100 m – 10 m Shortwave broadcasts, amateur radio and over-the-horizon aviation communications & radars, RFID,
radar, automatic link establishment (ALE) / near-vertical incidence sky wave (NVIS) radio
communications, marine and mobile radio telephony
Very high frequency VHF 8 30–300 MHz 10 m – 1 m FM, television broadcasts and line-of-sight ground-to-aircraft and aircraft-to-aircraft communications, land
mobile and maritime mobile communications, amateur radio, weather radio
Ultra high frequency UHF 9 300–3000 MHz 1 m – 100 mm Television broadcasts, microwave oven, microwave devices/communications, radio astronomy, mobile
phones, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS and two-way radios such as land mobile, FRS and GMRS radios,
amateur radio
Super high frequency SHF 10 3–30 GHz 100 mm – 10 mm Radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, wireless LAN, most modern radars, communications
satellites, cable and satellite television broadcasting, DBS, amateur radio
Extremely high frequency EHF 11 30–300 GHz 10 mm – 1 mm Radio astronomy, high-frequency microwave radio relay, microwave remote sensing, amateur radio, directed-
energy weapon, millimeter wave scanner
Tremendously high THz 12 300–3000 GHz 1 mm – 100 μm Terahertz imaging – replacement for X-rays, ultrafast molecular dynamics, condensed-matter physics, time-
domain spectroscopy, terahertz computing/communications, sub-mm remote sensing, amateur radio
frequency THF

Parameters Affecting Propagation

• Attenuation
• Humidity/gas absorption
• Atmospheric conditions (refraction)
• Dispersion
• Multipath
• Ducting
• Polarization & Rain attenuation
• Climatic conditions (rain zone, temperature)
• Terrain (flatness, type, Fresnel zone clearance, diffraction)

Attenuation – Basic Free Space Loss
“High” frequency “Low” frequency
Short range Long range
Urban use in general Rural areas use in general
Easier to get license
d1
d2
• The energy within a certain area will be less as the distance increases.
• Frequency dependency,
“Low” frequency → low loss over distance
“High” frequency → high loss over distance
Free Space Path Loss
Frequency & Distance Dependency
FSPL = = Power
Level
[dBm]
where:
lambda (λ )is the signal wavelength (in metres), RSL
f is the signal frequency (in hertz), Output power
the receiver
Input power to
d is the distance from the transmitter (in metres),
c is the propagation velocity of EM waves in TSL
vacuum (3x108m/s)
FSPL(dB) =
=
Receiver sensitivity threshold level
0 km x km
Free-space loss(dB) = 92.45 + 20 log x[distance (km) x freq.(GHz)] Distance [km]
Link Budget Received Power (dB) = Transmitted Power (dB) + Gains (dB) − Losses (dB)
• TSL - Transmitted Signal Level

• RSL - Received Signal Level
Power
(Free Space Loss) • Lfsl - Free-space loss
Level
Ant • Lf - Filter loss
[dBm]
Gain • Lb - Branching loss
TSL • Lw - Waveguide loss
• Gain - Antenna gain
Output Power
Ant
Free Space Loss Gain Lw Lb Lf
Input Power
RSL
Fade Margin
Receiver Sensitivity
Link Distance Threshold Level
Distance [km]
𝑹𝑺𝑳 = 𝑻𝑺𝑳 + 𝑮𝒂 − 𝑳𝒇𝒔𝒍 + 𝑮𝒂 − 𝑳𝒘 − 𝑳𝒃 − 𝑳𝒇
Atmospheric Attenuation
• Starts to contribute to the total attenuation above ~ 15GHz
A   d [dB]
a a
Parameters in a:
▪ Frequency
▪ Temperature
▪ Air pressure
▪ Water vapour
23 32
Gas absorption
▪ Total specific atmospheric attenuation for different values of
temperature and relative humidity (g water/m3 atmosphere)
H2O 41
g/m3
H2O 25
g/m3
H2O 15
g/m3
ITU Rec. P.676 and P.836

Gas absorption
Statistical mass of water in air
ITU Rec. P.676 and P.836
Atmospheric loss
Freq band [GHz]

6 23 42 80
Summer (worst case 0.01 0.22 0.14 0.4

North 45°
Atm loss [dB/km]

North 22°
Equator Annual statistics 0.012 0.46 0.33 0.9
South 22°
South 45°

Atmospheric Refraction
• Refraction is the change in direction of propagation of a wave due to a change in its
transmission medium.
• The phenomenon is explained by the conservation of energy and the conservation of
momentum. Due to the change of medium, the phase velocity of the wave is changed but its
frequency remains constant.
• Refraction is described by Snell's law, which states that, for a given pair of media and a wave with a
single frequency, the ratio of the sines of the angle of incidence θ1 and angle of refraction θ2 is
equivalent to the ratio of phase velocities (v1 / v2) in the two media, or equivalently, to the opposite
ratio of the indices of refraction (n2 / n1):

Atmospheric Refraction
• Deflection of the beam towards the ground due to different electrical characteristics of the
atmosphere’s is called Dielectric Constant.
• The dielectric constant depends on pressure, temperature & humidity in the atmosphere,
parameters that are normally decreased with altitude
• Since waves travel faster through thinner medium, the upper part of the wave will travel faster than
the lower part, causing the downwards beam bending, following the curve of earth
NAltitude
In Vacuum Refractive index for light: n = c/v
dN/dh = -40N-units/km
c = speed of light in vacuum
v = speed of light in the media of
interest, gas, liquid…
In Atmosphere Radio refractivity: N = (n-1)106
expressed in: N-units
NGround Radio refractivity for vacuum = 0 N-units
dN/dh<-157 =>K<0
Duct Radio optical line of sight
K-factor Super refraction
dN/dh=-157 =>K= ∞ Standard refraction
dN/dh= -40 =>K= 1.33
dN/dh=0 =>K= 1
Geometrical line of sight
dN/dh>0 =>K< 1 Sub refraction
Earth Bulge K= 1.33
• The bending effect(caused by

dN/dh) is described by the: 157
k=
Equivalent earth radius factor 157 + [dN/dh]
Effective Earth Radius K= 1 (LoS)
k= For a ”standard atmosphere”
True Earth Radius dN/dh = -40N-units/km => k~1.33 (4/3)
K-factor Radio optical line of sight Radio refractivity
dN/dh
Sub refraction dN/dh>0 =>K< 1
K<1
Geometrical line of sight
K=1 dN/dh=0 =>K= 1
h K<0 K=1.33
Duct Standard refraction
dN/dh= -40 =>K= 1.33
K= ∞
Super refraction
Earth’s Curvature
157 dN/dh=-157 =>K= ∞,
k=
157 + [dN/dh] dN/dh <-157 =>K<0

Earth Bulge
Equivalent Earth Radius
k=
4/3
1
2/3
Ground clearance
Earth bulge at true earth radius (R)

Earth bulge at equivalent earth radius (R·k)
d1 x d2[km]
2/3 Ground clearance h[m] =
1 12.74 x k
4/3 h
k=
d1 d2 30
Ducting
• Atmospheric duct refers to a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere with vertical
refractive index gradients causing radio signals:
• Radio signals to remain within the duct
• Radio signals to follow Earth’s curvature
• Radio signals to get less attenuation in the ducts than outside.
Duct Layer
Duct Layer
Terrain

Dispersion
• Electromagnetic signal propagating in a physical medium is degraded
because the various wave components (i.e., frequencies wavelengths)
have different propagation velocities within the physical medium:
• Low frequencies have longer wavelength and refract less (bends less)
• High frequencies have shorter wavelength and refract more (bends more)

Wave in atmosphere

Multipath Propagation
• Multipath occurs when there is more then one beam reaching the receiver with
different amplitude or phase
• Multipath transmission is the main cause of fading in low frequencies, significantly more
problematic below 11GHz
Direct beam
Delayed beam
Polarization
• Polarization is a property of EM waves that can oscillate with more than one orientation.
• The polarization is defined by the direction of the electrical field vector (E-field).
• A "vertically polarized" electromagnetic wave of wavelength λ has its electric field

vector E (red) oscillating in the vertical direction. The magnetic field B (or H) is
always at right angles to it (blue), and both are perpendicular to the direction of
propagation (z).

Polarization and Rain
• Raindrops sizes range between from 0.1 - 9 mm diameter (tend to break after 9mm)
• Smaller drops are called cloud droplets, and their shape is spherical.
• As a raindrop increases in size, its shape becomes more oblate, with its largest cross-
section facing the oncoming airflow.
• This affects Radio waves, rain drops absorb signal, degrade it.
• Big rain drops become increasingly

flattened on bottom;
• Larger ones are shaped like
parachutes

Rain Fading
• Signal is absorbed by rain, snow, ice
• Absorption becomes significant factor
above 11GHz
• Represented by “dB/km” parameter which
is related the rain density which
represented “mm/hr”
• Rain drops falls as flattened droplet
• V polarization is more immune to rain
fading than H polarization
Heavier rain =>> Heavier Attenuation

Higher FQ =>> Higher Attenuation

Rain effects on radio waves
Scattering Absorption Depolarization
• EM energy is re-irradiated • EM energy is transferred to • Polarization plane (e.g. V) of

by the rain drops in every the water molecules in the the radio signal is rotated,
direction rain drops thus producing a cross-
• When wavelength is • Appears when wavelength is polarized (e.g. H) component
considerable higher than having the same size as the at receiver
rain drop size rain drop • Effect is important in case of
• The scattering of radio • The absorption of the radio XPIC configurations
wave energy produced by wave energy causes an • A statistical model is
rain drops may cause attenuation on the Rx power proposed by ITU-R Rec 530
interference to other radio level
systems.
• The effect is particularly
significant with high TX
power

Fresnel Zones
• EMW propagate in beams 3rd
2nd
• Some beams widen  their path is longer Tx 1st Rx
• A phase shift appears between the direct and indirect beam

• Thus, ring zones around the direct line are created
Duct Layer0
Terrain
Terrain

Parameters
st
Affecting Propagation
1 Fresnel Zone
▪ The elipzoid shaped zone around the line of sight where the energy is distributed from
transmitter to receiver
▪ Its radius depends on frequency and path length
▪ Design objective for radio links is basically to keep it free from obstacles
Rmax
D
R Duct
db
Layer0 da + db - D = l/2
da
Terrain
Terrain

Parameters
st
Affecting Propagation
1 Fresnel Zone
da + db - D = l/2 Radius of 1st F.Z. at any point
along the path (in meters):
D = d1+d2 𝑑1𝑑2
R = 17.3 x
𝑓[𝐺𝐻𝑧]x(𝑑1+𝑑2)
d1 d2 𝐷[𝐾𝑚]
Rmax = 8.66 x
d1 𝑓[𝐺𝐻𝑧]
d2
Rmax
D
R Duct
d
b
Layer0
da
Terrain
Terrain

Fresnel Zone & Earth Bulge
• Obstacles in the first Fresnel zone create reflected signals 0°- 90°out of phase…in the 2nd zone they will
be 90 to 270 degrees out of phase…in 3rd zone, they will be 270 to 450 degrees out of phase and so on…
• Odd numbered zones are constructive and even numbered zones are destructive.
• When building wireless links, we need keep these zones obstructions-free.
• Condition for planning and design stage: 1st Fresnel zone should be kept free :
100% when k=4/3 & 40%-60% when K=min (Ex:1)
1st Fresnel zone

LOS
Ground clearance
k=1
k=4/3
k= 42
Example: First condition
43 43
Antenna height design objectives
Examples
D
Rmax
H=Ant. height
k=1.33
h Earth bulge
𝐷[𝐾𝑚] F. D h midpath [m] Rmax Ant. height

Rmax[m] = 8.66 x [GHz] [km] [m] k=1.33 [m]
𝑓[𝐺𝐻𝑧] k=1 k=1.33
6 50 49.0 36.9 25.0 62
h[m] =
𝐷2 [km] 15 30 17.7 13.3 12.2 26
50.8 x k 38 5 0.5 0.4 3.1 4

RF Components – Parabolic Reflector/Antenna

Antenna gain & size
Antenna gain
3.7m 3.0m
[dBi]
2.4m 1.8m
0.9m
50 1.2m
0.6m
45
0.3m
40
0.2m
35
30
Frequency
bands
6L 7 8 10 13 15 18 23 26 28 32 38 42 GHz
5 6U 11 24
Main Parabolic Antenna Types
1. Standard performance antennas (SP,LP)
• Used for remote access links with low capacity. Re-using frequencies on adjacent links is
not normally possible due to poor front to back ratio.
2. High performance antennas (HP)
• Used for high and low capacity links where only one polarization is used. Re-using frequencies is possible.
Can not be used with co-channel systems.
3. High performance dual polarized antennas (HPX)
• Used for high and low capacity links with the possibility to utilize both polarizations. Re-using frequencies
is possible. Can be used for co-channel systems.
4. Super high performance dual polarized antennas (HSX)
• Normally used on high capacity links with the possibility to utilize both polarizations. Re-using frequencies
is possible with high interference protection. Ideal for co-channel systems.
5. Ultra high performance dual polarized antennas (UHX)
• Normally used on high capacity links with high interference requirements. Re-using frequencies in many
directions is possible. Can be used with co-channel systems.

Antenna polarizations and classes
Single polarized antenna Antenna classes
› High Performance, ETSI Class 3
› Super High Performance, ETSI Class 4
Vertical pol. Horizontal pol.

V
V H
H
Dual polarized antenna

Passive Repeaters
• When terrain does not permit Line of Sight, some passive repeaters can be used
Back-to-back antennas
Repeater
49 49
Availability Objective examples
• Typical objectives used in real systems
• 99.999%
• Month: 25.9 sec
• Year: 5 min 12 sec
• 99.995 %
• Month: 2 min 10 sec
• Year: 26 min
• 99.99%
• Month: 260 sec
• Year: 51 min
• Performance requirements are generally higher than Availability.

• ITU use worst month for Performance Average year for Availability

Modulation

Modulation
• Modulation = facilitating a message over a medium with the help of a more
easily modifiable signal;
• The process of modifying parameters of one signal based on another, for
data transmissions.
• Why do modulation ?
• To overcome medium limitations when transmitting information: voice over air, power of
signal over cable, signal fidelity, etc.
• To compact information so that it is transmittable at higher speeds.
• To use smaller antennas for transmitting the signal, less costly.
• Parameters affected in modulation: amplitude, frequency & phase of the

signal.
• We have: amplitude, frequency or phase modulation. 52
Modulation types
Analog Modulation Digital Modulation
AM - Amplitude modulation ASK - Amplitude Shift Keying

FM - Frequency modulation FSK - Frequency Shift Keying
PM – Phase modulation PSK – Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Digital modulation
• ASK - modulation changes the amplitude to the analog signal. ”1” and “ 0” have
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
different amplitude. 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
Modem
• PSK modulation changes the phase to the transmitted signal. The simplest method
0 1 1 0 1 1 0
uses 0° and 180°. 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
Modem
1800 phase shift
• FSK modulation is a method of represent the two binary states ”1” and ”0” with
different specific frequencies. 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
Modem
F1 F2 F1 F1 F2 F1 F1
QAM Modulation
• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation employs both
phase modulation (PSK) and amplitude modulation QAM Type Bits
4QAM 2bits/symbol
(ASK) 8QAM 3bits/symbol
16QAM 4bits/symbol
• The input stream is divided into groups of bits based 32QAM 5bits/symbol
on the number of modulation states used. 64QAM 6bits/symbol
128QAM 7bits/symbol
• In 8 QAM, each three bits of input, which provides 256QAM 8bits/symbol
512QAM 9bits/symbol
eight values (0-7) alters the phase and amplitude of 1024QAM 10bits/symbol
2048QAM 11bits/symbol
the carrier to derive eight unique modulation states
• In 64 QAM, each six bits generates 64 modulation
states; in 128 QAM, each seven bits generate 128
states, and so on
QAM vs ASK / PSK for High modulation?
• QAM achieves a greater distance between adjacent points in the I-Q plane by
distributing the points more evenly
• The points on the constellation are more distinct (at receiver) and data errors are
reduced
• Higher modulation => more bits per symbol
• When constellation points are closer => receiver is more susceptible to noise

Constellation diagram
• Represents the possible symbols that may be selected by a given modulation
scheme as points in the complex plane.
• Constellation diagrams can be used to recognize the type of interference and
distortion in a signal.

8 QAM Modulation Example
• Data stream: 001-010-100-011-101-000-011-110
• Used Modulation is digital QAM (8QAM)
Bit sequence Amplitude Phase (degrees)
000 1 None
001 2 None
010 1 pi/2 (90°)
011 2 pi/2 (90°)
100 1 pi (180°)
101 2 pi (180°)
110 1 3pi/2 (270°)
111 2 3pi/2 (270°)

4QAM vs 16QAM
4QAM 16QAM

2048 QAM

SNR & BER

Signal / Noise ratio
• Example: S/N influence at QPSK Demodulator
• Each dot detected in wrong quadrant result in bit errors
BER≈0 BER<10-13 BER=10-6 BER=10-3

Signal
Signal
S/N Signal
Power
Power
Power
Power
S/N Signal
S/N S/N
Noise Noise Noise Noise

BER Impact on Transmission Quality
10 -3
10 -4
10 -5
BER change ratio vs. Noise is

10 -6
dependent on Noise Power distribution
and coding
10 -7
𝐵𝑎𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠

BER=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
10 -8
-75 -72 -69 -66
Receiver inpu t level [dBm ]

RSL Vs. Threshold
RSL (dBm)
-20
-30 Nominal Input Level
Fading Margin
BER<10-6
-73 Sensitivity Threshold level @ BER=10-6
BER>10-6 SNR EX: S/N=23dB for 128QAM (37 MHz)
-96 Receiver amplifies thermal noise
-99 K – Boltzmann constant

Thermal Noise=10*log(k*T*B*1000) T – Temperature in Kelvin
B – Bandwidth
Time (s) 6
WHAT WAS DISCUSSED
✓ Radio Relay Principles
✓ Parameters affecting propagations:
✓ Attenuation
✓ Humidity/gas absorption
✓ Atmospheric conditions (refraction)
✓ Dispersion
✓ Multipath/ducting
✓ Polarization & Rain attenuation
✓ Climatic conditions (rain zone, temperature)
✓ Terrain (flatness, type, Fresnel zone clearance, diffraction)
✓ Modulation
✓ SNR & BER 66
Thank You

01 Intro To Radio System - 1607 - 8.5 PDF

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

01 Intro To Radio System - 1607 - 8.5 PDF

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Introduction to Radio Systems

Ceragon Training Services

Proprietary and Confidential JULY 2016

Proprietary and Confidential 3

Proprietary and Confidential 5

✓ Minimal installation lead time and cost

✓ Cost effective annual running costs (OPEX)

Proprietary and Confidential 6

Radio Link = Duplex Channel

Proprietary and Confidential 8

Tx(f1)=11500 MHz Rx(f1)=11500 MHz

High station Low station

Rx(f1’)=11000 MHz Tx(f1’)=11000 MHz

Radio Link = Full Duplex Channel

• Reduced risk for overshoot

• Reduced risk for overshoot Tx Tx in upper part of Band

Z' E' A' B' C' D'

Proprietary and Confidential 12

• Microwave – refers to very short waves (millimeter waves) and typically

• Complete Microwave range varies between 300MHz to 300 GHz

Proprietary and Confidential 14

Proprietary and Confidential 15

Proprietary and Confidential 16

Proprietary and Confidential 17

Proprietary and Confidential 18

• TSL - Transmitted Signal Level

ITU Rec. P.676 and P.836

Freq band [GHz]

Summer (worst case 0.01 0.22 0.14 0.4

Atm loss [dB/km]

Proprietary and Confidential 25

Proprietary and Confidential 26

Earth Bulge K= 1.33

• The bending effect(caused by

Proprietary and Confidential 29

Earth bulge at true earth radius (R)

Proprietary and Confidential 31

Proprietary and Confidential 32

Proprietary and Confidential 33

• A "vertically polarized" electromagnetic wave of wavelength λ has its electric field

Proprietary and Confidential 35

• Big rain drops become increasingly

Proprietary and Confidential 36

Heavier rain =>> Heavier Attenuation

Proprietary and Confidential 37

• EM energy is re-irradiated • EM energy is transferred to • Polarization plane (e.g. V) of

Proprietary and Confidential 38

• A phase shift appears between the direct and indirect beam

Proprietary and Confidential 39

Proprietary and Confidential 40

Proprietary and Confidential 41

1st Fresnel zone

𝐷[𝐾𝑚] F. D h midpath [m] Rmax Ant. height

6 50 49.0 36.9 25.0 62

50.8 x k 38 5 0.5 0.4 3.1 4

Proprietary and Confidential 45

Proprietary and Confidential 47

Vertical pol. Horizontal pol.

Dual polarized antenna

Proprietary and Confidential 48

• Performance requirements are generally higher than Availability.

Proprietary and Confidential 50

Proprietary and Confidential