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1969 20
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* SR 320 –5 – 1
SPECIAL REGULATIONS 3 US,
W DA
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
No. 320 – 5 – 1 WASHINGTON 25 , D . C ., 24 November 1953

MILITARY TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS

DICTIONARY OF UNITED STATES ARMY TERMS

į NH
Paragraph Page
General - 1 1

I
United States Army Terms - - - - -- - - -- -- - - - - - 2
Appendix I. Table of comparative grades _ -- 326
Appendix II. Chemical agents used in various types of ammunition . 328

1. General. - a . The purpose of these ment, or recommended changes through

regulations is to assist in reaching a channels to The Adjutant General, De
more common understanding of the partment of the Army, Washington 25 ,
meaning of military terms. They are D . C ., ATTN : AGAO , in order that these
designed for general reference use regulations may reflect proper termi
throughout the Army Establishment. nology for all using Army agencies.
They are not to be used as a means of Comments and proposed additions, dele
establishing or interpreting policy or tions, or changes received prior to 1
doctrine. April 1954 will be considered for in
b . Only those terms of interest to the clusion in the next published change to
Department of the Army are included. these regulations. In order to be ac
ceptable , a term should meet the follow
c . Cross -references are included where
appropriate.
ing criteria :
( 1 ) It should not be defined in a
d . All definitions have been simplified
generaldictionary or the defini
to promote ease of understanding. The
tion appearing therein should
definitions are not intended to replace be inadequate for military
detailed or complete treatments of tech
usage.
nical subjects found in other publica ( 2 ) The term should be current at
tions. the time of submission .
e . Abbreviations are not listed. SR ( 3 ) The term should have a specific
320 _ 50_ 1 and other official publications military significance and not be
contain abbreviations authorized for peculiar to highly technical
Army use. subjects .
f. All users are requested to forward ( 4 ) The term should not be self
corrections, suggestions for improve- 1 explanatory .

* These regulations supersede SR 320 – 5 –1, 3 August 1950.

277763° — 53 — 1
SR 320– 5 – 1
aba

2 . United States Army terms.

abandon , leaving military impedimenta on acceptance, receipt by the consignee of a

the field of battle without due regard for shipment thus terminating the common
its safeguarding or proper disposition . I carrier liability ; the taking of title to
abandonment, refusal to receive freight, so supplies by the government.
damaged in transit as to be worthless and access aisle . See aisle.
render carrier liable for its value. accessorial services , services in addition to
abatement, the amount of reduction of sen transportation , rendered by carriers and
tence in terms of days or months allowed others. They include storage, switching ,
a prisoner for good behavior and for em - I diversion , lighterage, demurrage, wharf
ployment in certain services and indus age, cartage, recoopering, loading and un
tries. See good conduct time; extra good loading railroad cars, and processing.
time. Charges for accessorial services are known
abatis , obstacle made of cut or fallen trees or as accessorial charges.
branches, or small trees or saplings bent accessory, a supplementary part used in con
down and frequently reinforced with junction with an end item contributing to
barbed wire. A dead abatis is made of cut the effectiveness thereof without extend
or fallen trees or branches, a live abatis of ing or varying the basic use of the end
trees or saplings bent down. item .

absent without leave, absence without proper accessory food list, list of subsistence items
authority from the properly appointed
place of duty, or from unit, organization
or other place of duty at which one is
required to be at the time prescribed .
absolute altitude, altitude with respect to the
surface of the earth as differentiated from
altitude with respect to sea level. It is
sometimes referred to as radar or radio
altitude,
absolute ceiling , maximum height above sea
level at which a given airplane would be
able to maintain horizontal flight under
standard air conditions .
absolute deviation , the shortest distance be
tween the center of the target and the
point where a projectile hits or bursts.
absolute error, 1. shortest distance between
the center of impact or the center of burst
of a group of shots and the point of im
pact or burst of a single shot within the
group ; 2. error of a sight consisting of its
error in relation to a master service sight
with which it is tested, including the
known error of the master service sight.
Relative error, which is a part of absolute
error, includes only the error of a sight in
relation to a master service sight.
absolute quarantine, complete limitation of
or beachhead .
freedom of movements of such susceptible
persons or animals as have been exposed | accordion action. See accordion effect.
to a communicable disease, for a period
of time equal to the longest usual incuba
tion period of the disease to which they 1
have been exposed . Normal duties are sus
pended and all contacts are avoided during
an absolute quarantine.
accelerometer, instrument that measures one
or more components of the accelerations
of a vehicle .
such as spices, pickles, flavoring extracts,
kitchen and table sauces, baking powder,
yeast, etc.
accidental error, unpredictable or chance er
ror in the performance of any apparatus.
Accidental error occurs particularly in
gunfire or bombing , and is caused by
mechanical, personal, or atmospheric vari
ations. Accidental errors change from one
time to the next ; systematic errors are
those which remain the same since they
are due to faulty adjustment of an in
strument or to some defect in it. See
dispersion error.
accolade, written Presidential certificate rec
ognizing service by personnel who died or
were wounded in action between 1917 and
1918 or who died in service between 1941
and 1947, and in Korea between 1950 and
a date to be announced . Service of ci
vilians who died overseas or as a result of
injury or disease contracted while serving
in a civilian capacity with the United
States Armed Forces during the dates
and / or in areas prescribed is in like man
ner recognized .
accompanying supplies, those supplies of all
classes carried by units into an airhead
accordion effect, variation of speeds of ve
hicles and of the distances between them
within a moving column ; accordion
action .
| accountability, obligation imposed by law ,
lawful order, or regulation of higher au
thority on an officer or other person for
keeping an accurate record of property or
funds. The person having this obligation
 SR 320– 5 – 1
act

may or may not have actual possession | accuracy life, the estimated average number
of the property or funds. Accountability of rounds that a particular weapon can fire
obligation requires that a formal stock before its tube become so worn that its ac
record be maintained for purposes of requi curacy tolerance is exceeded .
sition , storage, and issue of property or accuracy of fire, the measurement of the pre
disbursement of funds. See responsibility . cision of fire expressed as the distance of
accountable, 1. having accountability (indi the center of impact from the center of the
viduals have accountability ) ; 2. requiring target.
accountability (property or funds require acid vapor canister, special purpose canister
accountability ) . consisting of a white, rectangular -shaped
accountable disbursing officer, any commis body containing a chemical filling of soda
sioned officer of the Army who receives and lime, used to protect personnel against
disburses public money in his own name. acid vapors ; component of a special gas
He is responsible for the funds so received mask .
and for their proper expenditure for the
purposes specified by law , and is required acknowledgment, special message from the
to account for them in accordance with addressee informing the originator that his
law and regulations. message has been received and is under
stood .
accountable officer, individual required to
maintain accounting , including records action , command ordering weapons crews to
thereof, of property and funds, whether prepare to fire in any direction designated
public or quasi-public. The accountable by the leader.
officer may or may not have physical pos- action addressee, addressee to whom a com
session of the property or funds. munication is directed for action .
account code, numerical designation assigned action front (rear) ( right) (left) , command
to each account for the purpose of segre
ordering small units and weapons crews to
gating status of stock by broad purposes prepare to fire to the front (rear) (right)
or intended use. ( left) .
account current, periodic consolidated finan
cial statement of disbursing officer's ac action station , assigned position to be taken
by an individual in case of air attack .
countability for public funds.
accounting classification , fiscal code number actions strength, the strengths specified by de
indicating in sequence the appropriation partmental actions (letters, personnel al
symbol, the allotment number, the project lotment vouchers, etc.) , which govern the
account number, the object class code, and numbers of individuals authorized specific
the fiscal station number of the station units ( T / O & E ) and for table of distribu
authorized to obligate the particular funds. tion unit authorized strengths for non
permanent party personnel based on cur
accounting symbol, combination of letters rent Department of the Army policies and
used in the message heading to identify trends. These strengths represent the cur
the agency, service or activity which is rent authorized strengths of organizations
financially accountable for the message. and personnel and constitute the basic
accoustic mine, mine actuated by vibrations in data for measuring actions to be taken as
the water caused by propeller, engine and prescribed by the Troop Program and
other noises. Troop List.
accoustic wind, calculated wind , constant in activate. to put into existence by an official
speed and direction , which is assumed to Department of the Army order a unit which
have the same effect on a sound wave as has previously been constituted or recon
the varying winds actually encountered . stituted and designated by name or number
accreditation service, service to military per or both so that it can be organized to func
sonnel through which training and educa tion in its assigned capacity. See commis
tion gained in service by a member of the sion and inactivate.
armed forces is reported to a designated activated carbon , a finely pulverized, black
civilian school or college for evaluation charred organic material that has been
and award of appropriate academic credit . activated with heat and moisture to give
accredited correspondent, See correspondent. it the property of attracting and holding
accredited officer, an officer of a foreign gov color and odor forming compounds in
solvent.
ernment accredited to agencies of the De
partment of the Army and to continental | activated charcoal, especially treated ex
United States armies and field installa tremely porous charcoal used as the chem
tions for the purpose of seeing and dis ical filling in most gas and protective
cussing classified military information . I mask canisters to absorb chemical agents.
SR 320– 5– 1
act

activated mine, a mine having a secondary fuze perma- frost and no effort is made to main
which will cause detonation when the tain the existing thermal regime.
mine is moved or otherwise interferred active National Guard, those units and mem
with . The device may be attached either bers of the National Guard of the several
to the mine itself or to a second mine or States , Territories , and the District of
to an auxiliary charge beside or beneath Columbia which are Federally recognized
the mine. in accordance with law , and which are
active air defense, action taken to destroy or authorized equipment and to engage in
reduce the effectiveness of enemy aircraft regularly scheduled training activities
and / or missiles. Active air defense is con other than Federal service.
sidered under two categories, air -to-air and active service. See active duty .
ground-to-air measures. Air-to -air meas
ures include the use of fighter aircraft and active zone, equivalent to annualextent of the
air- to -air missiles . Ground -to -air meas active layer.
ures include the use of antiaircraft ar activity , a function or a group of related func
tillery gun , automatic weapons, and ground tions which may be carried on at an in
launched missiles . stallation , a subinstallation , or a separate
location which has not been designated as
active Army, includes the Regular Army and
units and individuals ordered into ex a Department of the Army unit, installa
tended active military service from the Na tion , or subinstallation .
tional Guard of the United States and the actual obligated space, vacant space that is
Army Reserve and all persons appointed , held for the storage of matériel for which
enlisted, or inducted into the active mili shipping directives are actually on hand .
tary service without specification of com - actual placement, a term generally applied to
ponent. This includes all persons serving placing a car at designated loading or un
in the active military service under call or loading area (demurrage rules ) .
conscription under any provision of law , actuated mine, a mine whose detecting element
including members of the National Guard
has been operated and either electrically
of the United States and the Army Na signaled a control station or caused the
tional Guard of the several States , when
mine to explode.
in the service of the United Staes pursu
actuator, part of the receiver mechanism in
ant to call as provided by law . certain types of automatic weapons ; trig
active defense , term used to denote the em ger actuator. The actuator slides forward
ployment of limited offensive action and and back in preparing each round to be
counterattacks to deny a contested area or fired .
position to the enemy. adamsite , odorless harassing gas that pro
active duty, full-time duty in the active mili duces a yellow smoke which causes vomit
tary service of the United States , other ing, sneezing , headache, and mental de
than active duty for training . pression. See also appendix II.
active duty for training, full-time duty in the adaptability test, test conducted to ascertain
active military service of the United States the adaptability of a standardized item of
for training purposes. equipment to a particular unit or organiza
active layer , 1 . annually thawed layer. Layer tion . An adaptability test differs from a
of ground that thaws in the summer and user test in that the latter is conducted
freezes again in the winter ; 2 . Equiva prior to standardization and tests the suit
lent to seasonally frozen ground . ability of the equipment for service .
active material, plutonium , or uranium en- adapter-booster,
a combined adapter and booster
riched in the isotope 235 ; fissionable assembled as a unit to be used with a
material. In the military field of atomic bomb ; usually termed adapter and booster
energy , the term refers to the nuclear when used in a shell.
components of atomic missiles or, in the add , a fire correction term used by observers
field of nuclear power, it refers to the fuel in adjusting fires to indicate that an in
in atomic reactors. crease in range ( so many yards ) will fol
low and is desired .
active method of construction , method of con
struction in which permanent ly frozen additive, number or series of numbers or al
ground is thawed and kept unfrozen at and phabetical intervals added to code, cipher .
near the structure. In areas where perma | or plain text to encipher it. It is often re
frost is relatively thin and the soil of such ferred to as the key .
nature that a satisfactory bearing strength additive method , method of encipherment in
is present when in an unfrozen state , such which a sequence of digits is added to the
as sand or gravel, then construction bear digits of plain -code, enciphered-code or
ing requirements are based upon thawed ! cipher text ; usually the addition is made
 SR 320 - 5 - 1
adm

. without carrying tens. The process of de- adjusting point ; 2 . use of observed firing to
cipherment is one either of subtracting the place the center of impact on the target ;
number added or of adding the comple 3 . placing parts , subassemblies or electrical
ment. circuits in proper working relation to each
address call sign , a group of letters, numerals, other ; 4 . in supply procedure, transaction ,
or a combination of both which identifies a affecting stock on hand , which is not prop
radio station and which also may serve as erly classified as to receipt, issue, depot
the address of a message when the origi transfer or withdrawal resulting from re
nator and addressee are in communication distribution or disposal as excess or sur
with each other on the same circuit. plus. Adjustment includes inventory
addressee, exempted , an addressee included in adjustment, transfer of balance between
accounts, transfer to unserviceable prop
the collective address designation of a
erty records or transaction resulting from
message but for which the message is not changes in stock number, nomenclature or
intended for action or information .
unit of measure.
address group , group of letters assigned to adjustment chart, record of data in correct
represent a command (s ) , authority ( ies ) ,
ing or regulating gunfire ; chart used in
activity (ies ), or unit (s ) .
adjustment of gunfire.
address indicating group , an address group adjustment of angles , dividing the error of
which , while indicating a specific set of
· closure equally between the measured or
addressees, may indicate also the identity
computed angles within a geometric figure
of the originator and show which ad
or along a closed traverse so that the error
dressees are action or information .
of closure may be eliminated .
adhesion values, the coefficient of adhesion , or
friction , is the definite relation between adjustment of fire. See fire for adjustment.
the force required to slide a metallic sur adjutant, staff officer of a command who is
face against the force which tends to responsible for all official correspondence
retard the sliding . Rail conditions gor except combat orders, for personnel and
ern this coefficient and a maximum of other records, for the distribution of
35 percent is obtainable on a dry rail at orders, and for other administrative duties.
starting. This value reduces with the adjutant general, adjutant of a unit having a
speed of the train because of the rise and general staff.
fall of the locomotive, low spots in the | adjutant's call, bugle call announcing that the
rail, and various other causes. Adhesion adjutant is about to form the guard , bat
of 25 percent is about the maximum ob talion , or regiment for a ceremony.
tainable on a wet rail, with sand at start administration , 1 . management and execution
ing . of all military matters not included in
ad hoc committee , special committee organized tactics and strategy ; primarily in the
for a specific purpose. When its work is fields of logistics and personnel manage
completed, the committee is dissolved . ment ; 2. interior management of units.
adjust, to correct the elevation and deflection administrative chain of command , normal chain
of a weapon so that the next round will of command as determined by the admin
hit the target. istrative organization,
adjusted elevation , elevation based on firing administrative control, direction or exercise of
and computed to place the center of impact authority over subordinate or other organ
on the target . izations pertaining to personnel manage
adjusted range, 1. range corresponding to ad ment, supply, services, and other matters
justed elevation , 2. range setting , based on not included in the operational control of
firing , computed to place the center of the subordinate or other organizations.
impact on the target. administrative estimate, survey made by a
adjusting point, à distinctive terrain feature commander or staff of the necessary ar
or some portion of the target at or near the rangements for supply, transportation ,
center of the area upon which the observer evacuation , and other administrative mat
wishes to place fire. ters. An administrative estimate is used
adjusting ring , part of a fuze setter which as the basis for the administrative plan .
engages and adjusts the setting element on administrative inspection , regular inspection
the fuze of explosive projectiles. The of the administrative records and activi
whole projectile is turned by the setting ties of a unit. .
ring. administrative inspector, officer assigned to
adjustment, 1. determination of corrections supervise and conduct regular inspections
by, and their use in , firing to place the of the administrative activities and rec
center of impact or center of burst on the ords of a unit .
SR 320 – 5 – 1
adm

administrative instructions, all orders both | administrative use, any use not directly con
routine and combat which are used toI nected with combat and service opera
control administrative operations. tions, or the training of troops for tactical
administrative map, map on which is graph operations.
ically recorded information pertaining to administrative vehicle, vehicle normally of
administrative matters , such as supply commercial type, suitable for routine pur
and evacuation installations, boundaries poses in connection with the transporta
of the theater of operations and its sub tion of supplies, personnel, or equipment
divisions , boundaries of the air force serv at installations. Administrative use of a
ice area and its subdivisions, personnel vehicle is any use not directly connected
replacement and evacuation installations, with combat, tactical, or service unit op
main supply roads, and the line forward erations or the training of troops for these
of which no lights are to be shown. Nec operations. (This does not apply to ad
essary tactical details are also displayed . ministrative use of organic vehicles by
administrative march , a march in which the Army service or technical service units in
primary consideration in the arrangement the continental United States .) Tactical
of troops and vehicles is the comfort and vehicles may be designated and used as
convenience of personnel and their rapid substitutes for administrative vehicles by
transit. This type of march is made when the Department of the Army, in which
no enemy activity or interference, except case they will be classified as administra
by air, is anticipated ; therefore stress tive vehicles.
can be laid on expediting the movement admission rate, ratio of the number of direct
and conserving the energy of troops. admissions to medical treatment facilities ,
administrative motor pool. See motor pool. occurring during a given period of time,
to the average strength served by the
administrative movement, any movement of medical treatment facilities during that
units or supplies other than a tactical period , ordinarily expressed as the number
movement against the enemy. of admissions per 1 ,000 average strength
administrative net, radio , wire or combined per year.
radio and wire system of communication adobe shooting. See mudcapping.
by which administrative traffic is handled
to various headquarters and units . adopted types, required types of equipment
that have been adopted as suitable for the
administrative order, a formal statement of a use of the Army.
commander, announcing to elements of
advance by bounds, move forward in a series
the command the plan to provide admin
of separate advances, usually from cover
istrative support for operations. to cover or from one point of observation
administrative plan , plan proposed for han - to the next.
dling the traffic , supply, evacuation , and
other administrative details of operations
advance by echelon , advance by separate ele
ments of a command moving at different
of a unit. It must be based on a survey
times.
of the situation , called the administrative
estimate , and is put into effect by the advance command post, (as pertains to divi
administrative order. sion or higher organization ) small instal
administrative restriction , form of command lation manned by a commander, a small
restraint that a commanding officer may staff, and communication personnel lo
within his discretion and without impos cated in advance of the regular command
post and usually employed to enable the
ing arrest, restrict an accused person ad
ministratively to specified areas of a mili commander to maintain closer control over
his unit.
tary command with the further provision
that he will participate in all military advanced base, general term designating a
duties and activities of his organization base located in or near forward areas out
while under such restraint. Violations of side the zone of interior, the primary mis
such administrative restrictions are pun sion of which is to support wartime oper
ishable as are breaches of punitive restric ations of the Armed Forces.
tion . See restriction .
advanced depot, supply point in the forward
administrative services. See service. part of the communications zone in a the
administrative unit, 1. unit organically able ater of operations, ahead of the intermedi
to do its own interior management. ate and base depots .
It
may be both administrative and tactical ; advance detachment, the leading element of
2 . unit organized and used for purposes of an advanced guard . It is sent out from
administration ,
| the advance guard .
 SR 320- 5 - 1
aer

advanced reconditioning training , refresher | advance payment, payment made by the Gov
military training, common to all branches ment to a contractor up to a designated
of the service, given to selected patients percentage of the contract price in the
in certain hospitals and convalescent cen form of loans or advances prior to and in
ters to prepare them to return directly to anticipation of complete performance un
a duty status upon release from the hos der a contract . Advance payment is to be
pital or center. distinguished from " partial payment,”
advance element, element preceding a march “ progress payment," and other payment
column whether for reconnaissance, guide made because of performance or part per
posting, or to make administrative ar formance of a contract.
rangements. Sometimes termed advance advance position , position nearer to the enemy
party, but not to be confused with the than the main battle position but within
advance party of an advance guard . supporting distance of it, established for
advance force, in a joint oversea expedition , a
the purpose of either attack or defense.
force preceding the main part of a joint advance post , concealed observation place well
task force to the objective. The advance ahead of the main body of troops. An ad
force normally dissolves on D -day and is vance post is used for observing, listening,
redistributed to other parts of the joint or otherwise securing information , and is
task force. linked with headquarters by some system
advance guard , 1 . detachment sent ahead of of rapid communication .
the main force to insure its uninterrupted advance section , forward subdivision of a com
advance ; to protect the main body against munications zone.
surprise ; to facilitate the advance by re
moving obstacles, repairing roads and | advance shipment, shipment of supplies and
bridges ; and to cover the deployment of equipment to a theater of operations to ar
the main body if it is committed to action ; rive prior to the troops or troop units for
2. in armor , the leading element of the which the supplies and equipment are in
tended .
main body ; used whenever the force is
operating in column under simulated or advance to, move toward , used when it is
actual tactical conditions. reasonably certain that destination will be
advance guard action, attack or defense by an reached. Compare with advance on .
advance guard to occupy or deceive the advancing fire. See assault fire.
enemy and to protect the advance and de
advice of availability , report prepared by a
ployment of the main force. technical service stock control point on
advance guard reserve, second of the two main which is indicated either the secondary
parts of an advance guard , the other being source of supply or other supply action to
the advance guard support. It protects be taken for each item that appeared on
the main force and is itself protected by a shortage report received from a source
the advance guard support. Small ' ad of supply ; domestic advice of availability.
vance guards do not have reserves. advice of shortage, document prepared at a
advance guard support, first of the two main technical service stock control point re
parts of an advance guard , the other being questing procurement action on an item ,
the advance guard reserve. It is made up or items, included on a shortage report or
of three smaller elements, in order from domestic shortage report.
front to rear, the advance guard point,
the advance party and the support proper.
aerial (air ) observation , observation conducted
The advance guard support protects the from aircraft.
advance guard reserve. aerial (air ) observation post, an observation
doubtl
advance on , move toward , used when doubt post in an aircraft .
exists as to whether the unit will reach the aerial (air) observer, 1 . An individual whose
destination mentioned . Compare with ad primary mission is to observe or take pho
vance to . tographs from an aircraft in order to
advance party , 1. a security element of an ad adjust artillery or armor fire, identify
vance guard . It is sent out from , and pre armor or infantry objectives, select bridge
sites, and obtain general military infor
cedes, the advance guard support on the
march . It sends forward and is preceded mation ; 2 . An individual of an artillery
by the advance guard point ; 2 . a group or armored organization whose primary
of unit representatives dispatched to a mission is to adjust fire directly by radio
upon identification of a feasible target.
port area in advance of the main body for
the purpose of identifying and supervising aerial-burst fuze, fuze whose functioning time
the shipside delivery of the unit's equip is predetermined to detonate a bomb or
ment. projectile at a given altitude or at a certain
SR 320– 5 – 1
aer

time after release from an airplane or aeronautical chart, chart intended primarily
projection from a gun or launcher. for use in air navigation and designed to
emphasize features that are easily seen
aerial delivery, air movement of supplies and
equipment where unloading is accom and identified from an aircraft in flight.
plished with or without parachute from aeronautical data, aids to air navigation , such
aircraft in flight. as, isoganic lines, compass rosettes ; hour
aerial delivery containers, special containers, angles, airports, beacons , and direction
slings and packages for the delivery of sup finders , major radio stations, emergency
plies and equipment from aircraft in flight. landing fields, etc. Customarily applied
to aeronautical charts and occasionally to
aerial mine, mine dropped from aircraft, with other type maps.
or without parachute, designed for use
against water targets but sometimes used | aeronautical mile. See air mile.
against land targets. aerosol, suspension of fine, solid , or liquid ,
aerial photograph , photograph or motion -pic particles in air or gas.
ture taken from an aircraft ; air photo - affiliated nnit . unit of the Army Reserve
graph . Aerial photographs are used in which , by mutual agreement between the
map and chart making and intelligence . Department of the Army and civilian or
aerial photograph interpretation , study of governmental organizations, has been
aerial photographs for purposes of iden sponsored by the civilian or governmental
tifying visible features and for deducing organization , constituted by the Depart
facts connected with these features. ment of the Army, and maintained in an
aerial phototopographer , person skilled in mak organized reserve status with cadre or key
ing maps and mosaics from aerial photo personnel furnished principally from offi
cials and other members of the sponsoring
graphs. An aerial phototopographer is
skilled in the reading and interpretation
organizat ion who are commissioned or en
listed in the Army Reserve.
of aerial photographs and in drafting
maps and charts. A -frame, mechanical maneuvering device usu
aerial pickets, aircraft disposed around a po ally in the form of the letter A for lifting
sition , area , or formation primarily to vehicles or other cumbersome objects.
detect, report, and track approaching May be either mounted in a stationary
enemy aircraft. position or on a vehicle.
ng one
aerial port, an installation containing or afterburning, 1. characteristic of certain
one or
more airfields and the required terminal rocket motors to burn irregularly for some
facilities and units to process air trans time after the main burning and thrust
ported passengers and freight. have ceased , 2. the process of fuel injec
tion and combustion in the exhaust jet of
aerial supply , the act or process by which
aerial delivery of supplies is made to
a turbojet engine (after the turbine ) .
ground units. It normally is employed age-in -grade, age in relation to grade , con
where the usual ground lines of com sidered as a qualification for field duty and
munications or aircraft landing fields are I promotions, separations, and other person
not available or are inadequate or uneco nel actions.
nomical.
agent, 1. in intelligence usage, one who ob
aerial torpedo, large explosive projectile tains or assists in obtaining information
driven by its own motor and launched from for intelligence or counterintelligence pur
low - flying aircraft at fixed or floating poses, but who has no obvious connection
targets. with any intelligence agency or officer ;
2 . see biological agent ; chemical agent ;
aerobatics , intentionally performed maneu
vers not essential to the normal operation radiological agent.
of aircraft. agent finance officer. See agent officer.
aerocartograph , stereoscopic instrument for agent officer, a commissioned or warrant off
making maps from aerial photographs. cer to whom funds are entrusted by the
Finance Corps for the purpose of paying
aerometeorograph , instrument that records
out such funds as its agent ; agent finance
the pressure and temperature of the air ,
the amount of moisture in the air , and the officer . See class A agent officer ; class B
agent officer.
rate of moisture in the air , and the rate
of motion of the wind . An aerometeoro | aggradation of permafrost, growth of perma
graph designed to transmit its record by frost under the present climate due to
radio from a balloon is called a radio natural or artificial causes. Opposite to
meteorograph . degradation ,
 SR 320- 5 - 1
air

aggregated shipments, group

of relatively | aid station , medical treatment facility where
small shipments for one destination which emergency treatmen t. sorting,
treatment, sorting. classifica
are combined and shipped as one in order tion , and evacuation of sick and wounded
to reduce the transportation cost, speed to the next higher channel in the chain of
delivery , and conserve equipment. evacuation are accomplished .
aggressor forces, maneuver enemy created to aiguillette, metal-tipped braided cord worn
add realism to maneuvers ; replaced less around the shoulder of service or dress
realistic system of fictional Red and Blue uniforms by aides and military attachés,
armies . when prescribed .
AGC casuals, military personnel (normally aiming circle, an instrument for measuring
officers ) who, having been returned from horizontal and vertical angles. It is
oversea commands on permanent change equipped with a magnetic needle so that
of station orders and for whom a new magnetic azimuths can also be set off or
station and organization of assignment read . An aiming circle is used in survey
has not been determined as of the date of ing and for similar work in connection

debarkation , are assigned as nonpermanent with artillery or machine-gun fire.

party personnel ( for reporting purposes aiming disk, circular, flat piece of cardboard ,
and limited administration ) to The Ad painted tin , or other material, with a bull's
jutant General while awaiting reassign eye and pinhole in the center , and a han
ment orders. dle . An aiming disk is used for instruction
agonic line, line passing through points have in sighting and aiming .
ing no magnetic declination . aiming group, pattern made on a surface by
a series of pencil marks that test the abil .
agreed point, a point marked on a map or ity of a soldier to sight a gun properly ;
photograph which is identifiable from the
air ; used by an aerial observer in the shot group . The soldier directs a small
disk target to be moved until it is alined
adjustment of fire. with the sights of a gun in a fixed position .
agreed valuation , value of the articles in a The position of the disk is marked by a
freight shipment agreed upon as the basis pencil dot made through the hole in the
upon which the freight rate is assessed . disk . Three such dots make up an aiming
agreed weight, the weight prescribed by agree group.
ment between carrier and shipper for goods aiming light. See aiming post lamp.
shipped in certain packages or in a certain aiming point, 1 . an object or point on which
manner .
the sight of a weapon is laid for direction ,
ahead, the sensing of a tracer or burst which or on which an observer orients his ob
passes in front of a moving target, with serving instrument. 2. the point used by
reference to its course line. an aerial bombardier or pilot to determine
aided matching, mechanical system for trans the point of release of bombs, rockets ,
ferring firing or other data from a data mines, torpedoes, etc.
transmission line to a gun data computer aiming post, striped rod used as an aiming
or other device. In aided matching , the point at the gun .
power to position the receiving device to aiming post lamp, light that serves as an
match the transmitted data is supplied aiming point or range point during night
wholly , or in part , by motor drives whose
survey or in night firing ; aiming light.
speed may be adjusted by means of match
ing handwheels . aiming post sleeve, striped , tubelike bag that
fits over a lifting bar so that the bar has
aided tracking, system of tracking a target the appearance of, and may be used as, an
in which a part or all of the power is aiming post.
required by motor drives whose speed is
adjusted by the tracking handwheels. aiming silhouette, form of field target, usually
the outline of a man , lying, kneeling, or
aided tracking mechanism , a device consisting standing . An aiming silhouette is usually
of a motor and variable speed drive which used for small-arms practice.
provides a means of setting a desired
tracking rate into a director, or other fire
| aiming stake. See aiming post.
control instrument, so that the process of air, in artillery , the sensing by an observer
tracking is carried out automatically at to indicate a burst above the level of the
the got rate until it is changed manually base of the target .

aid man , enlisted man of the Army Medical air adjustment , correction of gun fire based
Service, attached to a company , battery, I on air observation .
troop, etc., who gives emergency medical air alert, 1. alerting against possible enemy
treatment to casualties. See first aid . 1 air attack , See air raid warning condition ;
SR 320_ 5 – 1
air 10

2 . that operational status of aircraft in than -air aircraft is not considered to be

which they are in the air , in readiness for airborne when it is attached to the ground ,
the immediate accomplishment of a mis except that moored balloons are airborne
sion . whenever sent aloft.

air alert method , method of air defense in airborne beacon , an infrared light transmitter
which fighter airplanes are kept in the used to assist in the reorganization of
air , overhead or near by, ready for im forces at night, also used to mark drop
mediate action . The air alert method is and landing zones.
one of three methods of using fighter avia - | airborne early warning set, airborne radar
tion in air defense ; the other methods are equipment providing long range detection
the ground alert method and the search and identification , and relaying of the
patrol method . radar signals to ground or shipborne sta
air alert mission , aircraft which are airborne tion .
over a definite reference point near the airborne
airborne force. foro composed primarily of
force, force
front lines and awaiting instructions from land and air units organized , equipped,
the tactical air director or the forward and trained for airborne operations .
air controller to attack designated targets.
airborne operation , an operation involving
The planes carry a predetermined stand
the movement of Armed Forces by air into
ard load suitable for attacking any of
several types of targets that may be as an objective area for ground combat.
signed. As a target is discovered , the airborne units , units organized , equipped and
pilots are informed by radio and are trained primarily for making assault land
briefed in the air for the attack . ings from the air .
air alert warning, notification , by radio or air burst, bursting of a shell in the air with
any other means of rapid communication , resulting spray of fragments.
of the approach of enemy aircraft . | air burst ranging. See high -burst ranging.
air area, limited region within which a com aircraft cargo tie-down device, a length of rope,
mander has responsibility for observation chain , wire, webbing or other material,
and reconnaissance from the air. The which may be equipped with a fastener ( s )
area is set up to enable various ground and / or a tightening mechanism used , as a
units having air observers to cooperate connecting link between aircraft cargo tie
efficiently. down fittings and the loaded cargo or
air base, military installation , usually of equipment for the purpose of restraint.
permanent or semipermanent construction , aircraft cargo tie-down fitting , the anchorage
equipped and organized for sustaining op points ( fixed or removable ) on the floor,
eration of one or more air units. It in ceiling or walls of the cargo compartment
cludes shelter , personnel, supplies, equip of an aircraft to which tie -down devices
ment, and other facilities necessary to are attached for the purpose of securing
support the operation of air units cur cargo or equipment.
rently using the air base. aircraft cargo tie -down provision , any hook ,
airbase service area , territorial area within ring, clamp, chain or other provision incor
which are located the airbase headquar porated into the design or attached to any
ters, airdromes and all other establish item of cargo or equipment for the purpose
ments making up the airbase facilities. of providing an anchorage point to attach
airbill, a document which serves to identify a tie -down device.
individual shipments of cargo and mail aircraft observer, 1 . person stationed at a
forwarded by military air from point of lookout to watch for and report time and
origin to destination, provide precedence direction of passage, approximate altitude,
of movement, supply the shipper with a type, and nationality of all passing air
receipt, provide basic record for all sta craft ; 2 . See aerial (air) observer.
tions through which cargo and mail move aircraft plotter, 1. device for mapping tracks,
by air , provide the carrier with a deliveryheadings, position lines, or bearings on a
receipt, and furnish headquarters statis chart ; 2 . person who marks on a map the
tical information . number, type, height, and direction of
airborne, 1. applied to personnel, equipment, aircraft reported by observers or tellers.
etc., transported by air such as airborne In this meaning , also called aircraft warn
infantry ; 2 . used to indicate gear and ing plotter.
other equipment not an intrinsic part of aircraft signal, signal from an aircraft as a
the plane, such as airborne radar, etc. ; means of communication between air and
3 . applied to an aircraft from the instant ground forces when radio can not be used ;
it becomes entirely sustained by air until airplane signal. An aircraft signal may
it ceases to be so sustained . A lighter be made by dipping the wing, dropping a
 SR 320_ 5 – 1
11 air

flare, or by firing a type of fireworks giving | Transport Service , receiving patients evac
off an intense colored light. uated by air from a forward area.
aircraft warning filterer, person who exam - airfoil, any surface, such as an aircraft wing ,
ines, interprets, and evaluates data marked | aileron or rudder, designed to obtain reac
on a map by aircraft warning plotters. tion from the air through which it moves.
aircraft warning officer, officer assigned to the Air Force personnel with the Army, all military
aircraft warning service of a unit or area personnel of the Air Force attached by
who directs the installation , operation , and departmental orders for specific tours of
maintenance of aircraft warning equip duty with organizations of the Department
ment. of the Army. Charged to Air Force com
aircraft warning plotter, person who marks on mand strength .
a map the number, type, height, and direc Air Force supplies, 1. Air Force supplies are
tion of aircraft reported by observers or those supplies which are procured and
tellers. Also called aircraft plotter. stored by agencies of the Department of
aircraft warning service, warning system es the Air Force, and issued to Air Force
tablished to report the movement of air units, organizations, and installations ; 2 .
. craft. An aircraft warning service con supplies procured by agencies of the Air
sists of observing facilities, filter centers, Force and issued to Army or Navy supply
and the necessary communications. agencies ; 3 . supplies procured by the tech
aircraft warning teller , person who interprets nical services of the Department of the
Army but for which the Air Force has sole
data on charts and telephones his findings
responsibility for distribution , storage and
to plotters.
issue to units , organizations and installa
air defense, all measures designed to nullify tions of the Air Force. See Army supplies,
or reduce the effectiveness of the attack of Navy supplies .
hostile aircraft or guided missiles after
they are airborne. See active air defense. airframe, the assembled principal structural
components of an aircraft. It includes
air defense area , territory organized for com hull or fuselage, wings, stabilizers, vertical
plete air defense designated by a theater fins, control surfaces, landing gear, na
of operations or similar commander. celles, and (lighter-than-air ) envelopes .
air defense control, control from the ground air -ground liaison code, set of symbols for a
or ship of all elements engaging in active limited number of words, phrases, and sen
air defense. tences used for communication between
air defense control center , principal air opera air and ground forces ; airground code .
tions installation from which all aircraft These symbols can be given by radio, tele
and air warning functions of an air defense phone, blinker, or strips of cloth called
division are controlled . air -ground liaison panels. See marking
air defense controller, person charged with the panel.
specific responsibility of controlling (by air -ground liaison panel, large cloth strip used
radio, radar, or other means ) aircraft used by ground troops for visual signaling to
in air defense . supplement radio communication with air
air defense direction center, installation ( land craft .
based ) from which aircraft, and air warn - air-ground operations section. See joint opera
ing function of an active air defense are tions center,
controlled. air-ground operations system , system operated
air defense grid , grid system based on latitude by the ground forces to provide the ground
and longitude and covering the world from commander with the means for receiving
80° N to 80° S latitudes. It is used to and processing the requests of subordinate
facilitate the designation and transmission ground commanders for air missions and
of positional information of aircraft in for the rapid and continuous exchange of
flight. battle information and intelligence . It in
air depot, military installation having an air cludes an air -ground operations section ,
field, base facilities, and facilities for the ground liaison officer teams, and the nec
wholesale receipt, storage, and distribution essary communication facilities.
of Air Force supplies. It performs fourth | air -ground section, staff section , under G2/G3
echelon maintenance to aircraft. composed of Army personnel specially
air evacuation , removal of personnel or mate trained in air -ground operations.
riel or both by air . air guard , sentinel posted to warn of the ap
air evacuation hospital, Air Force hospital, at proach of enemy aircraft, Air guards are
or near a terminus of the Military Air posted by units on the march or in any po
SR 320 – 5– 1
air 12
sition open to air attack even though the plished by landing of powered aircraft
area has a permanent warning system , and / or gliders and free drop and /or para
airhead , designated area in hostile or threat drop from powered aircraft.
ened territory which , when seized and held , air movement, generic term covering all air
insures the continuous air landing of transport of units , personnel, supplies, and
troops and materiel and provides maneuver equipment ; includes aerial delivery and air
space necessary for projected operations. landed delivery and covers both tactical
air installation , command installation provid - 1 and administrative movements.
ing facilities for housing, training, and air movement column, a series of serials fol
related activities necessary for the Air lowing a lead formation over the same
Forces, exclusive of modification centers, flight path ,
aircraft assembly plants and aircraft parts | air movement designator, a combination of
plants . code letters and numbers assigned by an
air intelligence. See strategic air intelligence . issuing agency as a medium of identifica
air-landed , moved by air and disembarked , or tion and priority authorization for air
unloaded , after the aircraft has landed. movement.
air landed operation , an operation involving air movement table, table prepared by the
the movement of personnel and supplies by ground force commander in conjunction
air to a designated destination for further with the air force commander. This table
deployment of units and personnel and used as an annex to the operation order ,
further distribution of supplies. indicates the allocation of aircraft in each
air landed resupply, the act or process by serial and specifies the departure area ,
which air delivery of supplies is made to time of loading, takeoff, and the objective
ground units by landing of aircraft and area .
unloading of aircraft on the ground. air objective, goal in air warfare ; any aim or
air - landed units , units, other than airborne, 1 target of military aviation .
transported and landed by aircraft in an | air observer. See aerial (air) observer.
airborne operation . air officer . See light aviation officer,
airlift, generic term covering the organiza air photo. See aerial photograph .
tion for and the means of accomplishing airplane, a weight carrying structure
air movement in support of airborne or ad for
navigation in the air designed to be sup
ministrative operation where the ground
( surface ) lines of communication are im ported by the dynamic action of the air
against a nonrotating surface of the
possible , impracticable , or uneconomical.
structure.
air loading table, data sheet used by the airplane smoke
ground force unit commander . It contains tank. See airplane spray tank.
information as to the load that actually airplane spray tank , container for war gas or
goes into each aircraft. The battalion screening smoke attached to or within air
commander prepares the air loading table craft for release of chemical agent to pro
based on the requirements of each com duce gas spray or aerial smoke screen .
pany. It is an annex to the battalion op - 1 Also called airplane smoke tank.
eration order. It may be passed on to airport, civilian installation with a location
the troop carrier commander and / or the which is strictly economical. chosen for
air force commander for information . 1 leisure in terms of passenger and freight
air lock , intermediate chamber, with a gas- potentialities, and developed accordingly.
proof barrier at each end , located between airport traffic control tower, an establishment
the outside and inside of a protective properly situated and equipped to allow an
shelter . operator thereof to adequately control air
Air Medal, decoration denoting meritorious traffic in the immediate vicinity of the
achievement in aerial flight ; decoration airport.
precedence number 9 . airpower, total effective strength of the mill
air mile , same as nautical mile . Equals one tary aviation of a nation or fighting force.
minute of arc at the equator. air raid warning condition , degree of air raid
air movable, capable of being transported by probability according to the following :
air and air landed or aerial delivered . flash red , air attack imminent, enemy air
air movable supplies , supplies of all classes | craft in vicinity .
transported by air from one secured air flash blue, air attack probable , unidentified
port or airstrip to another or to designated aircraft in vicinity.
drop or landing zones, except accompany . flash white, all clear, aircraft identified as
ing supplies of airborne and air trans friendly or hostile aircraft no longer in
ported units . Delivery may be accom the vicinity.
 SR 320 -5 – 1
13 ale

air- raid warning district, subdivision of an air from an aircraft in flight and report on
defense area in an aircraft warning sery the movement and disposition of friendly
ice . Also called warning district. and enemy forces.
air-raid warning system . See aircraft warning air target, any target in the air that may be
service. fired on from aircraft or by ground or
air reconnaissance, the getting of military in naval forces, such as gliders, airplanes,
formation by observation and taking pic missiles , glide bombs, balloons, paratroops,
tures from aircraft ; aerial exploration of a etc.
distant objective or area . Air reconnais - air task force , group of air , ground and sery
sance is usually made over territory held ice units needed to carry out air missions
by the enemy and is made to get informa- as outlined in a plan ; task air force .
tion about military objectives in enemy air transport. See air transportation .
territory, and the location , arrangement,
air transportable , 1. state of being suitable
and movement of enemy forces. for transport by air ; 2 . capable of being
air scoop, scoop or hood designed to catch air landed .
the air and maintain the air pressure in
air transportable unit, a ground unit , other
ballonets, internal combustion engines, than airborne, which is trained and whose
ventilators, etc. equipment has been modified , when neces
air scout. See air guard. sary , for movement and air landing by
air sentinel. See air guard. transport aircraft in an objective area .
airspace danger area , the airspace over a , sur- | air transportation , moving of supplies, equip
face danger area up to a specified height ment, personnel , or vehicles by air , usually
which is made dangerous to aircraft by in transport airplanes or in gliders.
missiles. air transported troops, ground units other
air space reservation , air space located above than airborne troops moved from one se
an area on the surface of the land or water, cured airport or air strip to another by
designated and set apart by Executive or powered aircraft and / or gliders.
der of the President or by a State, Com | air -transported units, ground units, other than
monwealth , or Territory , over which the airborne, which are trained and whose
flight of aircraft is prohibited or restricted equipment has been modified , when neces
for the purpose of national defense or for sary , for movement and delivery into an
other governmental purposes. objective area by transport aircraft.
air -speed , the rate of speed at which
which an
an air
air air umpire. See ground umpire.
craft is traveling through the atmosphere
(air ) and is entirely independent of any air warning net, system of radio stations set
distance covered on the surface of the up to warn against attack from the air .
earth , aisle, any passageway within a storage area .
air strip , clear area of land, usually not more The working spaces between bins are not
than 1 ,000 feet in length , used for landing aisles. A main aisle is an aisle, generally
and take off of light aviation type aircraft. running the length of a building wide
enough to permit the two-way movement
air superiority , that degree of capability of
one air force over another which permits of supplies, equipment, and personnel. A
the conduct of air operations by the for cross aisle is an aisle, ordinarily at right
mer at a given time and place without angles to main aisles , used for the move
prohibitive interference by the opposing ment of supplies , equipment and personnel .
air force . A transportation aisle is a main , cross, or
other aisle used for the movement of sup
air support, air operation designed to create
plies, equipment, and personnel . An access
an effect which will assist in the accom aisle is an aisle leading to fixed equipment,
plishment of the task assigned the force
such as stairways, sprinkler valves, or
as a whole. electric panel boards ; or an aisle used for
air supremacy, that degree of air superiority the movement of supplies , generally with
wherein the opposing air force is incapable out mechanical equipment , to and from a
of effective interference. transportation aisle . A fire aisle is an
air surveillance, systematic observation by aisle established to aid in fighting or pre
electronic , visual, and all other means of venting the spread of fire, or for access
an air defense area for the purpose of to fire-fighting equipment.
locating, identifying and determining the alert, 1. readiness for action , defense, or pro
movements of all friendly and enemy air tection ; 2 . warning signal of a real or
craft and large missiles . threatened danger, such as an air attack ;
air tactical observer , officer trained as an air 3. period of time during which troops
observer whose function it is to observe / stand by in response to an alarm ; 4 . to
SR 320 – 5 – 1
ale 14

forewarn ; to ready for action. See air | tions and activities for which the allot
alert; ground alert. ment agency is responsible .
alert station , position taken up by defensive allotment advice , document evidencing action
aircraft between expected enemy aircraft taken by an operating agency making
and the objective to be defended . funds available to another office for obliga
tion .
alidade, 1. instrument used in surveying and
mapping to determine the direction and allotment number , series of symbol numbers
distance of a point by a combined sight assigned to an allotment, consisting of
and straight-edge ruler ; 2. applied to the the identity of the operating agency and
upper motion of a transit. the serial number of the allotment, for
use in the budgetary accounting and con
alien enemy, one who owes allegiance to a trol.
belligerent of the United States. allotment serial number, serial number as
alinement, 1. the process of adjusting two or signed by an operating agency to an allot
more components of an electrical system so ment advice to identify the transactions
that their functions are properly synchro involving the particular funds
nized ; 2. in radio , the process of adjusting allotted space, gross space available for stor
the tuned circuits of a tuned radio fre age which has been formally apportioned
quency receiver to a predesignated fixed for use.
frequency .
allowable cargo load (air ), the amount of
all-around defense, a defense organized to cargo, determined by weight, cubic dis
meet a ground threat from any direction placement, and distances to be flown ,
with the greatest strength of the defensewhich may be transported by aircraft.
normally oriented toward the probable allowance , 1. money or something equivalent
direction of enemy attack. furnished in addition to the prescribed
all-around traverse, turning in a complete rates of pay. An allowance is given to
circle in a horizontal plane. A gun has provide for expenses for which a soldier 's
all-around traverse when it can be turned pay is considered inadequate , such as
360° by its traversing mechanism . travel allowance, quarters allowance, cloth
all-clear signal, prearranged signal to indicate ing allowance, and subsistence allowance ;
that danger from the attack of enemy air 2. prescribed amount of items of supply
craft , mechanized forces, submarines, etc. or equipment provided for an individual
has passed. or organization .
alliquot part charge. See equal section charge. all-purpose canister, canister consisting of a
red , rectangular-shaped body containing a
alliquot propelling charge. See equal section group of chemicals as a filling , used to pro
charge. tect against carbon monoxide, ammonia ,
allocated space, space which has been formally and acid and organic vapors ; component
apportioned to the heads of administrative of a special gas mask .
and technical services by the Assistant alphabet code flag , signal flag that represents
Chief of Staff , G - 4 . a letter of the alphabet or a numeral.
allocation , 1. apportionment of a definite alphabetical code. See one-part code.
quantity of supplies, space, services, per alternate position , position assigned to a unit
sonnel or productive facility for a specific
or weapon to be occupied when the main
use ; 2. an authorization by the Comptrol position becomes untenable or unsuitable
ler of the Army making funds available for carrying out an assigned mission . The
within a prescribed amount to an operating alternate position is so located that the
agency for the purpose of issuing allot unit or weapon can continue to accom
ments. plish the original mission ,
allotment, 1. definite portion of the pay of alternate traversing fire, method of covering a
military personnel which is voluntarily a target that has both width and depth by
authorized to be paid to another person firing a succession of traversing groups
or to an institution ; 2. action taken by an whose normal range dispersion will provide
operating agency making funds allocated for distribution in depth .
to it available to another office, generally
one subordinate to it, for obligation by the altitude, 1. angular distance of a star , planet,
etc., above this horizon ; 2 . vertical dis
latter ; 3 . specific authorization of person
nel by number to a command, organization , tance to the target from the horizontal
or unit ; 4 . the limitation on the number
plane through a gun .
of personnel, that the Department of the altitude tints . See layer tints.
Army places on each command, service, or amatol, high explosive made of a mixture of
other agency for the operation of installa - 1 ammonium nitrate and trinitrotoluene. It
 SR 320– 5 – 1
15 amm

is used as a bursting charge in high ex- | ammonia canister, special purpose canister
plosive projectiles, etc. consisting of a green , rectangular-shaped
ambulance basic relay post, relay post farthest body containing chemicals having a high
to the rear in an ambulance shuttle where capacity for absorbing ammonia , used to
the bulk of the unemployed ambulances are protect against ammonia vapors ; compo
nent of a special gas mask .
dispersed awaiting use.
ambulance control post, point at a crossroad or ammonium picrate. See explosive D .
road junction at which a soldier is sta ammunition , type of munition normally con
tioned to direct ambulances along the taining an explosive element and designed
proper route. to inflict damage upon structures, person
nel, materiel or military objectives. Am
ambulance insert, special frame installed in a
munition includes shell, grenades , bombs,
motor vehicle and used to support loaded
pyrotechnics and mines , together with pro
stretchers. This insert converts a regular jectiles such as bullets, shot and their nec
type truck into a field ambulance.
essary primers, propellants, fuzes, and
ambulance loading post, point on the ambu detonators .
lance shuttle , normally the point farthest ammunition available supply rate , the avail
forward , where one or more ambulances able supply rate is that quantity of am
are stationed to receive patients for trans munition expressed in rounds per weapon ,
portation . It is usually located at the
per day for ammunition items fired from
collecting station . An advanced ambu weapons, and in terms of units of meas
lance loading post is a point forward of the ure per organization or unit per day for
collecting station at which casualties are
bulk allotment items, that can be sustained
loaded onto ambulances for evacuation to within available supplies . It is applied
the rear. only to the weapons of divisions and sep
ambulance relay post, point on the ambulance arate units of armored, cavalry , infantry ,
shuttel where one or more ambulances are combat engineers, artillery, and chemical
stationed ready to advance to replace an mortar battalions. The weapons of non
ambulance which has left the post forward . divisional service support units are ex
cluded unless unusual circumstances neces
ambulance shuttle. See shuttle.
sitate their employment in a combat role.
ambulant patient, patient able to walk but re
ammunition bag, any of several types of can
quiring medical care. vas bags or coverings utilized by ammuni
American Campaign Medal, service medal de tion bearers for carrying rounds of am
noting service in the American Theater be munition .
tween 1941 and 1946 ; see service star. ammunition belt, 1. fabric or metal band with
American Defense Service Medal, service medal loops for cartridges that are fed from it
denoting service between 1939 and 1941 ; into a machine gun or other automatic
8ee Foreign Service Clasp ; service star. weapon . In this meaning, usually called
feed belt ; 2 . belt with loops or pockets for
American NationalRed Cross, American organ
carrying cartridges or clips of cartridges.
ization that cares for the sick and wounded
in war, and that relieves suffering caused
In this meaning, usually called cartridge
belt.
by floods, fire, disease, and other calam
ities ; American Red Cross. ammunition carrier, 1 . vehicle that accom
It serves as a
liaison between the members of the Armed panies guns and carries ammunition for
Forces and their families and also assists them ; 2. member of a gun or mortar squad
in furnishing relief to prisoners of war. who carries ammunition and helps load in
Its symbol is a red cross on a white back actual firing.
ground . The Red Cross of any nation is ammunition clip , device that holds a number
the only civilian organization authorized of rounds of ammunition for loading into
to function inside a theater of operations. certain types of automatic and semiauto
The International Red Cross Committee matic weapons.
assists in handling such matters as mail ammunition credit, authority given an organ
and information service between belliger ization to draw a specified quantity of
ent nations , and the administration of sup ammunition during a given period for a
plies sent to occupied territory . particular use. Ammunition credits are
ammonal, high explosive substance ,made of a not used in the combat zone below the
mixture of ammonium nitrate, trinitrotol Army level.
uene, and flaked or powdered aluminum . ammunition data card, identification card pre
Ammonal is used as a bursting charge in pared for each individual lot manufac
high explosive projectiles, and produces tured , giving the type and composition of
bright flashes on explosion. the ammunition and identifying its com
SR 320– 5 – 1
amm 16

ponents by lot number and manufacturer. | be required to sustain operations of any

When necessary , may also include instruc designated force without restriction for a
tions for handling the ammunition . specified time. Tactical commanders use
ammunition day of supply , the estimated quan this rate to state their requirements for
tity of ammunition required per day to ammunition to support planned tactical
sustain operations in an active theater. operations at specific intervals. It is sub
It is expressed in terms of rounds per mitted through command channels and is
weapon per day for ammunition items fired consolidated at each echelon . It is con
by weapons and in terms of other units of sidered by each commander in determining
measure for bulk allotment ammunition the available supply rate within his com
items. mand.
ammunition dump. See ammunition supply ammunition sling, a pack consisting of a con
tainer and a parachute, by means of
point.
which ammunition is dropped from air
ammunition expenditures , 1 . within the zone craft for the supply of troops.
of communications zone, quan
interior and
tities of ammunition fired or destroyed , or ammunition supply installation , any organized
amounts expended in training ; 2 . in active locality maintaining stock records and
operations within the combat zone, all operating for the reception , classification ,
ammunition issued to troops from am storage, and issue of ammunition. It is a
munition depots and ammunition supply general term used to include depots,
points . ammunition supply points, railheads,
truckheads, dumps, distributing points ,
ammunition handler, 1. one whose primary and all other installations where ammuni
duty is the handling and servicing of am
munition ; 2 . a soldier who prepares
tion is received , stored , classified , or issued .
ammunition for firing and who, as a mem ammunition supply point, advance point at
ber of a weapons crew , assists in the final which ammunition is available for distri
delivery of ammunition to the loader. bution to using units or for distribution by
a using unit to individuals or subordinate
ammunition identification code, code symbol units. The installation may be organized
assigned to each ammunition item for iden to receive, classify, store, and issue am
tification and to facilitate the supply of munition and be operated by service sup
ammunition to the field , e . g., P5HBA.
port personnel or may be merely a tempo
First two characters refer to the pertinent
rary storage point operated by members of
ordnance catalog, and the remaining three a using organization for the purpose of
characters to the weapon group , type and holding and distributing ammunition to
model, and packaging. In small arms
individual groups or subordinate units.
ammunition the grade is indicated .
amphibious, 1. capable of operating on both
ammunition loading line, group of facilities at land and water ; amphibian ; for example,
an installation , comprising a series of amphibious forces ; 2 . pertaining to an
buildings, equipment, and necessary utili organization or an activity capable of
ties to form a complete operating estab engaging in or assisting a landing in
lishment for the assembly of the compo assault on hostile shore from seaborne
nent parts of any one of a group of similar transport.
items of ammunition .
amphibious forces, general term used to de
ammunition lot number , code number that scribe the ground, sea , and air forces
identifies a particular quantity of ammuni equipped and trained for amphibious oper
tion from one manufacturer. The num ations.
ber is assigned to each lot of ammunition
when it is manufactured . amphibious operation , a landing, made from
ships or craft to achieve an objective on
ammunition pit, hole or trench dug in the land , in which the forces involved are
ground where ammunition is stored temi dependent primarily upon water -borne
porarily . An ammunition pit is usually means for transport to the objective area ,
near the gun from which the ammunition for initial tactical and logistical support,
is to be fired . and in which special techniques and equip
ammunition point. See ammunition supply ment are used in debarking on a shore.
point. The operation is a joint one when the
ammunition required supply rate, the amount assigned forces are composed of elements
of ammunition expressed in terms of of more than one service of the Department
of Defense.
rounds per weapon per day for ammuni
tion items fired by weapons, and in terms | amphibious pack , oversea pack that will stand
of other units of measure per day for bulk temporary immersion , extended open stor
allotment ammunition items estimated to age, and unusually rough handling.
 SR 320– 5 – 1
17 ang

amphibious support group, task group of naval | angle of approach , 1. angle between the line
vessels and/ or craft assigned to furnish along which a moving target is traveling
naval gunfire support in an amphibious and the line along which the gun is
operation . There is normally one support pointed . The angle of approach is never
group to each attack force. Two or more greater than 90° ; 2 . angle from the hori
support groups are generally joined to zontal formed by the tangential line be
form a larger unit for bombardment dur tween the forward circumferential surface
ing the advance force operations. Each of the front wheel of a vehicle and the
support group may contain two or more lowest part of the vehicle forward of the
support units. front wheel, usually the bumper .
amphibious tank, vehicle mounting a howitzer angle of clearance, angle between the line
or cannon , capable of delivering direct fire along which a gun is pointed at the tar
from the water as well as ashore , and get and the line along which the gun must
used in providing early supporting fires in be pointed for a projectile fired from it
amphibious operations. See landing ve to clear any obstruction between the gun
hicle (tracked ) . and the target.
amphibious task force, generic term used to angle of convergence, 1. angle through which
denote in a general way any organization , any gun laid parallel to the base gun in a
large or small, whose assigned task is of battery must be turned toward it in order
an amphibious nature. to point at the target ; 2 . angle formed by
amphibious tractor, vehicle used for the move the intersection of the lines of sight from
ment of troops and cargo from ship to the two eyes or from the two eyepieces of
shore in the assault phase of amphibious an optical instrument or from two points
operations, or for limited movement of of observation . In both meanings, also
troops and cargo over land or water. See called angle of parallax ; 3. See angular
landing vehicle (tracked ). parallax.
amphibious unit, organization trained and angle of deflection , the horizontal clockwise
equipped to conduct operations across angle between the axis of the bore of a
water onto a hostile shore. Amphibious gun and the line of sighting when a gun
is layed for direction .
units are used in special assault missions
and landing operations. angle of departure, 1. vertical angle between
amphibious vehicle, a wheeled or track laying the line of sight and the axis of the bore
vehicle capable of operating on both land of a gun at the instant the projectile
and water. See landing craft. leaves the muzzle . Angle of departure is
the sum of the angles of site, elevation
amplifying report. See contact report. and vertical jump ; 2 . angle from the hori
anaglyph, picture printed or projected in zontal formed by the tangential line be
complementary colors which combines the tween the rearward circumferential sur
two images of a stereoscopic pair in such face of the rear wheel of a vehicle and
a manner that one image appears in one the lowest part of the vehicle back of the
color and the other in a complementary rear wheel, usually the rear bumper , mud
color, and which gives a stereoscopic shield , or pintle.
image when viewed through spectacles angle of depression , vertical angle between
having filters of corresponding colors ; the horizontal and the axis of the bore
used for training in stereoscopic vision . of the gun when pointed below the

anagram , to cryptanalyze a transposition horizontal.

cipher in whole or in part by combining angle of divergence, angle through which any
one series of characters with another from gun in a battery, laid parallel to the base
the same message to produce plain text, gun must be turned away from the latter
plain code, or intermediate cipher text. in order to be properly aimed for direc
analysis (intelligence) , examination of infor tion . It is used especially by a machine
mation to distinguish component parts gun battery, when fire is to be distributed
and determine various interrelationships. over a target having width .
anchor ice, ice formed on the bottoms of angle of elevation , vertical angle between the
rivers and lakes. Also called bottom ice. line of site and the axis of the bore. Thus
the angle of elevation is the vertical angle
anchor line cable, wire cable in an aircraft to
above the line of site through which the
which parachute static lines are attached . axis of the bore must be raised so that the
angledozer, tractor -type, dirt-moving machine bullet (or projectile ) will carry to the
with its scraper set at an angle to move target. See angle of departure and quad
the dirt to one side. rant angle of departure.

277763° - 5342
 SR 320_5 – 1
ang 18

angle of entry, degree of inclination with the | angle of visibility , angle of vision unob
perpendicular at which a bomb or projec | structed by any of the airplane surfaces,
tile enters the target. See angle of in - || as seen from the position of the pilot, gun
cidence , ner or an observer.
angle of fall, angle between the tangent to angular parallax , the angle between grid
the trajectory at the level point and the north and true north . This angle in
horizontal angle at which a projectile falls. creases the farther the grid departs from
the standard meridian .
angle -offset method , method of surveying a
curved base by means of laying out a angular speed. See angular velocity .
series of constant angles and distances in angular travel, angular distance covered by
both directions from a single starting a moving target in a given time. It is
point. This method is often used for lay equal to the angular velocity multiplied
ing out microphones for sound ranging. by the time of travel . Angular travel is
angle of impact, acute angle between the measured in terms of the change of angle
tangent to the trajectory at the point of at the observing point during the time
impact of a projectile and the plane tan of travel.
gent to the surface of the ground at the angular travel method, method of calculating
point of impact ; angle at which a projec firing data based on the rate of angular
tile strikes the ground or a target. travel of the target in direction and eleva
angle of incidence, angle at which a projectile tion . Angular travel method and linear
strikes a surface ; acute angle between the speed method are two methods of comput
tangent to the line of impact of a projec ing firing data .
tile and the perpendicular to the surface angular velocity , speed of a moving target ,
of the ground at the point of impact. It measured at the observing point in terms
is the complement of the angle of impact. of the rate of change of the angular posi
tion of the target in direction and eleva
angle of jump, angular difference between
tion ; angular speed .
the line along which the gun is aimed just
before firing and the line along which the angulator , mechanical device used to convert
gun is pointed at the instant the projectile an angle measured in an oblique plane to
leaves the muzzle ; jump. See angle of its projection on the horizontal plane.
departure ; quadrant angle of departure. annex, 1. document appended to an opera
tion order or other document to make it
angle of repose , steepest slope atwhich a heap clearer or to give further details ; 2 . activ
of material, such as earth , will stand with ity which serves as a geographically sepa
out sliding. rate addition to another activity by hous
angle of safety , minimum permissible angular ing overflow equipment, material, or
clearance , at the gun, of the path of a personnel, and by performing a supple
projectile above friendly troops. The an mental function , as fuel annex . The term
gle of safety is the angle of clearance annex differs from branch in that it is an
increased enough to insure the safety of enlargement rather than a smaller coun
the troops. Also called safety angle . terpart of an activity .
angle of shift, horizontal angle between the annual appropriation, an appropriation limit
line joining the gun and the first target ing disbursements to payments of obliga
and the line joining the gun and another tions incurred during one designated fiscal
target. The angle of shift is the angle year .
through which the gun must be turned to antenna pattern , a figure representing the in
shift fire from the first target to another tensity in space , in every direction , of the
one. signal transmitted by the antenna .
angle of site, vertical angle through which | antiairborne, designed for or used in defense
the axis of the bore must be moved to cor against airborne forces.
rect for the difference in altitude between antiaircraft artillery, term applied to ground
gun and target. See angle of departure and or shipborne weapons and materiel used
quadrant angle of departure. to locate, fire on and destroy enemy air
angle of train , azimuth element of firing data craft. Included are antiaircraft guns,
furnished by a remote control system . automatic weapons, ground -to -air and
ship - to -air guided missiles, rockets, and
angle of traverse, 1. horizontal angle through
barrage balloons.
which a gun can be turned on its mount ;
2 . angle between the line from a gun to | antia ircraft artillery analysis. See flak analy
the right and left limits of the front that sis .
hat is the angle antiaircraft artillery command , command com
is covered by its fire, that is , the angle
through which it is traversed . posed of a headquarters battery, and two
 SR 320– 5– 1
19 ant

or more brigades of antiaircraft artillery | antijamming , any process designed to reduce

in either the zone of interior or the com -
munications zone. This headquarters ex- 1
ercises both administrative and tactical
control of subordinate units and is on a
level with the air force corps.
antiaircraft artillery intelligence service, or
ganized service established by antiaircraft
artillery units for obtaining accurate in
formation of aerial activity with which to
warn fire units of the antiaircraft artillery antitank defense.
defense . It includes radars and observers | antimechanized security , system for protection
and necessary communications facilities.
antiaircraft artillery neutralization . See flak
neutralization .
antiaircraft artillery operations detachment, an
organization of officers and enlisted men
used to establish and operate an anti
aircraft operations room .
antiaircraft defense, all ground-to -air or ship
to -air action that includes antiaircraft
guns, automatic weapons, rockets , ground
to-air and ship - to -air guided missiles, and
antiaircraft artillery intelligence service. and with a definite tactical purpose.
antiaircraft director , mechanical or electro antiset, chemical added to decontaminating
mechanical device which, employed with
a rangefinding instrument, continuously
determines the present position of, and
calculates firing data for use against an
aerial target . An antiaircraft director
includes tracking and computing equip
ment. Also called director. .
antiaircraft operations officer , representative antitank defense. See antimechanized defense.
of the commander of all antiaircraft units
operating in a defense who supervises all
antiaircraft operations in the antiaircraft
operations room ,
antiaircraft operations room , tactical or battle
headquarters of an antiaircraft artillery
defense. It is the collecting, evaluating,
and disseminating center of the antiair
craft artillery intelligence service.
antidim , substance used to reduce fogging of
the lenses of gas and protective mask face
pieces .
antidim set, component of all gas and protec
tive masks consisting of a small can con
taining a piece of cloth impregnated with
antidim .
antidisturbance fuze , fuze designed to be in a
sensitive condition after it is armed , so
that any further movements or disturb
ance will result in detonation . See anti
withdrawal device. antitank obstacle , natural or manmade ob
antifriction device, mechanism which reduces
friction in pointing a gun . It operates by
lifting the gun off the main bearings and
supporting it, while it is being moved , on
light, free-turning bearings.
antihandling fuze. See antidisturbance fuze. I
the effectiveness of jamming . Antijam
ming applies to both radio communication
and to radar.
antimechanized defense, all means used for de
fense against armored combat vehicles. It
may include such means as armored units,
antitank weapons and grenades, field artil
lery, antiaircraft artillery ditches, traps,
mine fields, and any other means available ;
against surprise or annoyance by enemy
mechanized forces. Active means of pro
tection may include all methods employed
in antimechanized defense ; passive means
of protection may include a warning sys
tem , guards, patrols, concealment, natural
or artificial obstacles, etc.
antimechanized weapon. See antitank weapon .
antipersonnel mine, land mine designed to
cause casualties to personnel. It is dis
tinguished from a booby trap in that it is
laid in territory controlled by the layer
bleach slurries to prevent setting and
consequent loss of fluidity and spreading
effectiveness.
antisubmarine net, steel net stretched across
channels or barbor entrances to prevent
the entry of submarines.
antitank ditch , ditch dug to stop or slow down
enemy tanks or other vehicles. Antitank
ditches are dug deep enough to cause
enemy vehicles that drop into them to be
unable to climb out. Sometimes called a
tank ditch .
antitank grenade, high explosive grenade used
against tanks or other armored vehicles ;
antitank rifle grenade. It is fired from a
rifle or carbine by means of a special at
tachment and it has fins at its base to keep
it steady while in flight so that it strikes
nose first.
antitank lookout, watcher posted to give warn
ing of the approach of enemy tanks.
antitank mine field , 1. area in which anti
tank mines are planted to stop or slow
down enemy tanks or other armored ve
hicles ; 2. pattern of antitank mines so
placed as to stop or slow down the progress
of enemy tanks or other armored vehicles.
struction or barrier which will stop, slow
down , or cause tanks or other armored
vehicles to maneuver or change direction ;
tank obstacle. Antitank obstacles include
ditches, wire rolls, concrete pillars, and
blocks, etc.
 SR 320– 5 – 1
ant

antitank officer , officer who is in charge of, portion of an appropriation (or contract
- - and responsible for, all measures for the | authorization ) available for obligation .
protection of a unit against armored approach chart, chart generally with a scale
vehicles.
of 1 : 250,000 or 1 : 125 ,000 , used by air
antitank rifle grenade. See antitank grenade. units in approaching an objective. An
antitank rocket, rocket grenade used against approach chart is one kind of aeronautical
tanks or other armored vehicles. It is fired chart.
from a special launching tube, which is approach formation . See approach march for
held on the shoulder or on a prop when it mation .
ås fired . The rocket attachment fires the
grenade on the same principle as a pyro approach march , advance of a combat unit
technic rocket is shot through the air . when direct contact with the enemy is im
minent. Troops are fully or partially de
antitank security. See antimechanized secu ployed . The approach march ends when
rity . ground contact with the enemy is made
antitank weapon , any weapon designed or or when the attack position is occupied.
suitable for use against tanks or other
approach march formation , any partial deploy
armored vehicles. Antitank rockets , anti
ment of advancing forces which provides
tank grenades, and antitank guns are ex
speed and control consistent with ade
amples of antitank weapons. quate security in a situation where con
antiwithdrawal device, device used in bombs, tact with the enemy is imminent. The ad
made integrally with the fuze, that will vance guard is one formation appropriate
set off the fuze and subsequently set off to the approach march .
the bomb upon attempts at withdrawal of appropriation , authorization to make pay
the fuze. May ordinarily be rough -han ments out of the Treasury for a designated
dled . See antidisturbance fuze. purpose pursuant to an act of Congress.
anvil, rigid metal part in a primer. When a Appropriations are appropriately described
blow from the firing pin forces in the as annual, continuing, multiple year, cur
primer cap, the charge is compressed rent, expired, lapsed, definite, indefinite ,
against the anvil and set off. permanent, civil, etc.
aperiodic compass ,magnetic compass in which appropriation language, detailed description of
the pointer comes to rest in the final posi the purposes for which funds may be used
tion by one direct movemen t and without under a given appropriation title.
oscillating . appropriation limitation , an amount fixed by
aperture sight, sight without optics (lens) the Congress within an appropriation
by which the target is viewed through a which cannot be exceeded for obligation or
hole or aperture. expenditure for certain objects or purposes.
appendix , 1. supplementary material, such as For definition of Special Limitations and
books, circuit diagrams, maps, tables, or Administrative Limitation see SR 35 - 210
schedules, added to an order or report ; 2 . series.
short tube directly connected to a gas or appropriation receipt, collections which , pur
air compartment at the bottom of a bal suant to law , are deposited into the Treas
loon , and used for inflation or for the ury as receipts and appropriated for spe
escape of gas. cific purposes .
application of fire, placing gunfire upon de- appropriation reimbursement, collection , other
sired targets or upon a zone. than an expenditure refund , for commod
applicatory system , teaching method in which ities, work , or service furnished , or to be
each step of a procedure is explained and furnished , to an individual, firm , corpora
demonstrated by the instructor, and then tion , or federal agency, or for the benefit
practiced by the class. of other appropriations of the Department
of the Army, which collection lawfully may
applied research , research aimed at specific
be covered into the Treasury of the United
application of scientific laws, principles,
and phenomena. In contrast to basic re States as repayment to an appropriation .
search , the prospect of practical applica - appropriation symbol, the identifying account
tion of the results is a primary motive for symbols assigned on a basis to indicate the
applied research . Frequently even the appropriation , the period of availability
· methods to be used are clear before work ( i. e ., the fiscal year ) , and the department
is begun . or establishment primarily responsible for
administration .
apportionment, an authorization by the Di
rector of the Bureau of the Budget to a appropriation title, language used in the an
governmental agency making a designated nual Military Appropriation Act to de
 SR 320_ 5 _ 1
21 are

scribe briefly the purpose for which the arctic, region in which the mean temperature
funds are to be used . for the warmest summer month is less
approved circuit, wire circuit which has been than 50° Fahrenheit. It coincides fairly
approved for transmission of classified traffic well with the northern limit of the forest .
in the clear. area air defense control center, principal joint
approved replacement factor, official Depart air defense installation (land based ) from
ment of the Army replacement factor which all aircraft, antiaircraft artillery ,
which has been approved by the General and air warning functions of an active air
Staff, United States Army. defense area are coordinated .
approximate contour, line on a map representarea authority , command designation of a
ing an imaginary line on the ground which subordinate for the exercise of controls or
passes through points of estimated equal the conduct of operations in a specified
elevation . It appears on the map as a locality ; delegation by the commander to
brown dashed line. a subordinate of the right to exercise
approximate data , position of a target plotted certain dominion within an area .
from the first readings taken at the ob - area bombing, bombing a general area . In
servation stations. . area bombing, there is no attempt to hit
appurtenance, accessory or adjunct to a medal. particular targets in the area . Area
Examples : arrowhead, bar, certificate, ci bombing differs from precision bombing,
tation clasp, device, lapel button , oakleaf which is bombing at a specific target, and
cluster, palm , rosette , service ribbon , serv from pattern bombing , which is systematic
ice star and V -Device. covering of a target according to a plan .
apron , 1. extensive hard-surfaced area for area command, 1. generic term that refers to
storage and servicing of aircraft, usually a command which is composed of those
in front of a hangar ; 2. inclined pavement organized elements of one or more of the
of brush , concrete, etc., protecting an ex armed services, designated to operate in a
posed surface, as an embankment, river specific geographical area , which are placed
bank , etc ; 3 . any smooth, flat surface ex under a single commander. For example :
tending from or adjacent to a warehouse, each continental army ; United States
pier, igloo, or siding and used for ma Army Pacific , United States Army,
neuvering vehicles or loads. Europe ; Far East Command ; and United
aptitude area, a particular field or type of States Army, Austria ; 2. (special opera
work in which the success of an individual tions) a partisan force operating in a
may be predicated by the administration of specific geographical area under a com
the army classification battery tests . I mander who is directly responsible to the
Each basic military job , identified by its commander of a regular military force.
military occupational specialty, is listed in area damage control, measures necessary for
one of the aptitude areas. protection of civilian communities and mil
aptitude area score, the score, predicting the itary installations. These measures in
degree of success in an aptitude area , ob clude : fire prevention and protection ;
tained by combining scores of appropriate bomb disposal ; protection against chem
tests of the army classification battery. ical agents, biological warfare, and radio
arbitrary control, a system of common sur logical hazards; control of lighting and
vey control originating from a point which radio emissions ; first aid ; ambulance
has been assigned an assumed location service ; etc.
and from which an assumed or true direc - area damage controller , qualified area damage
tion has been assigned . control officer who directs all services for
arbitrary grid , grid constructed without defi- | an area damage control center.
nite scale to be used with a map , chart, area fire, fire delivered on a prescribed area .
or photograph for point designation with The term is applicable regardless of the
out regard to their actual geographic loca tactical purpose of the fire but area fire is
tion , generally neutralization fire.
arbitrary orientation , the assumption of azi- || area of responsibility, defined area in which
muth origins without regard to true orien responsibility is specifically assigned for
tation ; used as a field expedient until development and maintenance of installa
exact orientation data are available. tions, control of personnel, or conduct of
architect's scale, measuring scale or ruler defense or attack .
which is graduated into fractional parts of area petroleum officer, an officer qualified in
an inch . Used on construction drawings matters pertaining to petroleum and its
where measurements are in feet and problems of distribution , who is in charge
inches. of a theater office responsible for handling
SR 320 _5 – 1
are 22

petroleum products in its geographical Congress, or under other statutory author.

area . ization .
area target, target for gunfire or bombing | armed mine, 1 . mine with all safety devices
covering a considerable space, such as a removed so the mine is ready to function ;
munitions factory, airport, or freight yard . 2 . controlled submarine mine that will be
An area target differs from a point target, fired when firing power is applied to the
which is a particular object or structure. shore cable .
area traffic control, external control of all armed reconnaissance, in Air Force usage, an
traffic within or through a given area , air reconnaissance mission which has the
under policies set down by the area com additional mission of searching for and
mander concerned . attacking targets of opportunity within a
arm , 1. weapon for use in war. In this specified area.
meaning, usually called arms; 2 . supply | armed services. See Armed Forces of the
with weapons : 3 . branch of the Army, United States.
such as Infantry, Armored Cavalry, or arming, as applied to fuzes, the changing
Artillery, the primary function of which from a safe condition to a state of readi
is combat ; 4 . put a fuze or other firing ness for initiation . Generally a fuze is
device in a bomb , projectile or mine to caused to arm by acceleration , rotation,
cause it to detonate ; 5 . cause a firing clock mechanism , or air travel, or by com
device to be placed or to place itself in binations of these.
condition to detonate on impact, influence arming pin , safety device in the fuze mecha
or at a preset time. nism of an aerial bomb. It is automati.
armament, 1. weapons of a particular vehicle , cally ejected through action of the arming
airplane, unit , etc . ; 2 . war equipment and wire during the bomb's descent to the
supplies. Armament includes all weapons, ground, thus putting the bomb into con
ammunition , vessels, fortifications, and dition to explode.
organized personnel, industry, and services | arming range, in artillery, the range at which
used in land , sea, and air warfare.' a fuze arms.
armament error, dispersion of shots from a arming vane, small rotating propeller at
particular gun ; the deviation of any shot tached to the fuze mechanism of a bomb
from the center of impact of a series of that puts the bomb into condition to
shots from a gun after all errors of per explode when it hits.
sonnel and adjustment have been accounted arming wire, wire attached to the fuze mech
for. anism of bombs. The arming wire auto
arm and hand signals, signs made with hands matically releases the arming pin or other
and arms to transmit orders and brief safety device when the bomb is dropped
messages. These signals are used for from an aircraft, thus putting the bomb
simple changes in firing data or orders, for into condition to explode when it hits.
controlling the movements of vehicles and armor, 1 . protective covering, especially metal
persons, and for drill and combat. plates used on ships, tanks, motor vehicles ,
arm chest. See arms chest . etc ; 2 . armored units or forces ; 3 . a branch
of the Army.
armed forces, all military forces of a nation ;
armed services. See Armed Forces of the armored artillery, self-propelled artillery,
United States . with some armor, organic to the armored
division or organized as separate battal
armed forces intelligence, that component of ions.
strategic intelligence which deals with the
armored car, armored wheeled vehicle, which
armed forces of foreign nations. may incorporate a turret , and mounting
Armed Forces of the United States, term used fixed or semifixed guns. It is used chiefly
to denote collectively all components of the for reconnaissance and security .
Army, Navy, Air Force , and Marine Corps.
Only the terms Armed Forces of the United armored cavalry, units organized and equipped
to perform missions requiring great mobil
States and United States Armed Forces
will be used when denoting or referring to
ity, fire power, and shock action . The
combat personnel are mounted in organic
the Army, Navy, Air Force , and Marine armed and armored vehicles ( tanks, self
Corps collectively .
propelled weapons, and personnel car
Armed Services Procurement Regulation , uni riers ) . It performs missions of security,
form policies for the Departments of the mobile combat, and reconnaissance.
Army, Navy, and Air Force relating to the armored combat, fighting carried on by forces
procurement of supplies and services under of armored vehicles, usually supported by
the authority of Public Law 413, 80th | infantry, artillery, and air units,
 23
SR 320– 5– 1
arm

armored personnel carrier, an armored vehicle , Army attaché, the senior Army officer who
· which provides protection from small-arms serves in the dual capacity of the senior
fire and shell fragments ; used to transport military representative of Chief of Staff,
personnel both on and off the battlefield. United States Army, and a member of the
armored vehicle, a wheeled or track - laying official staff of an ambassador or minister
vehicle mounting armor plate, used for to a foreign country. He serves as a mili
combat, security or cargo . Armored vehi tary observer and reports to his Govern
cles include tanks , personnel carriers, ment on the military plans and develop
armored cars, self-propelled artillery and ments of the country in which he is
various special purpose vehicles. stationed .
armorer , one who services and makes repairs Army aviation , personnel, aircraft , and allied
on small arms, fills ammunition belts, and aircraft equipment organically assigned to
performs similar duties necessary to keep Army organizations by appropriate tables
small arms ready for use. of organization and equipment, tables of
distribution , tables of allowances, or other
armorer artificer, person in certain types of
units who makes minor repairs on wea competent authority.
pons, does simple carpentry work , and | Army aviation officer, a duty title used to
aids in checking and distributing all sup denote an Army aviator or senior Army
plies except rations or water. aviator actually performing duty with
armor- piercing , a term applied to bullets and Army aviation .
projectiles having a hardened steel element Army commitment board, committee appointed
designed to pierce armor plate. Referred to determine whether a person under inves
to in fire commands as SHOT. tigation is insane, and if he is , whether
he should be committed to an institution .
armor-piercing capped , term applied to armor
piercing projectiles which have a face Army complete penetration , penetration in
hardened steel cap over the head . which it is possible to see light through
the hole made by the projectile or in which
arm rack . See arms rack. it is possible to see a portion of the pro
arms chest, box or base used as a portable jectile in the plate when viewed from the
locker for holding or transporting small rear.
firearms ; arm chest. | Army control facilities , dispensary, medical
arm signal. See arm and hand signals. office, or station maintained by the Army
arms locker, chest cupboard , or the like used on or near military installations for the
for the safe keeping of small arms. purpose of administering preventive meas
arms rack , frame with shelves, niches, hooks,
ures for venereal diseases .
or similar devices, used to store small army corps. See corps.
arms, to protect them , and to prevent
Army courier service, a service maintained by
unauthorized handling. the Army Postal Service for transmission
Army, an inclusive term meaning the land of important official communications by
military forces of a nation . special courier combining the safety of
army, largest administrative and tactical registry with the speed of special delivery.
unit of the forces consisting of two or more | Army deposit fund , money deposited with the
army corps and supporting troops ; field United States Government by military per
army.
sonnel under regulations prescribed by the
Army (the 25 Division ) , a planned Army con Secretary of the Army.
sisting of 12 Regular Army divisions army depot, depot located within the area of
augmented by supporting units, and 13 an army and designated by the army com
National Guard divisions, augmented by mander, where supplies from the com
supporting units from the civilian compo munications zone or from local sources
nents. are received , classified , stored , and dis
Army account of advances , an account under tributed .
which funds are made available to ac Army dog , dog trained to perform special
countable disbursing officers for disbursing
tasks in warfare such as guard duty , scout
purposes without regard to the appropri ing, messenger service, location of the
ations that eventually will be charged with wounded , location of mines , hauling
the disbursements. sledges or ahkios, or carrying a pack .
Army aircraft, aircraft under the jurisdiction Army education center , that portion of an in
of the Department of the Army. stallation , together with its personnel and
army artillery, artillery assigned or attached equipment, provided and designated by the
to an army and retained under direct army commanding officer for Army education
command . program activities .
SR 320 – 5 - 1
24
arm

Army education program , that part of Army war and supplying them with the neces
training which provides all military per sary logistical support during the prepara
sonnel en active duty with nonmilitary tory phases and the execution of the mis
academic and vocational education , with sion ( s ) for which raised .
the objective of increasing the efficiency Army nurse, a commissioned officer of the
of the Army by raising the educational Army Nurse Corps, who provides nursing
level of its personnel. care of personnel treated or hospitalized in
Army Establishment, all organizations, forces, Army medical treatment facilities.
agencies, installations, and activities, in Army of Cuban Occupation Medal, service
cluding all Regular, Reserve, and tempo medal denoting occupational service in
rary members of the United States Army, Cuba between 1898 and 1902.
all civilian officers and employees , and all
property of every kind and character - Army of Cuban Pacification Medal, service
real, personal, and mixed - under the con medal denoting service in Cuba between
trol or supervision of the Secretary of the 1906 and 1909 .
Army. The Army Establishment consists army of occupation , army established in con
of the “ Department of the Army" and quered territory to maintain order and
the “ Army Field Establishment.” to insure the carrying out of peace or
Army extension courses , courses that provide armistice terms.
military training through correspondence | Army of Occupation Medal, service medal de .
to officers and enlisted men . The courses noting cccupational service in Germany ,
are substantially parallel to those given Austria , Italy , and Japan and surrounding
in service schools. territory since 1945. See Occupation
Army Field Establishment, all of the Army Clasp.
Establishment exclusiveive of
of that
that part
part de
de- | Army of Occupation of Germany Medal, serv
fined as the Department of the Army. The ice medal denoting occupational service in
Army Field Establishment includes all Germany or Austria - Hungary between
field forces, installations, and activities 1918 and 1923.
under the control or supervision of the
Department of the Army, including all Army of Puerto Rican Occupation Medal, sery
military and civilian personnel assigned ice medal denoting occupational service in
to, and all property under the control or Puerto Rica in 1898.
supervision of, those field forces, installa- Army of the United States. See United States
tions, and activities. Army.
Army general classification test. See general Army personnel with Air Force , military per
classification test. sonnel, commissioned or enlisted in the
Army General Staff. See Department of the Army, assigned or attached as individuals
Army General Staff. or units, for duty with the Air Force, per
army group, several armies under a desig
forming Armymissions. Charged to Army
command strength .
nated commander. It is primarily a tac
tical command . Army postal unit, organization for perform
ing postal services normally assigned to the
Army librarian , ą professional civilian li
brarian , employed by Special Services un operation of an Army post office.
der the provisions of Army Regulations to Army post office, post office at or near the
administer the technical operation of the headquarters of a particular unit, or lo
Army Library Service. cated in the field . It receives and distrib
utes mail, sells stamps, registers letters,
Army mail clerk, enlisted person or civilian and gives other postal services.
employee of the Department of the Army,
designated as such and bonded , thus being Army Procurement Procedures, implementa
eligible to handle money orders, registered , tion of the Armed Services Procurement
insured , and C . 0 . D . business as a repre Regulations and detailed procurement pro
sentative of the Post Office Department. I cedures for the Department of the Army.
Army medical laboratory, mobile or fixed unit Army railroad repair shop . See railway re
to provide immediately available facilities pair shop depot.
for epidemiological and sanitary investiga Army Reserve, component of the United
tions and for laboratory examinations sup States Army consisting of personnel and
plemental to those of other laboratories, units organized and maintained to provide
and to furnish certain types of laboratory military training in peacetime and a res
supplies . ervoir of trained reservists to be ordered
army mobilization , process of raising and to active duty in the event of a national
training and prescribing army forces for emergency.
 SR 320– 5 – 1
25 art

Army Reserve center, a facility , activity, or issue operations incident to production

installation at a specific geographical loca activity ; 2. installation having coequal
tion at which more than one Reserve train missions of maintenance and supply for
ing activity is carried on . assigned items of materiel.
Army Reserve reinforcements, the Army Re - artificial moonlight, application of search
serve personnel assigned to units in order lights in providing illumination for ground
to insure maximum strength on mobiliza - l night operations.
tion . artificial word, in cryptography, group of let
Army Reserve training center, a facility uti ters having no standard meaning and
lized for inactive duty training of person constructed , more or less systematically ,
nel of the Army Reserve . or arrangements of vowels and consonants
Army Reserve units, these units are of three so as to impart to this grouping the appear
classes : those combat and service type ance and pronounceableness of bona fide
words.
units organized with full complement of
officers and enlisted men ; those combat artillery, 1. complete projectile-firing weapon ,
and service type units generally organized consisting of cannon or rocket launcher on
with a full complement of officers and en suitable carriage or mount ; 2. equipment,
listed cadre : those combat and service type supplies, ammunition , and personnel in
units generally organized with a full com volved in the use of cannon .
plement of officers only .
artillery annex , information and instructions
army service area, territory between the corps issued with an operation order to cover
rear boundary and the combat zone rear the details regarding the use of artillery .
boundary. The mass of army administra An artillery annex is issued to make the
tive establishments and service troops operation order clearer or to give further
usually is located in this area . details which would make the operation
Army Staff, staff of the Secretary of the order too long if it was included in the
Army at the seat of Government includes order .
the Chief of Staff and his immediate as- artillery battalion -group , a tactical grouping
sistants, the General and Special Staffs, of two or more artillery battalions for a
and the administrative and technicalspecific mission , commanded by one of the
services. battalion commanders.
Army supplies, 1 . Army supplies are those artillery control line. See no -fire line.
supplies which are procured and stored by I artillery drill, practice by an artillery unit in
the technical services of the Department the proper operation of weapons, vehicles,
of the Army and issued to Army units, and other equipment.
organizations, and installations ; 2. sup
artilery gun book, record book of a gun . It is
plies procured by the technical services
of the Department of the Army and fur used for keeping data on the performance ,
nished to the Air Force or Navy supply maintenance, and inspection of a gun .
agencies for storage and issue. artillery information service, the exchange of
information and intelligence between
army troops, those troops allotted to an higher and lower artillery command
army which do not belong to its divisions
echelons of particular interest to artillery
or corps. Army troops are utilized for commanders.
army missions or for attachment to corps
or divisions for special purposes and artillery intelligence, evaluated and inter
usually for a limited time. preted information which will enable the
artillery commander to employ his artillery
arrest, the restraint of a person by an order,
effectively .
not imposed as punishment for an offense,
directing him to remain within certain artillery intelligence bulletin , an information
specified limits . See administrative restric bulletin issued by division and corps artil
tion : restriction ; Uniform Code of Miltiary lery S2's to disseminate artillery intelli
gence data of special interest to lower,
Justice, Article 9 ( a ).
adjacent, attached, and supporting artil
arrest in quarters. See arrest. lery units.
arrival card . See embarkation card. artillery mil. See mil.
arrowhead , metallic arrowhead -shaped device artillery subparagraph , that portion of an op
denoting a parachute , glider or amphibious eration order which contains the com
assault landing into enemy territory be mander's decision on the employment of
tween 1941 and 1945 , inclusive. his artillery. It includes only details nec
arsenal, 1. installation whose primary mission essary for the information of the com
is to manufacture assigned items of mate manders of major echelons, and for
rial. It also may conduct storage and coordinating the fires of artillery units.
SR 320 –5 – 1
art 26

artillery survey , is the process of determining , the standing position at a sustained rate ;
with sufficient exactness, the relative hori 2. in artillery, extremely accurate, short
zontal and vertical locations of the pieces range destruction fire at point targets.
and targets so that they may be plotted on assault force ( s ), in an amphibious or airborne
the firing chart, and of providing accurate operation , those units charged with the
data for the pieces. seizure of the lodgment area .
artillery with the army, includes army artil assault glider, glider designed to land in un
lery and the organic and attached artillery prepared landing zones .
of the corps and divisions of the army.
See army artillery .
assault gun , any of various sizes and types of
guns that are selfpropelled or mounted on
artillery with the corps , includes the corps tanks and are used for direct fire from
artillery and the organic and attached close range against point targets.
artillery of the divisions of the corps. assault lift. See lift.
See corps artillery.
assault phase, 1. in ground action , that pe
ascending branch, that portion of the trajec riod during an attack which begins when
tory between the origin and the summit.
the assault forces advance from their as
On this branch , the projectile climbs and
its altitude constantly increases.
sault positions and ends when the objec
tive has been seized and consolidated ; 2 .
Asiatic -Pacific Campaign Medal, service medal in airborne operations, begins with the
denoting service in the Asiatic-Pacific The movement of assaulting troops into the
ater between 1941 and 1946 . combat area and ends when the situation
aspect angle , the angle formed between the is such that the follow -up echelon and all
longitudinal axis of a projectile in flight subsequent troops, equipment, and supplies
and the axis of a radar beam . can be brought into the objective area with
assault, 1 . final phase of an attack ; closing little or no interruption ; 3. in amphibious
with the enemy in hand-to-hand fighting ; operations, begins with debarkation of
2. in an amphibious operation , the landing assault troops in combat area and ends
of troops for attack on the enemy's beach with the establishment of the force beach
head.
defenses ; 3 . in airborne operations, the
landing of parachute and glider elements assault position , 1 . that position between the
on unsecured and unprepared drop zones line of departure and the objective in an
and landing zones to attack and seize an attack at which the assault echelon com
airhead ; 4. make a short, violent, but well pletes final deployment and from which it
ordered attack against a local objective , moves into the objective to close with the
such as a gun emplacement, a fort, or a enemy ; 2 . the location at which the lifting
machine gun nest ; 5 . in criminal law , an of supporting fires is coordinated with the
unlawful offer or attempt with force and launching of the assault .
violence to do a corporal hurt to another. assault shipping , those vessels which are
assault boat, boat used to carry assault troops, utilized for the rapid unloading, in the
either in a river crossing or an amphibious initial stages of amphibious operations, of
operation . troops, vehicles, equipment, and supplies
assault course, area of ground used for train directly over the beaches, or indirectly by
ing soldiers in attacking an enemy in close discharging offshore into landing craft or
combat. On an assault course, soldiers landing ships.
are trained especially in the use of the | assault supplies , those supplies of all classes
rifle and bayonet in hand -to -hand combat. which accompany the assault elements of
assault craft , a landing craft employed for any unit into the objective area .
landing troops and equipment in an as - assault transport aircraft, military aircraft
sault on an enemy beach . especially designed to be capable of landing
assault echelon , 1. one or more units of an and taking off on unimproved strips and
attacking force used in close combat to to have towing characteristics comparable
begin and lead the attack ; assault wave ; to gliders. They are used in the assault
maneuvering force ; 2 . in amphibious op and subsequent phases of airborne opera
tions.
erations, leading boat waves in the ap
proach to the beach ; 3. in airborne opera - assault waves, 1. leading waves in an assault.
tions, the airborne units which are used 2. in amphibious operations, the leading
to seize an airhead. boat waves in the approach to the beach.
assault fire, 1. fire delivered by attacking assault wire, very light field telephone wire,
troops as they close with an enemy to en wound on reels small enough for one-man
gage him at close range or in hand-to -hand carry over difficult terrain under front line
fighting, usually delivered from the hip or conditions.
 SR 320–5 – 1
27 as

assemblage, collection of two or more trans- becomes an organic part of the organiza
portation units greater than one carload of tion ; 2. duty to which an individual or
military equipment and supplies, all com unit is assigned .
ponents of which are intended for a single assignment jurisdiction , the authority which a
purpose . An assemblage may be made up commander is delegated to assign and reas
of more than one class of supplies and may sign individuals and units within his com
be collected from more than one technical mand ; this authority is delimited in appro
service by the service having primary in
priate Army Regulations.
terest in the assemblage. Equipment for assignmen
t of space, designation of space at a
a hospital, ponton bridge, heavy lift crane,
temporary pole line construction units, specific location for the storage of a par
ticular class of supplies. In the conti
baking outfit, fire-control equipment, field
nental United States the assignment of
impregnating plant are examples of assem space is the responsibility of the technical
blages .
service, but is frequently delegated to the
assemble , 1. command for units of troops to depot commander.
gather or come together ; 2 . put together assistant chief of staff , head of any of the gen
the parts of a gun or other mechanism .
eral staff divisions or sections in a head
assembly, 1. signal given by drum or bugle quarters of any command echelon having
for units of troops to gather or come to a general staff .
gether, usually in close formation ; 2 . Assistant Chief of Staff, G - 1, Personnel, a
grouping of units, usually in close forma
general staff officer who assists the Chief
tion ; 3 . point in the air to which all units
of Staff in the coordination of functions
of an air force are assigned ; 4 . composed pertaining to the management of person
of two or more parts designed to function
as a unit ; 5 . completion of end items to nel, as individuals.
the condition in which they normally are Assistant Chief of Staff , G - 2 , Intelligence, a
issued , except for the installation of acces general staff officer who assists the Chief
sories to accommodate the item for a spe of Staff in the coordination of functions
cific use or location , by joining together, pertaining to military intelligence and
installation or other association of compo counterintelligence.
nents issued ; 6 . option or condemnation Assistant Chief of Staff , G - 3 , Operations and
papers which form the basis for the acqui Training, a general staff officer who assists
sition of each tract of land ; 7 . meeting of the Chief of Staff in the coordination of
reservists at a previously designated place functions pertaining to organization ,
to participate in reserve duty training. training, and combat operations .
assembly area, area in which a command is Assistant Chief of Staff, G - 4, Logistics, a gen
assembled preparatory to further action . eral staff officer who assists the Chief of
Orders are issued and maintenance and Staff in the coordination of those logisti
resupply are accomplished to the extent cal functions pertaining to supply , evacua
permitted by the time available . tion and hospitalization , transportation ,
assembly point. See assembly area. service , and miscellaneous related subjects .
assembly position . See assembly area. Assistant Secretaries of the Army, civilian ex
ecutives to the Secretary of the Army,
assign, 1. placement of units or personnel in
ranking next below the Under Secretary
an organization where such placement is
of the Army.
relatively permanent and / or where such
to controls
organization and administers
controls and administers the
the assumed survey control, the data regarding
units or personnel for the primary func position , altitude, and direction which is
tion or greater portion of the functions of assumed at the beginning of a survey when
the unit or personnel ; 2 . detailing of inditrue data is unknown.
viduals to specific duties or functions astigmatizer, device attached to a range finder
where such duties or functions are primary for observing small lights at night. An
and /or relatively permanent. See attach . astigmatizer distorts a point of light into
assigned , placed in a military organization in a band.
which the individual so placed fills a posi- astronomic station , a point on the earth at
tion vacancy authorized by a table of or- | which observations are made on heavenly
ganization manning table or other Depart- bodies to determine latitude, longitude, or
ment of the Army authority under which azimuth .
the headquarters or unit is operating .
as you were, command canceling another
assigned personnel. See assigned. command that has not yet been carried
assignment, 1. placing an individual, unit, or out, or directing soldiers to return to the
item of equipment in a military organiza formation or movement that preceded the
tion so that the individual, unit, or item ! last command.
SR 320– 5 – 1
at 28

at close interval, preparatory command that attachment, an item , article, or device re

establishes the distance between persons quired to perform a specific function used
for certain drill movements that will in conjunction with and entirely depend
follow . ent upon an end item for the proper per
at ease, 1 . position of rest in which soldiers formance of that function . For example ,
may relax , but may not leave their places a check hammer or paint sprayer used in
or talk ; 2 . command to take this position . conjunction with an air compressor ; or a
At ease also is often used as an order for shovel front, boom , or fairlead used in
silence. conjunction with a crane ; a grenade
launcher attached to a rifle ; a flash hider
at ease march, command that permits troops fastened to the muzzle of a weapon .
- to break step and relax from attention ,
attack , 1. offensive action directed against an
· but that requires them to maintain silence.
enemy ; 2 . phase of an offensive operation
atlas grid , arbitrary grid used for point des that involves an advance that usually
ignation of aerial photographs constructed ends with fighting at close range ; 3 . ap
with grid lines 1.8 inches apart, the X proach of an airplane on a target for the
coordinate readings designated by letters purpose of committing a hostile act
and the Y readings by numbers ; a reading against a target ; 4 . make an attack .
being ( B . 34 – 3 .57 ) . Also called Air Force
attack force, subdivision of an expeditionary
grid .
force consisting of assault shipping with
atmospheric stability, term which describes embarked troops and supporting naval and
air conditions. When there are many tactical air units, operating to establish a
rising and falling air currents, the atmos landing force on shore and support its
phere is said to be unstable ; when there operations thereafter .
are few or no currents, it is said to be
attack formation , formation or arrangement
stable. See inversion , neutral, and lapse. I
of the parts of a combat unit for making
attach , 1 . to bind a unit or a detachment tem an attack against the enemy.
porarily to a command other than its as
signed command . A unit or part of a unit | attack order , operation order giving instruc
may be detached from its parent command tions and directions for carrying out an
attack against the enemy.
and attached to another unit or another
command for rations, quarters, supply, ad attack position , 1. the last position occupied
ministration , training, operations, etc., but by assault echelon before crossing the line
unless limited by one or more of the fore of departure ; 2. for the attack of a river
going or similar qualifications, attachment line, the position where the engineers with
will imply full responsibility for the unit's assault boats are joined by the infantry.
supply, administration , training and op | attack transport, naval vessel designed for
erations, except that responsibility in mat- | combat loading a battalion landing team
ters relating to the transfer and promotion with its equipment and supplies , and hav
of personnel will be retained by the com - | ing the facilities, including landing craft,
mand to which the unit or detachment is
for landing them on a hostile beach .
assigned ; 2. detailing of individuals to
specific functions where such functions are attack wave, part of a combat unit that
secondary or relatively temporary ; i. e. carries out the actual attack against an
attach for quarters and rations, attach for enemy.
flying duty. See assign . attention , 1. prescribed erect position of readi
attached, placed with one organization for ness and alertness with eyes straight
duty while remaining an assigned or at ahead, hands at the sides, heels together,
tached unassigned member of another or and toes turned out at an angle of 45 de
ganization . Units as well as individuals grees. Positions of attention also are
may be attached to other organizations for prescribed for mounted individuals , per
specific purposes without becoming an in sons carrying weapons, etc. Complete
tegral part of the organization with which silence and immobility are required ; 2.
they are placed . command to take this position .
attached for administrative purposes only . See attention to orders, command given by the
administrative control. adjutant of a military organization to an
nounce that he is about to issue orders .
attached unassigned , placed in a military or
ganization for strength reporting when attrition rate , rate of wearing down, as of
not accounted for in the strength of any resources, by continual impairments. As
other unit, but not filling a position va used in flak analysis , the attrition rate
cancy authorized for that organization . would be 20 percent if the defense downed
See assigned. 1 of 5 attacking bombers.
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
29
aux

audio , pertaining to frequencies of audible | auto- loading , self -loading. An auto -loading
sound waves between about 20 and 20 ,000 gun fires, extracts, ejects, and reloads once
cycles per second. with each action of the firing mechanism .
audit, a systematic examination of records to automatic, self -acting ; moving or acting by
determine the adequacy of accounting con itself. After the first round is fired , 'an
trols, efficiency of management, and the automatic weapon fires , extracts, ejects ,
accuracy of the records. and reloads without application of power
augmentation , increase from an outside source , repeating the cycle
of personnel and
equipment applicable to a specific table or as long as the firing mechanism is held in
tables of organization and equipment, the proper position . Automatic action
involves repeating the cycle of operation ,
occasioned by variation of the normal
as distinguished from semiautomatic,
function or work load of that organization which is restricted to one complete cycle at
not Army-wide in scope.
a time.
authentication , 1 . evidence by proper signa automatic direction finder , radio instrument in
ture or seal that a military document is
an aircraft that continues to point toward
genuine and official ; 2 . security measure any radio station to which it is tuned . It
designed to protect a communication sys is used to aid in the navigation of an
tem against fraudulent transmissions.
aircraft .
authentication system , a given procedure to be automatic feed mechanism , mechanism in an
followed in establishing authentication , automatic gun that puts fresh shells into
authenticator, a letter, or digit ( s ) or combi the chamber in position for firing.
nation thereof, arrived at by a prearranged automatic fire, continuous fire from an auto
procedure and transmitted to establish the matic gun until the pressure on the trigger
authenticity of a message or transmission . is released . Automatic fire differs from
semiautomatic fire of automatic weapons
authority, 1 . power to command or take ac and from single shot fire of hand -loaded
tion ; right of military personnel to give weapons in both of which a separate trigger
orders, enforce obedience, and take all pull is required for each shot fired .
necessary measures in carrying out duties ;
2 . individual, organization , or office that automatic firearm .
ice that See automatic gun .
exercises the power to command or take automatic gun , firearm , gun , or cannon that
action . fires continuously until the pressure on the
authorized allowances of equipment, equip trigger is released .
ment specified by an applicable table of automatic pilot, automatic control mechanism
allowances, table of organization and for keeping an aircraft in level flight and
equipment, or authorized equipment modi on a set course. Sometimes called gyro
fication lists, etc., as modified by move pilot, mechanical pilot, or robot pilot.
ment order . automatic supply , system by which certain
authorized allowances of supplies, quantity of supply requirements are automatically
supplies authorized in accordance with shipped or issued for a predetermined
tables of allowances, tables of organization period of time, based upon estimated or
and equipment, or other appropriate experience-usage factors, without requisi
authority. tion by the using unit.
authorized parts list , list of authorized parts automatic tracking, tracking by radar in which
for units in each echelon of supply and a mechanism causes the radar beam to
maintenance as prescribed by appropriate point toward the target.
authority . automatic weapon . See automatic gun.
authorized stoppage. deduction of a sum of automobile flag , flag on the official car of the
money from a soldier ' s pay that is provided President of the United States, of the
for in Army Regulations or other rules or Secretary of the Army, of a general officer,
policies. Authorized stoppages of pay are etc ., that indicates the position or rank of
made to satisfy court-martial fines , to meet the person using it.
debts owed to the Army or for which the auxiliary, 1. person or organization that .
Army serves as collecting agent, or to pay assists or supports a military unit in
allotments, insurance premiums, etc. carrying out a duty or task ; 2 . assisting or
authorized strength of a theater, sum of the supporting a military unit in carrying out
Table of Organization strengths of author a duty or task .
ized units, authorized overhead allotment auxiliary aiming point, point or object used
(bulk ) , and authorized replacements and for laying a gun on a target that cannot be
casuals in the pipeline. seen. The gunner adjusts the gun so that
SR 320– 5 – 1
aux 30

· when the sight is aimed at the auxiliary aviation ground duty, a duty title used to de. .
aiming point the gun is laid on the target. note an Army aviator or senior aviator
auxiliary arm , branch of the Army thatassists on flying status and whose principal duties
or supports another branch of the Army in do not require the pilotage of aircraft.
carrying out a mission . For example, an aviation pay. See incentive pay.
auxiliary arm such as Chemical Corps
award, recognition given to individuals or
may assist Infantry in carrying out a units for certain acts, services , or badges,
mission ,
accolades , emblems, citations, commenda
auxiliary base- line, a line of known distance tions, streamers , and silver bands. See
used in computing the length of a base -line. badge, decoration, service medal.
auxiliary contours , additional contours , usu
axial observation , observation of gun fire from
ally shown by broken lines, interpolated
a point on or near the line joining the gun
between the contours normally shown ;
and target ; the angle at the target be
usually shown to indicate significant topo tween the gun and observer is less than
graphical formation which could not be 5°. See flank observation .
shown by basic contour interval.
axial road , road directed toward the enemy
auxiliary machinery, machinery or equipment
as contrasted with a lateral road which
installed in a ship , the function of which is
runs parallel to the front.
to serve the main propulsion machinery or
to perform some secondary function not axial spotting. See axial observation .
related to propelling the vessel. Engines axis , 1 . imaginary or real line that passes
used to drive generators furnishing power through an object and about which the
for purposes other than propulsion are object turns or seems to turn . A vertical
called auxiliary engines. line through the center of a spinning top
auxiliary target , point at a known distance or the shaft on which a wheel or cylinder
from the actual target ; registration target. turns is an axis ; 2 . imaginary central or
An auxiiary target is used as an adjusting principal line around which parts are ar
point before firing on the actual target . ranged regularly . The central line of the
Fire is delivered and adjusted on the aux bore of a gun is its axis ; 3. principal line
iliary target. When the adjustment is along which movement, communication ,
complete, the necessary correction is put etc., take place. The central route of a
on the gun to swing it over to the actual communication system is its axis .
target. Auxiliary targets are used whenesis
axis of advance, line of advance, often a road
fire on the actual targets is intended to or group of roads or a designated series
surprise the enemy. of locations, extending in the direction of
auxiliary vessel, vessel that is not a combat the enemy.
vessel and is used in military operations .
An auxiliary vessel may be a transport , axis of evacuation , route by which materiel
a hospital ship , or a mine sweeper. and personnel may be sent to the rear.
available supply rate. See ammunition avail- axis of movement, line along which troops
able supply rate. move either toward the front or toward
the rear.
average strength, arithmetic mean (average )
of daily morning report strengths, used in axis of sighting, line taken through the
medical statistical reports for computing sights of a gun , or through the optical
admission rates, incidence rates , mortality center and centers of curvature of lenses
rates , and noneffective rates . Also called in any telescopic instrument.
mean strength, formerly the preferred axis of signal communication , line or route on
term ,
which lie the starting position and proba
aviation badge, qualification badge consisting ble future locations of the command post
of a pair of silver wings, that is worn by of a unit, during a troop movement ; main
the flying personnel of the U . S. Air Force route along which messages are relayed or
and the Army. A design stamped in the sent to and from combat units in the
center of the wings shows the classification field .
of the wearer, such as pilot, light avia
tion pilot, bombardier, observer, etc . axis of supply , route by which supplies are
brought forward.
aviation cadet, student in training for a com
mission as a second lieutenant or appoint- | axis of supply and evacuation , route in a com
ment as a flight officer in the Air Force . 1 bat zone by which supplies are brought
aviation duty , a duty title used to denote an forward and materiel and personnel may
Army aviator or senior Army aviator on be sent to the rear.
flying status and whose principal duties axis of the bore, imaginary central line of the
require the pilotage of aircraft. bore of a gun .
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
31 bal

axis of trunnions, axis about which a gun is , azimuth deviation , angular difference in azi.
rotated in elevation to increase or decrease muth between the lines from the gun to
the range of fire. the target and from the gun to the point
axman , member of a surveying party who where a projectile strikes or bursts.
clears brush , sets stakes , takes measure- azimuth difference , apparent difference in the
ments , read maps, and has the care of sur position of an object viewed from two dif
vey equipment. ferent points, especially from a gun posi
Azimuth , direction expressed as horizontal tion and a directing point. Also called
parallax .
angle usually in degrees or mils and meas
ured clockwise from north . Thus, azi- azimuth indicator, 1 . electrical or mechanical
muths will be true azimuths, grid azi device that shows the azimuth or deflec
muths, or magnetic azimuths, depending on tion to be used in aiming guns or other
which north is used . weapons ; 2 .mechanical or electrical device
to measure traverse.
azimuth adjustment slide rule, circular slide
rule by which a known angular correction | azimuth instrument, telescopic instrument
can be
for fire at one elevation can changed to
be changed to used for measuring horizontal angles, usu
the proper correction for any other ele - ally azimuths.
vation . An azimuth adjustment slide rule azimuth micrometer , instrument for measur
is used to find corrections for high -angle ing azimuths with which very exact read
guns, such as the mortar or howitzer . ings are made.
azimuthal equidistant projection , azimuthal azimuth of attack , direction of attack ex
map projection on which straight lines ra - pressed as an azimuth .
diating from the center or pole of projec- | azimuth scale , graduated angle-measuring de
tion represent great circles in their true vice on instruments , gun carriages, etc.
azimuths from the center , and lengths that indicates azimuth .
along those lines are of exact scale . This azimuth tracking telescope , telescope with
projection is neither equal-area nor con
which the course or direction of a moving
formal. target is tracked . It is a part of a direc
azimuth circle , instrument for measuring azi tor, a combined observing and computing
muths. It is a graduated circle on a sight, instrument, that calculates firing data for
gun carriage, searchlight, etc. the future position of the target,

back -azimuth , a reciprocal bearing . The re- to orient and synchronize one with other .
verse or backward direction of an azi- in azimuth and elevation . .
muth ; that is azimuth plus or minus 180 hack step , single step 15 inches straight to
degrees .
the rear of a given standing position . The
back -azimuth method , method of locating an back step , like the side step , is used for
observer' s position on a map or chart with short distances only and is never executed
a very accurate angle-measuring instru at double time.
ment. It is done by measuring the azi back -up , image printed on the reverse side of
muth of three visible points that are lo
a map . Usually, it is a map at a scale
cated on the map or chart, and drawing longer than the one appearing on the re
through each point a line or ray with its verse side and is designed to show detail
calculated back azimuth . The point where for particular areas.
the lines or rays intersect is the location of
the observer 's position . The back -azimuth badge, a type of award granted as recogni
method is one kind of resection . tion of attaining a high standard of pro
ficiency in critical military skills. They
back-blast, rearward blast of gases from the include aviation , naval, ground and quali
breech of recoilless weapons upon the fication badges. See ground badge.
burning of the propellent charge. It is
sometimes referred to as breech -blast. bag , general purpose, used by the individual
soldier to carry light, organizational
back -blast area, cone shaped area in rear of a
equipment such as signal equipment and / or
recoilless weapon which is dangerous to any light equipment that must accompany
personnel. the parachutist in his parachute jump. -
back plate, plate at the rear of the breech balanced stock ( s) , 1. that condition in supply
mechanism of certain automatic guns. In when availability and requirements are in
small arms, it is the plate which closes the equilibrium for specific items ; 2 . accumu
rear of the receiver group . lation of supplies in quantities determined
backsight method , sighting two pieces of necessary to meet requirements for a fixed
equipment directly at each other in order | period of time.
SR 320 – 5 – 1
bal 32

balanced supply , status as of a date when | ballistics, 1 . science of the motion and be
the total supply and the total demand havior characteristics of missiles, i. e .,
cumulative through that date are equal. projectiles, bombs, rockets, etc., and of
balk , timber put lengthwise in a trestle or accompanying phenomena ; 2 . See interior
floating bridge. A deck balk is a type ballistics, exterior ballistics, terminal ballis
consisting of longitudinal members used tics , and ballistics of penetration .
as a floor system on a bridge without sup - ballistics of penetration , the science that treats
porting stringers. of the motion of a projectile as it forces its
ball ammunition , small-arms cartridges with way into targets of solid or semi-solid sub
a general purpose solid core bullet in stances such as various earth , concrete, or
steel.
tended for use against personnel and ma
terial targets not otherwise requiring ballistic table, compilation of ballistic data
armor-piercing or other special ammuni from which trajectory elements such as
tion . angle of fall, range to summit, time of
ballistic area , space lying between the centers flight, ordinate at any time, etc., can be
of impact of two groups of shots, one con obtained. See exterior ballistic table.
sisting entirely of shots over the target, ballistic temperature, a computed constant
the other entirely of shots short of the temperature that would have the same
target. total effect on a projectile traveling from
ballistic coefficient,measure of the ability of a the gun to the target as the varying tem
missle to overcome air resistance. peratures actually encountered .
ballistic conditions, conditions which affect ballistic wave, audible disturbance or wave
the motion of a projectile in the bore and caused by the compression of air ahead
through the atmosphere, including muzzle of a projectile in flight.
velocity, weight of projectile , size and ballistic wind, assumed constant wind that
shape of projectile , rotation of the earth , would have the same total effect on a
density of the air , elasticity of the air and projectile traveling from the gun to the
'the wind. target as the varying winds actually
ballistic correction , adjustment in firing data encountered .
that is based on conditions affecting the ballistite , smokeless powder used as a pro
flight of a projectile . It allows for such pelling charge in small-arms and mortar
factors as wind, temperature, etc. It does ammunition .
not include adjustment based on observa - | balloon barrage. See barrage.
tion of fire.
ballistic curve, actual path or trajectory of a
balloon cargo, cargo in which the relation of
weight to cubic measurement is exagger
bullet or shell as influenced by wind , etc. ated in favor of the latter.
ballistic density, computed constant
constant air den
air den . | band, 1. two or more lines of wire entangle
sity that would have the same total effect ments for other obstacles, arranged one
on a projectile during its flight as the behind the other. Each line of obstacles is
varying densities actually encountered . called a belt ; 2 . particular range of wave
ballistic director, combined observing and pre lengths in radio broadcasting ; 3. See band
dicting instrument that computes firing of- fire.
data for the future position of a moving | band-of- fire. grazing fire usually from one or
target. A ballistic director makes correc more automatic guns, that gives a cone of
tions for actual conditions of wind, at
dispersion so dense that a man trying to
mospheric density, temperature, muzzle cross the line of fire would probably be hit .
velocity, etc. A final protective line uses a band of fire.
ballistic efficiency, ability of a projectile to
Bangalore torpedo, metal tube or pipe that is
overcome the resistance of the air . Bal packed with a high explosive charge . A
listic efficiency depends chiefly on the
weight, diameter, and shape of the projec Bangalore torpedo is chiefly used to clear
tile. a path through barbed wire or mine fields.
ballistic limit, average of two striking veloc bang-bang control, control system used in
guidance, wherein the corrective control
ities, one of which is the highest velocity
giving a partial penetration and the other applied to the missile is always applied to
of which is the lowest velocity giving a the full extent of servo motion .
complete penetration . In determining the barbette, mound of earth , platform , support,
ballistic limit, the difference between the or carriage upon which guns are mounted
two velocities must not exceed 50 foot to fire over a wall or parapet, not through
seconds. a port or opening .
 SR 320_5 – 1
33 bas

bare-boat charter, charter obligating the barrel reflector, device used for inspecting the
charterer to provide the personnel and bore and chamber of a gun or rifle barrel.
equipment including all voyage and cargo A barrel reflector consists of a mirror
expenses and marine and war risk insur mounted in a frame and a tube that is
ance which are necessary to operate a I inserted in the chamber and gives a view
vessel. of the rifle bore.
barometric leveling . a method by which the barrens, level, treeless, inland arctic and sub
altitude of points is estimated from differ arctic areas consisting of muskeg or light
ences in barometer readings caused by sandy soils interspersed with floating bog
changes in atmospheric pressure at differ and sloughs.
ent altitudes . barricade, 1. obstacle or group of obstacles
barracks bag, canvas or cloth sack for hold placed across a road , street , or path to
prevent or hinder the advance of enemy
ing clothing and equipment of military troops or vehicles ; 2 . block a road, street,
personnel. or path with obstacles ; 3. structure com
barracks parole. See local parole. posed essentially of concrete, earth , metal,
or wood , or any combination thereof, and
barrage, 1 . prearranged barrier of fire de
so constructed as to reduce or confine the
signed to protect friendly troops and in
blast effect and fragmentation of an explo
stallations by impeding enemy movement
sion , thereby affording protection to plant
across defensive lines or areas ; barrage
equipment, other explosives, and personnel
fire ; 2 . method of fire employed against a
engaged in explosive operations.
fast-opening or closing target, whereby a
gun range or fuze setting is used which barrier light, searchlight used in a seacoast
will place the initial shots ahead of the defense system to throw a fixed beam to
target in the direction of the target' s an detect the passage of vessels through a
ticipated advance ; 3. protective screen of harbor mouth or channel. It is often used
balloons that are moored to the ground to shut off a water area for night firing
and kept at given heights to prevent or practice.
hinder operations by enemy aircraft at low barrier line, traffic control boundary beyond
levels. The steel cable or wire from which which vehicles may not pass until other
each balloon flies and the lethal devices traffic with priority has gone through .
attached to such flying cable or wire con
barrier material, a material designed to with
stitute hazards to any aircraft flying be
neath the balloon . stand , to a specified degree, the penetra
In this meaning also
tion of water, oils or moisture vapor.
called balloon barrage. May serve to exclude or retain such
barrage fire. See barrage. elements.
barrage jamming , simultaneous jamming of a barrier tactics, tactics based on the use of
number of adjacent channels or frequen - fortified lines, both natural and artificial,
cies. See electronic jamming . supported by fire.
bar-sight, rear sight of a firearm , consisting
barrel, 1 . unit of measure which varies with
commodity and locality. The United I of a movable bar, usually with an open
notch .
States petroleum products barrel equals
42 United States liquid gallons : 2 . cylin - base, 1. foundation or part upon which an
drical container ; 3 . metal or plastic tube object or instrument rests, such as a gun
in which ammunition is fired and which base ; 2 . unit or organization around which
controls initial direction of the projectile. a maneuver is planned and performed . In
this meaning , usually called base unit ;
barrel assembly , gun barrel together with the 3 . station or installation from which a
other parts necessary to attach it to the military force operates and from which
rest of the gun . supplies are obtained ; 4 . part of a projec
barrel erosion, wearing away of the interface tile below the rotating band ; 5 . line used
of the bore due to the combined effects of in mapping, surveying, or fire control as a
gas washing, scoring and mechanical reference from which distance and angles
abrasion . Barrel erosion causes a reduc are measured . See base line.
tion in muzzle velocity . | base angle, horizontal clockwise angle from
barrel extension , metal projection fixed to the the base-point line to the orienting line ;
rear of the barrel in certain automatic it is never greater than 3200 mils .
guns. The barrel extension extends back - base camp, 1 . a permanent or semipermanent
ward and holds the breech locked against camp from which a unit operates in train
the gas pressure in the chamber when the ing as distinguished from a bivouac camp ;
gun is fired . 2. See prisoner -of-war camp.
277763° - 53 - 43
SR 320– 5 – 1
bas

base censorship , any type of military censor - which attack operations are carried out.
ship performed above the unit censorship See support echelon .
level. base of operations, area from which a military
base command, area containing a military base force begins its offensive operations, to
or group of bases organized under one which it falls back in case of reverse, and
commander. A base command is usually in which supply depots are organized .
smaller than a theater of operations and it The base of operations is in the communi
is established for the administration of all cations zone of a theater of operation .
military operations connected with the base of traiectory , straight horizontal line
base or bases operating within it. from the center of the muzzle of a weapon
base depot, supply point in a communications to the point in the downward curve of the
zone in a theater of operations. path of a projectile that is level with the
base detonating fuze, fuze located in the base muzzle.
of a projectile. base piece, the gun or howitzer in a battery
base development, setting up of facilities (the for which the initial firing data may be
nature and extent of which are dictated by calculated , and with reference to which
the mission ) for the primary purpose of the firing data for other guns or howitzers
supporting the operations of air, sea may be computed.
and/ or land forces. Such facilities range base plate, 1. plate or support used to dis
from a lone radio or radar station to a tribute the weight of a heavy structure or
base with complete ship -repair facilities apparatus so as to prevent sinking or col
and cantonment facilities for the training lapse under direct thrust ; 2. metal plate
and staging of several divisions of troops. with a socket into which the base of the
base-end-station , observing point at the end of barrel of a mortar is seated. The base
a base line from which angles are meas plate is set in a firm position on the ground
ured for determining firing data and /or for and takes up and distributes the shock of
surveying. the recoil of the mortar .
base examiner, commissioned officer, warrant base point, point in the target area whose
officer, or other person charged with the location is known on the ground, on a
actual examination of communia tions in a firing chart, or on both . If its location
base censorship installation . on the ground is known, it must be readily
identifiable and should be in the approxi
base line, 1 . line of known length and direc
mate center of the area , both horizontally
tion between two points whose locations
and vertically . It is used as a basis for
are known. A base line is used in fire
control, mapping, and surveying ; 2 . hori computing data and as a reference point.
zontal, vertical or circular trace formed by base point line, the line connecting the bat
the movement of the sweep on the screen tery center and the base point.
of the cathode ray tube of a radar set. In base repair . See depot repair .
this meaning, it is also called time base ;
reserves, supplies stored in depots as a
3. line on a vertical photograph connecting base
the indicated positions of two adjacent general reserve within a theater of opera
tions.
camera stations. Also called the stereo
scopic base. base ring, circular metal track in the con
base-line end station . See base-end-station . crete platform of a fixed cannon . A base
ring is used to support the cannon and to
base map, 1. map showing certain funda enable it to be fired in any direction .
mental information which is used to com
base section , area in the rear part of the con
pile additional data of a specialized
nature ; 2 . map showing all of the infor munications zone in a theater of opera
mation from which maps showing special tions organized to provide logistic support
ized information can be prepared ; a mas to the forward areas.
ter map ; 3. map showing selected infor- base services, maintenance of personnel and
mation over which other information can materiel at a military base, especially an
be reproduced, such as an index. air base, from which tactical units operate .
base mortar, mortar in a platoon for which base shop. See depot maintenance shop .
initial firing data are computed and with base spray, fragments of a bursting shell that
reference to which data for other mortars are thrown to the rear in the line of fight
in the unit are computed . in contrast with nose spray, which are
base of fire, elements that give supporting fragments of a bursting shell that are
fire to maneuvering elements. A base of thrown to the front, and side spray, which
fire supports the advance of other units are fragments of a bursting shell that are
with its fire, and serves as the base around thrown to the side.
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
35 bas

base stake, black and white marker set out by established by the Department of the Army
a gunner to mark the line from gun to concurrently with publication of changes
base point or from gun to initial aiming in tables of organization and equipment.
point. The base stake marks the direction The percentages by type of each kind of
of the primary target ; aiming stakes, each ammunition are left to the discretion of the
painted preferably with a single color, unit commander , insofar as availability
mark the direction of the other targets. will permit . The basic load is subject to
base unit, unit or organization in a tactical variation by army commanders when the
operation around which a movement or transportation provided in T / O & E ' s is
maneuver is planned and performed ; base modified by reduction or augmentation
element. tables or by operational projects. The
data for basic loads, as shown in the tables ,
basic allowance for quarters , a monetary al
provide the basis for instruction in all
lowance paid to all service personnel who
Department of the Army schools , to the
are not furnished quarters in kind . exclusion of all other similar data . . Under
basic allowance for subsistence, a monetary no circumstances will the average 50 per
allowance paid to all service personnel who cent overload of vehicles be used as a ve
are authorized to subsist themselves. hicle loading guide.
basic branch , the branch in which an officer basic load of ammunition . See basic load .
is commissioned such as Infantry , Adju
basic military training, training in military
tant General's Corps, as differentiated
subjects given a soldier during the first
from any duty assignment or detail. phase of basic training.
basic communication , original letter, report or basic pay , pay of a member of the Army based
other document. Added material such as on grade, including increases for length of
indorsements and inclosures, is not part service.
of a basic communication . basic planning guide, report prepared by a
basic cover, that aerial photography of a ground force unit showing the exact status
given area obtained for mapping and /or of personnel and equipment of the unit to
general intelligence requirements. In the determine the aircraft needs for an air
latter use it is compared with later pic borne operation ,
tures to facilitate identification of changes. basic private, person of the lowest grade in
basic data , essential facts needed to place fire the Army.
on a target. The location of the target basic qualification badge, metallic badge de
relative to the battery must be known in noting attainment of a prescribed score
terms of direction , or deflection ; distance , with a prescribed weapon ; is in three
or range ; and difference in altitude, or grades : Expert, Sharpshooter, and Marks
site, all of these facts are basic data .
man .
basic education , that area in the Army edu - basic ration , ration to be used for civilian
cation program devoted to the instruction supply and stated in terms of calories and
of military personnel who have not com - nutritional distribution that is necessary
pleted the fifth grade or who cannot write to provide a minimum standard of health .
or speak English with the fluency of an basic records, principal or fundamental rec
adult who has completed the fifth grade. ords of a military unit. The morning re
basic intelligence, that factual intelligence port, the duty roster , etc., are basic rec
which results from the collation of en ords.
cyclopedic information of a more or less basic relay post. See ambulance basic relay
permanent or static nature and general post.
interest which , as a result of evaluation
and interpretation , is determined to be basic report, original concise summary of in
formation contained in an administrative
the best available .
report. Accompanying material, such as
basic load, the basic load is that quantity of exhibits or documents that have been
ammunition which is carried by individ added as evidence, is not part of a basic
uals and on the vehicles of a unit . Like report.
the available supply rate, it is expressed in
terms of rounds for ammunition items fired basic requisition number. See ISS requisition
by weapons and in other units of measure number.
for bulk allotment items. It includes the basic research , theoretical or experimental
ammunition carried by the individual sol study directed toward the increase of
dier, the ammunition stowed in self-pro knowledge. It may result in the discovery
pelled weapons, the ammunition carried in of new scientific phenomena , principles,
prime movers and in 'unit trains. · Nor techniques or significant data which add
mally , it is a fixed amount of ammunition to the store of scientific knowledge. Im
 SR 320 –5 – 1
bas 36
mediate practical application is not neces- 1 is normally embarked aboard one attack
1
sarily a direct objective. transport or several landing ships.
basic tactical unit, fundamental unit capable battery, 1 . tactical and administrative artil.
of carrying out an independent tacticallery unit corresponding to a company or
mission in any branch of the Army, such similar unit in other branches of the
as a rifle company in the infantry, or a Army ; 2 . group of guns or other weapons,
battery in Artillery , such as mortars , machine guns, artillery
basic team training, final phase of basic train pieces , or searchlights set up under one
ing when soldiers who are to be assigned tactical commander in a certain area ; 3 . A
as replacements are formed into provi gun in battery is a gun in firing position .
sional groups or teams to be trained in A gun out of battery is a gun not in firing
group or team operations, generally under position , i. e ., not ready to fire ; 4 . a tube
field conditions. In some types of units , (barrel) in battery, is a gun tube fully
basic team training is given in place of returned from recoil upon its cradle. A
basic unit training. tube out of battery is a tube not fully
returned from recoil.
basic unit training, applicatory training given
during the final phase of basic training battery center, a point materialized on the
when soldiers, who are assigned to units , ground at the approximate geometric cen
are first assembled and trained together ter of the battery position ; the chart loca
tion of the battery.
in rehearsal of their role as an officially
designated military organization . In some battery commander's telescope, telescope that
types of units, basic team training is given has two lenses and rests on a mount and
in place of basic unit training. tripod , used for observing fire and for
measuring horizontal and vertical angles
basic war plan , plan for developing require in calculating firing date.
ments, including time phasing and locale .
It forms the basis for solving the follow battery front, lateral distance between the
ing problems related thereto ; command flank guns of a battery .
control of forces ; strategic deployment of battery ground pattern , the shape and dimen
forces ; strategic employment of forces ; sions of the pattern made by the location
composition and size of forces ; logistics , of the pieces of a battery emplaced for
including research and development. A firing .
basic war plan does not necessarily resolve
in detail all of the factors pertaining to
battery manning table, list of the names , posts,
the above problems, but it does provide the and duties of the personnel of an artillery
basis for their integrated solution . A battery.
basic war plan may be combined , joint or battle casualties, personnel in one of the fol
service . lowing categories :
basis of issue, authority which prescribes the killed in action , personnel killed instantly
number of items issued to an individual, as a direct result of enemy action dur
a unit , a military activity, or for a unit ing an engagement or otherwise ; while
piece of equipment. The basis of issue is immediately engaged in , going to, or
usually contained in a Table of Allow returning from a combat mission ,
ances, Table of Organization and Equip whether or not directly due to enemy
action ; as a direct result of an act of
ment, or other similar authorization .
the United States or allied force while
basket, structure within a tank turret that engaging the enemy.
carries the men who operate the turret. wounded in action , personnel wounded in
The basket in a tank turret rotates as action when their body is pierced by a
the turret rotates. projectile , a fragment or bomb , or an
battalion , unit composed of a headquarters object set in motion by weapons, either
and two or more companies or batteries . hostile or friendly, during an engage
It may be part of a regiment and be ment with the enemy ; or whose body is
charged with only tactical functions, or it pierced by any weapon in the hands of,
may be a separate unit and be charged or hurled or thrown by the enemy ; torn
with both administrative and tactical flesh or broken bones are received from
functions. moving object propelled by either hos
tile or friendly forces while engaging
battalion combat train .' See combat train . the enemy.
battalion landing team , in an amphibious op missing in action , personnel who may be
eration , an infantry battalion specially re presumed to have participated in action
inforced by necessary combat and service with the enemy and whose whereabouts
elements ; the basic unit for planning an or actual fate cannot be ascertained .
assault landing. A battalion landing team ! All personnel allegedly seen or known
 SR 320– 5 – 1
37 bea

to have been captured by the enemy will tions by teletypewriter, wherein each sym
be included in this category . bol intended for transmission is repre
injured in action , personnel who have been sented by a unique combination of five
injured in action when , from a source as signals of equal length . These signals are
outlined above, they receive an abrasion , of two kinds and are commonly referred
sprain , fracture, concussion , burn , or to as marking and spacing impulses or
other injury where the body has not current and no -current impulses.
been pierced . bay, 1. section of a floating bridge extending
seriously ill, personnel who have been af from the center of one ponton to the cen
fected sufficiently by war gas to render ter of the next ; 2 . designated area within
them incapable of performing their func a section of a warehouse or depot shop ,
tions or duties. usually outlined or bounded by posts, pil
battle casualty report, report originating in lars, or columns ; 3 . straight section of a
the lowest administrative unit and trans trench between two bends.
mitted successively through channels to bay markers, markers, either overhead or on
The Adjutant General giving particulars posts, numbered or lettered to designate a
of each individual who becomes a battle bay in a storage warehouse .
casualty as defined above, and circum
beach capacity, estimate, expressed in terms
stances incident thereto. (No report is
of measurement (or weight) tons, of the
made on personnel slightly wounded or
cargo that may be unloaded on a strip of
injured in action and not requiring hos shore per day from landing craft, ships or
pitalization .) . lighters . See clearance capacity ; storage
battle clasp, metallic bar device denoting par capacity .
ticipation in a campaign in World War I. beach defense, part of a coastal defensive
See service star.
position located at or near the water's
battlefield recovery, removal of disabled or edge, for defense against landing attacks.
abandoned materiel, either enemy or
beach diagram , diagram showing the landing
friendly, from the battlefield and its move
areas to be used by various landing teams.
ment to a recovery collecting point or to
Such landing areas are usually named by
a maintenance or supply establishment.
colors, as Beach Red , Yellow , Blue, etc.
battle honor, award to a unit or individual beach dump, 1. initial and temporary supply
denoting participation in a campaign ;
point established on a beachhead for re
streamer or band attached to the staff of
ceipt and issue of supplies ; 2. area adja
the flag , color, standard or guidon of a
cent to a beach utilized by a shore party
unit denoting battle participation or
for the temporary storage of supplies.
award of unit decoration .
beach exit, route for land movement of per
battle map , map showing ground features in
sonnel and materiel from a landing beach .
sufficient detail for tactical use by all
arms, usually at a scale of 1 : 25 ,000 .
This term includes entrances to the beach
used by returning vehicles .
battle position , position on which the main
beach flag, flag with colored background and
effort of the defense is concentrated. A vertical stripes. The background indicates
battle position is made up of a system of
the color designating the beach ; the
defensive sectors that support one an
stripes indicate the number of the beach .
other. The depth of the battle position is
It is not suitable as a beach marker. It is
limited by the depth of front-line infantry usually used on control and other craft
regiments.
that serve a designated beach area .
battle reconnaissance, continual observation,
beachhead , designated area on a hostile shore
made under combat conditions, of the ter
which , when seized and held , insures the
rain , disposition of the enemy, etc. It is
continuous landing of troops and materiel,
made during or immediately before battle ,
and provides maneuver space requisite for
when in close contact with the enemy. the projected operations ashore.
battle reserves. See reserve supplies. beachhead line, the line which fixes the in
battle sight, a predetermined sight setting shore limits of a beachead. See exploita
that, carried on a weapon, will enable the tion line.
firer to engage targets effectively at battle beach marker, sign or device used to identify
ranges when conditions do not permit a beach or certain activities thereon, for
exact sight settings. incoming waterborne traffic. Markers may
battle star. See service star. be panels, lights, buoys , or electronic
Baudot alphabet, alphabet of thirty -two char devices.
acters, designed particularly for tele - beachmaster , officer in command of a beach
graphic and radiotelegraphic communica- party .
SR 320 –5 – 1
bea 38
beach matting, fabricated material placed on | beaufort scale , internationally used scale of
soft ground or sand surfaces to improve wind velocities, ranging from 0 for " calm ”
traction of vehicles. to 12 for " hurricane."
beach obstacle, artificial obstacle placed on bed credit, number of beds which a hospital
possible landing beaches between the high is directed to make available for the re
water line and the vegetation , intended for ceipt, care, and treatment of patients from
use against personnel or vehicles. See the hospital, organization , or agency for
underwater obstacle. which the credit is established .
beach organization , in an amphibious opera - bedding roll, canvas or other cloth sheet in
tion, ( 1) the act, by the shore party, of which bedding and clothing are rolled and
taking the measures necessary to effect carried .
movement, supply, and evacuation across | beehive-shaped charge. See hollow cone charge.
beaches and in the beach area for logistical begin spell, in cryptography, the plain equiva
support of a landing force, (2 ) the planned lent of a code group indicating that the
arrangement of personnel and facilities to
groups following are spelling groups .
effect ( 1 ) above.
behind, the sensing of a tracer or burst which
beach party, naval element of a shore party passes to the rear of a moving target, with
which provides beaching control for land reference to the coarse line.
ing craft and landing ships, regulates wa
ter traffic near the beach , surveys and belt, 1. cloth strip with loops, or a series of
marks channels and obstructions near the metal links with grips for holding car
beach , salvages and repairs landing craft, tridges which are fed into an automatic
gun ; 2 . strip of terrain , usually parallel
and assists in the evacuation of wounded
from the beach . to the front ; 3. line of obstacles used for
defense. A line of wire entanglement is a
beach reserves, in an amphibious operation , an belt . Two or more belts form a band .
accumulation of supplies of all classes
established in dumps on the beach . belt- fed, supplied with cartridges from a feed
belt for automatic weapons.
beach support area, area behind a landing
force (or elements thereof) , established belt- loading, arranging ammunition for an
and operated by shore party units, which automatic, belt-fed gun in an ammunition
contains the facilities for the unloading of belt.
troops and materiel ; the supply and main - belt road. See lateral road.
tenance of the forces ashore ; and the evac bench mark , marker along a line of survey in
uation of wounded, prisoners, and other dicating elevation ; point of known loca
personnel. tion and elevation along a line of survey
beam , 1. extreme breadth of a ship ; 2. a that is permanently or semipermanently
radio signal sent out by a radio range marked . Often used as a reference point
station as an aid to air navigation . in subsequent surveys.
beam rider, missile for which the guidance berm , 1 . shelf near the top of a trench or
system consists of standard reference sig other dugout shelter. A berm prevents
nals transmitted in a radar beam which caving banks or sides from falling into the
enable the missile to sense its location trench or shelter and provides a support
relative to the beam , correct its course, and for beams ; 2 . with reference to a sand
thereby stay on the beam . beach , a flat zone slightly above high tide
bearing, 1 . direction of one object from an level ; 3. an earthen mound placed along
other expressed as an angle measured the flank or flanks of a firing range to pro
clockwise from north . Bearing is meas tect personnel.
ured from true north unless otherwise in - | Bessel method , method of locating an observ
dicated ; 2. angle measured from either er 's position on a map or chart by sighting
north or south towards either the east or along points on the map that represent
the west, as “ south 30 degrees east” cor visible terrain features. The map is ori
responding to an azimuth of 150 degrees . ented so that the relative positions of the
In this usage, bearings are never greater points on the map and those of the terrain
than 90 degrees. features correspond . The observer' s posi
beaten zone, area on the ground that is hit tion is the point of intersection of the
by the shots fired from a gun battery. lines joining each point on the map with
Because of gun vibration , differences in its corresponding terrain feature.
separate shells, changes in wind, etc., the bid , an offer to buy from or furnish supplies
shots fired in a series from a gun follow or services to the Government under cer.
slightly different paths and strike at dif - tain prescribed conditions at a stated
ferent points, covering a considerable area. | price.
 SR 320 _5 - 1
39 bla
bi-fuel propulsion , propulsion system which , biting angle , smallest angle of impact at
obtains its power from two fuels, one fuel which a projectile will penetrate or pierce
being the oxygen carrier while the other armor .
supplies the hydrocarbon . See mono -fuel bivouac, a pre -selected piece of terrain , gen
propulsion . erally in rear areas out of direct contact
bilateral observation , system for determining with the enemy where a command rests
deviation of impacts or bursts from the and prepares for further movement.
· target by the use of two instruments and blackout, 1. passive defense measure consist
observers located at a distance from each
ing of screening or extinguishing all lights
other. that might be seen by the enemy ; 2. effect
bilateral spotting. See bilateral observation . of exposure to positive acceleration in
billet, shelter or quarters for troops in pri which there is complete temporary loss of
vate or nonmilitary public buildings. vision with preservation of consciousness.
bill of lading, a document by which a trans- | blackout lamp. See blackout light.
portation line acknowledges receipt of blackout light, lamp put on vehicles for use
freight and contracts for its movement . I during blackouts ; blackout lamp. It is
A United States Government Bill of Lad- used because it can be seen from the air
ing is used when a Federal agency pays only at very close range.
for freight charges and ships materials or black powder, an unstable. sensitive, and
property by common carrier. When ac easily ignitable low explosive charge used
complishment by consignee on delivery of as a component of igniters, igniting prim
shipment at destination , it is used by the ers, fuzes, and blank fire charges.
carrier to support its transportation blank ammunition , ammunition containing
charges. The word " lading” means “ load
powder but no projectile. Blank ammu
ing ," hence, the expression “ bill of lading."
nition is used in training, in signalling,
bill of materials, a qualitative, quantitative, and in firing salutes .
and descriptive listing of all materials and blanket, 1. Layer of smoke , clouds , or fog
equipment required for a specific purpose.
covering troops or operations ; 2. lay a
binary net, net consisting of two stations protective screen of smoke over, or in
communicating with each other on the front of, friendly troops ; blind enemy
same frequency troops with a cover of smoke ; 3 . prevent
bin storage, storage of unpackaged parts, a sound locator from discovering bombers
subassemblies, assemblies or end items in by flying a pursuit formation directly over
bins so that an item may be withdrawn it and drowning out the sound of the
without breaking open a package contain bombers.
ing a number of such items. blanketing smoke. See smoke blanket.
bin storage space, that space in which storage blanket roll , folded and rolled blanket
bins or stock racks have been erected ; in wrapped in the shelter half and usually
cludes the aisles and working spaces be containing poles and pins, undershirt,
tween bins. (Sometimes referred to as drawers, and socks. The blanket roll is
bin storage area .) usually carried in the pack.
biographical intelligence, that component of blank file, position in a drill formation that
strategic intelligence which deals with in has not been filled .
dividual personalities of actual or poten
tial importance . blast, sudden air pressure created by the dis
biological agent, viruses, any of certain clas
charge of a gun or the explosion of a
charge.
sifications of micro -organisms and toxic
substances derived from living organisms blast area, scorched area of ground in front
· used to produce death or disease in man , of, and around, the muzzle of a gun ,
animals , and growing plants . caused by repeated blasts.
biological warfare, tactics and techniques of blasting cap , small cylindrical case with thin
conducting warfare by use of biological wall in which is inclosed a sensitive explo
agents . sive such as mercury fulminate, used as a
bisection , process used in preparing plain text detonator to set off another explosive
for encryption , which consists of breaking charge. The explosive in the blasting cap
the plain text of a message into two seg is fired either by a burning fuse or by
ments or portions usually of unequal electricity. Also called detonator.
length , transposing the segments so the blasting fuse, time fuse used with blasting
actual beginning and ending are buried , caps for setting off an explosive charge,
and indicating the true beginning in a used especially in demolishing stone, brick ,
distinctive manner . mortar, and concrete structures . It is
SR 320 –5 - 1
bla 40

often a length of inflammable cord that blocking position , a position organized to deny
burns at a fixed rate. the enemy access to a given area or to
blasting machine, small hand -operated gener prevent further advance of the enemy in
ator for electrically firing one or more a given direction . See blocking force.
detonators or squibs to explode or ignite block load. See block shipment.
munition or series of munitions. block plot, artillery fire control overlay used
blast mark , worn area of the ground in front with aerial photographs for target loca
of a gun , caused by the force of the blast tion and is designed to replace or supple
of firing. Unconcealed , it may give away ment a map . The block plot overlay is
the position of the gun . gridded and carries sufficient data to en
bleach. See bleaching material. able its user to orient adjacent photo
graphs under it .
bleaching material, white powder with a chlo
mmonly block shipment, method of shipment of sup
rinelike odor which is the most commonly
used decontaminant for blister gases and plies to oversea theaters to provide bal.
G -series war gases . It may be used alone, anced stocks for an arbitrary balanced
in dry mix , or in slurry. It is also known force for a specific number of days. For
as bleach , chlorinated lime, or chloride of example , shipment of 30 days' supply for
lime. an average force of 10 ,000 individuals .
bleaching powder . See bleaching material. block storing , stowing of similar containers
in a block .
bleed , adjust hydraulic brakes or recoil mech block system . See block control.
anisms by removing part of the fluid in
order to get rid of air pockets. blood and nerve poison , war gas which is
blend , combine colors in camouflage so that absorbed into the body by breathing , by
ingestion , or through the skin , and affects
a dividing line between them cannot be the nervous and respiratory systems and
clearly seen .
various body functions.
blind circuit, circuit in which communication | blowback , 1. escape, to the rear and under
is possible in only one direction . pressure , of gases formed during the firing
blinding smoke, small smoke screen placed of a gun . Blowback may be caused by a
directly on any enemy position to prevent defective breech mechanism , a ruptured
observation . cartridge, or a faulty primer ; 2. type of
blind transmission , transmission which is weapon operation in which the force of
made without expectation of a receipt or expanding gases acting to the rear against
(reply. the face of the bolt furnishes all the energy
required to initiate the complete cycle of
blinker, signal light that flashes dots and operation of the piece. A weapon which
dashes according to code to spell out a employs this method of operation is charac
message . terized by the absence of any breech lock
blip . See pip . or bolt lock mechanism .
blister gas, war gas used for casualty effect ; blue discharge. See discharge without honor .
injures the eyes and lungs and blisters the blue envelope, envelope that is available to
skin ; formerly called vesicant. enlisted personnel as a cover for personal
block , 1. group of explosive units fastened communication which will be censored by a
together to go off at once ; 2 . obstacle that base examiner .
prevents or hinders the advance of enemy blue seal letter, an official Department of the
troops ; 3. hinder the movement of ground Army document changing the status of a
troops by placing obstacles across the prisoner confined in a disciplinary barracks
routes of advance ; 4. interfere with enemy or a Federal institution with reference to
radio broadcasts by transmitting on the length of sentence and type of discharge.
same frequency ; 5. stack which is two or board , committee of officers appointed to act
more pallet loads or containers wide, two as a fact- finding agency or as an advisory
or more deep, and two or more high . body to a commander.
block control, method used to prevent traffic board of review , board composed of officers of
from interfering with the movement of The Judge Advocate General's Corps ap
troops or supplies ; block system . Traffic pointed by The Judge Advocate General to
patrols of military police, etc., are sent perform , in his office or a branch office,
ahead of the convoy of troops or supplies functions of appellate review with refer
to stop other traffic and clear the way ence to courts-martial.
blocking force, a force used to prevent enemy board of survey, officers appointed to investi
forces from approaching from a given gate the circumstances of the loss or dam
direction . age to , or destruction of, property and
 SR 320 - 5 - 1
41 bom

generally to fix the responsibility for the , bogie , 1. truck or carriage consisting of an
loss, damage, or destruction and to take axle and two wheels, or two axles and four
such other action as may be required by wheels . Bogies are used to support the
law or regulations. weight of a heavy body, such as an artil
boat assembly area , area in which boats are lery gun or railway car ; 2 . roller or wheel
assembled preparatory to , or after, the that rides on the track of a track laying
ferrying of troops and supplies. In an vehicle , and that takes up and distributes
amphibious operation the area is fixed in the weight of the vehicle along the track ;
reference to a transport from which troops 3 . in a motor vehicle, any combination of
and supplies are to be unloaded . springs, torque arms, and brackets, that
enables two axles to function together , as
boat assignment table , table showing the 18
signment of personnel and materiel to each | load-carrying or driving axles.
boat for the ship - to-shore movement. bogie axle . See bogie.
boat availability table. See landing craft avail- bolo, heavy, single-edged knife similar to a
ability table. machete, but usually shorter.
boat diagram , a diagram showing the posi- | bolt, sliding mechanism that closes the breech
tions of individuals and equipment in each in some types of small arms. It usually
boat in the assault waves of an amphibious contains the extractor and the firing pin .
operation . bolt mechanism , mechanicalassembly in a bolt
boat flotilla , landing craft organization of two action gun that includes the moving parts
or more boat groups , which insert, fire, and extract a round of
boat group , usually the landing craft organi- ammunition .
zation for landing a battalion landing | bombardment, attack made on a target by
team . It also denotes the landing craft artillery fire or by bombs dropped from air
carried by an attack transport. craft.
boat space , space and weight factor used to bombardment aviation . class of military avia .
determine the capacity of boats and land tion organized to attack surface or under
ing craft . With respect to landing craft, water objectives with bombs. Bombard
it is based on the requirements of one man ment aviation is classified as light,medium ,
with his individual equipment. He is
or heavy.
assumed to weight 224 pounds and to
occupy 13.5 cubic feet of space . bombardment photography, taking pictures
from aircraft of the terrain at the time a
boat-tail, rear end of a projectile that is bomb is released , or of the location of
tapered or cone-shaped, and not cylindri bomb bursts in relation to the target.
cal, as in projectile having a square base.
bomb cemetery, assigned area to which bombs
boat team , subordinate unit of the landing are taken for final disposal operations after
team , constituted to function from the the fuzes are made safe.
pre-debarkation phase of the landing until
normal unit organization has been re bomb damage assessment, photo interpretation
established ashore. It is the personnel, report made to determine the effectiveness
with their equipment, loaded in one land of a bombing mission . This report is made
ing boat or amphibious vehicle charged subsequent to the mission, differentiating
with the performance of a task after bomb damage assessment for bombardment
disembarking . photography.
boat team leader, senior commissioned officer bomb disposal, scientific and technical proce
or noncommissioned officer of the boat | dure for handling and rendering safe unex
team , ploded bombs and other missiles, or their
destruction through detonation .
boat telephone, sound -powered telephone used
for communication through a shore cable | bomb disposal officer, staff officer of
who directs
unexploded
between shore and a boat.
and supervises the disposal
bombs, and who advises the commander on
boat wave, landing craft within a boat group all matters connected with bomb disposal.
which transport the troops that are to
bombing, dropping bombs from an airplane on
land approximately simultaneously. enemy targets . Bomb is classified as area ,
bobbing target, practice target that is fully pattern , or precision bombing according to
exposed to the firer for the short time that the technique used in covering the target.
he is given to fire on the target. A bob Bombing is further classified as single shot,
bing target is pulled down or turned so salvo, train , or volley bombing, according
that only its edge faces the firer during the to the method by which the bombs are
time that the target is not fully exposed . released from the airplane or formation of
bog, bow gunner of a tank . aircraft.
SR 320- 5 - 1
bom 42

bombing altitude, absolute altitude, or actual | boom , floating barrier used to block entry to
distance airplane is above target, at tiine water channels, harbor mouths, etc . A
bombs are dropped . boom is usually constructed of logs and
bomb line, a line designated by ground forces , steel cables .
beyond which air attacks may be executed boost, 1. bring about a more rapid explosion
without clearances from the ground forces . of the main charge of an explosive by us
This line is a precautionary measure to ing an additional charge to set it off ; 2.
guard against accidental air attacks on supply a machine or engine with a stronger
friendly ground forces. The bomb line mixture of fuel than would be supplied by
should be easily identifiable by terrain fea normal means .
tures from the air and the ground so as to booster, 1. high -explosive element, sufficiently
prevent confusion . Formerly known as sensitive to be actuated by small explosive
bomb safety line. elements in a fuze, and powerful enough to
bomb reconnaissance, act of reconnoitering to cause detonation of the main explosive
determine the presence of an unexploded filling . 2. an auxiliary propulsion system ,
missile , ascertaining its nature, applying which travels with the missile and may or
all practicable protective measures for the may not separate from the missile , when
protection of personnel, installations, and its impulse has been delivered . See jato ;
equipment and finally reporting essential recoil booster.
information to the authority directing booster dose, portion of the same immunizing
bomb disposal operations. agent given at a later period to stimu
bomb release line, an imaginary line around late effects of a previous dose. See im
a defended area or objective over which a munization .
bomber should release its first bomb in boot, a leather, textile, or rubber shoe ex
order to obtain a hit on the near edge of tending well above the ankle ; a leather or
the area or objective. See initial bomb textile sheath to hold and protect small
release line ; final bomb release line. arms, commonly carried on the side of a
bomb safety line. See bomb line. saddle , motorcycle , or other vehicle .
bond, accountable property officer's, a bond bore, 1. the cylindrical rifled portion of the
executed by an individual who is charged gun tube, or barrel interior, extending from
with the responsibility of protecting and the forcing cone to the muzzle . Bore is
maintaining Government property or keep used both for the inside surface of the
ing records for such property. barrel or tube of a gun , with its rifling ,
bonded warehouse, a warehouse under bond to and for the cylindrical space inclosed by
the Government for payment of customs that portion of the tube ; 2. inside diameter
duties, and taxes on goods stored or proc of an engine cylinder .
essed there. bore brush , brush used for cleaning the riling
booby mine, mine used as a booby trap. of a gun .
booby trap, mine or other explosive, usually bore impression , impression , made with a plas
hidden or concealed , with its firing mecha tic substance, of the bore of a cannon in
nism placed so that it will be set off by an order to determine the condition of the
unsuspecting person through such means rifling.
as lifting or moving an apparently harm bore rest. See clinometer rest.
less object. Booby traps are used to cause
casualties among enemy personnel. See | bore-safe fuze, type of fuze having an inter
antipersonnel mine. ruptor in the explosive train that prevents
book message, a message transmitted to a a projectile from exploding until after it
number of addressees , the content of which has cleared the muzzle of a weapon .
requires no co -ordination among ad- bore sight, device used to aline the axis of the
dressees. The addressees are either all bore of a gun with an aiming point. A
action or all information addressees but bore sight consists of a part attached to
never a combination of the two . Separate the muzzle of the gun and a part attached
headings corresponding to points of dis to the breech of the gun . The soldier
tribution may be employed for the same using it sights through the bore sight to
text. aline the axis of the gun bore with an aim
bookmobile, a vehicle, equipped as a mobile ing point to which the gun sight is ad
library, complete with book collection and justed , so that the axis of the bore is alined
library equipment, operating under Special with the axis of the gun sight.
Services, designed to serve personnel of bore sighting , process by which the axis of a
field units and other activities preclud gun bore and the line of a gun sight are
ing the establishment of a permanent made parallel or are made to converge on a
library . point.
 433
SR 320– 5– 1
bre
Do

bound , 1. single movement, usually from cover | bracketing, sensing applied to range when
to cover, made by troops, often under ar- | both overs and shorts in any proportion
tillery fire or long -range small arms fire. result from a group of shots fired at the
A forward move made by a series of same range or elevation setting .
bounds is called an advance by bounds ; 2 . bracketing elevation , an elevation which gives
distance covered in one movement by a both overs and shorts .
• unit which is advancing by bounds ; 3 .
bracketing method , a method of adjusting ar
change of firing data to move the center tillery and mortar fire in which a bracket
of impact in direction or range. is established by obtaining an over and a
boundary, line designating the lateral limits short, with respect to the observer , then
and depth of zones of action or of area or successively splitting the bracket in half
sectors of defense. until a target hit is obtained or the small
boundary light, light that marks off one of est practicable range change has been
the limits of a zone or area . Boundary made.
lights are especially used to mark the lim - bracketing salvo , group of shots in which the
its of landing fields. number of shots going over the target
bound barrel, barrel that is touching parts of equals the number falling short of it.
the stock in such a manner that expansion brake rigging , assembly of levers and con
due to heat from firing causes the barrel to necting rods mounted upon locomotive
bind and bend, resulting in inaccurate trucks, which when actuated by movement
fire . to the piston within the brake cylinder,
bounding mine, type of antipersonnel mine, will transmit and multiply that pressure
usually buried just below the surface of upon the brake shoes.
the ground. It has a small charge which brake shoe (s ) , frictional element which when
throws the case up in the air ; this explodes applied against the tread of a wheel or
at a height of three or four feet , throwing against a brake-drum produces a retard
shrapnel or fragments in all directions. ing effect or braking action .
bourrelet, finely machined band or ring of branch , 1 . subdivision of the Army (AR
metal just behind the ogive of a projectile , 320 - 5 ) ; 2 . subdivision of any organiza
and designed to support the front portion tion ; 3. geographically separate unit of
of the projectile, riding the bands as it an activity which performs all or part of
travels through the bore of a gun . the primary functions of the parent ac
bow gun, gun mounted at the front of a ship tivity on a smaller scale . Unlike an an .
or armored vehicle , especially a semifixed , nex, a branch is not merely an overflow
forward - firing gun in tanks. addition .
bow -on , facing the firer . A bow -on -target is branch depot, installation where supplies are
a target that presents its narrower dimen - stored and issued by a single service, as
sion exactly toward the gun firing at it . contrasted with a general depot, which is
When an enemy tank is headed exactly at operated by two or more services ; tech
the gun firing at it, the tank is a bow -on nical service depot.
target. branch immaterial, 1. pertaining to personnel
bow wave. See ballistic wave. or activities not specifically related to any
box magazine, box -like device that holds am particular arm or service ; 2 . pertaining to
munition and feeds it into the receiver training in basic subjects without arm or
mechanism of certain types of automatic service specialization ,
weapons. Branch U . S . Disciplinary Barracks. See dis
box pallet, a pallet with framework back and ciplinary barracks.
sides, so constructed that several may be brassard, band of cloth having varying colors
stacked , one upon another, without the or insignia on it , worn around the left
weight being borne by the supplies, but sleeve as a sign that the wearer is as
only by the pallets . signed to certain special duties. Military
police wear a blue brassard with MP in
box trail, artillery weapon trail composed of
a single , rigid member . The three types white letters .
of box trails are simple box , modified box, breach , 1. gap or opening forcibly made in a
and tubular. fortification or position ; 2 . create such a
bracket, 1 . distance between two strikes or gap or opening .
series of strikes one of which is over the breach of arrest, military offense committed
target and the other short of it, or one of by one subject to military law under ar
which is to the right and the other to the rest when , without permission , he leaves
left of the target ; 2 . to deliver fire that the limits of the area to which he has
places a bracket on the target. been restricted .
 SR 320_ 5 – 1
bre 44
break, 1. pause between the heading and body , brevet, commission giving an officer higher
of a message, between the body and sig - honorary rank without increase in pay or
nature, or elsewhere in the message ; 2 . in the right to exercise greater command ex
terruption in the transmission of a mes- 1 cept by special assignment.
sage by electrical means ; 3. in crypt brevet rank. See brevet .
analysis , the initial entry into a system
or element thereof ; 4 . See date break ; pip ; brevity code, code which has for its sole pur
5. authorized rest period during an ac pose the shortening of messages rather
than the concealment of intent, also called
tivity. A break is usually of specified condensation code.
duration , as ten -minute break .
break camp, pack all equipment and make bridged circuit, circuit which is connected in
parallel with an existing circuit.
· ready to march , following bivouac, a stay
... at a post, etc. bridgehead, position on the hostile side of a
river or defile that is established by ad
break ranks, fall out of ranks ; leave ranks.
vance troops of an attacking force to pro
breakthrough, 1. attack which penetrates tect and cover the crossing of the main
through and beyond the depth of a defen body over the river or defile , or as a base
sive position or zone ; 2. a term usually for further operations. See also beachhead .
employed to describe a successful large
brief, to instruct in preparation for a specific
scale peneration .
operation .
breasting float, float used to keep a vessel brigade
while secured, away from the pier. , tactical or tactical and administra
tive unit consisting of a headquarters and
breastwork , earthwork which gives protection two or more groups or regiments . A bri
for defenders in a standing position , firing gade is usually commanded by a brigadier
over the crest. Breastworks are con general.
structed wholly or partly above the sur
face of the ground. See parapet . brisance, shattering power of high explosives .
breather, a vent in an assembly , by means of British Anti- Lewisite , compound usually is
sued as an ointment for use in first-aid
which the internal pressure is kept ap
proximately the same as that of the at treatment of the eyes against liquid blister
gases .
mosphere.
breech, rear part of the bore of a gun , espe British thermal unit, quantity of heat required
cially the opening that permits the pro to raise the temperature of one pound of
jectile to be inserted at the rear of the water one degree Fahrenheit.
bore . broad gage. See standard gage.
breech -blast. broken stowage, lost or unfilled space in and
See back -blast.
around cargo stowed underdeck in a vessel,
breechblock , movable steel block that closes .
bronze arrowhead . See arrowhead .
the rear part of the barrel in a firearm .
bronze oak - leaf cluster. See oak - leaf cluster ;
breechblock carrier, hinged member of a
breech mechanism which supports the ro silver oak - leaf cluster.
tating breechblock of cannon . Bronze Palm . See Medal of Freedom .
breechblock tray, tray - like support for the bronze service star. See service star ; silver
breechblock , hinged to the breech of a service star.
large cannon , which supports the breech - | Bronze Star Medal, decoration denoting hero
block when it is withdrawn and permits ism , meritorious service or achievement, or
it to be swung clear of the breech . meritorio us or exemplary conduct in
breech bore sight, disk with a small opening ground combat ; decoration precedence
at its center that fits snugly in the breech number 8 . See V .- Device.
chamber of a gun . The breech bore sight Browning automatic rifle , air- cooled, gas oper
is commonly used with a muzzle bore sight ated , magazine fed , shoulder weapon with
in boresight ing a gun . A soldier sights bipod. It has two cyclic rates of full auto
along a line established by the two sights matic fire, normal and slow , which may be
as the axis of the bore at an aiming point selected by the firer .
to which the gun sight has been adjusted , Browning machine gun, machine gun firing . 30
so that the axis of the gun bore is alined caliber or .50 caliber ammunition , used by
with the axis of the sight. the United States Army.
breech operating mechanism , those parts of brush guard, a protective device, usually con
the breech used for opening and closing structed of metal rods, placed in front
the breech . headlights and radiator grilles of military
breech ring, breechblock housing, screwed or vehicles.
shrunk onto the rear of a cannon , in which brush revetment, cut brush beld against a
the breechblock engages. wall by pickets.
 SR 320 –5 – 1
45 bur
brushwood hurdle, woven rectangle of brush - | tinguished from bin storage ; 2. storage of
wood used as a revetment. liquid petroleum products in tanks, as dis
tinguished from drum or packaged storage.
buddy system , a system that requires that two
or more persons work and remain near bulk supply , any kind of military supplies
each other in certain areas and on certain that are sent out in very large quantities.
missions so they can give each other Sand , gravel, paint, gunpowder, etc., are
mutual protection and assistance. examples of bulk supply . Bulk supplies
budget credit , allowance for money or mate are measured in terms of weight or volume
rial, issued to a military unit according to rather than in terms of the number of
- a system of money credits based on the units ,

approximate troop strength of the unit. bullet, shaped piece of lead, steel, or other
budget directive, directive of the Budget Offi metal designed to be shot from a rifle or
cer for the Department of the Army to other firearm of small caliber . The bullet
estimating agencies within the Depart is a part of the cartridge ; the explosion
ment of the Army prescribing the time of the propelling charge in the cartridge
and manner in which estimates are to be case expels the bullet violently.
presented to the Budget Officer . This di- bullet drop. See bullet.
rective also sets forth the basic assump bulletin , official publication carrying advisory
tions to be considered in preparing the
or informative material that is relatively
estimates.
permanent.
budget item , article thatmay be issued , at the
bullet splash , dispersion of finely divided or
discretion of the commanding officer, to
organizations or to individuals and melted metal produced upon impact of a
charged against budget credits. projectile with armor plate or other hard
objects .
buffer, device or mechanism that absorbs and
checks, the recoil or counterrecoil force of bull' s eye powder, common type of powder
a weapon when it is fired . used as a propelling charge in small-arms
ammunition .
build -up, process of attaining prescribed
strengths of units and levels of supply . bunker, a fortified structure for the protec
Also may be applied to the means of ac tion of personnel, defended gun position ,
complishing this process. or a defensive position .
bulk liquid storage space , space in tanks desig - burning train . See igniter train .
nated for the storage of liquids in bulk . burnt velocity , velocity of a rocket projectile
bulk loading , stowage of supplies so as to at themoment when burning of propellant
utilize the entire carrying capacity of a ceases.
vessel, disregarding segregation of cargoes burst, 1. series of shots fired by one pressure
either by class, service, or commodity . It on the trigger of an automatic weapon ; 2 .
permits maximum economy in shipping explosion of a projectile in the air or when
space but requires additional labor facili it strikes the ground or target.
ties at destination for segregation and
assembly of supplies for use .
burst center. See center of burst.
bulk method load , in airborne usage, the bulk burster, explosive charge used to break open
load method is generally used for comput and spread the contents of chemical pro
ing aircraft requirements to transport bulk L jectiles, bombs, or mines.
supplies. The method is based on the fact burster blocks, prefabricated , reinforced con
that the weight of the cargo is the de- crete blocks so designed that they can be
termining factor in computing aircraft wired together to form a burster course.
requirements. burster course, concrete slab in a fortification ;
bulk petroleum , liquid petroleum in containers detonating slab. It detonates projectiles
of more than 55 -gallon capacity. before they can enter deeply enough to
bulk replacement stockage, bulk number of cause great destruction , or prevents pro
jectiles from penetrating.
personnel authorized to be attached un
assigned in the replacement system of an burster tube, tube that holds the burster in
oversea theater and included in the au a chemical projectile.
thorized chargeable strength of a theater. bursting charge. See explosive charge.
bulk stock, full and unbroken packages of bursting layer, layer of hard material used in
military supplies. the roofs of dugouts or cave shelters. It
bulk storage, 1. storage in a warehouse of sets off shells fuzed for short delay or im
supplies and equipment in large quanti mediate detonation before they can enter
ties, usually in original containers, as dis - l deeply enough to cause great destruction .
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
bur 46

burst interval, space between bursts of suc- target butt ; 2 . rear end of the stock of a
cessful pieces in a salvo. rifle or other small arm .
burst range, horizontal distance from the butt plate, metal or rubber covering of the
piece to the point of burst. end of the stock on small arms, particu
burst wave, wave of compressed air caused by larly rifles.
a bursting projectile or bomb ; detonation butt stroke, blow with the butt end of a rifle .
wave. It may cause extensive local A butt stroke is used in close combat,
damage. especially in bayonet fighting and bayonet
bus, vehicle designed or converted, for the drill.
transportation of 12 or more military or by pass, to go around an enemy without seek
civilian personnel. ing to destroy him first.
bus transportation , transportation of military by the left ( right) flank , preparatory command
or civilian personnel by means of vehicles, to have every soldier in a formation change
other than tactical vehicles, principally direction 90 degrees to the left ( right) of
used or held for use to carry 12 or more the original direction of march .
passengers, including the operator . by the numbers, preparatory command given
butt, 1. retaining wall at a target range , in close order drill to signify that the
backed up with earth on the side next to movement ordered is to be carried out step
the firing point, with a target pit on the by step , at the command of the drill
opposite side. In this meaning, also called instructor .

C , the change in elevation that will cause a | weapon , from the breech face of the tube
change of 100 yards in range. to the muzzle , by the diameter of its bore .
cab signal, arrangement of electrical devices A gun tube the bore of which is 40 feet
whereby the condition of the track ahead (480 inches ) long and 12 inches in diam
is indicated in the cab through the use of eter is said to be 40 calibers long.
either colored or positional lights. calibration , 1. determining the corrections
cable block, road obstruction made by stretch for a gun by firing . Calibration is used
ing a cable diagonally across a road so as to bring the center of impact or burst of a
to ditch a vehicle that hits the cable . gun to a predetermined point which makes
a definite pattern with the centers of burst
cable system , electric wiring and power gener or impact of the other guns of the same
ating equipment necessary for the opera battery ; 2 . measurement of wear in the
tion of a system , such as an antiaircraft
bore of a gun in order to correct for the
artillery gun battery. It supplies power,
difference ofmuzzle velocity between it and
and provides interconnections for the the other guns of a battery ; 3 . determining
proper distribution of power and trans of the corrections to be made in the read
mission of data . ings of instruments used in precise
cadastral map, map of extremely large scale measuring .
showing the exact position and dimensions
calibration corrections, corrections applied to
of objects and real estate properties .
a gun in a battery to make its center of
cadence, uniform step and rhythm in march burst or impact form a definite, predeter
ing. mined pattern with the centers of burst
cadre, key group of officers and enlisted men or impact of the other guns in the same
necessary to perform essentialduties in the battery .
formation , administration , and training of calibration fire, experimental fire to determine
additional men to complete their unit. the calibration corrections needed for the
caged storage, storage space within a building | individual guns of a battery.
specially screened or barricaded to prevent calibrator, an oscillator employing a crystal
pilferage. that produces an extremely stable and ac
calcium bleach . See bleaching material. curate signal used to check the recurring
caliber, 1. diameter of the base of a gun . In frequency of radio equipment.
rified gun bases the caliber is obtained by call, 1. request for the delivery of supplies
measuring between opposite lands. A cali covered by credits or allocations. In this
ber .45 revolver has a barrel with a land meaning , also called draft ; 2. signal on a
diameter 45/100 of an inch ; 2. diameter of a bugle, drum , or whistle ; 3. that part of a
projectile ; 3 . unit of measure used to ex message containing the call signs of the
press the length of the bore of a weapon . station calling and the station called ; 4 .
The number of calibers is determined by request from the port transportation
dividing the length of the bore of the officer to the Chief of Transportation for
 SR 320 _ 5 - 1
cam

shipments , to include the time and place at of a surveyed baseline, and photograph
which the movement is desired to reach the both the target and the burst of the
port ; 5. request of the port commander projectile.
for movement to the port. It is forwarded camouflage, a general term used to describe
to the agency responsible for issuing move any measure the aim of which is to mislead
ment orders and includes the date and
by misrepresenting the existence or the
time the unit and equipment accompany true identity of any installation , equip
ing or shipped by the unit will arrive at ment, or activity ; a term used to describe
the port. the series of related concealment and
call fire, gunfire delivered on a predesignated deception measures which may form a part
target in response to a request from the of the overall plan for the protection of
support unit. installations, equipment, or activities.
call mission , an air mission which has been See concealment ; deception.
scheduled for attack against a target of camouflage discipline, 1. maintenance in good
opportunity or for the support of a desig condition of all disguises set up to conceal
nated ground unit . The actual target military equipment or personnel ; 2 . obedi
and time of attack are subsequently ence to rules of conduct established to pre
announced . vent enemy observation .
call off, command to the members of unit to camouflage net , net to which is fastened cam
call out their titles or numbers in order. ouflage material such as grass, burlap
call sign , group of letters or numerals or of strips, or branches. A camouflage net is
both , used for the identification of nets, made of cord and is put over gun emplace
stations, commands, and commanders, in ments and military materiel to disguise
the operation of electrical means of signal and conceal them . When a standard cam
communication . ouflage net is not available , chicken wire
call sign , indefinite, a call sign which repre or other kinds of netting may be used .
sents no specific station , but which may camouflet, underground cavity caused by an
represent any station or any group of underground explosion which fails to rup
stations. ture the surface of the earth . The cham
call sign, international, a call sign assigned in ber retains a portion of the gases of com
accordance with the provisions of the In bustion within itself .
ternational Telecommunications Union to camofleur, man who conceals or disguises mili
identify a radio station . The first letter | tary objects by camouflage.
or first two letters indicate the nationality camp, 1. group of tents, huts, or other shelter
of the radio station . set up temporarily for troops . A camp is
call sign , radio , a group of letters, numerals more permanent than a bivouac. A tempo
or a combination of both which identifies a rary military post is called a camp, a per
radio station . manent one a fort ; 2. place where tents,
call sign , tactical, a group of letters, numer huts, or temporary buildings are set up ;
als, or a combination of both , or a pro 3 . make a camp ; put up tents , huts , or
nounceable word ( s ) which represents and other shelter.
identifies a tactical command or tactical campaign , engagement with an armed enemy
communication facility. within a specified area between specified
call sign , voice, a word or a combination of dates.
words intended for transmission by voice
campaign badge. See service medal.
and which identifies a command or com
munication facility . campaign clasp. See battle clasp .
call the shot, in target practice, to give an campaign medal. See service medal.
opinion of where a shot strikes before the campaign plans, 1 . a strategic plan , peculiar
actual point is announced. to theater plans for a series of related mili
tary operations aimed at a definite objec
call to quarters, bugle call warning soldiers to
tive within a given time and area . It
goto quarters. Call toquarters is usually
contains the concept, the operations re
blown 15 minutes before taps is blown, and
warns soldiers to go to quarters before beds quired and their time phasing, and tenta
tively lists the means necessary to accom
are checked and lights are put out.
plish these operations ; 2. a plan for a
call-up , set of signals used by a radio station connected series of military operations
to establish contact with another station . forming a distinct stage in a war. Hence,
camel. See breasting float. a plan for the accomplishment of one of
camera spotting, observation of artillery fire the undertakings prescribed in the war
using two motion -picture cameras which plan (cf. war plan ) which it supports.
operate at the same time at opposite ends Normally includes under ( 1 ) “ situation ”
SR 320 - 5- 1
cam 48

consideration of local enemy capabilities | ment ; 2. to use personnel of one or more

and most probable intentions in the objec units to complete the authorized strength
tive area , basic intelligence of the area , of another unit.
information relating to the situation and canning, preparation of materiel for long term
mission of higher authority, allied and storage by stowing in metallic containers.
other forces affecting the campaign in The containers may contain one or more
question , and a summary of such of the items. They may be portable for ship
national objectives, strategic concept, and ment, or may be fixed (such as petroleum
basic undertakings of the war plan as may type storage tanks) . The interior of the
affect the decisions of the campaign com container is desiccated to maintain low
mander ; under (2 ) “mission ” - a state relative humidity .
ment of the particular undertaking (from cannon , 1. fixed or mobile weapon , larger than
paragraph 3 of the war plan ) which is to
small arms, that throws its projectile by
be accomplished by this campaign together the use of an explosive . Cannon includes
with a phased list of the component tasks
guns, howitzers , and breech -loading mor
to be performed under ( 3 ) “ operations” —
tars ; 2. that portion of an artillery
the allocation of forces to subordinate
weapon required to fire a projectile ; tube,
operation plans for the performance of
breech mechanism , and firing mechanism of
each of the tasks listed under the mission ;
an artillery weapon .
under ( 4 ) " logistics and administration "
the supply. evacuation . transportation . I cannoneer, member of an artillery gun or
howitzer crew whose primary duty is
construction , personnel, and administrative
factors of the campaign ; under (5 ) " com - | servicing the piece. See loader.
mand and communication ” - - the command cannon primer, assembly containing primer
structure of the campaign with means of | and igniter, to initiate burning of the
communicating between major elements. propelling charge.
campaign star. See service star. cannon salute, firing cannon a prescribed num
ber of times to honor a person, vessel, or
canadian grid , grid system for use on tri flag , or to celebrate a special event.
metrogon photography whereby the images
cannot observe, term used by a forward ob
may be rectified to reproduce a planimetric
server to indicate that he will be unable
map.
to adjust fire of artillery or mortars , but
canalize, to restrict operations to a narrow that he believes a target exists at the given
zone by natural or artificial obstacles or by location and that it is of sufficient impor
fire or bombing. tance to justify firing upon it without
canister, 1. metal cylinder containing metal adjustment.
fragments which are scattered when the canopy, supporting cloth surface of a para
cylinder breaks, causing injury or death to chute .
enemy personnel ; 2 . component of a gas or canopy express . See canopy express truck.
protective mask usually containing a me
chanical filter and a chemical filling to canopy express truck , truck designed primarily
filter, neutralize, absorb , and/ or adsorb for the transportation of light cargo, with
toxic agents from the air ; 3. shell compo a solid top and canopy side walls.
nent containing colored or screening smoke. cant, 1. leaning or tilt to one side of any
cannelure, 1. ring -like groove in the jacket of object ; especially , the sidewise tilting of a
gun ; 2 . lean or tilt to the side. A canted
a bullet which provides a means of securely
crimping the cartridge case to the bullet ; gun cannot be aimed accurately.
analogous to the crimping groove in artil cantilever, projecting bracket or beam that is
lery ammunition ; 2. ring-like groove for fastened and supported at one end only.
locking the jacket of an armor -piercing A cantilever bridge is made of two canti
bullet to the core ; 3. ring- like groove in levers whose projecting ends meet but do
the rotating band of a gun projectile to not support each other.
lessen the resistance offered to the gun cantilever extension , method of locating points
rifling ; 4 . groove around the base of a beyond a base line for use as control points
cartridge case, where the extractor takes in photomapping. Cantilever extension is
hold ; 5. ring-like groove cut into the out done by photography, and used when
side surface of a watercooled machine gun ground survey is not possible .
barrel into which packing is placed to pre- cantonment, group of temporary buildings for
vent the escape of water from the breech housing military personnel. A camp dif
end of the water jacket ; cannelure cut. fers from a cantonment in that a camp
cannibalize, 1. to remove serviceable parts generally utilizes tents for shelter.
from one item of equipment in order to canvas and webbing, items of quartermaster
install them on another item of equip - l equipment made chiefly of fabrics. The

49
terms include fabric items other than , career field , a group of related military occu
clothing, such as tents, tarpaulins, car pational specialties which form an or
tridge belts , etc.
cap, 1. nosepiece on a projectile ; 2. See
blasting cap .
capabilities, in strategic intelligence, the
courses of action within the power of a
foreign nation for accomplishing its na
tional objectives in peace or war. See
enemy capabilities.
capability plan , plan based on forces and re
sources now available or due to become
available within a one or two year period .
The budget exerts a controlling influence
on this type of plan , requiring its prepa
ration at least two years in advance of
possible execution , i. e ., it is based on a
lead time of two years.
caption code, in cryptography , code in which
the phrases are listed under separate. 10 -year Statement of Service.
headings based upon the principal word or caretaker status, nonoperating condition in
idea in the entire phrase.
car, an administrative wheeled vehicle pro
pelled by a self-contained power unit and
designed primarily for the transportation
of less than twelve persons.
carbine, light caliber .30 rifle with a short cargador, person , usually a noncommissioned
barrel. The current Army carbine is mag
azine- fed , gas -operated , self- loading , auto -
matic or semiautomatic , air cooled, and
weighs approximately five and one-half
pounds. The carbine uses a special cali
ber .30 cartridge with a lightweight bullet.
carbon monoxide, colorless, ordorless, ex
tremely poisonous gas. Carbon monoxide
is lighter than air and burns with a pale
blue flame. It is formed by incomplete
combustion in gun blasts, bursting shells,
and gasoline engines. Dangerous quanti
ties are often found in poorly Ventilated
gun turrets or gun emplacements, in min
ing operations, and in recently formed
shell holes.
carded for record only , pertaining to medical
cases not treated on an " excused from
duty ” status, but of sufficient seriousness
or of sufficient potential medical or ad
ministrative interest that individual med
ical records are required to be prepared in
the same manner as for “ excused from
duty " cases. These cases are certain
types of outpatient, as venereal disease
cases, battle injuries, certain nonbattle
injuries, wounded in action
cases, and
other outpatients when treated for a con
dition that is likely to result in partial or
complete disability ; killed in action cases ;
deaths of personnel not currently patients
on an “ excused from duty ” status ; and
separations for disability of personnel not
currently on an “ excused from duty"
status. . . . phorus.
277763° — 53 — 44
SR 320- 5 - 1
car
ganized occupational pattern reflecting the
various normal paths of promotion and
advancement from job to job in the occu
pational area .
career guidance, a plan of classification ,
training, assignment, and promotion for
enlisted and warrant officer personnel
which permits advancement to the highest
grades and rank based on the individual's
ability and initiative .
career management, a career plan for Regular
Army officers which makes provisions for
the maximum development of their inter
ests, inherent abilities, and aptitudes , as
well as for the best utilization of their
acquired skills and accumulated knowledge .
career summary, used to extend an officer' s
which the installations, materiel, and fa
cilities are in a care and limited preserva
tion status. Only a minimum of personnel
is required to safeguard against fire, theft ,
and damage from the elements.
officer, who supervises the loading and
driving of pack animals. See packmaster .
cargo classification ( combat loading ) , classifi
cations of cargo for comme
rcial loading are
nume rous and include descriptions such as
general, refrigerated , grain , dangerous ,
hazardous , etc. The classifications of mil
itary cargo for loading are as follows :
vehicles, wheeled or tracked equipment , in
cluding weapons, which require certain
deck space, head room , and other defi
nite clearances .
general cargo, e . g ., boxes , bales, barrels ,
crates, packages , bundles, and pallets,
which are susceptible of loading in any
place available, except those pallets
which should be on , or accessible to, the
hatch squares in accordance with prior
ities.
perishables , e . g ., meat, fruit, and fresh
vegetables, medical department biologi
cal and any other cargo requiring refrig
eration .
high explosives , e . g ., artillery ammunition ,
bombs, depth charges, demolition mate
rial.
troop space cargo, e. g ., barracks bags, bed
ding rolls or hammocks, locker trunks ,
office equipment, normally stowed in an
accessible place.
inflammables, e . g ., drummed gasoline and
oils.
chemical ammunition , e. g ., white phos
SR 320– 5 – 1
car

special, items which require special han gun carrier ; 2 . harness bag or device for
dling or protection , e . g ., pyrotechnics, carrying small loads, such as ammunition
detonators, watches, precision instru or gas masks ; 3 . person or thing that car
ments. ries or spreads a disease. Carriers are
cargo pack . See pack . often healthy persons who are immune to
a disease, but carry its germs ; 4 . part of
cargo port of embarkation , port operated pri the mechanism of some automatic guns
marily for the shipment of Army cargo and
that helps to set the projectile in its proper
incidentally for the embarkation of Army
firing position .
troops.
carrier frequency , frequency of the unmodu
cargo tie down devices, ropes, cables, chains, lated radio -wave emanated from a radio,
webbing, or other lashing material which
radar, or other type transmitter.
is used to secure cargo tie down provisions
to cargo tie down fittings to prevent shift carry, 1. prescribed position for holding and
ing of loads during transport. carrying the color, guidon , etc., in a mili
tary formation ; 2. hold a color, guidon ,
cargo tie down fittings, floor, ceiling , and wall
etc ., in this prescribed position .
fittings within an aircraft to which cargo
carryall truck, closed body, combination cargo
may be secured. and personnel, carrier with seats which
cargo tie down provisions, hooks, rings, can be removed or adjusted to make space
clamps, or other features incorporated into | for cargo .
the design of any equipment to secure the
equipment during transport .
carry light, searchlight used to keep a target
that has been spotted by a pick -up light
cargo tie down system , the system of fittings, constantly illuminated so that the target
devices, and provisions designed to prevent can be tracked and fired upon .
shifting of loads during air movement. cartel, written agreement between countries
cargo-transport plane, airplane designed to at war, usually for the exchange of pris
carry freight. It is usually a large mul oners or the passage of mail or supplies
tiple-motored plane with great cruising through a blockade.
range .
cartel ship , unarmed vessel sailing under a
carload shipment, 1. quantity of freight equal guarantee of freedom from attack or cap
to or in excess of the minimum weight ture in time of war. A cartel ship usually
specified for a carload in carrier ' s tariffs ; | carries prisoners to be exchanged .
2 . quantity of freight less than that speci
fied above may be accorded carload service
cartographical sketching, freehand sketching
of maps or charts.
if the charge for the specified carload mini
mum weight is paid . cartridge, round of ammunition wherein the
car navigator, member of crew of an armored propellant and primer are contained in a
vehicle who keeps close check on his posi casing and in which the propellant, primer
tion on his map , and directs the route of and projectile are assembled, stored ,
his venicle, especially in cross-country shipped, and issued as a complete unit .
travel. cartridge bag , cloth bag holding the propel
ling charge for some types of cannon .
carpet bombing, distribute progressively , as a
creeping barrage, a massive bomb load up cartridge belt, ammunition belt with loops or
on an area defined by designated boun pockets for carrying cartridges or clips of
daries, in such manner as to inflict damage cartridges .
to all portions thereof. cartridge case, container that holds the primer
car plate , in storage operations, a plate, and propellant, and to which the projectile
usually of steel, used to bridge the space may be affixed .
between a freight car or truck and the load cartridge clip , expendable metal clip intended
ing platform . to contain rifle or revolver cartridges for
carriage, mobile or fixed support for a cannon . ease of loading into the receiver of a rifle
It sometimes includes the elevating and or cylinder of a revolver. It should not
traversing mechanisms. May be called a be confused with the magazine of a car
gun carriage , howitzer carriage, or mortar bine, pistol, or automatic rifle .
carriage. Also pertains to a support such case, roll up the color, or any flag , and cover
as an armored vehicle , e . g ., gun motor with a case .
carriage, howitzer motor carriage. See cased color, color when rolled up and covered
mount. with a case.
carrier, 1. motor vehicle for carrying men or case fatality rate , ratio of the number of
materiel. The term is often combined deaths from a disease or injury , or group
with a word naming the special function of of diseases or injuries, to the related total
the carrier ; for example, troop carrier or number of cases of the particular diseases
 51 SR 320 -5 -1
cel
or injuries, usually expressed as a per ' is understandable and usable in supply
centage. operations.
casemate, bombproof structure, used to house catapult, 1 . fixed structure which provides an
the control equipment of a submarinemine auxiliary source of thrust to a missile or
system . A casemate may also be used as a aircraft ; must combine the function of
gun emplacement on land or on a warship , directing and accelerating the missile dur
as a supply magazine, or for quartering ing its travel on the catapult ; serves the
troops. same function for a missile as does a gun
cash blotter, a record maintained by a dis tube for a shell . See launcher ; 2 . mechani
bursing officer in which are reflected all cal device utilizing explosives for con
transactions which increase or decrease his trolled ejection of personnel from high
cash balance. speed military aircraft.
cash book , a record maintained by disbursing
category, numbered designation indicating
length of time that other than Regular
officers reflecting all transactions which Army officers will remain on extended ac
affect the disbursing officer ' s total account tive duty .
ability , irrespective of the effect on the
cash or checking account balances. caterpillar band, endless belt placed on the
wheels of a gun carriage for travel over
cash discount, a reduction of total cost, usu soft or rough ground.
ally expressed in terms of a percentage,
cathode ray tube, an electronic tube contain
in consideration of prompt payment or ing a fluorescent screen on which indica
paymentwithin a specified period . tions are obtained by the deflection of a
cash receipts journal, the form used to record stream of electrons emitted from the
the receipt of cash in a double entry sys cathode.
tem of bookkeeping . cavalry , highly mobile ground units, horse,
casual detachment, military unit consisting of | motorized or mechanized . See Armored
officers or soldiers separated from their Cavalry .
own units or awaiting assignment. cave shelter , underground shelter for troops ,
casual officer , 1 . officer not yet assigned to a dug out from a bank or hillside, with undis
unit, or absent from his unit because of a turbed ground over it. A cave shelter
special assignment, leave, illness, etc . ; 2 . differs from a cut-and -cover shelter , which
officer in charge of a detachment of is an open pit with an artificial cover.
casuals. CBR officer , officer in a unit smaller than a
casual payment, payment made to a person division who advises the command on all
matters concerning chemical, biological,
temporarily separated from his own organ
and radiological warfare. In units of
ization and military pay record . division size and larger, the staff officer
casualties , individuals lost to a command , having these duties is called the Chemical
either temporarily or permanently , by Officer.
death , wounds, injury , sickness, interment,
capture, missing in action (except when cease firing, command or signal to stop shoot
ing .
known to be AWOL or in desertion ) . See
battle casualties . ceiling , 1. minimum height above the ground
at which all clouds at and below that
casualty attack , surprise attack in which a height cover more than one-half the sky.
high concentration of war gas is built up The height of the ceiling is given in hun
in a short time ( 2 minutes or less) on an dreds of feet ; e. g ., 3 indicates 300 feet,
area occupied by personnel, to obtain a 35 indicates 3,500 feet, and 0 indicates
maximum number of casualties. that the ceiling is at the surface. If one
casualty gas, war gas capable of producing half or less of the sky is covered with
serious injury or death in effective concen clouds, or clouds are above 10,000 feet,
trations. the ceiling is unlimited ; 2. The limit
catalog , a listing of items arranged systemati placed on the number of personnel au
cally , either in book or card form . thorized .
cataloging . those operations involved in item cell, 1. military unit or detachment author
identification classification , and stock ized under a composite Table of Organiza
tion and Equipment. In this meaning,
numbering ; including the selection of item
names, the preparation of description pat also called team ; 2 . in cryptography, in
terns and their use in establishing iden dividual small square on cross -section pa
tification , and as an aid to establishing per, grilles , etc .
interchangeability and substitutability of cellular unit, a unit composed of separate
items, and in recording and presenting ( T / O & E cells ) teams, each of which in
data pertaining thereto , in a form which cludes personnel and equipment required
SR 320 - 5 - 1
cen
52

for performance of a specific function . Al trațed to repel enemy attacks. A center

group of one or more teams may be se of resistance supports and is in turn sup
lected to form a military unit to meet a ported by, other centers of resistance.
special requirement not currently provided center - to -center method , method of assembling
for in fixed or flexible tables of organiza aerial photographs with a more than 50
tion and equipment. Teams also may be percent overlap , by matching a point near
used to augment units organized under the center with corresponding points in
fixed or flexible tables where increments of
the overlap of adjacent pictures to form a
less than company size are required . strip mosaic .
censor, 1. to examine correspondence, tele central control, fire control of weapons from a
grams, news dispatches, motion pictures , central location , not by the individual
photographs, radio broadcasts, or other
gunner. It is especially used in antiair
means of communication in order to pre craft batteries.
vent information of military value from
reaching the enemy. 2 . one who performs ceremony, military formation or function ,
the above. such as a parade or review , held to honor
censorship , the review of, or surveillance a person , to celebrate an event, etc.
over, communications of all kinds, such certificate, written or printed signed state
as correspondence , telecommunications, ment declaring something to be a fact.
and news material to prevent information Certificate for Decoration , embossed certificate
of military value from reaching the enemy. denoting the award of a decoration.
See press censorship, field .
Certificate of Achievement, written testimonial
center, 1. activity or installation which makes denoting an act, achievement, or faithful
available at one central point a pool of service when a decoration is not war
specialized personnel or services for the ranted .
benefit of other activities or individuals ,
as photographic intelligence center : 2. certificate of capacity, statement which de
group of localized activities, each with its clares that the officer named is qualified
own command , but all contributing to a for promotion to the grade named in the
common function under a single central certificate.
command, as medical center. certificate of discharge, statement issued to a
center line, line indicated on the ground rep soldier when he leaves military service.
resenting the center of traverse of a piece. A certificate of discharge confirms the
It is used to facilitate emplacement of release of the soldier named in it , and
heavy artillery to avoid subsequent shift states the character and record of his
ing of the trails. service.
center of burst, point in the air about which certificate of expenditures, statement which
the bursts of several projectiles from declares that expendable property has been
rounds fired under like conditions are used up or has been dropped from account
evenly distributed . ability.
center of burst error, distance between the certificate of fair wear and tear, statement
target and center of burst. that the loss of , or damage to, the items
named was due to normal use in miliary
center of dispersion , theoretical center of hits
or bursts that would have been made if an
service, not to anyone's fault or neglect.
unlimited number of shots had been fireda ce certificate of gains, losses, and discrepancies,
with the same data . Actually it has to be a form for vouchering operational losses
considered the center of impact or bursts in a sales commissary within prescribed
allowances ,
of all shots already fired .
center of gravity . See center of mass . Certificate of Honorable Service, written state
ment to next of kin of personnel who die
center of impact, center of the dispersion in the service denoting recognition of
pattern. Considered from the point of services.
view of range only, it is the range center ; l Certificate of Proficiency , written testimonial
from the point of view of direction , the denoting completion of a prescribed course
direction center.
of instruction .
center of mass, point at which all the mass of certificate of service, certificate stating that
a body may be regarded as being concen a person named has honorably completed
trated , so far as motion of translation is
the required period of active military serv
concerned . Commonly called center of ice, or has been honorably separated or
gravity. relieved from active military service prior
center of resistance, point in the main defen to its completion . It also notes any spe
sive system at which troops are concen - cial merit attained .
 SR 320-5- 1
cha

certifying officer, 1. a person who attests to changes, modification of the text or other por
the existence of facts legally required to tion of a publication , serially numbered , as
support a payment from an appropriation Changes No. 1, and supplied to commands
or fund ; 2. officer who authenticates, by having the basic publication.
affixing his signature thereto, the state- change-step , 1. shift feet quickly in marching,
ment of a fact to be true and correct as to get
to get in
in step
step with another pers
with another person or to get
it is given .
in rhythm ; 2 . preparatory command to
chaff , electromagnetic-wave reflectors in the change-step , used in marching.
form of narrow metallic strips, used for channel, 1. route of official communication
creating radar echoes with which to con between headquarters or commanders of
fuse the enemy ; also called window . military units ; channels ; military chan
chain , in cryptography, series of letters or nels ; 2 , electrical path over which trans
other textual symbols following one an missions can be made from one station to
other according to some rule or law . another. A circuit may carry more than
chain of command, succession of commanding one channel.
officers from a superior to a subordinate channel letter, a letter , assigned in alphabeti
through which command is exercised . cal order, to a communication channel
Also called command channel. between two stations when two or more
chain of evacuation , series of stations and channels are maintained between those
stations.
routes by which the casualties are col
lected and carried to hospitals . The chain channel number, a combination of letters and
of evacuation usually begins at an aid figures , identifying a station , a channel,
station and may end at a hospital in the and transmission.
combat zone, or zone of interior. ' channel of communication , route of officialmili
challenge, 1. any process carried out by one tary correspondence between headquarters
unit with the object of ascertaining the or commanders of military units.
friendly or enemy character or the indi chapel flag , blue flag, four feet four inches by
viduality of another ; 2 . make formal ob five feet six inches, with religious symbols
jection to having a certain member on a and fringe in white, authorized for display
military court. Either the accused or the
in Army chapels.
trial counsel may make a challenge ; 3 .
formal obiection made to having a certain chaplain , clergyman commissioned as an offi
member on a military court. cer in the Corps of Chaplains. He is a
challenge and reply, 1 . in authentication , pro staff officer, and advises the commander on
cedure by means of a prearranged system all matters affecting the moral and reli
whereby one transmitter requests authenti gious welfare of the command . He is
cation of another transmitter (the chal responsible for the religious welfare of all
lenge ) and the latter, by proper reply, persons subject to military control.
establishes his authenticity (the reply ) ; chaplains' activities fund, appropriated fund
2. in establishing identity , prearranged administered by the Chief of Chaplains for
method whereby one station identifies the purchase of religious equipment and
itself and requests the identity of another supplies for chaplains.
(the challenge) and the latter identifies chaplain 's flag . blue flag. two feet by three
itself (the reply ) . feet, with religious symbols in white, used
chamber, part of a gun ( cannon ) in which the in the field to indicate the place of divine
charge is placed . In a revolver, it is a service or the presence of a chaplain .
hole in the cylinder ; in a cannon , it is that chaplain 's fund, fund used in promoting the
space between the obturator or breechlock religious welfare, character development,
and the forcing cone. Nominally it is the and contentment of the personnel of a
space occupied by the cartridge case. command . It is administered by the unit' s
chambering , that phase of small arms opera chaplain .
tion that deals with the placing of the
round into the chamber after it has been character guidance, all actions which tend to
encourage the growth of moral responsibil
fed into the weapon by the feeding device.
ity , spiritual values, and strong self -disci
change of station , detail, transfer, or assign
ment of a soldier to duty at a new post. A pline in the individual.
change of station may be either a perma character guidance instruction, instruction
nent change of station or a temporary given to troops by the chaplain .
change of station. character guidance program , a program corre
change order, written order making changes lating all influences in the Army that aid
in a contract, which changes are authorized in the development of a sense of individual
under tbe provisions thereof. responsibility which will be manifested in
SR 320- 5 - 1
cha 54
the practice of positive ethical concepts in transmission to individual guns of air
the daily living of the individual soldiers. units in a tactical force.
characteristics, physical, those military char- chatter, the vibration that occurs on the fric
acteristics of equipment which are pri tional engagement of a clutch ; may be
marily physical in nature such as weight, | caused by worn clutch shaft bearings or
shape, volume, waterproofing, sturdiness, loose engine mounts.
etc. check fire, to interrupt firing temporarily
characteristics, technical, those characteristics (normally a naval term ) .
of equipment which pertain primarily to check group, in cryptography, transmitted
the engineering principles involved in pro group which , by giving the indicator or
ducing an equipment possessing desired other information in a second form , serves
military characteristics. Example : For as a check.
electronic equipment technical character- I check point, 1. visible point of known loca
istics include such items as circuits , types , tion selected as a target for registration
and arrangement of components, etc. or to determine location of control points ;
charge, 1. explosive used in firing a gun . A 2 . center of impact ; a burst center ; 3 .
propelling charge throws a projectile from geographical location on land or water
a gun . A bursting charge breaks the cas above which the position of an aircraft in
ing of a projectile to produce the demoli flight may be determined by observation.
tion , fragmentation , or chemical action ; | check register, 1. a record maintained by a
2 . part of fire command used to establish disbursing officer reflecting' all , trans
the amount of propellant to be used with actions affecting his official checking ac
a shell ; 3 . violent final rush in an attack count with the Treasurer of the United
or assault. In this sense, it is usually States ; 2. the form used to record all
applied to a mounted attack ; 4. to make check disbursements in a double entry
such a rush ; 5. formal written accusationsystem of bookkeeping .
against an accused initiated by someone chemical agent, solid , liquid, or gas which
bringing to the attention of the military through its chemical properties produces
authorities information concerning a sup lethal, injurious, or irritant effects ; a
posed offense committed by a person sub screening or colored smoke ; or an incen
ject to military law ; 6. posture of an diary agent. War gases, smokes , and in
individual in unarmed defense in which cendiaries are the three main groups.
the feet are spread apart, one foot well
behind the other, similar to the position chemical agent detector kit , kit which reveals
of guard in bayonet drill. dangerous concentrations of certain war
gases by color changes in tubes through
charge of quarters, 1. responsibility for the which contaminated air is drawn and to
care and policing of a barracks or camp which liquid reagents are added .
for a particular period of time ; 2 . non
commissioned officer responsible for the chemical bomb, bomb containing a chemical
care and policing of a barracks or camp agent (war gas, screening smoke, or in
cendiary ) .
for a particular period of time.
Chemical Corps intelligence, the collection and
charge, shaped , an explosive designed to con
evaluation of information relative to re
centrate its force in a single direction . sponsibilities including chemical (gas) ,
charge sheet, form on which are listed the incendiary, smoke, biological and radio
charges and all data relating to the offense logical.
of an accused person to be tried before a chemical exposure, personnel exposure to war
court-martial, gas ; the product of gas concentration and
chart, 1 . conventional or symbolized repre time of exposure , commonly measured in
sentation of a portion of the earth's sur milligram minutes per cubic meter of air .
face for use in aircraft and ship naviga See median lethal gas exposure.
tion . It is constructed on a conformal chemical hand grenade, burning or bursting
projection with the Mercator and Lambert type grenade containing a chemical agent
Conformal most commonly used ; 2. used for casualty, harassing, incendiary,
graphic representations of statistics in screening, or signaling purposes.
lists, pictures, tables, etc. ; 3. graphic rep
resentation of terrain stripped of topo chemical land mine, container filled with per
graphic detail not essential to the spe . sistent war gas for detonation by burster
cific purpose of the chart. used to contaminate materiel or areas.
chart direction of wind. See wind-fire angle . chemical officer, officer, usually a member of
the Chemical Corps, who serves on the
chartroom , central place at which observed staff of a commander of a division or
data are converted into firing data for higher unit and advises the commander
 SR 320_ 5 – 1
55 cip
and staff on all matters regarding chem - , chief signal officer, senior signal officer at
ical, biological, and radiological warfare.I tached to the headquarters of a large or
In units smaller than a division , the offi - | ganization , such as a theater of operations.
cer having these duties is called the CBR chief so
chief surgeon , senior medical officer assigned
Officer . to a general headquarters, or to an ex
chemical projectile , bomb, grenade, rocket or peditionary force, as a staff officer .
shell containing a chemical agent. chief warrant officer . See Appendix I.
chemical security, all measures of protection chilled storage, cold storage space with tem
taken against enemy use of chemical perature controlled between a maximum of
agents . 50° and minimum of 32°. See cold storage.
chemical spray, aerial release, or device for chisel truck . See fork lift truck .
aerial release of liquid war gas for casualty
chlormine - T , white crystals or powder soluble
effect, or of liquid smokes for aerial smoke
in water which may be used effectively to
screens. See airplane smoke tank .
destroy persistent war gases but which is
chemical warfare, tactics and technique of unstable and expensive.
conducting warfare by use of war gases.
chloride of lime. See bleaching material.
chess, transverse floor planks of some fixed
and most floating bridges. See also balk . chlorinated hydrocarbon, liquid compound of
chlorine, hydrogen , and carbon . Example ,
chest pack parachute , parachute fastened trichlorethlene and perchlorethylene used
across the wearer' s chest. A chest pack as cleaning solvent in specially constructed
parachute is used mainly in training jump
equipment ; these agents are known as syn
ers and as a second parachute for addi thetic dry cleaning solvents.
tional safety.
chlorinated lime. See bleaching material.
chevron , cloth device of varying design de
noting grade, wound, enlisted service, or chlorination , 1 . combining or treating with
oversea service ; examples : Grade Chevron , chlorine; 2. disinfecting water by adding
Wound Chevron , Service Stripe, War Sery chlorine gas or calcium hypochlorite,
ice Chevron , and Oversea Service Bar. chlorine, greenish -yellow toxic chemical, gase
Chief Commander . See Legion of Merit. ous at normal temperatures and pressures
chief dietitian , officer in the Women 's Medical that is irritating and harmful to the eyes,
Specialist Corps who acts as an advisor to nose, throat, and lungs, and may cause
and is responsible to the commanding offi death .
cer of a medical installation , the super- choke end, end of a filled sandbag, that has
vision of activities of dietitians and other been tied with twine.
personnel under her jurisdiction , and for choke ring, metal ring used in the reaction
the supervision of training programs as chambers of certain recoilless weapons to
indicated. control gas escapage. The same function
chief engineer, 1. officer in charge of the me is carried out by the throat rings , throat
chanical performance of any ship in the blocks and restricting plugs in other types
various Army services ; 2. senior engineer of recoilless weapons.
officer on a staff such as that of the theater choking gas, casualty gas which causes irrita
commander. tion and inflammation of the bronchial
chief military censor, officer appointed by the tubes and lungs . Phosgene is an example
assistant chief of staff G - 2 , of an area to of this type of gas.
coordinate and supervise all military cen - I chronograph , instrument for measuring and
sorship activities and to command the graphically recording small intervals of
military censorship group in the area. time. A chronograph is frequently used
chief of staff, senior or principal member or in measuring velocities of projectiles.
head of a staff, or the principal assistant | chuffing , characteristic of certain rockets to
in a staff capacity ; to a person in a com burn intermittently and with an irregular
mand capacity ; the head or controlling puffing noise. Sometimes called chugging.
member of a staff, for the purposes of the
coordination of its work ; a position , which cifax, term applied to equipment or transmis
in itself is without inherent power of com sion pertaining to enciphered facsimile .
mand by reason of assignment, except that cipher, any literal cryptosystem in which ar
which is invested in such a position by bitrary symbols or groups of symbols rep
delegation to exercise command in an resent units of plain text of regular length
other 's name. The title is applied only (usually single letters ), or in which units
in the staff on a division level or higher . of plain text are rearranged , or both , in
In lower units the corresponding title is accordance with certain predetermined
executive officer. rules.
SR 320– 5 – 1
cip 56

cipher alphabet, ordered arrangement of let- | circuit number , number or symbol assigned to
ters and other conventional signs of a writ- | each circuit of a signal communication net
ten language and of the characters which work or system for reference and identifica
replace them in a cryptographic process of tion purposes connected with engineering,
substitution ; the characters which replace installation , and maintenance .
the ordinary conventio nal signs of a lan- circuit, owner-use (channel), a circuit which
guage may be letters , figures, symbols , or provides communication for a single pro
combinations of these , or impulses, flashes, prietary service. It is invariably a unilat
or other signals. The term thus implies eral circuit.
two components, a plain component con
taining the symbols used in the unenci
circuit unilateral (or terminal), a circuit in
phered text and the cipher component con (at) which all equipment is managed and
taining the characters which replace those operated by a single Service.
symbols. See standard cipher alphabet. circular, official publication that usually con
cipher component, sequence of a cipher alpha tains information of a general but tempo
bet containing the symbols which replace rary nature.
the plain symbols in the process of sub- circular scanning, a method of scanning in
stitution. which the axis of the radio -frequency beam
cipher device, a nonmechanical and nonelec of a radar rotates through 360 degrees in
trical apparatus for enciphering and de a single plane.
ciphering. See cipher machine. circulation map . See traffic circulation map .
cipher key . See key. citation , 1. specific mention in orders or dis
cipher key list, document which gives all ele patches, 2 . written narrative statement of
ments of key except the message keying ele an act, deed or meritorious performance of
duty or service for which an award is
ments, i. e. those which vary from mes
sage to message, for a series of messages made, 3. reference to legal or other authori
ties in support of rules and regulations
for a specified period .
cipher machine, a mechanical and / or electri prescribed in Army manuals.
cal apparatus for enciphering and deciph city -type motor bus, a motor bus designed to
ering. See cipher device . accommodate the maximum number of pas
sengers, both seated and standing within
cipher square, orderly arrangement or collec
tion of sequence set forth in a symmetrical the body space.
form , commonly a square ; Vigenere table. civil affairs, a condition predicated upon
cipher text, text of a cryptogram which has agreement with, and descriptive of military
been produced by means of a cipher system . relationships with , civil populations, gov
ernments, and economies of areas in which
ciphony, term applied to equipment or trans United States Armed Forces are or may
mission pertaining to enciphered telephony.
be employed. See military government;
circuit, communication link between two or control.
more points capable of providing one or
civil affairs agreement, instrument of consent
more communication channels. or agreement by which military forces of
circuit -allocated -use, a circuit in which one or one country are granted certain limited
more channels have been allocated for the rights and authority while in another
exclusive use of one or more services pro country with regards to governmental con
prietary service. It may be a unilateral trols within that country ; a document of
or a joint circuit. consent or agreement surrendering stipu
circuit diagram , an illustration in symbol lated governmental authority by one coun
form of the technical arrangement and try to military forces of another, usually
connections of a wiring system in any elec of short duration or period of military
trical device or installation . activity. See civil affairs; military govern
circuit, engineering , an auxiliary circuit or ment.
channel (radio or wire ) for use by operat- Civil Affairs /Military Government, includes all
ing and / or maintenance personnel for com forms of civil affairs relationships and of
• munications incident to the establishment, military government carried out by United
operation , maintenance, and control of States Armed Forces in stations outside of
communication facilities. (An Engineer territories governed by the civil govern
ing Circuit includes the functions of an ments of the United States.
“ order wire." ) civil appropriation , one administered by the
circuit, joint, a communications link in which Department of the Army which is available
- the elements of more than one Service par specifically for carrying out certain civil
ticipate by control, operation , manage functions as distinguished from military
ment, etc. functions performed by the Department of

57
the Army ; as an example, the appropria -
tion “ Cemeterial Expenses, Department of
the Army."
civil censorship , censorship of civilian mes
sages and communications entering , leav
ing or circulating in areas or territories civil information , comprises informational ac
occupied or controlled by the United States
or Allied Armed Forces.
civil defense, all activities , other than mili
tary defense which are designed to mini
mize the effects upon the civilian economy
and populatio n , of enemy attacks upon al civil time, See Greenwich Civil Time ; standard
nation . These activities include repair of
vital damage, and the measures to meet
the emergency conditions caused by such
an attack .
civil disturbance, 1. a situation arising within
a community or state from acts of violence
or disorder and which is prejudicial to the
maintenance of law and order ; 2 . demon
stration or rioting of such proportion by
civil population that the security of life
and property are endangered .
civilian club , 1 . an organized activity , estab
lished and controlled by military author
ities, which contributes to the physical and
mental effectiveness and environment of against or in favor of the government.
civilian personnel ; 2 . a suitable permanent
or temporary type building designated by clasp, metallic bar device attached to certain
the installation commander for the use of
all civilian personnel on duty at the
installation .
civilian internee, civilian , especially an alien
enemy of non -military status, living in the
United States, who is confined for the
duration of the war or until other disposi
tion is made of his case.
civilian occupational specialty, group of related
civilian duties and responsibilities nor
mally requiring special knowledge and
skills acquired through formal training,
experience or education ,
civilian supplies, civilian supplies, goods, and
commodities, excluding barter and lend
lease items, made available in conformity
with international law , policy , or military
necessity to the civil population in liber
ated or occupied areas, and in areas in
which United States forces may be located .
These supplies are requisitioned by United
States Army commanders through Army
supply channels.
civilian supply , the procedure for and act of
furnishing commodities , goods, or services
in conformity with military necessity or
to the extent of approved United States
military supply responsibility to the civil.
ian population , government, or economy
in liberated or occupied areas administered
by the United States or allied forces or to |
other countries or areas in which the
SR 320_ 5 - 1
cla
United States and /or its allies have a
pervading interest.
civilian type items, those items, including
demilitarized items, which have a com
mercial equivalent or civilian market.
tivities undertaken by the Army in order
to gain the understanding, confidence, and
support of foreign populations for the
presence and mission of United States
Armed Forces.
civil time.
claimant agency, an agency of the Federal
Government responsible for the computa
tion of, consolidation , and planning for
the production of materiel requirements
( including the presentation of claims
against national resources of that portion
of the economy it represents ) to support
the national economy and the Armed
Forces in time of war.
claims officer , commissioned officer appointed
to investigate and submit reports pertain
ing to service-connected accidents that
may result, or have resulted , in claims
ribbons for further information and iden
tification .
class A agent officer, commissioned or war
rant officer to whom public funds are in
trusted by an accountable disbursing offi
cer for the purpose of making specified
payments, such as the monthly payment
of troops.
class A industrial property , government owned
land , buildings, structures, roads, bridges ,
culverts, sidewalks, railroad tracks, utility
systems, and utility plants furnished to
supply contractors. See classification of
industrial property .
class A pay reservation , deduction from pay
authorized by a civilian employee of the
Department of the Army for the purchase
of United States Savings Bonds.
class B agent officer , commissioned or warrant
officer to whom public funds are intrusted
by an accountable disbursing officer for
the purpose of making payments and col
lections as agent for the accountable offi
cer. A class B agent officer is not re
stricted to specified payments or collec
tions, but is given general authority to
act for, and in the name of, the accounta
ble officer.
class B allotment, monthly deduction from
pay authorized by military personnel for
the purchase of one or more United States
Saving Bonds each month .
SR 320 – 5 – 1
cla
class B - 1 allotment, monthly deduction from
pay authorized by military personnel for
installment purchase of one United States
Savings Bond each calendar quarter.
class B industrial property , cataloged govern
ment property furnished to supply con
tractors and consisting of all the larger
units of property , other than class A ,
which may be easily traced . This class
includes such items as machines, motors ,
locomotives, cranes, tractors, automobiles,
platform scales, etc. See classification of
industrial property.
class B status material, fixed armament, forti
fications, casemates, fire control, and sur
veillance equipment, power plants, and
artillery materiel which remain in storage
in their tactical location . Class “ B ” sta
tus materiel is periodically operated and
inspected for combat serviceability .
class C industrial property, noncataloged gov
ernment property furnished supply con
tractors, including all raw materials,
parts, components, assemblies, subassem
blies and manufacturing, operating , main
tenance, office, cafeteria, laboratory ,
dormitory, and hospital supplies. See
classification of industrial property .
class D allotment, deduction from pay author
ized by a military person to cover pre
miums on United States Government Life
Insurance issued in World War I.
class E allotment, deduction from pay au -
thorized by a military person to be paid
to institutions, such as banks and insur
ance companies, or to individuals .
class F deduction , deduction from pay au
thorized by an enlisted person as his con
tribution toward a dependency allowance .
The Government contributes an additional
amount, the size of which depends on the
number and class of qualified dependents .
Now authorized only for a limited number
of enlisted personnel coming within the
" savings" provisions of the Career Com
pensation Act of 1949 . See family allow
ance.
class I installation , military installation
within the United States under the com
mand of the commanding general of an
army ( or the Military District of Wash
ington ) .
class II installation , military installations
within the United States under the com
mand of a chief of technical or adminis-
trative service, or a head of a General or
Special Staff office , United States Army.
class Q allotment, allotment of pay authorized
by an enlisted member to his dependent (s ) ; classification for disposal, separation of mate
allotment required by law in order for an
enlisted member to qualify for monthly
payments of basic allowance for quarters.
58
classification , 1. process by which data con
cerning an individual's ability, education ,
intelligence, aptitudes, assignment and
limitations are ascertained and recorded
so that he may be placed where he will be
of most value to the military services ;
2 . placing of military documents, etc., in
special groups for safeguarding military
information . The classifications, based on
degree of restriction required , are TOP
SECRET, SECRET, CONFIDENTIAL , and
RESTRICTED Security Information ; 3.
original separation or segregation of
turned in supplies , into serviceable without
repair ; unserviceable but repairable ; and
salvage ; separation , after repair, of quar
termaster clothing and equipment accord
ing to degree of serviceability ; 4 . scheme
or plan of filing by subject, name, geo
graphical location, number, etc., which
determines the arrangement of individual
documents in a file ; 5 . publication con
taining a list of articles and the classes to
which they are assigned for the purpose of
applying class (freight) rates, together
with governing rules and regulations ;
6 . correctional, systematic study of pris
oners for the purpose of planning and
providing individualized custody , care and
rehabilitation ; 7. assignment of status to
military materiel by classifying as stand
ard, substitute standard , limited standard ,
obsolete, etc.
classification and assignment officer, officer as
signed to duty with an organization such
as an army, corps, division , training divi
sion , or similar unit or installation for the
purpose of carrying out the objectives of
the Army Personnel Classification system
within his organization and its subordi
units .
nate units . .
classification board, 1. board for consideration
of classification of officers ; 2 . a board of at
least five officers at a correctional instal
lation appointed by a commanding officer
to consider and recommend prisoner clas
sification , reclassification , parole, transfer ,
institutional treatment, clemency, restora
tion , or discharge of prisoners ; 3 . board of
officers, normally three members, appointed
to recommend designation or change of
primary MOS, withdrawal of awarded
MOS's , and disposition of individuals with
unsatisfactory efficiency or who have
failed a qualifying examination.
classification estimate, determining, from the
information on the soldier's qualification
card , his suitability for various assign
ments .
rial for the purpose of determining dis
posal levels. Classification I Items are
purely military items with no civilian or

59
war industry application . Classification
II Items are all other items.
classification of chemical agents, ways in which
chemical agents may be classified - by
physical state, tactical use, physiological miums on National Service Life Insurance.
action , and persistency . cleaning brush , metal brush on a rod or pulled
classification officer, 1. officer or warrant off
seife military personnel . 1
cer who classifies military personnel ;
2 . officer on the staff of a disciplinary bar- cleaning rod, rod to be used with a brush or
racks or rehabilitation center responsible
for compiling a summary of personal data
concerning a prisoner after a systematic, clean-up- party, a small party detailed to in
individual study and investigation have
been made ; 3. officer designated by orders
to classify military property being turned
in as unserviceable.
classification of industrial property , separation
of property furnished to supply contrac
tors, under fixed price contracts, into three
classes, designated A, B , and C. See
class A industrial property, class B industrial
property , class C industrial property.
classification yard , a network of railroad
tracks where cars of incoming trains are
separated and reformed into new trains
preparatory to dispatch over separate out
going lines.
classified matter, information or material in
any form or of any nature which in the
public interest must be safeguarded in the
manner and to the extent required by its
importance.
TOP SECRET information and material
(matter ) , the security aspect of which
is paramount, and the unauthorized
disclosure of which would cause excep
tionally grave damage to the nation
shall be classified TOP SECRET .
SECRET, information and material (mat
ter ), the unauthorized disclosure of
which would endanger national security ,
cause serious injury to the interests or
prestige of the nation , or would be of
great advantage to a foreign nation shall
be classified SECRET.
CONFIDENTIAL, information and material
(matter ), the unauthorized disclosure
of which would adversely affect the na
tional security, be prejudicial to the
interests or prestige of the nation , or
be of advantage to a foreign nation shall
be classified CONFIDENTIAL . information or materiel is located .
RESTRICTED , information and material clearance capacity , estimate expressed
(matter ) , which requires security pro
tection , other than that determined to
be of TOP SECRET, SECRET, or CON
FIDENTIAL shall be classified as RE
STRICTED
classified military information , all information
concerning documents, codes or ciphers,
future projects, and materiel classed as
TOP SECRET, SECRET, CONFIDENT
SR 320_5 – 1
cle
TIAL , or RESTRICTED , as well as the
items themselves.
class N allotment, deduction from pay author
ized by a military person to cover pre
by a string, used to clean the rifling of a
gun barrel.
cloth , or other attachment, for cleaning
the bore of a firearm ,
spect the old bivouac area and to correct
and report any deficiencies noted after the
departure of the main body of troops.
clear , 1 . to make certain no ammunition re
mains in a gun ; 2 . to remove stoppages
that interfere with the firing of a gun ; 3.
to pass a designated point, line, or object .
The tail of a column must pass a given
point before the point is cleared ; 4 . in
plain text. When security of military in
formation is not involved , messages are
ordinarily sent in the clear rather than in
cipher or code ; 5 . to approve or to obtain
approval of.
clearance, 1. statement in writing that the
accounts of an officer are in order ; used
usually in relation to departure on a per
manent change of station ; 2 . space allowed
between moving parts of guns and machin
ery ; 3 . elevation of a gun at such an angle
that a projectile will not strike an obstacle
between the muzzle and the target ; 4 .
papers permitting a ship , or aircraft to
leave on a voyage or flight ; 5 . agreement
between the port and the Chief of Trans
portation that arrangements have been
made for water transportation required by
particular shipments and that the port is
ready to receive these shipments during a
given period ; 6 . notice or agreement evi
dencing a finding in statutory renegotia
tion of contracts and subcontracts that no
excessive profits were received or accrued
during the period under renegotiation ; 7.
authority permitting individuals , cooperat
ing in Department of the Army work and
having a legitimate interest therein , access
to classified technical information , mate
riel or equipment or admission to re
stricted areas or installations where such
in
terms of measurement (or weight) tons
per day of the cargo that may be trans
ported inland from a beach , or port over
the available means of inland communica
tion including roads, railroads, and inland
waterways ; estimate is based on evalua
tion of the physical characteristics of the
communication not in the area . See port
capacity ; storage capacity.
SR 320 - 5 - 1
cle 60

clearance limits , dimensions beyond which the used to name the direction of a wind ; for
size of, or projections on , a shipment may L example , a wind directly from the left is a
not extend in order to clear obstructions | 9 o'clock wind.
en route . clock system . See clock method .
clearance time, time at which the tail of a close, 1. preparatory command used to bring
column, or tail of an element thereof, men marching at normal interval to close
passes a designated point. interval ; 2 . decrease distances between
clearing block , wooden block placed between vehicles or units in a march column ; bring
the bolt and the rear of the barrel of an the tail of a column into an area ; 3 . reduce
automatic weapon to prevent closing of the the angle of divergence between artillery
action and to show that the gun is un pieces of a battery to form a narrower
loaded . sheaf ; 4 . term in a fire message to indicate
clearing (casualties ) , process of disposing of that the target is near (within 600 yards )
casualties by sorting , returning to duty friendly forward elements.
those that are fit, and transferring all close air support, attack by aircraft of hostile
others to a medical unit of higher echelon . ground or naval targets which are so close
clearing station , medical installation which to friendly forces as to require detailed
receives casualties from collecting stations, integration of each air mission with the
and gives additional treatment to , classi fire and movement of those forces.
fies and makes further disposition of those close column, 1. mass formation in close order
patients. drill in which the companies are arranged
clearing unit , medical organization establish in column of platoons at reduced distances,
ing one or more clearing stations. It re each platoon remaining in line ; 2 . a motor
ceives and classifies casualties, gives them column in which vehicles are closed up to
emergency medical treatment, if fit returns safe driving distance behind the preceding
them to duty , or prepares them for further vehicle .
evacuation . close combat, fighting at close quarters with
clear text. See plain text. the enemy utilizing small arms, bayonets ,
and other hand weapons.
clemency , remission or suspension in whole or
in part of a sentence adjudged by courts close confinement, the confinement of prison .
martial or other military tribunals. ers under conditions of close custodial su
pervision , separate from the main prisoner
clerk, person who keeps the records in an ad group and in quarters specially designated
ministrative unit . The special title and by the commanding officer for that pur
duties of a clerk depend upon the unit and pose. Normally this includes only those
upon a nature of the records kept, for ex prisoners undergoing disciplinary segrega
ample, company clerk , stock clerk , head tion and those undergoing administrative
quarters clerk , mail clerk , message center
segregation .
clerk .
close control radar, specially modified pre
clinical record, group of forms used by hos cision type ground radar set which is used
pitals for recording a patient' s medical for the purpose of close positioning of
history ; physical examination ; laboratory aircraft over a target normally difficult to
findings (including X -ray interpretations) ; locate or invisible to the pilot.
admission diagnosis ; progress of the dis
ease ; medications used ; consultations ; close covering group, task designation for a
group of naval vessels formed to protect
operations performed ; etc. ; and final diag
ships and shore installations in an objec
nosis and disposition . tive area against enemy surface attack.
clinometer, instrument for measuring or indi closed column. See close column .
cating angles of slope and elevation .
clinometer rest, device placed in the bore of close defense. See close- in protection.
a gun to support a clinometer ; bore rest. close defensive fires, those fires planned to de
clip . See cartridge clip . stroy the integrity of the attack by directa
ing fire on the attacker before the assault
clip loading machine, device for placing cart to disrupt command , cover attack posi
ridges in a clip . tions, neutralize observation , and weaken
clock -face method. See clock method. supporting fires.
clock method, method of calling shots by refer- closed traverse, in surveying, a set of con
ence to the figures on an imaginary clock nected lines that return either to the start
dial assumed to have the target at its ing point or to a point of known location .
center ; clock -face method ; clock system . In open traverse, by contrast, the final line
Thus, a shot directly above the target is at does not return to the starting point, or to
12 o 'clock. The same method is sometimes a point of known location ,
 SR 320_ 5- 1
61 cod

close-in protection, protection against enemy , cluster, 1. fireworks signal in which a group
attack at close range. of stars burns at the same time; 2 . group
close-in security, employment of cover camou . of bombs released together. A cluster
flage, obstacles , antitank weapons, senti usually consists of fragmentation or incen
nels , and patrols for protection of a unit diary bombs ; 3 . group of 3 antipersonnel
against attack at close range. mines.
close interval, 1. space between soldiers stand . clutter, interference which results from fixed
ing abreast, measured by placing the palm objects within range of a radar instrument.
of the hand on the hip so that the elbow clutter diagram , a diagarm which indicates
touches the arm of the next in line ; 2 . areas in which fixed echoes appear at vari
smallest prescribed interval between two ous angular heights from a particular
units standing abreast in a formation . radar site.
close march , command to take a close interval | CN solutions, tear gas fillings for munitions.
in marching. See appendix II .
close order drill, drill formation and move coach -and-pupil method, method of training in
ments that are done at normal interval which pairs of students take turns teach
or at close interval. The formations and ing each other a procedure previously
movements are those usually performed in explained by the instructor .
drill marching, parades, and reviews, and coarse setting , preliminary adjustment of a
those involving the manuals of the various sight in laying a gun. A coarse setting is
hand weapons. See combat drill. made first on the main scale ; then the fine
close ranks, 1. lessen the distance between setting is made on the associated scale of
rows of men ; bring a unit from open ranks smaller graduations.
formation to normal interval ; 2 . prepara - coarse sight, adjustment of the sight of a gun
tory command to close ranks. so that a part of the front sight is seen
close reconnaissance, reconnaissance of a re
through the notch in the rear sight.
gion near at hand. Exploration of objec coastal frontier , geographical division of a
tives that lie outside immediate striking coastal area established for organization
range of a force is called distant recon and command purposes in order to insure
naissance . the effective coordination of military forces
employed in coastal frontier defense.
close sheaf, term used in a fire message to
indicate that the spotter desires a nar coastal frontier defense, organization of the
rower sheaf than the one being employed . forces and materiel of the armed forces
The fire direction center will then reduce assigned to provide security for the coastal
the width of the sheaf by 50 yards. See frontiers of the continental United States
open sheaf. and its oversea possessions.
coastal zone, the whole area of the navigable
close station , command dismissing all person
waters adjacent to the sea coast and ex
nel engaged in a drill, practice, or action tending seaward to cover the coastwise
at a given gun station . sea lanes and focal points of shipping
close support, effective air or ground support approaching the coast.
given at close range by one combat arm
or unit to another combat arm or unit.
coast defense, all measures taken by naval
forces, artillery , etc., to provide protection
closure of horizon , measurement of the angle , against any form of attack at or near the
excluding the direct angle ( s) , at a point shore line.
which completes the full circle . The sum
coated optics , optical lens, prisms, etc. the
of all the angles should then equal 360°. surfaces of which have been treated to cut
clothing allowance, amount of clothing au down surface reflection of light, thus re
thorized for issue to an enlisted person . sulting in greater optical efficiency.
clothing and equipment record. See individual coaxial machine gun , machine gun mounted in
clothing and equipment record. the turret of a tank in such a way that its
cloud attack , attack made by means of a line of fire is exactly parallel to that of
toxic gas or aerosol cloud for harassing the cannon set on the same mounting .
and / or casualty effect. cock, set the firing mechanism of a weapon
cloud switch , electrical switch in an anti- l in a position ready for firing .
aircraft artillery fire control data system cocking lever, device in a gun 's action that
used to facilitate changing from visual to prepares the gun to be fired by moving the
radar fire control or vice versa . firing pin back into firing position .
clubmobile , mobile facility of a service club code, any system of communications in which
used in isolated or maneuver areas. I arbitrary groups of symbols represent
SR 320– 5 – 1
cod 62

units of plain text of varying length , collecting agency (intelligence) , any person ,
Codes may be used for condensation or for unit, or instrumentality that acquires in
for secrecy. formation by research , observation , or in
code book , book or document, used in a code terrogation of a source, and through which
system , arranged in systematic form , con information may be obtained.
taining a list of letters, syllables , words, collecting point, point designated for the as
phrases or sentences, each accompanied by sembly of personnel casualties, prisoners of
one or more arbitrary groups of symbols war, stragglers, individuals , disabled mate
used as equivalents in cryptograms. riel, salvage, etc., for further movement
code group , 1. a combination of letters and /or to collecting stations or rear installations.
numerals comprising a portion of an en - | See vehicle collecting point.
crypted message ; 2 . a fixed arbitrary com
bination or permutation of symbols as collecting station , 1. any place in the forward
signed to represent a plain text element area for collecting and sorting salvage
materials ; 2 . medical station in the for
in a code book .
ward combat zone where casualties are
code message, cryptogram which has been pro - . treated , sorted , returned to duty if fit ,
duced by means of a code. or prepared for evacuation to a clearing
code panel. See air-ground liaison code. station in the rear ; 3 . any place desig
code reconstruction , cryptanalytic recovery of nated for the grouping of refugees , ex
a code book . pellees, and evacuees prior to their return
code recovery. See code reconstruction . to their normal place of habitation or des
ignated disposition .
code talker, one who employs an obscure jar
gon or tongue as a means of obtaining collection , 1 . any payment, repayment or de
rapid communications of some security posit which is received , handled , or ac
over ordinary channels. counted for by any agency of the Federal
Government, such as direct receipts, in
code text, text of a cryptogram which has cluding cash , checks, drafts , and money
been produced by means of a code system . orders, and collections represented by
code word, a word which conveys a meaning voucher deductions, such as offsets to cover
other than its conventional one. indebtedness to the Government, Civil
coding , indicating by symbols the various Service Retirement deductions, etc. ; 2 , pro
qualifications of a member of the armed curing , assembling and organization of in
forces on a form provided for that purpose. formation for further intelligence process
ing .
codress, type of message in which the entire
address is contained only in the encrypted collection (intelligence) , systematic exploita
text. See plaindress. tion of sources of information by collecting
agencies and the delivery of the informa
coefficient of form , factor introduced into the tion thus obtained to the proper intelli
ballistic coefficient of a projectile, based on gence section .
its shape.
collection plan . See intelligence collection
coil (up ), assembling of a march column,
especially in armor, during a halt in a field plan .
or fields to reduce the distance from front collective, general broadcast to all meteoro
to rear to a minimum . logical centers in a large area , such as
coincidence adjustment, range adjustment in a Europe, of all the synoptic weather obser
coincidence range finder . vations made in that area at a particular
hour.
coincidence range finder , optical instrument
for determining distances . By adjustmeent
nt,
collective
col call,
lective cal l , single call sign used in calling
separate images seen through the two eye two or more stations simultaneously .
pieces can be made to coincide. A reading collective fire, combined fire of various small
of the adjustment gives the distance. arms concentrated on a given target or
area .
cold storage, storage space in which a con
trolled temperature below fifty degrees collective protection , equipment, installation ,
(50°) may be maintained . See chilled stor and techniques used by a unit or smaller
age and freezer storage. groups for defense of personnel, materiel ,
collecting agency, any person , unit , organiza and animals against any type of attack in
tion , or headquarters which derives infor cluding chemical, biological, and radio
mation by study, observation , or interro logical attack .
gation of a source, and over whom control collective protector, mechanical device fitted
may be exercised either by a command , re with canister that removes war gases from
quest, or coordination . the air drawn into gasproof shelters .
 SR 320-5 - 1
63 com

collimate, 1. bring into line ; make parallel ; | columnar transposition , in cryptography,

2 . adjust accurately the line of sight of a transposition in which the transcription
surveying instrument, telescope, or cam is always by columns ; vertical transcrip
era ; 3 . adjust the sight of a gun so that tion ,
it is parallel to the axis of the gun bar column coordinate, in crytography , symbol
rel ; 4 . adjust the optical axis of a tele
normally at the top of a matrix identifying
scope so that it is parallel to the electrical a specific column of cells.
axis of a radar beam ,
column cover , air mission consisting of fighter
collimating mark , mark in the margin of an
aircraft on air alert over or in the vicinity
aerial photograph which denotes the posi of the head of a column, in constant radio
tion of the optical center of the photo
contact with the column, with mission of
graph. See fiducial marks. aerial reconnaissance to the front and
collimating sight, sight equipped with a col flanks and attacks on call of enemy targets
limator. The collimating sight is set which threaten to slow the progress of the
parallel with the axis of the bore of the column.
gun in horizontal direction , but adjustable column cover mission , air mission consisting
in elevation , so that it canbe kept focused
of fighter aircraft on air alert over or in
on an aiming point while the gun is raised
the vicinity of the head of a column , in con
or lowered .
stant radio contact with the column, with
collimation , adjustment of an optical gun the mission of aerial reconnaissance to the
sight so that it is parallel with the axis front and flanks and attack on call of
of the bore of the gun in horizontal direc enemy targets which threaten to slow the
tion , but adjustable in elevation , Transit progress of the column.
collimation is the adjustment of the line
of-sight parallel to the axis of the tele column half left (right) , 1 . change of direction
of a column of 45 degrees to the left ,
scope.
(right) ; 2 . preparatory command to make
collimator, optical device used to aline the such a change of direction .
sights of a gun with the vertical plane
through the axis of the bore. It can be column left (right) , 1. change of direction of
moved in elevation independently of the a column by a full 90 degree turn to the
gun, so that it can be kept sighted on an left (right) ; 2 . preparatory command to
aiming point. make such a turn.
color, flag or flags of a dismounted unit ; column of battalions , formation with battal
colors. To the color is a bugle call ions in column, one directly behind the
other.
sounded as a salute to the color, or to
the President, the Vice-President, an ex - column of companies , formation with compan
President or a foreign chief magistrate ; ies in column, one directly behind the
also called to the standard . other ,
color band , strip of color printed on the sides column of files , formation in which a number
and ends of ammunition packing boxes to of files march one directly behind the
show what type of ammunition is inside. other, making a single long line.
color bearer, one who carries the color or column of masses, formation with masses of
standard at formal reviews and ceremonies. troops in column, one directly behind the
other.
color guard , guard of honor that carries and
escorts the color or standard at formal column of platoons, formation with platoons
reviews and ceremonies . in column, one directly behind the other.
color salute , salute made by dipping a color or combat air patrol , aircraft patrol provided
standard . The national color is never over an objective area , over the force pro
dipped in salute . tected , over the critical areas of a combat
zone , or over an air defense area , for the
column, 1. formation in which elements of
troops, tanks, vehicles , ships, or aircraft purpose of intercepting and destroying
are placed one behind the other. A col
hostile aircraft before they reach their
umn of men is usually made up of a num target.
ber of files and called a column of twos, combatant, 1. International Law - individual
threes, or fours. 2 . all the elements of a members of belligerent forces subject to the
unit using a single route movement. laws, rights, and duties of war ; 2 . soldier
3 . stack which is one pallet load or con or unit assigned to duty as an active fighter
tainer wide, one deep , and two or more or fighting unit, as distinguished from
high. 4 . in cryptography, vertical se duty in any of the services, such as admin
quence of symbols or groups of symbols . istrative, supply, or medical.
SR 320- 5 - 1
com 64

combat area , general term to designate area , combat landing , act of making contact with
of contact with the enemy. For more the ground and coming to a full stop in an
specific delineation . See combat zone. aircraft in hostile territory .
combat arm , branch of service used in actual combat liaison , system of maintaining contact
fighting such as the Infantry or Artillery and communication between units during
See arm . fighting , in order to secure proper cooper
ation .
combat boot, regulation footwear issued for
field service. It is essentially a service combat loading , 1 . the loading of assault
shoe with a two-buckle cuff, which elimi. | troop units together with their essential
nates the need for leggins. combat equipment and initial combat sup
combat command, major tactical unit of com plies in vessels or aircraft in such a
bined arms within an armored division , manner as to permit rapid debarkation in
consisting of a headquarters and head a desired priority for attack ; 2 . the stock
quarters company and a variable number ing of combat vehicles with essential
of attached units or elements thereof. equipment, supplies, rations, etc., so that
combat commander 's insignia , assigned enlisted they are ready to go into action .
personnel in grade four or above and offi - | combat operations section . See joint operations
cers who occupy command positions in the center, (air -ground).
chain of command of combat units . The combat orders, orders pertaining to opera
insignia is a green cloth tab worn in the tions in the field . They include operation
middle of the shoulder strap . orders, administrative orders and letters
combat crew , flying crew of a combat airplane, of instruction .
or operating crew of a combat vehicle, etc. combat outpost, a security element normally
combat drill, drill conducted for the purpose established by the frontline regiments. It
of giving training in formations and move performs the same mission as the general
ments designed for a small unit' s use in outpost within the capabilities of its
battle . Combat drill is usually conducted strength and location . See general outpost.
at extended intervals and distances. combat pack. See pack .
combat echelon , part of an organization which combat patrol, tactical unit sent out from the
engages in combat, as distinguished from main body to engage in independent fight
that part whose primary duties are admin ing ; detachment assigned to protect the
istrative .
front, flank , or rear of the main body, by
combat element, troops that actually take part fighting if necessary.
in fighting, distinguished from troops en - I combat phase. that period during which the
gaged in supply or administration . military force is actively engaged with
combat exercise , maneuvers or drill in fight the enemy.
ing technique. combat practice. See combat firing practice .
combat firing practice , form of training where- l combat proficiency tests, series of tests given
in tactical units solve a problem involving a unit to determine its readiness for com
a tactical situation in which ball ammuni bat.
tion is fired at targets representing the
enemy. combat propaganda, propaganda conducted in
forward areas ; directed toward enemy
combat formations, extended formations, in troops and relatively limited groups of
tended specifically for the rifle squad and population immediately behind enemy
platoon but adaptable to any type unit, lines.
which are designed to promote efficient
control and tactical handling of small units combat reconnaissance. See battle reconnais
in combat. sance.
Combat Infantryman Badge, metallic and combat report, any of several reports made at
enamel badge denoting satisfactory per regular intervals from units in the field to
formance of duty in ground combat against headquarters. A combat report tells about
the enemy by infantry personnel. battle positions, actions, supporting troops ,
combat information ship , task force. See task casualties, etc.
force combat information ship. combat serviceable item , an item of equipment
combat intelligence, intelligence for use in a which is complete , ready to perform im
combat area , whether based upon informa- 1 mediately at its rated capacity, and will
tion collected locally or provided by remain serviceable under severe operating
higher headquarters . conditions for a reasonable length of time.
combat jump, act of leaving an aircraft in combat support, operational assistance fur
flight and returning to the ground by para - nished combat elements by other desig
chute in hostile territory . nated units .

combat support troops, those units or organi- | Combined Communications Board, supporting
zations whose primary mission is to fur -
nish operational assistance for combat
elements.
combat team (regimental) , reinforced infantry
operating as a balanced unit of essential
sential combined observation , observation of fire by
arms. The normal ground force ratio is
one regiment of infantry, one battalion of
artillery , one company of engineers, and
one battery of antiaircraft artillery ; but combined operation , operation conducted by
may be changed to meet the demands of
the tactical situation.
combat tire, pneumatic tire of heavy con
struction which is designed to operate | combined shop, integration of all maintenance
without air pressure for a limited distance
in an emergency.
combat train , unit train required for imme
diate support of the combat elements.
Combat trains may include ammunition , combined training, training any unit with the
maintenance, fuel and lubricants and medi
cal vehicles.
combat troops, those units or organization
whose primary mission is destruction of
enemy forces.
combat unit, unit trained and equipped for
fighting as an independent tactical ele
ment.
combat vehicle, vehicle , with or without
armor, from which the crew fights. Armor
protection or armament mounted as sup
plemental equipment on general purpose,
special equipment, or special purpose ve
hicles will not change the classification of
such vehicles to combat vehicles .
combat zone, region where fighting is going
on ; the forward area of the theater of
operations where combat troops are ac
tively engaged . It extends from the front
line to the front of the communications
zone . See combat area .
combination vehicle , towing vehicle (prime commandant, 1. commanding officer of a sery
mover) and a towed load (trailer ) . ice school ; 2. special staff officer in charge
combined , pertaining to an organization or
activity employing forces or agencies of
two or more allies, acting together to ac
complish a common mission ; distinguished
from joint, which applies to an activity
or organization composed of elements of
two or more United States armed forces
acting together .
combined arms, imore than one tactical branch
of the Army used together in operations.
combined arms team , team of two or more
arms, each supplementing the other 's capa
bilities by aiding the forward movement
of the team through the employment of
its own special capabilities ; usually con
sists of tanks, infantry, engineers, artil
lery.
277763° — 53 — - - 5
SR 320– 5 – 1
65 com
agency of the Combined Chiefs of Staff on
communications matters.
combined force, military force composed of
elements of two or more allied nations.
two or more observers from different
points.
forces of two or more allied nations act
ing together for the accomplishment of a
single mission .
facilities at an installation under a cen
tralized control, regardless of echelon of
maintenance of technical services con
cerned .
branch or branches with which it would
normally cooperate , for example, combined
training of artillery , engineers , infantry ,
armored units, and air units.
combustor , name generally assigned to the
combination of flame holder, igniter, com
bustion chamber and injection system of a
ram -jet.
coming flight, front view of an airplane ; posi
tion of an airplane as it approaches an
observer.
command , 1. authority that an individual ex
ercises over his subordinates because of his
grade and assignment ; 2. order given by a
commander ; that is, the will of the com
mander expressed in a definite form for
the purpose of bringing about a particular
action in a specific way ; 3 . unit or units,
or an area , under the command of one
individual ; 4 . to dominate by a field of
weapon fire or by observation from a su
perior position .
of internal administration of a headquar
ters. In this meaning , usually called
headquarters commandant ; 3 . the com
manding officer of a disciplinary barracks
or rehabilitation training center.
command conference, a training period con
ducted on duty time for the purpose of
informing personnel of the Army on cer
tain matters of significance in connection
with their service duties, in order that
they may evaluate and understand their
responsibilities as members of the armed
forces and as citizens.
command -decision dosage, the radiation dosage
designated by command as the maximum
for personnel operating in an area affected
by an atomic explosion . See dosage.
SR 320 - 5 - 1
com 66

command echelon . See command element is the preparatory command, and

commandeer , take over private property or
“ MARCH " is the command of execution .
the services of individuals for military or commando operations, British term for raids
public use. conducted in strength and generally for a
command element. See headquarters . strategic purpose by specially trained mili
tary forces against objectives located in
commander, 1. title of an officer in charge of enemy territory. See ranger ; raid .
a company , battery or larger unit. The
title used for persons in charge of units command post, station of a unit's headquar
smaller than a company is leader. Bat ters, where the commander and the staff
tery commander, battalion commander, perform their activities. In combat, a
and regimental commander are examples unit' s headquarters is often divided into
of commanders. In this meaning also a forward echelon and a rear echelon ; the
called commanding officer ; 2. See Legion of forward echelon is called the command
Merit . post.
Commander in Chief, person who has complete command post exercise. See field exercise.
command of the armed forces of a country . command post vehicle , a vehicle , either
The President of the United States is
wheeled or tracked , armored or unarmored ,
Commander in Chief of all the armed designed or modified specifically to mount
forces of the United States . Sometimes
communications equipment to meet the
a high ranking officer of the Army, Navy , command post requirements. Such special
or Air Force is called commander in chief
vehicles are used at all echelons on com
of a theater of war, a fleet, etc . mand .
commander of the guard , senior officer or non
command responsibility , responsibility of com
commissioned officer who is responsible
for the instruction , discipline, and per manding officers resulting from their as
signments ; e. g., for administration , train
formance of duty of the guard. ing, property, and the requirements of
commander's concept, a general expression of international law .
the broad course of action the commander
contemplates to accomplish the mission . command set, radio set installed in aircraft
for giving orders to other aircraft.
command group , subdivision of the forward
echelon containing certain key officers and command strength , stre
strength chargeable to
men who usually accompany the com Tables of Organization and Equipment,
mander . Tables of Distribution Units, and to allo
cations for non -permanent party personnel
commanding general, a general officer who ex activities indicated in the Troop Program
ercises command over a military unit or
and Troop List as organizations of and
installation . assigned to the United States Army. (In
commanding ground, high land which over cludes Army personnel on joint staffs , on
looks the surrounding region . duty with civilian agencies, and personnel
of other departments such as Coast and
commanding officer, officer, below the grade of
brigadier general, in command of a post Geodetic Survey and United States Public
or a unit, such as the commanding officer Health assigned for duty with the U . S .
of a regiment. Also called commander. Army but excludes Special Category Army
Personnel with the Air Force.)
command inspection , inspection of equipment
and personnel by a commander. command system of guidance, system whereby
command installation , Department of the signals are sent to a missile in flight from
Army installation primarily used or useful an outside source, causing the missile to
for activities of the Army other than the follow a directed path . See homing system
of guidance.
production of materiel, munitions , or
supplies . commence firing, command to fire at once.
command liaison , close touch maintained be- l commendation . See Commendation Ribbon ;
tween commanders for sharing informa
Letter of Commendation .
tion and working together effectively .
Commendation Ribbon , decoration denoting
command net, radio , wire or combined radio distinguished meritorious achievement or
and wire system of communication over
service. Exactly the same degree of
which commands are sent to various head
achievement or service is required as that
quarters and units.
for which the Bronze Star Medal or the
command of execution , second part of a com Air Medal are awarded : decoration prece
mand at which the order is carried out. | dence number 10 . See Letter of Commenda
In " Forward, MARCH ,” and “ Forward” ! tion, Bronze Star Medal, Air Medal. .
 SR 320 – 5– 1
67 com

commercial air movement number (CAM ) , sym - 1 ment of the Army requirement for ship
bol assigned by the Air Transport Associa ment to an oversea theater of operations ;
tion of America to the Chief of Transpor 2 . unit already launched into action ,
tation for purposes of identification , rec commodity classification number . See standard
ord , secrecy and administrative handling commodity classification number.
ofmovements of groups of 15 or more men ,
who travel within the continental limits commodity loading , method of loading in
of the United States by commercial air which various types of cargo are loaded
together, such as ammunition , rations, or
craft as authorized by regulations.
boxed vehicles in order that each com
commercial loading, loading of troops and /or modity can be discharged without disturb
equipment and supplies in a vessel for max ing the others. Also called block stow
imum utilization of personnel and cargo age .
space .
common -battery system , a telephone system
commercial-type vehicle, a motor vehicle de which has current supplied to it from a
signed to meet civilian requirements and central source.
used by the Army, without major modifica
tion , for routine purposes in connection Common Battery Telephone Set, a telephone
with the transportation of supplies, per which is supplied power for transmitting
sonnel and equipment. and receiving from a central source.
commercial water movement number (CWM ) , common control, horizontal and vertical map
symbol assigned for purposes of identifica or chart location of points in the target
tion , record , secrecy and administrative area and position area, tied in with the
handling of movements of groups of 15 or horizontal and vertical control in use by
more men who travel within the continen two or more units. May be established by
tal limits of the United States by commer firing, survey, or combination of both , or
cial inland waterway or coastwise vessels by assumption . See arbitrary control.
as authorized by regulations. common grave, one which contains the re
commissary, store handling food and mer mains of two or more individuals.
chandise in a military post, camp, or sta common item , 1. piece of equipment or ma
tion . It is under the control of the Quar teriel of supply which is used or procured
termaster Corps. by more than one technical service , 2 . any
commission , 1. to put in , or make ready, for material which is normally usable both in
service or use, as to commission an aircraft connection with a terminated contract and
or a ship . See activate ; 2 . to appoint a in connection with other work of the con
person to rank and office ; written docu tractor, as applied to contract termination .
ment evidencing appointment ; 3 . rank and common parts, manufactured parts which may
the authority given by such an order. be used commonly on two or more major
commissioned officer, officer in any of the items.
armed services who holds grade and office common supplies , those supplies common to
under a commission issued by the Presi two or more services.
dent. In the Army, a person who has been | common tools,
items of tools and tool equip
appointed to the grade of second lieutenant
ment which are found in common usage,
or higher is a commissioned officer . or which are applicable to a variety of op
commitment, 1. assignment of units and/or erations or to a single operation on a
resources to given courses of action or variety of material. Screwdrivers, ham
uses ; 2. promise or pledge of such assign mers, drill presses, lathes , welding equip
ment ; 3 . the act of sending a person to ment, battery chargers are examples of
prison by means of a warrant or order ; 1 common tools .
the warrant or order itself. communicating file .
See connecting file.
commitment board. See Army commitment communicating trench . See connecting trench .
board . communication (s ), . 1. a method or means of
commitment value, actual or estimated value conveying information of any kind from
of the services or materials represented by one person or place to another, except by
the terminated portion of a contract. For direct conversation or correspondence. - It
supply contracts such value is measured may consist of transmission by electrical,
by the contract price of the items for mechanical, visual or other means, of
which delivery was canceled by the termi maps, overlays, radiograms, and other
nation . messages ; 2 . routes and transportation for
committed unit, 1. table of organization unit - moving troops and supplies especially in a
committed (earmarked ) to fill a Depart- theater of operations.
SR 320_ 5 _ 1
com 68
communication (s ) center , a communication are physical, crypto, and transmission
agency charged with the responsibility for security .
receipt, transmission and delivery of mes communications, joint, common use of com
sages. It normally includes a Message munication facilities by more than one
Center, a Cryptocenter, transmitting and United States Service.
receiving facilities . Transmitting , receive
ing, and relay stations are not necessarily communications zone, rear part of theater of
operations (behind but contiguous to the
located in the communication ( s ) center but
facilities for remote control thereof must combat zone) which contains the lines of
communications, establishments for supply
terminate therein . and evacuation , and other agencies re
communication chief, enlisted communication quired for the immediate support and
specialist who is thoroughly trained in the maintenance of the field forces. .
utilization and supervision of all agencies
and means of signal communication in the communications zone depot , supply establish
ment in the communications zone, con
unit to which he is assigned . taining reserve supplies.
communication intelligence , intelligence de
communication trench . See connecting trench .
rived from the study of enemy communi
cations. Strictly speaking the field would communique, information issued officially,
deal only with communications as this especially an account of recent activities
word is defined in the dictionary , i. e ., in or events.
terchange of thoughts between persons ; company, basic administrative and tactical
however, for military purposes the field unit in most arms and services of the
also includes intelligence derived from the Army. A company is on a command level
study of the following : 1 . communication below a battalion and above a platoon and
procedural transmissions ; 2 . electrical is equivalent to a battery of artillery, etc.
transmissions employed in aerial naviga
company area , special section of a post or
tion , radar, control of guided missiles , etc. ; | camp assigned to a company.
3 . visual or sound signals ; 4 . intercepted
company clerk, person , usually a noncommis
or captured communications to which the
enemy has applied communication security sioned officer, assigned to help the first
measures ; 5 . enemy documents dealing sergeant in doing the clerical work of a
company.
with communication intelligence and com
munication security ; 6 . interrogation of company council, all the officers on duty with
prisoners of war on these subjects. a company . They meet at stated times ,
communication intelligence analysis , methods or on order, to check company funds and
of deriving intelligence from the com recommend expenditures.
munications of others. It includes the in company council book , official book in which a
terception of communications, location of bookkeeping record is kept of company
radio transmitters and the solution of funds.
cryptosystems. company fund , money belonging to the com
communication , means (of) , a medium by pany as a unit. With the approval of the
which a message is conveyed from one company council, it can be used for the
person or place to another. benefit of the company in accordance with
communication officer, officer in regiments and
rules prescribed in Army Regulations.
battalions assigned a signal communication company grade, classification of those officers
specialty. See signal officer. normally serving in a company. It is ap
plied to lieutenants and captains.
communication procedure , the abbreviated
data , signals , and standard operation company officer , any officer ranking below a
methods which have been adopted to facili major and serving in a company. Cap
tate the establishment of communication tains, first lieutenants, and second lieu
and the rapid , secure transmission of mes tenants are company officers.
sages by means of signal communication company street , roadway or open space in
communications, agency of, a facility which front of , or between , the tents or buildings
embraces personnel and equipment neces of a company .
sary to provide communications by any company transport, vehicles that form an or
means or combination thereof. ganic part of company equipment, and are
communication security, 1. the protection re directly available to the company com
sulting from all measures designed to deny | mander for tactical use.
to unauthorized persons information of comparator, optical instrument, usually pre
value which might be derived from com - 1 cise , for measuring rectangular coordi
munications ; 2 . the sum of these measures. nates of points on any plane surface, such
The components of communication security as a photographic-plate.

69
compartment of terrain , terrain area bounded complete penetration , 1 . in the Army penetra
on at least two opposite sides by terrain
features , such as woods, ridges, or villages, target or light through the target can be
which limit observation and observed fire
into the area from points outside the area.
compass azimuth , angle measured clockwise
from a north point determined by means
of a compass reading. Because of varia
tions of the compass, it may not agree with complete round, 1 . there are artillery, bomb,
an azimuth measured from true magnetic
north .
compass bearing, direction or bearing as given
by a compass reading.
compass compensation, method of adjusting a
compass to compensate for the magnetic
forces exerted by nearby metals, parts of
an aircraft or a ship's structure, etc.
compass course, course of an aircraft , tank,
person etc., as indicated by the horizontal
angle between the north -south line, as
shown by a compass, and the direction of
motion of the aircraft, tanks, person etc.
compass declination , angle from the true north
in the pointing of a compass.
compass, draftsman , an instrumen t for de
scribing all or part of a circle .
compass error, 1. false compass needle reading
induced by deflection because of nearby
metallic objects, static electricity, or im
proper adjustment of the compass ; 2 . the
total difference between the reading of
north on the compass and true north .
compass, magnetic, an instrument which uti
lizes a magnetic needle to indicate direc
tions. These directions are from magnetic
North , but the needle may be deflected if
there are other magnetic materials present.
compass north , line to the magnetic north
pole , along which the needle of a magnetic
compass points ; also called magnetic
north .
compensator, any device used to offset or
allow for undesirable forces or motions. composite aerial photograph , aerial photograph
Compensators are often mounted on some made with a camera having one principal
types of shotguns and automatic weapons
to hold down muzzle rise and reduce recoil.
compilation. See map compilation.
complement, 1. full, authorized strength of a
military unit or post, including officers, en
listed personnel and materiel ; 2. extra
units of various types attached to a given
unit for adding to its services or opera
tions.
complementary angle of site, an angle of site
correction to compensate
sate for
for the
the error
error composite service organization , military unit
made in assuming rigidity of the trajec
tory.
completed case, medical case which is consid
ered complete if its disposition is other
than a disposition by transfer.
SR 320–5 – 1
. com
tion obtained when the projectile in the
seen from the rear of the target ; 2 . in the
Navy, penetration obtained when the pro
jectile passes through the target intact or
a major portion of the projectile passes
through .
mortar, etc., complete rounds ; 2 . a com
plete round of separate loading artillery
ammunition consists of a primer, pro
pelling charge, and except for blank am
munition , a projectile ; in fixed or semifixed
ammunition , a primer, propelling charge,
cartridge case , and a projectile is a com
plete round ; 3 . bomb complete round is
composed of all component parts required
to drop and function the bomb once.
complete shutdown inventory , the counting of
all items located within an installation as
of a particular date. In accomplishing
this type of inventory, all receiving and
shipping activities are suspended during
the counting period .
component, 1 . part of the United States Army,
consisting of the Regular Army, the Na
tional Guard of the United States, the
National Guard while in the service of the
United States, the Army Reserve, and per
sonnel appointed , enlisted , or inducted in
the United States Army. See reserve com
ponents ; 2. essential part of a whole , such
as a trigger in a firing mechanism or a
generator in a radio set ; 3 . subassemblies
or parts, which together with other sub
assemblies, parts or end items, when
assembled . become an item of issue. A
subassembly or part may be an item of
issue as well as a component of another
item ; 4 . in cryptography, one of two
sequences (plain component and cipher
component) making up a cipher alphabet.
lens and two or more surrounding and
oblique lenses. The several resulting
photographs are corrected or transformed
in printing so as to permit assembly as
verticals with the same scale. See tri
metrogen .
composite score, a combination of scores,
either raw or converted , on two or more
tests and /or other testing instruments,
each weighed according to some predeter
mined system ,
or units composed of elements providing
several services, i. e ., composite quarter
master battalion providing salvage collect
ing, laundry and salvage repair ; or a group
consisting of units of several technical
SR 320– 5 – 1
com 70

service organizations, to provide balanced concentration , 1. volume of fire placed on an

logistical support for a force. area within a limited time, or an area
compound, enclosed place or yard ; such as a designated and numbered for future refer
place for confining prisoners. ence as a possible target ; 2 . amount of
war gas or screening smoke present in a
compromise, a loss of security of information given volume of air. Irritant concentra
due to an unauthorized person having tion is one which causes person to feel
obtained knowledge thereof. presence of gas. Lacrimatory concentra
computed intersection , the location of a point tion ( for tear gases ) is one which causes
by intersection trigonometrically. tears to flow . Harassing concentration is
computed procurement requirement, the quan one which requires masking. Intolerable
tity of supply which is computed as re concentration (for tear gases) is one in
quired for procurement ( ready for issue or which person cannot keep eyes open .
assembly of components ) to meet total Lethal concentration is one which can kill
demands after deduction of available assets personnel ; 3 . assembly of troops in a given
(stock on hand ready for issue, returned locality for purposes of training, attack or
stock and other sources of supply ready for defense.
issue) . The computed procurement re concentration area, 1 . area usually in the the
quirement may need adjustment to elimi ater of operations, where troops, equip
nate minor month by month fluctuations ment and supplies are assembled before
before approval as the procurement objec beginning active operations ; 2. limited
tive. area on which a volume of gunfire is placed
computer, 1 . mechanical or electro-mechanical within a limited time.
instrument for solving mathematical prob concept (of an operation ) , verbal or graphic
lems. It is used in obtaining data for statement, in broad outline, of a com
artillery and for navigation . A computer mander' s assumptions and intent with re
employed with antiaircraft artillery re gard to an operation or a series of opera
ceives continuous present position data on tions.
an airplane or other moving target , and
continually calculates firing data for use concertina, cylinder -shaped , portable wire en
against such target ; data computer ; tanglement, which can be folded or pushed
2 . fire direction center operator who com together for carrying , and extended for
putes data for laying and firing artillery use. Concertinas are normally used to in .
guns. crease the strength and effectiveness of
other types of entanglements.
computer , geodetic , one who performs mathe
matical computations using logarithmic concurrent parts, parts supplied concurrently
and natural functions tables in the con with the applicable end item , required to
struction of topographical maps or charts. support maintenance for stated periods of
time or other specified requirements.
computing sight, type of gun sight which
includes an electrical or mechanical means concurrent training, that training which is
for computing the proper angle between conducted simultaneously with another
the line of sight to the target and the line subject ( s ) when permitted by the sched
of departure of the projectile. It usually uling of the principal subject.
includes means for automatically establish condensation code. See brevity code.
ing the angle . condensation trail, visible trail of small water
concealed damage, a damage to the contents droplets or ice crystals formed under cer
of a package which is in good order tain conditions in the wake of an aircraft.
externally . Also known as con -trails .
concealed loss, a loss from a package bearing condition , antiaircraft control, a condition of
no indication of having been opened. control of antiaircraft fire according to
concealment, anything that prevents men or the following :
materiel from being seen by the enemy. control green, this means that friendly
Concealment offers protection from obser planes are in the area and that fire is
vation only ; cover offers protection from not opened on any plane unless it ap
gunfire. pears to be attacking and is positively
concentrated fire, fire from a number of guns, identified as enemy.
directed at a single point or small area ; control yellow , this means that no friendly
fixed fire ; point fire. Concentrated fire is planes are known to be operating in the
heavy fire directed at a strong point, fixed area , and fire may be opened with less
fortification , or enemy concentration ; dis rigid identification . Friendly planes
tributed fire covers a wider area more should be known to be clear of the area
lightly . before " control yellow " is set. . .
 SR 320 _5 - 1
71 con

conduct grade, the status of a prisoner's con - | conic projection , method of map making.
duct , determined by his behavior while in Points on the earth 's surface are projected
confinement. on an imaginary cone with its apex on the
conduct of fire, all technical operations con extended axis of the earth , and its base
nected with the actual application of ef touching the earth at the north -south mid
- fective fire upon a target . dle point of the area to be mapped . The
cone of dispersion , cone-shaped pattern formed projected parallels of latitude appear as
by the paths of a group of shots fired from circles parallel to the base of the cone,
a gun with the same sight setting ; cone of and meridians of longitude appear as
straight lines from the edge of the base
fire ; sheaf of fire. The shots follow dif
ferent paths as a result of gun vibration , to the point of the cone.
variations in ammunition , and other fac connecting file , one man , or two men together ,
tors such as changes in wind. paced between units on the march to main
cone of fire. See cone of dispersion. tain contact between the units ; communi
cating file.
cone of sight, general cone formed by straight
connecting group , any group used to maintain
lines radiating from the eye to the outer contact between separated forces.
boundaries of an object.
cone of silence, inverted cone-shaped space di connecting trench , trench by which men can
rectly over the aerial towers of a radio move from one fire trench to another, or
range station , in which all signals are un from one part of a trench system to an
heard or greatly dimmed in volume. other ; communicating trench ; communica
tion trench .
conference call, connecting several telephones
at once so that a conference may be held connection survey, survey which ties together
or orders may be given to several persons the target area survey and position area
survey.
at the same time.
ference method, teaching method which conscientious objector, a person who claims
employs directed discussion of a topic that the dictates of his conscience prevent
rather than a lecture by the instructor. him from taking up arms in warfare.
confidential. See classified matter. conscription , drafting for military service or
confinement, the physical restraint of a per service essential to the national health ,
son. ( Article 9 ( a ), Uniform Code of safety, welfare , and interest.
Military Justice.) consignee, officer or other person to whom the
confinement facility , a guardhouse or stock last carrier turns over the shipment. A
ade, hospital prison ward, rehabilitation consignee is not necessarily the person to
training center , disciplinary barracks, or whom the property is invoiced or for whose
any other military place of confinement. use it is intended .
confinement officer, any officer assigned to a consignee combination , a code assigned by an
confinement facility charged with the se oversea commander or by General Staff ,
curity, administration, treatment, and United States Army, to be used as a part of
custody of prisoners. the overséa address for the purpose of des
confirmatory order, written order recording a ignating specific shipments and papers con
nected therewith , thus providing special
verbal order previously issued . identification to facilitate handling. Con
confirmed battery, a hostile battery whose signee combinations are composed of not
existence and location are known . more than three letters which may be fol
conformal projection , type of map projection lowed by not more than two digits .
which maintains the shape of smaller geo consignor, 1. officer or other authorized person
graphical features at the expense of a who issues the original bill of lading ; 2 .
changing scale throughout the map . Me agency from which shipment is made.
ridians and parallels are shown at right
angles, thus distorting the shape of the consolidated car, car bearing a combination of
less-than -carload shipments, totaling car
larger features ; also called orthomorphic
(right shape ) . . load weight, consigned to one destination .
dal of
Congressional Medal of Honor. See Medal of consolidated motor pool. See motor pool.
Honor . consolidated return , report made by combining
conical scanning, a type of scanning in which the reports from several subordinate or
the axis of the radio -frequency beam is ganizations or stations,
tilted away from the axis of the antenna consolidated shipment, a number of relatively
reflector and rotated about it, generating small shipments for one destination which
a cone with a vertex angle usually from are combined as one shipment in order to
about five to ten degrees. reduce the transportation cost.
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
con 72
consolidated vehicle table, summary of all vehi- | consumption rate, consumption rate is the av .
cles loaded on a ship, listed by types, and erage quantity of an item consumed or ex .
showing the units to which they belong. pended during a given time interval, ex
consolidating point, point within an installa pressed in quantities per applicable basis.
tion at which less -than -carload or less Typical basis of consumption rates are
than -truckload shipments are brought to rounds per weapon per day, pounds per
gether to be forwarded as a carload or man per day, and quantities per 1000 men
truckload . per month .
consolidating station , place to which less than contact, 1. position of bodies of troops, air
carload lots of freight are relayed so that craft, or tanks near each other so that they
they can be grouped with other freight to can maintain communications if friendly ,
make full carloads for the same delivery or observation if hostile ; 2. warning to an
point. aviation mechanic that the ignition is
consolidation of position , organizing and switched on and the motor ready to start.
strengthening a newly captured position so contact agent, member of a medical or vet
that it can be used against the enemy. erinary unit who acts as liaison man be
consolidation propaganda , propaganda directed
tween an aid station and the unit com
mander, and as guide between the aid
toward civil populations in areas occupied
by United States forces , designed to insure stations and the collecting station .
compliance with laws, orders, and decrees contact fire, method of firing a submarine
of military commanders . mine by which the mine is exploded im
mediately when struck or touched by a
consolidation psychological warfare, psycholog vessel.
ical warfare designed to facilitate the
achievement of military objectives in lib contact mine, mine fitted with a firing device
erated and occupied areas. which explodes the mine when it is touched
constitute, to designate and place a new table by a vessel, personnel, or vehicle .
of organization and equipment unit on the contact mission , airplane flight undertaken
rolls of the Army in an inactive status. for the systemic observation of a given
This can be done only by the authority of area, enemy force, or enemy activities.
the Secretary of the Army, after provision contact party , an element of a command, or
has been made for the inclusion of the ganization, or unit designated to visit an
unit in the Department of the Army Troop other organization ( s ) for the purpose of
Program providing service or intelligence ; for ex
construction center, installation located in or ample : detachment from a maintenance
company sent forward to deliver supplies
near a command post area , where trunk
lines and long local circuits converge for and /or make repairs on ordnance materiel
entrance to the telephone central. A non of units needing assistance.
commissioned officer called a construction contact patrol, patrol detailed to maintain
chief is in charge of this installation, contact with adjoining units.
construction chief, in higher units , the non - | Contact Report, a report of contact with the
commissioned officer charged with the enemy made by a field unit , a ship , or an
duties of maintaining trunk and long local aircraft which is in visual, radio , sonar, or
lines in his unit. See wire chief . radar contact with him . The first report,
constructive credit, granting the equivalent of giving the information immediately avail
completion of all or parts of school courses able when the contact is first made, is
to certain military personnel who are qual known as an initial contact report. Sub
ified through length of service , field experi sequent reports containing additional in
ence and demonstrated ability . formation are referred to as amplifying
reports,
constructive placement, when , due to some dis
ability on the part of a consignor or con contain , to stop , hold , or surround the forces
signee, 4 car cannot be placed for loading of the enemy or to cause the enemy to
or unloading at a point previously desig center his activity on a given front and
nated by the consignor or consignee , and prevent his withdrawing any part of his
it is placed elsewhere, it is considered as forces for use elsewhere .
being under constructive placement and containers , rifle, adjustable, used by the sol
subject to demurrage rules and charges , dier for carrying his individual weapon
the same as if it were actually placed at or crew served light weapons during a
the designated point. parachute jump.
consumption issue, issue of an item which is containing action . See holding attack .
expended or consumed in use, such as ex - contamination , presence , of, or act of placing
pendable supplies . I a CBR agent on a person , object, or area .

73
Continental United States, 48 States and the
· District of Columbia ,
contingent, unit of troops in an army.
contingent zone of fire. See zone of fire.
continuing appropriation , an appropria tion
appropriation
which is available for obligation and dis
bursement until a designated purpose is
accomplished without restriction as to
time.
continuous fire , 1 . fire conducted at a normal
rate without interruption for application
of adjustment corrections or for other
causes ; 2. in field artillery, a succession
of salvos, the pieces being fired consecu
tively at the interval designated in the
command .
continuously pointed fire, a system of fire con
trol which supplies firing data to the gun
continuously instead of at fixed intervals ,
such as predicted concentration .
contour flying , flight at low altitude in which
the flight pattern conforms generally to
the contours of the area. It is used to
avoid observation or detection of an air -
craft and / or the points to and from which
it is fying.
contour interval, difference in elevation be
tween two adjacent contour lines ; vertical
interval.
contour line, 1. imaginary line on the surface
of the earth , all points of which are at the
same elevation above, or below , a datum
plane, usually mean sea level ; 2 . line on a
map representing the imaginary contour
line described above.
contour mnp, map showing heights above sea
level by lines that connect points on a
land surface having the same height.
contraband , any unauthorized article or ar- |
ticles prohibited by rules and regulations
of an institution . ( Disciplinary barracks
usage) .
contraband of war, goods, material, and sup
plies furnished by neutral nations to bel
ligerents that either belligerent has the
right to seize. The United States has
generally favored limiting contraband to
arms, munitions of war, and military
supplies, although agreeing that naval
stores were contraband , and that even
foodstuffs might become so when destined
to belligerent military forces.
contract authorization , authorization by law to
incur obligations for designated purposes. control, 1. authority which may be less than
contract date , date when contract is accepted
and executed by the procuring agency or
property disposal officer .
contract delinquency, failure to meet pre
' scribed delivery schedules.
SR 320- 5 - 1
con
contracting officer, any officer or civilian em
· ployee authorized to enter into and admin
ister contracts and to make determinations
and findings with respect thereto .
contractor, one who, under agreement, sup
plies or obtains materials and / or renders
services.
contractor inventory, 1 . any property acquired
by and in the possession of a contractor or
subcontractor ( including Government-fur
nished property ) under a contract pur
suant to the terms of which title is vested
in the Government, and in excess of the
amounts needed to complete full perform
ance under the entire contract ; and 2 . any
property which the Government is obli
gated or has the option to take over under
any type of contract as a result either of
any changes in the specifications or plans
thereunder, or of the termination of such
contract (or subcontract thereunder) ,
prior to completion of the work , for the
convenience of or at the option of the
Government.
contractor-operated vehicle. See contractor ve
hicle ; administrative vehicle.
contractor vehicle , administrative vehicle
which will not be given the appearance or
marking of a military vehicle and will not
be operated under a United States Army
registration number because the vehicle
has been turned over for operation by the
contractor at a contractor-operated instal
lation of facility. To assist in mainte
nance of property, the United States Army
registration number is painted within the
hood .
contract - shipment number, number of the con
tract or purchase order covering procure
ment of materiel, together with supple
mental agreements and change orders, and
the number of the shipment made against
the contract from the shipping point.
contract surgeon , civilian who performs the
professional and administrative functions
of a medical officer, but without military
rank or commission .
contract termination , termination or cancella
tion , in whole or in part, of work under a
prime contract for the convenience or at
the option of the Government except for
default of the prime contractor, or of work
under a subcontract for any reason except
the default of the subcontractor.
full command exercised by a commander
over part of the activities of subordinate
or other organizations ; 2. (geographic ) a
system or network of points of fixed geo
detic positions, with latitude, longitude
and elevation determined with surveying
SR 320_ 5 - 1
con
instruments ; 3. See fire control, opera - |
tional control, administrative control; 4 .
concerning missiles in general, the entire
processes of intelligence and maneuver
intended for reaching a specified destina
tion , with special connotation on changes
in course due to data which may be ob
served and computed either in the missile
or externally ; 5. concerning an airframe,
a device for effecting a change in motion ;
6 . in a civil affairs or military government
sense, the degree of authority exercised by
a military commander over a civil popula
tion , government, or economy, in an area
in which United States armed forces are
employed.
control account, account to which is posted an
independently determined summary of ac
counting transactions affecting a number
of identical or related accounts, called
subsidiary accounts, so that the aggregate
of the balances in the subsidiary accounts
may be shown to equal the balance in the
control account.
control board, administrative board of officers
in many large military organizations that
analyzes and oversees organizations, pro
the proper direction .
cedures, and methods.
control buoy, floating marker that shows the control panel, panel used in area damage con
position or intended location of an under
water mine or series of mines.
control flag, flag used to indicate decisions
covered by the area damage control.
and communicate certain orders to the control point, 1. position along a route of
troops .
control groups, units authorized or required
to be established by area commanders to
administer Army Reserve personnel not
otherwise assigned .
controlled firing area, an airspace in which
both artillery firing and air traffic, on an
established airway, are authorized by the
Air Coordinating Committee, Subcommit
tee on Airspace, Rules of the Air and Air
Traffic Control, Washington, D . C .
controlled interception , interception wherein
the friendly aircraft are controlled from a
surface or air station .
controlled map , map with precise horizontal
and vertical ground control as a basis .
Scale, azimuth, and elevations are accu
rate. control responsibility, authority granted to an
controlled mine, land mine or group of land
mines fitted with firing devices capable of
being activated by an electrical system
leading to a central control station , usually
located in a casemate .
controlled mosaic , mosaic laid on ground con
trol to provide an accurate representation
of distances and directions.
controlled net, group of stations on a common
channel of communication with one station !
74
designated as control and all other sta
tions transmitting only when granted per.
mission to do so.
controlled pattern , method of dropping para
chuted supplies , weapons, etc. from air
craft in flight and preventing their dis
persal by connecting them into one group
with webbing, rope, or other means.
controlled tower, tower having the mechanism
and equipment that allow a parachute to
come straight down between cables. A
controlled tower is used for training in
parachute jumping.
controller, 1. operator of azimuth or elevation
controls in a searching unit ; 2. electrical
device used in maintaining distant control
over machines, such as the braking system
in a truck and trailer unit .
control map , map of an area covered by a area
damage control plan on which incidents
are plotted in the area damage control
center.
control officer, an officer , usually the execu
tive or second in command , who moves at
the head of a column or element thereof
to regulate the rate of march and maintain
trol center to show movements of area
damage control services within the area
march at which men are stationed to give
information and instructions for the reg
ulation of supply or traffic ; 2 . in amphibi
ous operations, position marked by a buoy,
boat, or small craft, as an aid to naviga
tion for the vessels and boats of the attack
force ; 3. point whose horizontal and / or
vertical position with respect to the sur
face of the earth has been determined by
ground survey and which can be identified
on an aerial photograph for map -making
purposes ; 4 . a conspicuous terrain point
which is given a name or number as a
means of control of a movement. See
check point.
control region , geographic unit used in the
technical and administrative organization
of a weather service.
individual, division , unit , or other element
of command to issue orders for appropri
ate action to dispose of assignments re
quired to perform the mission of the
organization .
control sheet, a gridded chart, usually on
transparent material, on which is plotted
to an appropriate scale , the principal point
of each of a series of vertical air photo
graphs. It provides a means of determin
ing the true coordinates of any point which
 SR 320– 5 – 1
75 coo

can be identified on any adjacent pair of conversion square. See cipher square.
vertical photographs. conversion table, chart that gives units of any
control surface, movable airfoil designed to be thing in terms of a different type of units.
rotated or otherwise moved in order to Examples are the various tables that con
change the speed or direction of the air vert boxes of ammunition into rounds,
craft . English units of measurement into the
control system , equipment on the shore used metric system , or artillery firing data in
to regulate the firing of a group of con mils into yards of range.
trolled submarine mines. convert, to change a unit from one arm or
control vehicle , 1 . vehicle in which the com service to another ; for example, from the
mander or internal control officers ride ; 2 . cavalry to the infantry . Such action re
a standard vehicle of known capabilities quires redesignation to conform to the new
operated alongside an experimental test table.
vehicle for purposes of comparison . converted score, a score which has been
control vessel, in an amphibious operation , a changed from its original ( raw ) form into
Vessel to guide, and to act as a headquar a statistically derived score in order to
provide a direct basis for comparison with
ters for the control of water-borne traffic
scores on other instruments.
to and from the beach .
converter, in cryptography , a type of mechani.
control zone, safety zone, with specified limits Co
above and around an airport in which all cal or electrical device for enciphering
air traffic is directed by radio from the and deciphering as Converter M209.
airport, to avoid collision or other acci- convertible vehicle , vehicle that can be
dent. changed from the wheeled type to the
convalescent center, unit of approximately track -laying type.
1 ,500 beds that receives from hospitals convoy , 1. group or train of vehicles or ships
within a theater of operations ambulatory organized for the purpose of control and
patients needing no further hospital treat orderly movement with or without escort
ment but requiring further reconditioning protection ; 2. to accompany in order to
under medical supervision prior to return protect.
to duty status. This unit may be aug - convoy discipline, obedience to regulations nec
mented to 3 ,000 bed capacity. essary to enable a convoy to move with the
convalescent facility, one or more buildings, greatest possible speed and safety, and
separate from but under the administra with the least possible interference with
tion of a fixed hospital, for the convales other traffic.
cence and reconditioning of patients who convoy guard , escort to protect a convoy of
no longer require daily medical and nurs | vehicles from being scattered , destroyed , or
ing care but who are not sufficiently re captured .
covered to return to duty. cook -off, functioning of a chambered round of
convening authority , officer who selects and ammunition , initiated by the heat of the
appoints a court-martial or a board to in weapon .
vestigate any matter pertaining to mili coordinate, in mathematics and mapping , any
tary administration . Commander to whom
of two or more distances that define the
the record of trial by court-martial is sub position of a point, line, or plane by refer
mitted for review and approval. The exer
ence to a fixed figure or system of lines.
cise of this authority is a function of com The reference X - and Y -lines used in
mand and not of rank . common problems involving graphs are
conventional sign , standard symbol used on coordinates.
maps to indicate terrain features. coordinate code, code referring to coordinates
converged sheaf, a term used in a fire message I on a map or chart by letters or numerals
to indicate that the observer desires a other than those printed on the map.
sheaf in which the planes of fire of a bat coordinated attack , carefully planned and exe
tery converge on a point. cuted offensive action in which the various
converging attack , attack from different direc elements of a command are employed in
tions delivered upon one point or place. such a manner as to utilize their powers to
converging fire, fire from a number of guns the greatest advantage to the command as
: directed at the same spot. a whole .
conversion , alteration of an item , whether a coordinated fire plan , plans made by Com
component or end item , other than by as- | manders in advance of battle to bring max
sembly of components, so that it becomes imum effective fire on the attacking force
another item . throughout the conduct of the defense.
SR 320_5 _ 1
COO 76
coordinate scale, right-angled ruler for plot- sions that make up the corps. They are
ting or locating points on a map . It has assigned or attached for special purposes,
scale markings equal to the spaces between and usually for a limited time.
grid lines on the map . corrected azimuth, azimuth of the axis of the
coordinate system , lines drawn or superim - | bore of a gun firing on a moving target,
posed upon a map , by means of which abso after allowances have been made for at
lute or relative positions on the map or mospheric, materiel and other variable
on the land surface are expressed . conditions.
coordination , cooperation of all agencies con corrected deflection , angle between the line of
cerned in an undertaking to ensure effec sight and the axis of the bore of the gun
tive teamwork . after allowances have been made for at
coordination with , in consultation with . This mospheric , materiel and other variable
expression means that agencies coordi conditions .
nated with shall participate actively ; their corrected elevation , firing table elevation cor
concurrence shall be sought ; and that if responding to the corrected range.
concurrence is not obtained , the disputed corrected range, actual range with allowances
matter shall be referred to the next higher made for weather conditions, variation in
authority in which all participants have ammunition , wear in the gun , or any other
a voice. variations from standard conditions, so
coppering, metal fouling left in the bore of a that the projectile will carry to the target.
weapon by the rotating band or the jacket correction, 1. any change in firing data to
of a projectile. bring the center of impact or burst closer
copy number. See serial number. to the target ; 2 . term used in a fire mes
sage to indicate that an error in data has
cordite, double base powder in the form of
cords, composed of gun -cotton , nitroglyc been announced and that corrected data
erin , and mineral jelly, used by some for will follow .
eign nations as a propellant in rounds of correctional classification . See classification .
ammunition , correctional installation , installation for con
corduroy road, road surfacing for soft or finement of prisoners, including a reha
marshy ground, made by laying whole or bilitation center, disciplinary barracks,
split logs crosswise, either on the natural disciplinary training center , processing
surface or on logs or planks placed length center, stockade, and guardhouse .
wise .
correctional institution , 1. type of institution
corner guard , marker used at aisle intersec that has the rehabilitation of inmates as
tions in a warehouse or storage area to its aim ; 2 . in the Federal prison system
prevent workers and equipment from bump a minimum or medium security institu
ing into the stacks. tion , generally for prisoners whose sen
corner reflector, device consisting of intersect tences do not exceed five years.
ing perpendicular metal sheets or screens correspondent, 1 . a journalist, press reporter,
which , when struck by a radar beam , photographer, columnist, editor, publisher,
reflect the beam back to its source. radio or television reporter, commentator,
corporal. See Appendix I. cameraman , newsreel or other documen
corporal of the guard, noncommissioned officer tary picture production employee regu
of the guard who instructs and posts sen larly engaged in the collection and dis
tries, changes reliefs, and is in charge of semination of news material to the public ;
one of the reliefs . 2 . an accredited correspondent is a ci
corps, 1 . tactical unit larger than a division vilian correspondent authorized by the
and smaller than an army. A corps usu Department of Defense to carry on his
ally consists of two or more divisions to work in a theater of operations. He wears
gether with auxiliary arms and services. an officer-type service uniform with ci
In this meaning , formerly called army vilian insignia evidencing that he is a cor
corps ; 2. one of the branches of the Army; respondent ; 3 . a combat correspondent is
major subdivision of an arm or service, a member of the armed forces engaged in
such as Corps of Engineers, Quartermaster the collection and dissemination to the
Corps , and Medical Corps of the Army armed forces and to the public of news
Medical Service. material concerning combat activities.
corps artillery , all artillery attached or as- corresponding range, range corresponding to
signed to the corps and not attached by the lowest trajectory which passes safely
corps to their divisions. over the heads of friendly troops.
corps troops, troops assigned or attached to corridor, 1. compartment of terrain the longer
a corps, but not a part of one of the divi. . axis of which is parallel to, or extends in ,
 SR 320_5- 1
: 77 .cou

the direction of movement of a force. See aircraft undertaking flight missions over
compartment of terrain ; 2 . airlane assigned a hostile area .
to certain aircraft formations to prevent counterintelligence
, that aspect of intelligence
their · being attacked by friendly air , which comprises civil and military meas
ground , or naval forces.
ures, including the collection , processing
cosolvent, liquids that work harmoniously and distribution of information , and exec
together to bring about the desired results. utive action , designed to counter enemy or
They are used to make two nonmissible potential enemy intelligence, to deceive
liquids such as water and dry solvent work the enemy, or to prevent sabotage or sub
in harmony with each other. versive activities.
cost accounting , the recording, classifying , countermand, 1 . withdraw or cancel an order
and summarizing of expenses by element or command ; 2 . call back or stop by a con
of cost ; by method of financing ; by job trary order ; order back .
order, or expenditure order ; by operation ,
function, activity , mission , and program ; ] countermarch , 1. reverse directions while
and by installation , command area , and marching but keeping the same order,
department, so as to determine the sepa - · especially used with military bands ; 2 .
rate and aggregate costs on an organiza - I carry out a countermarch .
tional basis of the various phases and countermeasures , that form of military science
items of production or performance. which by the employment of devices and /
cost-plus- a - fixed -fee, contract, type of contract, or techniques has as its objective the im
limited in use , whereby the contractor is 1 pairment of the operational effectiveness
paid a fixed fee limited to a per centum of of enemy activity.
the estimated cost of the contract and
providing for payment of all allowable | countermining, method of destroying mines by
costs as defined in the contract. detonating them with nearby explosions.
cost-reimbursement type contract, includes countermining radius, the least practicable
cost or cost-sharing contracts, and cost distance between mines to avoid chain
plus- fixed -fee contracts. countermining.
counterattack , attack by a part or all of a countermortar operations, action taken to
defending force against an enemy attack eliminate or render ineffective hostile mor
ing force, for the purpose of regaining tars and rockets by artillery neutralization
ground lost or of cutting off or destroying or destruction ,
enemy advance units. It is mostly a de
counteroffensive, aggressive action on a large
fensive action with only temporary and scale undertaken by a defending force to
local offensive action to seize limited ob
jectives. A counterattack differs from a seize the initiative from the attacking
force. The purpose of a counteroffensive
counteroffensive, which is aggressive ac is to stop the offensive of the enemy and
tion .
destroy his forces. A counteroffensive
counterbattery. See counterbattery fire. differs from a counterattack , which is
counterbattery activities, all activities engaged mostly a defensive action with only tem
in for the purpose of locating, neutral porary and local offensive action to seize
izing, or destroying enemy artillery. limited objectives. A counteroffensive
usually follows a counterattack .
counterbattery fire, fire specifically directed
against enemy artillery or control stations. counterpoise, 1 . weight balancing another
counterbattery officer , staff officer responsible weight. The counterpoise on a gun is the
mechanism that counterbalances the
for securing accurate information of the
weight of the breech of a large gun , making
enemy artillery and for recommending ap
propriate counterbattery fire. He is nor it easier to open and close ; 2 . wire or
mally on the corps artillery staff . wires used in an antenna system as a sub
stitute ground when the earth is not suit
counterespionage, category of counterintelli able for such purposes . -
gence, the objective of which is the detec
tion and neutralization of foreign espion counterpreparation fire, system of intensive
prearranged fires delivered when the immi
age, its operations, technique, communica
nence of the enemy attack is discovered .
- tions, and personnel.
It is designed to break up enemy forma
counterfire, fire intended to destroy or neu tions ; disorganize the enemy's systems of
tralize enemy weapons. command , communication and observa
counterflak preparation , artillery fire against tion ; decrease the effectiveness of his
- hostile antiaircraft artillery installations ; artillery preparation ; and impair his
it is employed as protection for friendly offensive spirit.
SR 320 _5 _ 1
cou 78
counterpropaganda , propaganda designed to | court-martial order, order that is published
refute specific enemy or unfriendly propa promulgating the result of trial by a gen
ganda . eral or special court-martial.
counterrecoil, forward movement of a gun re- court of inquiry, board of three or more
turning to firing position after recoil. . officers and a recorder appointed by the
President, or other competent authority , to
counterrecoil mechanism , hydraulic, pneu- 1 examine into the nature of any transac
matic, or mechanical system that returns tion of, or accusation on imputation
a gun to proper firing position after recoil. against, military personnel.
counterreconnaissance, all measures taken to Court of Military Appeals, a court composed
prevent hostile observation of a force , area , of three civilian judges appointed by the
or place. President and confirmed by the Senate,
counterreconnaissance screen , units of an at which exercises the appellate functions
tacking or maneuvering force that protect over the armed forces as to records of
the main force from effective enemy recon trialby courts-martial required by the Uni.
naissance. Armored cavalry and motor form Code of Military Justice, articles 67
ized units are often used as a counter and 73 .
reconnaissance screen . cover, 1. shelter or protection , either natural
countersign , password given in answer to the or artificial, from enemy fire. Conceal
challenge of a sentinel, but inclusive of the ment offers protection from observation
challenge when secret. only ; 2 . get directly behind the person in
front in a formation , in close order drill ;
count off, 1. call out one's numerical position 3 . protect friendly troops by assisting fire ;
in a line in successive order from a given
4 . provision for intercepting wireless sig
starting point ; 2. command to count off. nals, especially those of a particular cir
county fair, a method for instructing or ex cuit or type ; 5. provide for intercepting
amining large numbers of men whereby wireless signals , especially those of a par
groups of attending personnel rotate from ticular type.
one to another of a series of continuous cover address , is one utilized for the trans
demonstrations. mission of a message to an addressee other
courier, a messenger ( usually a commissioned than the person actually addressed .
or warrant officer ) responsible for the coverage, 1. ground area represented on aerial
secure physical transmission and delivery
photographs, photo-maps, mosaics, maps,
of classified communications, documents etc . ; 2 . cover or protection , as the coverage
and material. of troops by supporting fire.
courier mail, mail sent by special military coverage study, study of the extent and nature
messenger . of communications intercepted in order to
course, 1. path that is planned for an aircraft ensure adequate interception .
to fly. The track is the path that it covered approach , 1 . any route that offers
actually flies. Course is expressed as an protection against enemy observation or
angle measured from north , usually from fire ; 2 . approach made under protection
true north ; 2. horizontal layer of a block furnished by other forces or by natural
of supplies. In this meaning , also called cover.
tier ; 3 . See compass course. covered movement, a movement of troops
course light, light directed along an airway so when adequate security is provided by
that it can be seen chiefly from points on other friendly forces.
or near the airway. covered storage space, storage space within
any roofed structure.
course-line shot, the sensing of a shot cross
ing the target's line of movement near the covering fire, 1 . fire used to protect troops
target. when they are within range of the enemy's
small arms ; 2 . in an amphibious operation ,
course of action , 1. possible plan open to an fire delivered to cover operations prior the
individual or commander which is related landing, such as underwater demolitions,
to the accomplishment of his mission ; 2 . minesweeping , etc.
scheme adopted to accomplish a job or
mission ; 3 . line of conduct in an engage covering force, a force which normally oper
ates weil forward of the main force with
ment,
the mission of making early development
court-martial, 1. military court for the trial of the situation , defeating hostile forces if
of persons subject to military law . There possible , and deceiving, delaying, and dis
are three types of courts-martial, sum organizing enemy forces until the main
mary, special, and general ; 2 . trial by such force can prepare for action . It engages
a court ; 3. try by such a court. in any type of combat necessary for the
 SR 320– 5 – 1
79 cri

· accomplishment of its mission . · Covering | mander of an organization for a prescribed

forces are used in offensive and defensive period of time. See allocation .
operations and retrograde movements. credit memorandum receipt. See memorandum
cover name, a name arbitrarily selected so receipt.
as to give to unauthorized persons no clue credit system of supply , system whereby units ,
to the identity of that which it names. A organizations and installation are allocated
code name. definite quantities of supplies for a pre
cover off, 1. take position directly behind the scribed period of time ; supplies are fur
person in front, in close order drill ; 2 . com nished on call and charged against the
mand to straighten the files in a formation credit.
that is out of line . credit voucher, instrument by which account
cover position , place just behind a firing posi ability of property is terminated.
tion in which personnel and equipment are creep, slight unintentional movement of a
sheltered from enemy fire. vehicle, or turret of a tank, caused by the
covert propaganda (black ), propaganda which constant application of a small amount of
purports to emanate from a source other power.
than the true one." creeping method of adjustment, method of get
crab , sidewise slant about the vertical axis ting the range of an enemy position close
necessary to keep an aircraft on a flight to friendly troops by firing the first set of
line in a cross wind . shots too far, then gradually and carefully
cradle, that part of the gun carriage upon shortening the range.
which the gun slides in recoil. crew , group of men who work together as a
craft, term usually applied to small vessels , team in the operation of a ship, aircraft,
including all boats, launches , tankers, tugs , gun, tank , etc.
and ships. See assault craft; landing | crew -served , of or pertaining to anything
craft; support craft. served or operated by a crew as distin
crash assembly , wooden framework and braces guished from an individual ; e . g ., a weapon
that absorb by their own disintegration operated by a crew of two or more persons.
part of the landing impact of vehicles de crimping groove, groove around a projectile
livered by parachute. which provides a means of crimping the
crash boat, high -speed motorboat kept ready cartridge case to the projectile.
for rescue work in the event of crashes or critical item , essential item which is in short
forced landings of aircraft in water. supply or expected to be in short supply for
crash helmet, heavy padded helmet worn als an extended period.
protection against head injuries in tank orcritical materials , those materials vital to the
aircraft. national defense , the main source of which
crash pad , thick pads fastened around the is within the continental limits of the
instrument panel or on other projections, United States , which may not be produced
in aircraft or tanks, to protect operators in quality and quantity sufficient to meet
from injury in case of accident. requirements. See strategic materials.
crater , 1. hole in the ground left after a pro - critical penetration , a penetration of a defen
jectile or bomb explodes ; hole made in a sive area which causes the loss of critical
road to block the enemy' s progress ; 2 . terrain and thereby destroys the integrity
opening in the end of the carbon poles of a of the defense area .
searchlight. critical point, 1 . key geographical point or
crater analysis , process by which the direction position important to the success of an
of hostile shelling is determined from operation ; 2. in point of time a crisis or a
analysis of the burst pattern of a shell turning point in an operation ; 3 . selected
crater. At the same time shell fragments point along a line of march used for refer
are collected and studied to determine ence in giving instructions ; 4 . point where
their caliber . there is a change of direction or change in
cratering charge, explosive charge that will slope in a ridge or stream ; 5. any point
break earth or other material all around it along a route of march where interference
to a distance greater than its depth below with a troops movement may occur .
the surface. Consequently the charge critical terrain , any locality , or area , the
blows upward , leaving a crater. A crater seizure or retention of which affords a
ing charge is used to destroy surface instal- marked advantage to either combatant.
lations. critical zone, area, over which a bombing plane
crawl trench , shallow connecting trench . . in horizontal flight or glide bombing must
credit, assignment of a definite quantity of maintain straight flight so that the bomb
supplies, services, or personnel to the com - ! sight can be operated properly and bombs
SR 320– 5 – 1
cri 80

dropped accurately . On any particular | cross wind, wind blowing at right angle to
bomb run , the bomber is over the critical observer-target line. Also called flank
zone from the time the straight course wind.
begins until the bomber can take evasive cruising altitude, a flight altitude measured
action, which is after the last bomb has in feet above sea level, proposed for that
been dropped on the run . part of a flight from point to point during
critique, discussion and review of a military which a constant altitude will be main
exercise or operation , bringing out errors tained.
and successful performances. cruising speed, a speed not greater than 90
cross, an electrical contact between conduc percent of the design level speed of an ·
tors of two independent circuits . aircraft .
cross aisle . See aisle. crutch, upright piece of timber with a cross
cross compartment, compartment of terrain piece at the top , used while driving a
the longer axis of which is perpendicular gallery, as support for the caps until the
or oblique to the direction of movement of posts for that purpose can be inserted.
a force. See compartment of terrain . cryptanalysis, the analysis of encrypted mes
cross disbursing, the act of disbursing and sages ; the steps or processes involved in
collecting funds by one department for the converting encrypted messages into plain
account of another department within the text without the key employed in the en
Department of Defense. crypted message.
cross-drive transmission , a transmission which cryptanalyst, person trained in cryptanalysis .
changes speed and torque ratios, varies the cryptanalytic research , search for profitable
speeds of the output shafts, and provides means of cryptanalytic attack .
differential action to permit the steering of crypto , this term is a combining form mean
track -laying vehicles. It consists of a ing " hidden " or " secret , " and may be pre
torque converter and a number of plane fixed to a word when it is desired that the
tary gear trains, producing a split torque. word pertain to the hiding of intelligence.
The name is taken from the main cross It may be used in a general sense, as in
shift , which is across the axis of power
crypto -communication : any communica
flow from the engine. tion the intelligibility of which has been
crossfire, interference by telegraph signals on disguised by encryptment. It will be noted
one circuit with other telegraph or tele that the hyphenation of crypto - communi.
phone signals. cation is an exception to the general rule
cross hairs, 1. cross formed by lines etched on that the hyphen be employed only when
glass or by actual, very fine strands of the base word begins with a vowel.
hair, fiber, wire, or silk used to center a crypto-aid , any table, mechanism or other
line of sight on a target or other object in device used in encrypting and decrypting.
telescopes, sights , and other optical instru cryptocenter, establishment maintained for
ments ; 2 . lines for the same purpose that
do not form a cross ; 3 . the two horizontal the encrypting and decrypting of messages.
lines in a surveyor's transit. crypto -communication , any communication the
crossing target ,moving target that crosses the intelligibility of which has been disguised
by encryptment.
line of sight at any angle . In firing at a
crossing target, the firer must aim ahead cryptodate, date which determines the specific
of, or lead, the target so that the paths key to be used .
of the target and bullet will meet. crypto -equipment, apparatus or complex mech
cross-level, level a weapon or instrument, anism for encryption and/or decryption .
such as a mortar or surveyor' s transit, at cryptogram , the encrypted version of the lit
right angles to the line of sight. eral plain text. See cryptosystem .
cross stack , place one layer of containers at cryptographer, one who encrypts or decrypts
rightangles to those just below to increase messages with previous knowledge of the
the stability of the stack . key or one who has a part in formulating a
cross talk , interference due to magnetic , or cryptographic system .
electrostatic induction between nearby cryptographic part, one of several portions of
conductors, wherein signals in one con an encrypted text, each portion , of which
ductor are undesirably reproduced also in bears a different message indicator,
another, or other conductors. | cryptography, the science which treats of the
cross tie, cross the layers of supplies as in various means and methods for rendering
cross stacking, except that only an occa literal plain text unintelligible and recon
sional layer is crossed , and not every other verting this unintelligible text into written
one . plain text through the use of a key ; appli
 SR 320- 5- 1
81 dai

- cation of that science by means other than cusp , sand and gravel deposit formed by
cryptanalysis. waves action into points projecting sea
cryptology, generally, that branch of knowl- || ward along a beach .
edge which treats of hidden , disguised , or custodial personnel, all personnel assigned to
encrypted communications. Specifically , custodial duties at or with a disciplinary
it deals with all the means and methods barracks, rehabilitation center , or other
for producing communication intelligence place of confinement.
and maintaining communication security , customs of the service, military customs, prac
cryptomechanism . See cipher machine. tices, and procedures not prescribed by
cryptonet, cryptographic communication net law or regulation but which by tradition
work . and practice have become of binding force.
crypto -operating instructions, instructions de-
cut-and -cover shelter, shelter constructed by
scribing the methods to be employed in the digging an open pit, then providing an
operation of a general cryptographic sys overhead cover . A cut-and- cover shelter
tem . It includes a description of the gen is different from a cave shelter, which is
eral cryptographic system as well as the completely underground , or a surface
method of application of specific keys. shelter, which is completely above ground .
cryptoperiod. specific length of time through cutback , 1. reduction in procurement sched
out which there is no change in crypto uled for any period , 2. compound used to
graphic procedure (keys, codes , etc . ) . alter natural asphalt for paving construc
tion .
cryptosecurity, that component of communi
cation security which results from the pro cutting score, that score ( raw , converted , or
vision of technically sound cryptosystems standard ) on selection tests or other in
struments established on the basis of ad
and their proper use . ministrative decision or research findings
cryptosystem , the associated items of crypto below which personnel are given no further
material which are used as a unit and consideration for the personnel action for
which provide a single means of encryp which the tests were employed .
tion and decryption .
cycle inventory, the counting of all items lo
cryptotext, the text of visible writing which cated within an installation during a pre
conveys no intelligible meaning in any lan
scribed period . This type of inventory is
guage or which apparently but falsely conducted on a selective basis ; an entire
conveys an intelligible meaning. class or group of items may be inventoried
culture, those features of terrain that have simultaneously ; or items may be selected
been constructed by man , such as roads, on an "activity " (relative frequency of
trails, buildings, and canals ; also boundary issues ) basis. In accomplishing a cycle
lines and all names and legends. inventory , all receiving and shipping activ
capola , armored turret, especially the small ities (except emergency ) are suspended for
hatch opening into the top of the main tur the items involved during the counting
ret sometimes called commander's cupola , period .
in the case of tanks . cyclic changemechanism . See cyclic rate mech
current appropriation , an appropriation which anism .
currently is available for obligation and cyclic rate, rate at which a weapon fires auto
for disbursement. matically, expressed in terms of shots per
current intelligence, that spot information or minute.
intelligence of all types and forms of imme cyclic rate mechanism , device on an automatic
diate interest and value to operating or gun , such as the Browning automatic rifie,
policy staffs, which is used by them usually with which the rate of fire of the gun can
without the delays incident to complete be controlled , either to reduce it or to in .
evaluation or interpretation .
crease it.
current unfilled demand , those quantities of cylindrical projection , a perspective projection
supplies due to have been issued but which of the features of the earth 's surface upon
have not been issued . Synonymous with a cylinder which is wrapped around the
dues -out. globe and tangent to it on the equator .
curtain . See smoke curtain and gasproof cur This projection is of very little practical
tain . importance.

daily keying element, in cryptography, that daily sick report, daily organization record
part of the specific key that changes at that lists the personnel of a command who
predetermined intervals , usually daily. I require medical treatment for an illness
277763° — 534 _ 6
SR 320– 5 – 1
dai 82

or injury ; sick book ; sick report. The re- | data transmitter, instrument, part of a data
port includes a statement by the com - transmission system , which transmits
mander of the organization concerned , and data to another instrument.
one by the examining medical officer. A date break, date on which a change in crypto
similar report is kept for sick animals 1 . graphic procedure, keys, code, etc., takes
that require veterinary care. place.
daily strength report, daily report submitted date -time group , the date and time expressed
by a division or a larger unit that shows in digits and zone suffix , at which the
the number of men and animals present
message was prepared for transmission by
with the unit. This report is included in
the originator . ( Expressed as six digits
the daily telegram which the unit submits followed by zone suffix ; first pair of digits
as its basis for the issue of ration supplies. denoting the date, second pair the hours,
daily train , rail or truck train arriving daily third pair the minutes. )
at a railhead or truckhead with supplies
for troops which the railhead or truckhead datum level, level surface to which heights
serves . Air or water transportation may are referred. The elevation of the datum
supplement or replace rail and truck trans is usually but not always zero (0 ). The
generally adopted datum for levelling op
portation in this function ,
erations in the United States is mean sea
damage, a condition which impairs either the level. For local surveys, where a sea level
value or use of an article, and may be in connection is not available, an arbitrary
varying degrees. Thus, property may be datum may be adopted and defined in
damaged as to appearance, or in a manner terms of an assumed elevation for some
which impairs its period of usefulness, but physical mark (bench mark ) . A datum
still not be unserviceable or less useful. for spirit levelling is not a plane, and the
damage assessment, appraisal of the effect of term datum plane is incorrectly used in
attacks on targets. such connection .
DANC solution , solution consisting of aa chem
chem- datum line, any reference line from which
ical (RH - 195 ) and a solvent (acetylene measurements of distance or direction are
tetrachloride) used to decontaminate ob made.
jects or areas contaminated with blister
gas. datum plane, 1. plane or level used as a basis
for reckoning altitudes. The datum plane
danger space, 1. that portion of the range
for most maps is mean sea level ; 2. plane
within which a target of given dimensions
from which station numbers of cargo air
could be hit by a projectile with a given craft are measured . It is usually at or
angle of fall. Specifically , the danger
space is the space in which the trajectory near the nose of the aircraft .
of rifle or machine-gun bullets does not datum point, any reference plane from which
rise above the average height of man ; 2. calculations or measurements may be
space around the bursting point of an taken .
antiaircraft shell.
davit, one of a pair of arms at the side of a
data board, record board set up so that gun ship used for holding, lifting or lowering
ners can write down elevations, deflec small boats.
tions, and other firing data.
data card, 1. any card used as a systematic dawn, the first appearance of light in the
memorandum ; as, a data card used in morning. See dusk ; twilight.
artillery fire, aerial photography, etc. ; 2. daylight traffic line, line beyond which ve
See ammunition data card . hicles are not permitted to go in daylight.
data computer, mechanical or electrome
day of absence, day during which an officer
chanical device that receives continuous
or enlisted man is off duty status and away
present position data on airplane or other from his organization . It is used as a
moving target, and continuously calculates unit in figuring leave time, or as a unit
firing data for use against such a target. in figuring the time an officer or enlisted
One of the components of a director. Also man is absent without leave.
called computer.
data receiver, instrument, part of a data | day of duty, day during which an officer or
transmission system , which receives data enlisted man is considered to be in duty
from another instrument. : status with his organization . It is used
data transmission system , system used for as a unit in figuring leave time.
transmitting data ; for example, one in day of supply , quantity of supplies estimated
which firing data are electrically trans- to be required for one day under the con
mitted from a data computer to dials and ditions of the operation and for the force
controls at the guns . I stated . See ammunition day of supply ,
 SR 320 - 5 - 1
83 dec

day room , room in a barracks or company | dead storage, storage of vehicles , equipment,
building set aside for soldiers' reading or etc., for an indefinite time.
recreation . dead time, 1. interval required from time of
D -day, the term used to designate the un observation of target to instant at which
announced day on which an operation is gun may be fired ; 2. in antiaircraft artil.
to commence. Whereas " D " is the letter lery , the interval between the time of set
customarily employed to designate the ting the fuze and the time of firing the
day on which an operation commences, if round .
more than one such event is mentioned in deadweight tonnage, actual carrying capacity
a single plan (or for any other reason ) , of a vessel, including stores , fuel, water,
any other letter (except H , J , or M ) may and cargo.
be used . ( A similar rule applies to H -hour, dead zone. See dead space.
Jour- J, and M -day.) Time, in plans, will death gratuity, payment of a lump sum to
be indicated by a letter which shows the beneficiaries of military personnel on ac
unit of time employed and figures with a tive duty, who die from wounds or disease
plus or minus sign to indicate the amount not a result of misconduct, of an amount
of timeafter or before the reference event. equal to 6 months' pay, excluding allow
Thus “ D + 7 ” means " 7 days after D -day" ances.
and “ H - 2" means “ two hours before
debarkation , unloading of troops , equipment,
H -hour.” If the figures become unduly
large, for example D + 180 , the designaton I or supplies from a ship or an aircraft .
“ D + 6 months" may be employed ; i. e. if debarkation hospital, medical installation , con
the figure following a letter is intended toI veniently located to a port of debarkation ,
refer to a unit of time other than that where evacuated patients are first brought
symbolized by the letter , then the unit of for rest and classification prior to transfer
time employed with the figure must be to another medical installation .
spelled out. When “ M ,” for “ Mobilization debarkation net, rope net used as a ladder by
Day,” is followed by a figure, the figure troops for debarking or embarking over
refers to months after M -day. See H -hour, the side of a ship .
Jour- J, and M -day.
debarkation officer, officer in charge of unload
deactivate, the act of rendering explosives ing troops from a ship .
inert. See inactivate.
dead area . See dead space. debarkation schedule , ( in an amphibious op
eration ) form indicating the sequence in
deadline, remove from action , as for repairs. which each boat team will reach its de
A tank or gun is deadlined for repairs. barkation station and debark , the type of
dead line, line in or around a military prison craft in which the team is to be em
that a prisoner may not cross. barked , and other related information ,
deadline-requisition , emergency request for debarkation station , location definitely estab
items required for the repair of a vehicle , lished at the rail of a ship where troops
weapon , or other item which cannot be and materiel load into boats for movement
used until the repairs are made . ashore. There are usually four or more
such stations on each side of an attack
deadman, log, rail or similar object that is transport.
buried in the ground and used for anchor
ing a line. debit voucher , an instrument by which ac
countability for property is recorded .
dead reckoning , finding one's position by
means of a compass and calculations based decentralization , the delegation to and dis
tribution of authority among lower ech
on speed , time elapsed , and direction from elons of a command or commands. This
a known position . Dead reckoning is used
may be done to eliminate dangers inherent
for desert travel, coastwise shipping , and
air navigation , in the neutralization of a command
establishment.
dead space, 1. area within the maximum deception , a particular term used to describe
range of a weapon , radar, or observer any activity the aim of which is to draw
which cannot be covered by fire or obser attention ; the use of any measure, the aim
vation from a particular position because of which is to mislead by misrepresenting
of intervening obstacles, the nature of the any installation , equipment or activity.
ground, or the characteristics of the tra
See camouflage ; concealment.
jectory or the limitations in the pointing
capabilities of the weapon ; 2 . the area or decipher, to convert an enciphered message
zone which is within range of a radio into its equivalent plain text by means of
transmitter , but in which a signal is not a cipher system . ( This does not include
received . solution by cryptanalysis. )
SR 320- 5 - 1
dec 84

decipherment, 1 . process of deciphering ; 2 . decontaminate, make any contaminated ob

text which has been deciphered . ject, person , or area safe for unprotected
decision , 1. conclusion reached after consid personnel by covering the chemical agent,
eration of all factors related to an issue biological agent, or radioactive material ;
involving alternate courses of action ; 2 . a removing it ; absorbing it ; destroying it ;
concise statement of what the commander or changing it into harmless substances.
intends to do to accomplish his mission . decontaminating apparatus, mechanical equip
It results from the estimate of the situa ment used to apply a decontaminant to a
tion . contaminated object or area.
deck balk . See balk . decontaminating material, substance used to
deck department, administrative division of absorb , make harmless, or destroy chemi
an Army ship , charged with supply and cal or biological agents or to assist in re
operational responsibilities as to naviga moval of radioactive materials.
tion , deck and cargo handling gear, etc. decontamination , process of making any object
declaration of property disposition , reporting or area safe for unprotected personnel by
of surplus property to a disposal agency. absorbing , destroying, neutralizing, or
declassify , to cancel the security classifica making harmless chemical or biological
tion of an item of classified matter or agents or by removing or blanketing ra
material. diological agents.
declinate, find the angle between the line to decoration , distinctively designed mark of
Y -north ( grid north ) and the direction in honor denoting heroism or meritorious or
which the magnetic needle of a compass outstanding service or achievement. The
points. If Y -north is unknown, true north decorations in order of precedence follow :
may be used . Medal of Honor, Distinguished -Service
Cross, Distinguished -Service Medal, Silver
declinating station , point selected for the pur Star , Legion of Merit , Distinguished -Fly
pose of determining the declination of a
ing Cross, Soldier 's Medal, Bronze Star
compass ; declinating point. A declinat
ing station should be free from local mag Medal, Air Medal, Commendation Ribbon
netic attractions and should afford a view and Purple Heart.
of one distant, well-defined object with a decoy , dummy installation used to draw the
direction of known Y -azimuth . attention of the enemy in order to keep
declination , angular difference in direction be the enemy from firing at the object or
tween true north and either magnetic position it is intended to cover.
north or grid north . Hence there are two decrypt, to convert a crypto -communication
declinations, magnetic declination and grid into plain text by a reversal of the en
declination , or gisement. cryption process.
declination constant, a constant correction dedud, clearing lands by neutralization of
applied to the readings of a compass in explosive missiles.
strument which represents the clockwise
angle between true or grid north and mag - | deep, term used in an artillery or naval gun
fire message to indicate that the target is
netic north as indicated by that instru more than 600 yards from friendly forward
ment. elements.
declination protractor, map-orienting device,
le and
consisting of a horizontal degree scale and default in contract, failure of a contracting
a pivot point, by which a magnetic north party to comply with all provisions of the
line can be drawn across the face of a map . agreement covering the acquisition or dis
declinator, magnetic instrument used to ori posal of services, equipment or supplies.
ent or check the orientation of another defense, resistance to or protection from any
instrument or machine. A declinator | or all forms of enemy attack , by the use
measures declination or pointing error. of all means and methods available. De
decode, 1 . that section of a code book in which fense may be either active or passive de
the code groups are in alphabetical, nu pending on the attitude of, and the meth
merical, or other systematic order ; 2 . to ods employed by, the defending force.
convert an encoded message into its equiv - defense area, area assigned to a given unit to
alent plain text by means of a code book . be protected from , and held against, enemy
( This does not include solution by crypt attack .
analysis . )
defense in depth , system ofmutually support
decodement, decoded version of a cryptogram . ing positions organized for continuous de
decontaminant, anything that is used to bring fense in depth . Defense in depth is
about decontamination of an object , a per designed to break up and absorb the enemy
son , or an area . attack .
 SR 320 _ 5 _ 1
85 des
defense in place, system of defense based upon | definite appropriation , an appropriation the
firm resistance without retreat, as opposed amount of which is stated as a specific sum
to delaying action in successive positions. of money.
defense plan , coordinated plan for preventing definitive hospitalization , hospitalization capa .
or defeating an enemy attack . A defense ble of caring for patients until they re
plan includes plans for tactical organiza cover ; final hospitalization , as in a gen
tion , fire, security, air support, ground eralhospital.
organization , counterattack , communica - definitive treatment, treatment which includes
tions, and supplies. generally accepted procedures necessary to
defensive, 1. condition of a force when it ultimately produce recovery of the patient,
stands ready to protect itself and its posi- as the repair of a perforated intestine at
tions against enemy attack ; 2 . resisting at an evacuation hospital.
tack . Defensive warfare as opposed to of- deflagration , rapid reaction with evolution of
fensive warfare ; 3. suitable for defense ; considerable heat, accompanied by some
meant for protection ; as, a defensive posi I disruptive effect. See explosion and deto
tion , a defensive weapon . nation .
defensive area. See defense area. deflection , 1. horizontal clockwise angle be
defensive coastal area , part of a coastal zone tween the axis of the bore and the line of
and of the air , land, and water area ad sighting ; 2 . setting on the scale to compen
jacent to the coast line within which de sate for deflection as in definition 1.
fense operations may involve army, navy, deflection board, instrument used in artillery
and air forces , for figuring azimuth or deflection corrected
defensive grenade, high explosive hand gre for wind, drift, and other factors ; gun
nade designed for use from protective deflection board .
cover ; effective against personnel because deflection change, change in azimuth setting
of the projection at high velocity of frag applying to all guns in a battery when the
ments from its relatively thick metal body ; target moves, or when a shift is made from
sometimes known as a fragmentation gre one target to another . Deflection change
nade. does not include the deflection difference ,
which allows for the difference in positions
defensive-offensive , operation in which a force
of the various guns firing at the same
first takes the defensive in order to exhaust
the enemy, and later takes the offensive . target .
deflection correction , correction that must be
defensive position , area occupied by troops or applied to the azimuth or shift measured
ganized in a system of mutually supporting
on a firing chart so that the line of fire will
defense areas or fortified tactical local
ities ; battle position .
pass through the target.
deflection difference, the amount that a piece
defensive zone, belt of terrain , generally paral in a battery is traversed toward or away
lel to the front, which includes two or from a given piece ( usually the base piece )
more organized, or partially organized, to vary the width of the sheaf.
battle positions. deflection error, distance to the right or left
deferment, postponement of induction into of the target between the point aimed at
the armed forces under Selective Service, and the burst of a projectile or the mean
because of dependents , usefulness in essen point of impact of a salvo.
tial industry , or other cause . deflection pattern. See pattern .
deferred message. See message precedence . deflection probable error, the directional error,
deficiency , an inaccuracy or disallowance re caused by dispersion , which will be ex
- ported by an auditor and requiring ad ceeded as often as not in an infinite num
justment or corrective action before theac ber of rounds fired at a single deflection .
count may be cleared . It is one eighth the width of the dispersion
defilade, 1 . protection from hostile ground ob pattern at its greatest width . This value
servation and fire provided by an obstacle
is given in the firing tables .
bank ;: 22.. vertical
such as a hill, ridge, or bank vertical deflection scale, scale on a sight, marked in
distance by which a position is concealed mils or degrees, for applying corrections
from enemy observation ; 3. to shield from in deflection or for playing the piece in di
enemy fire or observation by using natural rection .
or artificial obstacles. deflection shift, a change in the deflection set
defiladed area, area protected from enemy | ting.
ground observation and flat trajectory fire degradation of permafrost, disappearance of
• by a natural or artificial obstacle, such as a the permafrost due to natural or artificial
hill, embankment, or building . causes.
SR 320-5 - 1
deg 86
degree, unit of angular measure, based on an delineascope, an instrument for projecting
angle which subtends one 360th part of the opaque printed matter or photographs on
circumference of a circle. a screen .
delayed -action bomb, bomb équipped with a delinquent account, the account current of an
fuze that is adjusted to explode the charge accountable disbursing officer not com
at a set time after contact with a target. pleted , signed and forwarded to the desig
delayed -action fuze. See delay fuze . nated accounting office within ten ( 10 )
days following the close of the accounting
delayed -action mine, explosive charge designed
to go off some time after planting , and period .
often left behind by a retreating enemy to delivery forecasts, periodic estimates by claim
harass or destroy pursuing forces. ant agencies of contract deliveries, used
delayed contact fire, firing system arranged to as a measure of the effectiveness of pro
duction scheduling and as a guide to pro
explode a mine at a set time after it has
been touched or disturbed. duction bottlenecks requiring corrective
action .
delayed opening, 1. accidental temporary fail
ure of a parachute to function ; 2 . deliber
delta X , the difference between the two
ate dropping of personnel or equipment, to X - coordinates. Symbol X .
be checked by parachute when close to the delta Y , the difference between two Y -coor
ground. dinates. Symbol Y .
delay en route, time, chargeable to leave time demilitarization , 1 . taking away all military
and in addition to authorized travel time, organizations and installations ; 2 . dis
granted an individual when traveling to a assembly , destruction , or any other action
new station and, within specified limits , in which renders munitions, weapons, and
connection with temporary duty. A delay other materiel which is lethal, hazardous,
authorizes travel to a new station without classified , or of a specialized nature, harm
return to previous station as required on less and ineffectual for military purposes .
leave status. demilitarize, to mutilate , disarm , and to ac
delay fuze, fuze that has a delay element in complish any other action required to ren
corporated in the fuze train , permitting the der combat materiel inocuous or ineffectual
missile to penetrate the target a distance for military use.
corresponding to the delay. Such fuzes demobilization , changing from a war footing
are used to permit penetration of the tar to a peacetime or inactive footing.
get before detonation , or for mining effect. demobilize, change from a war footing to a
delaying action , type of retrograde operation peacetime or inactive footing.
in which space is traded for time, and demolition , act or process of demolishing ; it
maximum punishment is inflicted on the may be accomplished by the use of explo
enemy, without becoming decisively in sives, fire, hand tools , etc . See demolition
volved in combat. bomb ; underwater demolition ; underwater
delaying position , position taken to slow up the demolition team .
advance of the enemy without being de- demolition bomb, bomb containing a relatively
cisively engaged. large charge of high explosives ; used for
deliberate defense, a defense normally organ - general purpose demolition , blast effect , or
ized when out of contact with the enemy mining effect.
or when contact with the enemy is not demonstration , 1 . a show of force on a front
imminent and time for organization is where the decision is not sought, with the
available. It normally includes an exten object of deceiving the enemy; no advance
sive fortified zone incorporating pillboxes , against the enemy is made by the demon
forts, and communication systems. See stration force ; 2 . in an amphibious opera
hasty defense. . tion , an exhibition of force in the nature
deliberate field fortifications, trench , gun , em of a feint or a minor attack ; 3. a teaching
placement, or obstacle constructed before method by which principles taught are
contact with the enemy. A deliberate field made clear by actually showing actions,
fortification is generally more elaborate procedures, or mechanism in operation .
than a hasty field fortification, which is demonstration group , force of sufficient size
constructed under fire or threat of attack. with supporting naval and air elements to
deliberate fire, fire which is conducted at a make a show of force, implying an assault .
rate intentionally less than the normal It may carry a landing force to be used in
rate of fire for the purpose of applying later landings or actually to land in a raid
adjustment corrections between each round l : or in a diversionary operation on shore.
or salvo, for tactical reasons, or for con - demurrage, an assessment against the shipper
serving ammunition ; slow fire. 1 or consignee as a penalty for the detention

of a railway car, vessel, barge, etc., be - | Department of Defense Identification Badge,
yond the period of free time allowed for
loading or unloading.
densitometer , instrument used to measure the
amount of darkening of film badges in or
der to determine the radiation dosage Department of the Air Force, one of the three
received by the wearer.
density, 1 . an index of the mass of air that is
displaced by a projectile in flight. It
varies with altitude, decreasing as the alti
tude increases. In practice, the density
used is the ballistic density ; 2. See gun
density ; traffic density ; and vehicle density . the Department of the Air Force .
density of loading, the degree of concentra- Department of the Army, central executive
tion of powder in the powder chamber of
a gun . It is the ratio of the weight of the
propelling charge to the weight of the
amount of distilled water at 39.2 degrees
Fahrenheit that would fill the powder
chamber.
dental identification record , official form for
recording in detail every characteristic of
the condition of a soldier' s teeth . The
dental identification record is used as a
means of identification if injuries causing
death result in the destruction of other
features of the soldier.
dental service, 1 . part of the Army Medical
Service staff that provides dental care for
military personnel ; 2. detection , treatment,
and prevention of dental diseases as part
of the medical service that is provided for
military personnel.
dental surgeon , staff officer of the Dental
Corps in charge of the dental service of an
area command, unit or installation . The
dental surgeon performs his staff , profes
sional, command, and administrative duties
under the commanding officer or general
of such area , unit, or installation to which
he is assigned . He also advises in matters
of dental supply, operation , and training.
department, an executive branch of the Fed
eral Government at the seat of the Gov
ernment, such as the Department of State.
departmental intelligence , that intelligence in
cluding basic, current, and staff intelli
gence needed by a Department or independ
ent agency of the Federal Government, and
the subordinate units thereof, to execute
its mission and to discharge its lawful
responsibilities.
Department of Defense, an executive depart
ment of the government consisting of the
secretary of Defense and his office , the war
council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint
Staff and joint agencies , as well as the De
partments of the Army, the Navy, and the
Air Force. It is headed by the Secretary
of Defense. Formerly known as the Na
tional Military Establishment.
SR 320 _5 – 1
dep
metallic and enamel badge denoting 6
months duty with Office of the Secretary
of Defense or allied boards and committees
subsequent to 18 September 1947.
departments of the Department of De
fense. It includes the Department of the
Air Force at the seat of government and
all field headquarters, forces, reserve com
ponents , installations, activities, and func
tions under the control or supervision of
part of the Army Establishment at the seat
of Government. It exercises directive and
supervisory functions over the entire Army
Establishment. It is not restricted to
agencies and personnel located in the Dis
trict of Columbia , but includes dispersed
agencies and personnel performing " depart
mental" or " national headquarters” func
tions, as distinguished from " field " or
" local” functions.
“ Department of the Army" as used in the Na
tional Security Act of 1947, (a .) Subsection
205 ( c ) of the National Security Act of
1947 reads as follows : “ The term 'Depart
ment of the Army' as used in this Act
shall be construed to mean the Department
of the Army at the seat of government
and all field headquarters, forces, Reserve
components , installations, activities, and
functions under the control or supervision
of the 'Department of the Army'.” Sub
sections 206 ( a ) and 207 (c ) of that act
contain similar provisions concerning the
meaning of the terms “ Department of the
Navy ” and “ Department of the Air Force"
as they are used in that act. As stated in
those subsections , the definitions therein
contained are limited to the construction
of those terms as they are used in that
act. (6 .) The definition of the term " De
partment of the Army" as used above is the
normal definition and accords with the
statute creating the Department of War,
which remains in force as the basic author
ity for the existence of the Department of
the Army ( R . S . 214 , as affected by the
National Security Act of 1947 (61 Stat.
501 ; 5 U . S . C . 181 et seq .) , as amended ) ,
as well as with other statutes, and with
opinions of the courts, the Attorney Gen
eral, and the Comptroller General. (c.)
The term " Department of the Army” will
be used in Army publications and corre
spondence only in the sense of the defini
tion given above, unless some special cir.
cumstance demands that the term be used
with the samemeaning that is employed in
the National Security Act.
SR 320- 5 - 1
88

Department of the Army General Stat , zroop 2 packed parachute is placed in operation
of officers under the direction of the Chief | until it is fally opened and is supporting
of stan, who make plans for the pational its load.
defense and Army activities , and supervise deployment diagran , in the assault phase of an
the execution of these plans . It consists amphibious operation , a diagram showing
of all commissioned officers assigned to the the formation in which the boat group pro
immediate One of the Chief of Staf, ofice ceeds from the rendezvous areas to the line
of the Comptroller of the Army, Offices of of departure and the method of deployment
the Assistant Chiefs of Staff , the General into the landing formation .
Staf Committee on NationalGuard and Re
depositary , a Federal Reserve Bank or branch
serve Policy (resident members only ) and thereof, or a banking or similar institution
Omce of the Director, WAC.
specifically designated by the Treasurer of
Department of the Army records depository, the United States to receive moneys de
specified depository used for the receipt of posited to the credit of the Treasurer of
specialized classes of files. Files retired to the United States .
such depositories are preponderantly of
long time or permanent value which , for deposit collection , a collection of books issued
technical or administrative reasons, re from a special services library or library
quire centralized facilities. depot designed to furnish book services to
units too small to warrant the establish
Department of the Army registration number . ment of a permanent library .
Bee registration number. deposit fund account, an account established
Department of the Army shipping document, to receive and expend monies which are
document listing the items in a shipment held in suspense pending a determination
and showing other supply and transporta of their disposition and monies which are
tion information that is required by supply held by the Government as fiscal agent or
and transportation agencies concerned in banker .
the movement ofmaterial. This document
19 used primarily for the movement of deposition , written evidence given by a wit
supplies from one Army installation to an ness, verified by oath and made upon notice
other and for transferring accountability. to the adverse party for the purpose of
permitting cross -examination , generally to
Department of the Navy, one of the three furnish evidence in a legal proceeding from
departments of the Department of Defense an absent witness.
that includes the Department of the Navy
at the seat of government ; the headquar deposits. See soldiers' deposits.
ters, United States Marine Corps ; the depot, organized locality responsible for per
entire operating forces of the United States forming one or more of the following mis
Navy, including naval aviation , and of the sions : reception , classification, storage,
United States Marine Corps, including the issue, maintenance, procurement, manu
Reserve components of such forces ; all facture, assembly, repair and salvage of
Beld activities , headquarters, forces, bases, supplies ; or for the reception , classifica
installations, activities, and functions tion , and processing of personnel.
under the control or supervision of the depot maintenance. See maintenance.
Department of the Navy ; and the United depot maintenance shop, communications zone
States Coast Guard when operating as a or zone of interior installation where ma
part of the Navy pursuant to law . teriel is repaired which requires a rebuild
departure point, a location on the ground used of subassemblies, assemblies, and /or end
to mark the transition from overland to items.
overwater flight procedure, or from the de depot repair , repair work normally performed
flight procedure used over friendly terri at a communications zone or zone of in
tory to that for flying over enemy territory . terior installation by maintenance person .
deplane, to unload troops, equipment or sup nel especially trained and equipped to make
plies from an aircraft. fifth echelon repairs.
deploy , to extend or widen the front of a mili- depot spare parts, spare parts which are
tary unit, extending from a close order to a stocked by a depot to replenish stocks of
battle formation . maintenance organizations in the area
deployment, 1. act of extending battalions and served by that depot.
smaller units in width , in depth , or in both | depot symbol, two- letter symbol assigned for
width and depth to increase its readiness the purpose of designating a specific depot
for contemplated action ; 2 . designated lo in the zone of interior, or other Army in
cation of troops and troop units as indi stallation , making shipments direct to
cated in a troop schedule ; 3 . the series of ports of embarkation for subsequent ship
functions which transpire from the time ment to an oversea destination .
 89
SR 320–5 – 1
det

depreciation, the loss in value of physical yond the summit where the trajectory
assets due to such cause as wear, tear, age, | terminates, either by impact or air burst.
inadequacy, and obsolescence, but without On this branch , the projectile falls and its
loss of property . The portion of cost of altitude constantly decreases.
physical assets calculated to have expired desert, be absent without leave from a mili
for any accounting period due to such tary post or duty with the intention of not
causes. returning , or of avoiding dangerous duty
depress, lower the muzzle of a gun by means or important service .
of the elevating mechanism . desertion , unauthorized absence from a mili
depressed center flat car, flat car of special tary post or duty with the intention of not
construction having the portion of floor ex returning, or of avoiding dangerous duty
tending between trucks depressed to pro or important service. Desertion differs
vide necessary headroom for certain classes from absence without leave, in which the
of lading. absentee does not have the intention of
depression , 1. lowering the muzzle of a gun , staying away or shirking dangerous duty.
especially below the horizontal, by means designate, to give to a unit an official and
of the elevating mechanism ; 2 . region of
distinctive number and/or name.
low barometric pressure surrounded by
higher pressures. designated bed capacity, number of patients'
beds that is specified in a table of organi
depression angle. See angle of depression . zation and equipment, advanced base cata
depth , 1. space from front to rear of any for log, or ship ' s specifications to be the
mation or position , including the front and number of beds a stated type of medical
rear units ; 2 . height from the bottom of a treatment facility is designed to provide ;
trench to the ground level. used in referring to the bed capacity of
depth bomb, steel container filled with a high land -based nonfixed medical treatment fa
explosive charge that is used against un cilities providing bed care, and of medical
derwater targets. Depth bombs are set off treatment facilities afloat.
by hydrostatic fuzes which operate by design load , weight that a given part of a
water pressure at the depth for which they structure or machine is intended to carry
are preset. These bombs are dropped from without dangerous strain .
airplanes , or shot or dropped from naval destination carrier , commercial carrier which
vessels.
hauls a shipment into the point of destina
depth curve, line on a map or chart connect tion and delivers it to the consignee either
ing points of equal depth as deferred to the direct or through a switching carrier.
hydrographic datum .
destination in -the-clear, destination stated as
depth perception , the ability to appreciate or a proper name in plain geographic terms,
discriminate the third dimension , to judge as Paris , Australia , etc.
distance, and to orient one' s self in rela
tion to other objects in the visual field . destination number, three-digit number pre
ceded by a series letter, assigned for use in
deputy , assistant authorized to act for an oversea travel orders to represent a specific
other, as deputy chief of staff. oversea destination in oversea travel or
Deputy Chief of Staff, officer who assists the ders issued during a stated period of time.
Chief of Staff of Corps and higher general destruction fire, artillery fire delivered for the
staffs . He assists in supervising the vari sole purpose of destroying material objects.
ous staff activities and acts for the Chief destructor, explosive or other device for de
of Staff in his absence.
stroying a missile, or component thereof,
Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Ad intentionally.
ministration , officer responsible to the Chief
of Staff , United States Army, for the co detached. See detached service and detached
unit.
ordinated execution of approved Army
plans and programs in all administrative detached duty. See detached service.
and operational activities and for the co Detached Enlisted Men 's List, classification of
ordination of implementation plans there enlisted men who are not assigned to duty
for .
with any particular branch .
Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Research , Detached Officers ' List, list of officers assigned
officer responsible to the Chief of Staff, to duties with activities of the Department
United States Army, for the coordinated of the Army other than the arms and sery
preparation of Army plans and programs. ices. Examples of such activities are
descending branch , that portion of the trajec- Reserve Officers' Training Corps duty and
tory between the summit and a point be recruiting duty .
SR 320 – 5– 1
det 90

detached post, post established beyond the lim - detonate, explode suddenly and violently .
its of an outpost proper , for some special detonating agent. explosive used to set off an
purpose. other . Fulminate of mercury and tetryl
detached unit, unit which is serving away are used as detonating agents to set off
from the organization of which it is an other less sensitive explosives.
assigned or organic element and to which I detonating charge. charge used to set off a
it remains assigned . A detached unit may | high explosive charge.
function as an independent organization
detonating cord, flexible fabric tube contain
while detached from its parent organiza ing a filler of high explosive that is set off
tion , or it may be attached to , or serve by a blasting cap or by an electric detona
with or under, another organization . tor. It has an extremely high rate of
detachment, 1. part of a unit separated from explosion , and it is used to set off other
its main organization for duty elsewhere ; high explosive charges. The detonating
2. military unit which is permanently a cord currently in use is known commer
separate unit , normally smaller than a cially as primacord .
platoon, and organized under tables ap
detonating explosive. See high explosive.
proved by the Department of the Army.
detonating fuse. See fuze.
detail, 1. temporary shift of a commissioned
officer to another arm or service without detonating net, network of detonating cord
effecting a change in his basic branch ; 2 . that is interlaced in a mesh design ; prima
military personnel assigned to a particular cord net. Detonating nets are used for
task , usually a temporary one. clearing paths through mine fields by ex
ploding the mines over which the nets are
detector, chemical, electrical, or mechanical
device for detection and identification of
placed and detonated.
chemical agents, biological agents, or ra - detonating slab . See burster course.
dioactive materials. detonation , extremely rapid reaction with evo
detector crayon , chalklike crayon composed of lution of considerable heat accompanied by
considerably violent disruptive effect and
a material which changes color on contact
with liquid blister gas or concentrated intense shock wave. See deflagration and
explosion .
blister gas vapors.
detector, mine, a device, usually electrical or detonator, sensitive explosive used to set off
an explosive train , as well as the mecha
magnetic used to locate mines.
nism and container connected therewith .
detector paint, paint used as a detector for
liquid blister gas spray or drops, subject detraining point, station or yard where troops
to certain limitations. Surfaces painted and equipment are unloaded from railway
trains.
with detector paint change color wherever
drops or splashes of blister gas strike. detrucking point, in highway operations, a
detector paper , paper coated on one side with location where a convoy or column, or
detector paint, used to detect liquid blister | element thereof, halts for the unloading of
gas. It changes color wherever drops of personnel.
blister gas strike it . develop , 1. break up a command from a mass
detention , 1. in stevedoring operations, time or marching formation into a number of
longshoremen are idle because of a broken smaller columns or groups in preparation
winch , broken tackle or for other similar for action ; 2 . uncover or make clear ; work
interruptions ; 2 . See confinement. out in detail ; as, to develop the position ,
detention of pay, withholding of a part of the intention , and strength of the enemy.
pay of an enlisted man , following sentence develop a position or a situation , aggressive
of a court-martial. The money is credited | action taken in a tactical situation to gain
to the soldier and paid to him upon his further knowledge of the composition and
separation from the service. disposition of the enemy to enable the com
detergent oils, lubricating oils to which has mander to employ his command most effec
been added a compound to prevent the for tively,
mation of gums, varnishes, etc., in inter - developed muzzle velocity, the actual muzzle
nal combustion engines. velocity produced by any gun .
deteriorating supplies, those items that may development, 1. the positioning of units in
reasonably be expected to become unusable areas or in movement along routes in ac
within one or two years, whether used or cordance with the commander's plan for
not. their employment ; 2 . seizing and organiz
determinate error , error of such a kind that ing terrain in preparation for action ; 3.
its cause can be found , and its effect al- | the application of the known scientific
lowed for . facts, techniques, materials , and physical
 SR 320_ 5 – 1
91 dip

laws to the creation of new or improved | Dictionary of Occupational Titles , listing of

materiel or methods for military use. the titles and descriptions of activities
performed by persons engaged in various
developmental training unit, unit organized to civilian occupations. The Dictionary of
provide training or retraining for psycho Occupational Titles is used by classifica
neurotic individuals. tion personnel to find out the exact names
development order, order for supplies to ac of the occupations of persons before they
quaint producer with item and method of entered the Army.
manufacture. died of wounds received in action . See battle
development types, required types of equip casualties .
ment that are being developed to meet dietitian , officer in the Women ' s Medical Spe
approved military characteristics. They cialist Corps who is professionally quali
include experimental types and limited fied in the science of nutrition and man
procurement types. agement and is proficient in the art of
deviation , 1. error of the compass reading due feeding individuals and groups.
to faulty installation , mechanical errors difference chart, table by which the range and
in the instrument, or magnetic disturb azimuth of a target from a gun or station
ances caused by a nearby object ; 2. dis are obtained when the range and azimuth
tance by which a point of impact or burst from some other gun or station are known.
misses the target. differential effects , the effects upon the ele
device. See appurtenance. ments of the trajectory due to variations
diamond formation , 1 . diamond- shaped ar - | from standard conditions.
rangements made up of four or five parts differential leveling, a method by which the
of a unit to permit maneuvering . The fifth difference in elevation between two points
part of a diamond formation is in the is determined , without regard to distance,
center when five are used . A diamond by direct readings on graduated rods
formation is used especially by mechanized viewed through a leveled surveying instru
units ; 2 . squad formation often used when ment.
the situation requires readiness for action diffuser, a tubular section with a particularly
in any direction . designed cross-sectional area in a ram jet .
dewey decimal system , numerical system used | Its purpose is to decelerate the air stream
by the Army which permits cataloguing all and to receive the thrust which is pro
types of information by use of subheadings duced in a ram jet.
based on decimals . dig in , dig or improve fox holes or other in
diaphragm gas mask , special type of gas mask trenchments for immediate defense or pro
used by officers, noncommis sioned officers, tection from enemy fire or bombardment.
telephone operators, and others whose digraphic alphabet , alphabet in which the
duties make it necessary for them to speak cipher component consists of pairs of
while wearing a mask . characters.
diary , detailed daily account of a unit's activ- digraphic substitution , encipherment in which
ities, kept by a staff officer of the unit for the plain -text units and the cipher-text
future reference . units are pairs of characters.
diatomaceous earth , the fossilized skeletons dinome, in cryptography, pair of digits .
of a minute form of plant life ; found in dio . 1 . lower and raise quickly : as, to dip the
various sections of the world . It is valua guidon in salute ; 2 . angle below the hori.
ble as a filtering medium because it gives zontal made by a compass needle ; 3 . in
such small openings in the filter cake and aviation , a sudden drop followed by a
provides the highest rate of solvent flow . climb ; 4 . angle between the horizontal
dichloramine- T , yellow , crystalline powder and the line of sight from an observer 's
with a strong chlorine odor. Dichlora eye, usually in an aircraft, to the visible
mine- T is soluble in benzene or chloroform , horizon .
and is used as an antiseptic or as a decon - dip angle , angle between the apparent hori
taminating agent. zon and the true horizon .
dichloro -diphenyl-trichl oroethane, whitish pow - diploma. See Certificate of Proficiency .
der widely used as an insecticide. Usually | .diplomatic immunity , protection from arrest,
referred to by its abbreviation : DDT. search , and seizure of persons holding
dicing photograph , any photographic mission diplomatic passports.
carried out at a very low altitude . | dipole, an elementary antenna, generally one
dictated order, order delivered orally, of which half wave length long at the frequency
a verbatim record is made by the receiver. I being used .
SR 320_ 5 – 1
dir 92
direct admission , patient admitted to a medi- | direction finder. See radio direction finder,
cal installation for treatment or observa | directive, 1 . an oral or written military com
tion on an “ excused from duty ” status, munication in which a policy is established
other than by transfer from another medi or a specific action is ordered ; 2 . plan is
cal installation . In the computation of sued with a view to placing it in effect
admission rates, cases carded for record when so directed , or in the event that a
only are considered direct admissions. stated contingency arises ; 3 . broadly
direct air defense, the defense afforded by speaking , any communication which in
fighter aircraft, antiaircraft artillery, and itiates or governs action, conduct, or pro
guided missiles, acting on information cedure.
gained through related intelligence serv direct laying , laying in which the sights of
ices in addition to defense afforded by dis
the weapon are alined directly on the
persion , camouflage, blackouts, and other
target.
measures which minimize the effect of
hostile air attack . See indirect air defense. direct laying position , gun location from
direct- climbing target, air target that climbs which the target can be seen through the
away from a gunner.
sights.
direct communication , 1 . communication au direct observation , observation . by direct
thorized to pass straight from the sender vision , aided by instruments such as field
to the receiver without going through the glasses or telescopes, instead of a study of
hands of any intermediate officers ; 2 . radio photographs of terrain , etc., which is in
contact established without the aid of an direct observation .
intermediate relay point. Direct commu- director, 1 . electromechanical equipment used
nication differs from indirect communica to track a moving target in azimuth and
tion, which goes through a relay point. angular height and which , with the addi
direct conversation , person to person commu tion of other necessary information from
nication not involving a means of signal an outside source, such as a radar set or a
communication . range finder, continuously computes firing
data and transmits them to the guns ; 2 .
direct-diving target, air target which dives supervisor, as the director of maneuvers
directly toward a gunner. or the director of an administrative office ;
directed net, net in which no station other 3. parasitic antenna located in front of the
than the net control station can commu radiating antenna so that radiation will
nicate with any other station , except for add in the forward direction . ,
the transmission of urgent messages, with
out first obtaining the permission of the direct plotting, method of determining firing
data for a moving target when calculation
net control station . of its distance and azimuth from a single
direct fire, gunfire delivered on a target in gun position will meet the needs of a
which the sights of a weapon are brought battery of guns. Offset plotting is used
directly on the target . when data must be given for more than one
direct fire sights, 1. sights which permit lay- | gun .
ing directly on the target as distinguished direct pointing , pointing a piece in a direction
from those used to lay on an aiming point ; or in both range and direction by means of
2. sights used with antiaircraft guns when a sight directed at the target.
the director is not available .
direct pressure, all action other than an en
direct hit, projectile striking exactly on the circling movement taken against a retreat
target. ing enemy in order to achieve his ultimate
directing gun . See base piece. destruction by denying him the opportu
directional antenna, antenna which , due to its nity to reorganize his forces or reconstitute
construction , radiates or receives radio en - | his defenses .
ergy more effectively in one direction than directrix , center line of the field of fire of a
in others. gun.
directional traverse , line laid out in surveying direct standard alphabet , 1. in crytography , the
to show the direction of one point from normal aphabet, A to Z ; 2 . cipher alphabet
another without determining the distance in which both plain and cipher components
between them . are in the normal alphabetic sequence , but
direction board , circular board marked off in slid to any of the 26 juxtapositions.
100 mil units with a pointer pivoted at the direct support, a mission requiring one unit
center. A direction board is used to assist to support another specific unit and author
an observer in identifying sounds by their izing it to answer directly the supported
direction . unit's requests for assistance .
 SR 320 _5 – 1
93 dis
direct support artillery, artillery assigned the ment and advise his commanding officer on
tasks of executing the fire requested by the financial matters.
supported unit . Requests for fires are discharge, 1. (personnel) complete separation
made direct upon the support artillery by from the military service other than
the unit being supported . through death or resignation ; 2 . transpor
direct support unit, unit which has the mis tation ) to unload , as a cargo from a ship
sion of supporting another unit of the or passengers from a train .
command . It receives and executes mis discharge without honor, form of discharge
sions directly on call from , and gives formerly given when service was not hon
priority of effort to, the supported unit. est and faithful, when a character rating
It is not attached to a supported unit but was “ fair ” or “ poor," or when a dishon
remains under the command of its normal orable discharge could not be given . See
higher commander . undesirable discharge.
disability, physical or mental illness or injury disciplinary action , all authorized measures,
that makes a person incapable of active including court-martial, nonjudicial pun .
service. It may be temporary or perma ishment, and reprimand (as distinguished
nent in nature . from administrative reprimand ), taken to
disabling injury, injury which incapacitates punish acts of misconduct by military
an individual from performing duty . It personnel.
may be temporary or permanent in nature. disciplinary and adjustment board , a board of
disappearing target, target that is exposed to at least three officers at a correctional
the firer 's view for a short time. Bobbing installation appointed by the commandant
targets , and targets that are raised from to consider infractions of rules and regula
target pits for short periods of time, are tions, to recommend appropriate disciplin
disappearing targets. ary action therefor, and to consider and
disarm , 1. reduce or limit the size, equipment, assist in the solution of adjustment prob
armament, etc., of the army, navy, or air lems of inmates referred to it by the com
forces of a country ; 2 . take away an op mandant or other members of the staff .
ponent's weapons, especially his small disciplinary barracks, military correctional in
arms; 3 . make a mine or bomb useless by stallation for confinement, retraining, and
removing the firing device or by other restoration of prisoners to honorable duty
means, status or return to civil life .
disarmament, reduction or limitation of the disciplinary barracks education and training
size, equipment, armament, etc ., of the officer , an officer assigned to a disciplinary
army, navy, or air forces of a country. barracks who plans and supervises all.
disassemble, take a weapon or machine apart, educational and training activities for
usually for cleaning or repair . prisoners.
disaster control, active measures to minimize disciplinary exercises, exercises in military
or reduce damage and disaster by threat. drill that are intended , not for physical
ening or dangerous natural phenomen a development, but for training in alertness,
such as flood waters, forest fires , or exces promptness in carrying out orders, and
sive snow . morale . Disciplinary exercises include
disaster relief, measures taken to alleviate facings, the position of attention , hand
human suffering resulting from a disaster. | salute, etc.
disband . to withdraw the designation of a disciplinary guard , enforces military orders
unit from current records of the Army by and regulations governing conduct, em
official order. The term “ discontinued " | ployment security, discipline, and manage
will be used in lieu of “ disbanded ” in the ment of prisoners at military confinement
case of units which are not constituted . facilities.
Constituted units can be disbanded only disciplinary segretation . See segregation .
by authority of the Secretary of the Army. disciplinary training center, army correctional
See discontinue, inactivate . institution in oversea territories used in
disbursement, the amount of expenditure periods of national emergency as a vehicle
checks issued less refunds received and for rehabilitating or restoring prisoners
travel advances returned . to duty . .
disbursing agent, commissioned or warrant | discipline. 1 . state of order and obedience
officer or civilian , authorized to pay out among military personnel, resulting from
public funds. training. The prompt and willing obedi
disbursing officer, officer who receives, is re ence to all orders, and in the absence of
sponsible for, and pays out public funds. orders, to what is believed the orders would
He may also command the finance detach - I have been ; 2 . systematic rules and proce
SR 320–5 – 1
dis 94

dures established for specific operations ; , dispersal bays, clearing or spaces protected by
for example, march discipline, camouflage embankments used for the individual park
discipline. ing and dispersing of supplies or equip
discontinue, withdraw from current records of ment.
the Army by official order the designation dispersed airdrome, airdrome in which facil
of a unit that has not been constituted. ities for maintenance and repair are scat
See disband . tered and set up as far as possible from the
disemplace , take out of position ; remove a landing and take-off area .
weapon, usually artillery, from a prepared | dispersed formation . tactical formation in
firing position . which units are spread out to reduce the
disengage, break off action with an enemy. effectiveness of enemy fire .
disengagement, breaking off action with an dispersed storage area , that portion of a depot
enemy. or subinstallation that is geographically
disestablish, to officially remove a shore activ located away from the main establishment,
ity from the Naval Establishment so that but not at another reporting installation .
it ceases to exist as a separate activity . dispersion , 1. scattered pattern of hits by
dishonorable discharge, formal release from bombs dropped under identical conditions,
military service, without honor. It can or by projectiles fired from the same gun
only be given a soldier upon his conviction or group of guns with the same firing
and sentence by a general court-martial. data ; 2. in antiaircraft gunnery , the scat
disinfestor, apparatus for delousing and disin - | tering of shots in range and deflection
about the center of impact. As used in
fecting clothing and equipment. flak analysis the term includes scattering
dismiss , order a unit to break ranks after a due to all causes, and the center of im
drill, ceremony, or formation of any kind. pact is assumed to be at the target ; 3 .
dismissal, release of an officer or cadet from spreading of troops, materiel, establish
the service without honor, upon sentence ments, or activities over a wide area so as
of dismissal by a court-martial or military not to offer the enemy a concentrated
commission. target ; 4. in chemical warfare, the dis
semination of agents in liquid or aerosol
dismount, 1. get off a horse, motorcycle ,
bicycle , etc. ; 2 . take a gun from its setting , form from bombs and spray tanks.
mount, or carriage. dispersion error, chance variation in a series
dismounted defilade, concealment sufficient to of shots even though firing conditions are
hide a dismounted man from observation . kept as constant as possible. For prac
tical purposes the dispersion error of a
dispatch , 1. send a message, order, report, or particular shot is considered the distance
other communication ; 2 . message, order , from the point of impact or burst of that
report, or other communication that has shot to the center of impact or burst.
been sent ; 3. send or direct troops or other
military units or conveyances. dispersion ladder, table that shows the prob
able distribution of a succession of shots
dispatcher , person who directs the movement made with the safe firing data . A dis
of motor vehicles, trains, etc. persion ladder consists of a diagram made
dispatch route, roadway over which full con up of eight zones, in each one of which is
trol, both as to priorities of use and the shown the percentage of shots which may
regulated movement of traffic in time and be expected to fall within it.
space. is exercised . The operation of a dispersion point, a place where any incoming
dispatch route is analogous to that of a column is broken up and from which ele
railroad .
ments are sent to their respective areas or
dispensary, a medical treatment facility pri destinations ; a place where a column is
marily intended to provide examination dispersed for entrucking and detrucking
and treatment for ambulatory patients, to and /or loading and unloading.
make necessary arrangements for the displace, leave one position and take another.
transfer of patients requiring bed care , and When a unit is advancing its command
to provide first aid for emergency cases.
post must displace forward .
dispersal, act of spreading or separating,
8 , displaced person , civilian who is involuntarily
especially of activities usually concen - | outside the national boundaries of his
trated in limited areas, to reduce vulner country in time of war and who may or
ability to enemy action . may not be desirous of repatriation , and
dispersal area, area in which troops and ma may require assistance in obtaining food ,
teriel are widely spread to protect them shelter, and clothing. See expellee ; ref
from concentrated air or artillery attack . ugee ; evacuee ; protected person ,
 SR 320 _ 5 _ 1
95 dis

displacement, 1 . movement from one position | of the next vehicle in the column ; or the
to another ; especially, movement of sup space from the rear element of a march
porting troops or weapons from one firing unit or serial to the leading element of
position to another for tactical reasons ; the following march unit or serial ; 2. space .
2 . distance of one point from another from front to rear between men , animals ,
point ; for example, the distance of a gun or units in a formation ; the space from
in a battery from the base piece or direct side to side is called an interval ; 3 . space
ing point ; 3 . the weight of water dis between adjacent individual ships or boats
placed by a vessel and its contents in long measured in any direction between fore
tons. masts.
display board , blackboard or other board on distant reconnaissance , exploration of objec
which firing data are marked up for the tives that lie outside immediate striking
information of a gun crew . Artillery range of a force, but about which detailed
units use an azimuth display board and information is essential for military plán
an elevation display board . ning . Study of regions near at hand is
disposal classification. See classification for called close reconnaissance.
disposal. distilled mustard gas, virtually odorless, pale
disposal list, list of records in the custody of yellow , liquid blister gas which injures the
the military establishment that are not eyes and lungs and blisters the skin .
needed in the transaction of current busi. Distinguished Designation Badge, metallic and
ness and that do not appear to have suffi enamel badge denoting the award of three
cient administrative, legal, research , or Excellence in Competition Badges ; is of
other value to warrant their further pres two types : Distinguished Marksman
ervation by the Government, prepared for ( Rifle ) and Distinguished Pistol.
submission to the Archivist of the United Distinguished -Flying Cross, decoration denot
States for disposal authority. ing distinguished heroism or exceptional
disposal of records, elimination or destruction achievement in aerial- flight ; decoration
of valueless records. precedence number 6 . .
disposal schedule for records, schedule of rec- distinguished marksman , officer or enlisted
ords proposing the disposal after specified man who has won three badges or medals
periods of time of records that have ac for rifle fire in competitions designated
cumulated or that may accumulate in the by the Department of the Army.
future in the military establishment, pre - I distinguished pistol shot. individual who has
pared for submission to the Archivist of won three badges or medals for pistol fire
the United States for disposal authority. in competitions designated by the Depart
disposal standard, retention period established ment of the Army.
by the Department of the Army and ap Distinguished Service Cross, decoration denot
proved in accordance with statutory re ing extraordinary heroism in military op
quirements governing the destruction or erations against the enemy. The degree
salvage of specified types of files being of heroism required is not so great as that
accumulated as a result of activities or for the Medal of Honor, but greater than
functions common to more than one unit that required for the Silver Star ; decora
or installation of the military establish tion precedence number 2 .
ment.
Distinguished -Service Medal, decoration denot
disposition , distribution of the elements of a ing meritorious service in a duty of great
command and the duties assigned to each responsibility : decoration precedence num
unit to accomplish a common purpose . ber 3 .
disposition of records, retirement of records, Distinguished Unit Citation , a unit decoration
reduction of records by micro-photographic denoting heroism in combat. The degree
process, and elimination of records by de of heroism required is the same as that
struction, salvage, or transfer to other which would warrant award of the Dis
than an Army agency. tinguished Service Cross to an individual.
disposition quantities , quantity of total stock | Distinguished Unit Emblem , decoration worn
on hand over the disposition level. by personnel of a unit which has been
disrate, take away a person 's rating. awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation .
dissemination ( intelligence) , timely transmis - distortion , inaccuracy of scale existing along
sion of information and intelligence in the edge of a photograph caused by the tip ,
appropriate form to those units or agen tilt , or aberration of a camera lens.
cies that can use them . distributed fire, gunfire so placed in width for
distance, 1. space from the rear of one vehicle the purpose of bringing all parts of the
( including towed load if any) to the front ! target under effective fire. Distributed
SR 320– 5 – 1
dis 96
fire may be used against a road, wood , or other military work , also supervises and
other large target, whereas concentrated administers civil works activities.
fire is directed against a single point or district transportation office, subordinate to
area . and assists the zone transportation officer
distributing point, point at which supplies, in carrying out assigned mission through
obtained from the supply point by a divi surveillance of over -all transportation ac
sion or other unit, are broken down for tivities within a prescribed geographical
distribution to subordinate units. Dis district area or the zone . These are usu
tributing points usually carry no stocks ; | ally war time agencies established within
items drawn are issued completely as soon the continental limits of the United States.
as possible. dither, signal of controlled amplitude and
distribution , 1 . arrangement of troops for any frequency applied to the servo motor op
purpose, such as a battle, march , or ma erating a transfer valve, such that the
neuver ; 2 . planned pattern of projectiles transfer valve is constantly being quivered ,
about a point ; 3. planned spread of fire to and cannot stick at its null position .
cover a desired frontage or depth ; 4. an dither mechanism , a device employed in the
official delivery of anything, such as orders remote control system of certain artillery
or supplies ; 5 . term used to embrace the weapons, which prevents the building up
functioning of receipt, storage, transporta of static friction in some of the compo
tion , and final issue of equipment and nents of the system by keeping them in
supplies to the points or places where re constant vibration .
quired by the military establishment ; 6 . dive bombing, type of bombing in which the
it also includes housing, subsistence as bomb is released when the airplane is in a
signments , and transportation of per dive at an angle of more than 60 degrees
sonnel. from the horizontal.
distribution area, geographical unit within Diver Badge, metallic badge denoting comple
which a supply depot makes routine de tion of prescribed tests by diving person
liveries .
nel ; is in four classes ; Master, First-class ,
distribution box, metal case containing cable Salvage, and Second -class.
connections. Distribution boxes are found diversion , 1 . act of drawing the attention and
on the remote control systems of some forces of an enemy from the point of the
guns and are used in submarine mine principal operation ; an alarm or feint
systems.
which diverts attention ; 2 . deviation of
distribution box boat, vessel used in mine | shipping or traffic from either its route or
planting to mark buoys, lay shore cables , destination .
etc. It may also serve as a patrol boat diversionary attack , action wherein a force
after a mine field is planted . attacks a target other than themain target
distribution center, exchange facility estab for the purpose of drawing enemy defenses
lished and operated to assist in the liqui away from the main effort. See demon
dation of exchanges by assembling , dis stration ; feint.
playing, and selling assets of a liquidating | dividends, distributions made to welfare
exchange or surplus merchandise not dis funds.
posed of at the post level.
division , 1 . tactical unit composed of elements
distribution depot. See general depot. of the arms and the services and respon
distribution list, list giving names of organi sible for its own internal administration .
zations and individuals to whom orders Division is on a command level below a
and other documents are to be sent, and corps and above a regiment or brigade.
the number of copies for each . It is usually commanded by a major gen
distribution parts, spare parts representing eral ; 2 . one of several administrative or
the difference between the quantity pro operating groups or elements into which
cured and those eventually used in main . a higher headquarters is often divided .
tenance operations. They include parts divisional unit, a unit of the type organically
lost due to enemy action and those neces- assigned to a division.
sary , as a safety factor, to keep the supply I division artillery, all artillery assigned or
lines filled at all times. attached to a division .
district, a subdivision of an area command . I division engineer , 1. officer in command of an
See area command . engineer division who represents the Chief
district engineer, officer in command of an of Engineers and who has charge of con
engineer district who represents the Chief struction work and civil works activities
of Engineers and supervises local construc in his division ; 2 . senior engineer officer in
tion in connection with fortifications and command of all engineer troops of a divi
 SR 320 - 5 – 1
97 dou

sion . He is a member of the special staff territories and possessions, from acts of
of the division commander. violence or disorder , and which is preju
division slice. See slice. dicial to the maintenance of law and order .
division supply control point. See supply con - domestic disturbances. See civil disturbance.
trol point. domestic emergency , a situation resulting from
division trains, all the service elements under disaster or from disorder and which threat
division control, including the mainte ens to disturb the welfare of the popula
nance, supply and medical units . tion or a substantial portion thereof .
division unit. a unit organically a part of the domestic intelligence, intelligence relating to
division . activities or conditions within the United
States which threaten internal security
dock, berthing space where a ship may lie and which might require the employment
safely while moored.
of troops, and intelligence relating to actir .
dockage, all charges levied against the vessel ities of individuals or agencies potentially
for the use of berthing space, whether for or actually dangerous to the security of
loading, discharging, repairs, or other the Army within the zone of interior.
reasons.
doppler effect, apparent change in frequency
doctrine, computation of principles and poli of a sound, or radio wave, reaching an ob
cies applicable to a subject, which have server , or a radio receiver, caused by a
been developed through experience or by change in distance , or range , between the
theory, that represent the best available source and the observer, or receiver, dur
thought, and indicate and guide but do not ing the interval of reception .
bind in practice. Essentially , doctrine is
dosage. See radiation dosage.
that which is taught. A doctrine is basi
son dosimeter , instrument used to measure the
cally a truth , a fact, or a theory that can dosimet
be defended by reason . Doctrine refers to total amount of radiation absorbed during
those principles and policies which have a period of time.
been developed by experience or by theory dossier, a file containing pertinent informa
which represent the best available thought tion on a specific person , incident or
on the subject in question , and which organization .
should be taught or accepted as basic double, 1 . second shot fired automatically by
truths.
a semiautomatic weapon , when only the
document, any form of recorded information . first shot is intended ; 2. hit in coast ar
It includes printed , mimeographed , typed , tillery target practice that strikes a tar
photostated , and written matter of all get within the range limits of a broadside
kinds ; maps, relief maps, photomaps, and target and also within the limits of direc
aerial photographs and mosaics ; drawings, tion of a bow on target ; 3 . on the double
sketches, notes, and blueprints , or photo or at the double means in double time.
static copies ; photographs and photo - double action , method of fire in a revolver and
graphic negatives ; recorded engineering in old -style rifles and shotguns in which a
data ; correspondence and plans relating single pull of the trigger both cocks and
to research and development projects ; and fires the weapon , in contrast to single ac
all other similar matter. tion , in which the hammer must be cocked
documentary photography , photography needed by hand before firing .
to illustrate a particular object or terrain double-apron fence, obstacle consisting of a
feature. fence with a network of barbed -wire en
dogfight, combat between individual planes or tanglement extending out on each side.
between individualmechanized units. double banking , two columns of troops or ve
dolly , low platform or frame mounted on hicles side by side, moving in the same
small wheels or casters used for moving direction or standing still.
heavy or awkward objects short distances. double bank method, method by which scout
dolly trailer converter , fifth wheel attachmentL | ing aircraft can search large areas rapidly .
mounted on a trailer for the purpose of One group of planes searches an inner cir
converting a semi-trailer to full trailer so cle , while another searches an outer circle.
it can be moved by a prime mover or double-base powder, propellent powder con
tractor. taining nitrocellulose and another princi
domestic advice of availability . See advice of pal explosive ingredient.
availability. double envelopment, a form of enveloping ma
domestic ( civil) disturbance, civil unrest or neuver executed by three principal tactical
tension which takes the form of demonstra groups ; a secondary attack force which at
tions or rioting ; a situation which arises tacks the enemy position frontally, and
within the continental United States, its | two enveloping attack forces which move
277763° — 5347
SR 320– 5– 1
dou 98
around the flanks of the enemy position to the delivery of supplies covered by credits.
attack the flanks or objectives in rear of In this meaning, also called call ; 4 . the
the enemy front line. depth of a vessel below the waterline meas
double sentry, guard of two soldiers posted to ured vertically to the lowest part of the
keep watch over an area and to prevent hull, propellers, or other reference point.
surprise by the enemy. drag, slow drift of a chemical cloud near the
double shelter tent. See double tent. ground, compared with the faster drift of
double staggered column, two-lane column of the higher parts.
vehicles moving in the same direction, so drainage lines, channels or low lines of the
spaced that the vehicles in one lane are op- terrain in which water flows either con
posite the spaces between vehicles in the tinuously or intermittently .
other lane. dress, 1. form a straight line in a drill forma
doublet, 1. in cryptography, digraph consist tion ; 2. command to take this line ; 3. ar
ing of a repeated letter ; 2. simple radio un - 1 rangement of flags and pennants on the
grounded antenna . masts of a ship for formal occasions.
double tent, shelter tent set up in the field by dress left (right) , preparatory command at
buttoning together the square ends of two which soldiers turn head and eyes to the
single shelter tents ; double shelter tent. left (right) and straighten a line, each
double time, 1. marching at the rate of 180 individual in relation to the person at his
steps, each 36 inches in length , per minute ; 1 left (right).
2. preparatory command to march at this dress parade, ceremony at which soldiers in
rate. their dress uniforms take formation under
arms.
double transposition, in cryptography, trans
position in which the characters of a first dress uniform , uniform authorized for wear
or primary transposition are subjected to a 1 at social, ceremonial, and official occasions.
second transposition . drift, 1. the lateral deviation of the trajectory
doubtful, term used by a forward observer to from the plane of departure , caused by the
indicate that a round appears correct for clockwise rotation of the projectile. As a
range but requires a change in deflection . result, the horizontal trace of the trajec
See sensing . tory is a curved, rather than a straight
down, 1. fire correction in time fire used by an line ; 2. amount of sidewise movement or
observer to indicate that a decrease in the displacement caused by a side wind acting
height of burst of ( so many) yards is de on an aircraft, ship , or barrage balloon ; 3 .
sired ; 2 . in an initial fire message, (ar slow spreading of a chemical cloud by
gravity and wind ; 4 . tool such as a punch ,
tillery ), a term used to indicate that the
target is (so many) yards lower in altitude tapered pin , or reamer ; 5 . movement of
than the base point or other point which wounded towards the rear in a battle.
has been used as a reference point for the | drift float. See drift signal.
target's location ; 3. in a fire command (ar- drift meter, instrument for determining the
tillery ), a term used to indicate that the direction and amount of drift when an air
site must be decreased by (so many) mils . craft is flying in a cross wind. A drift
See up ; 4 . term in a fire command to ad meter is also used in taking visual bear.
just fire of mortars to announce that the ings and in calculating ground speed by
tube is to be depressed by (so many ) turns. timing.
downgrade, to assign a lower security classi drift signal, floating signal dropped from an
fication of an item of classified matter, aircraft flying over water to provide a
document, or materiel. reference point for determining drift and
down time, 1 . interval between the arrival of for aiding in navigation , or marking an
an empty ammunition train at an ammuni area or object for the aid of surface ves
tion supply point and its departure with a sels . Fire, smoke, or metallic powder is
load ; 2. interval between receipt of a re- | released when the signal strikes the water
quest for supplies at a supply depot and surface.
their delivery to the troops ; 3. time during drill, 1 . exercises and movements taught and
which ordnance materiel is being repaired practiced to develop control, discipline,
in a field shop . teamwork , and facility in execution ; 2 .
downwind, direction toward which the wind practice a sequence of acts for learning
is blowing ; leeward . * purposes.
draft, 1. selection of persons from the total drill ammunition , ammunition without an
manpower of a country for compulsory explosive charge, used in training and
military service . In this meaning, also practice.
called Selective Service ; 2 . call a man for drill call, bugle call used as a warning to turn
compulsory military service ; 3 . request for out for drill,
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
99 dug
drillmaster, person who gives soldiers drill certain machine guns and recoilless rifles ;
instruction . 3. percussion instrument used in military
drive, attack , often a large-scale , forceful bands and in fife and drum corps ; 4 . metal
attack . container for liquids. In this meaning ,
usually preceded by the quantity , as 5 -gal
driver's trip ticket, form issued by a vehicle lon drum , 55 - gallon drum .
dispatcher and used as the driver' s au
thorization to proceed on a specified trip . dry camp, temporary camp in a place where
It also lists preventive maintenance sery there is no water . Weather conditions,
ices to be performed by the driver. difficult terrain , danger, or exhaustion of
drone, remotely controlled aircraft. soldiers may make camping in such a place
necessary .
droop , bending of a structure due to its own dry cargo, any cargo, except refrigerated
weight, such as the curvature of a very cargo, including packaged liquids, but not
long barrel in a heavy artillery gun .
including liquids shipped in bulk .
drop, 1 . vertical distance a bullet has fallen
under the influence of gravity at any point dry frozen ground, ground with temperature
in its path of flight ; vertical distance below 0 degrees C but containing no mois
from a point on this path to the line of ture in the form of ice.
departure ; 2 . parachute jump, individual dry mix , decontaminant consisting of 2 parts
or en masse, or supply delivery by para (by volume) of bleaching material to 3
chute , or the act of making such a jump I parts of earth , sand , ashes, or similar
or delivery ; 3. fire correction used by an material.
artillery observer indicating that a de- dry point, water point which has no treating
crease of ( so many ) yards is desired ; 4 . equipment.
term used in a fire command for infantry | drydry run
run ,. 1. any practice
1. any practice test or session
test or session .; 22 .. any
weapons to announce a decrease of ( So simulated firing practice, particularly a
many ) yards. dive bombing approach made without the
drop altitude, in airborne usage, altitude of release of a bomb.
the aircraft above the ground at the time dry storage, storage of a ship or other floating
of a parachute drop. equipment on dry land.
drop message, a message dropped from an dual purpose gun , gun so designed and con
aircraft to ground unit. structed that effective fire may be deliv
droppable fuel tank , fuel tank attachable to ered against either aerial or surface
an airplane for purpose of carrying an targets .
extra load of gasoline. It is discarded dual wheels , two wheels, bolted together at
after emptying. Sometimes filled with the same end of an axle shaft. In count
thickened gasoline and used as a splashing ing wheels for the nomenclature of a
incendiary bomb. See fire bomb. vehicle dual wheels are considered as one
droppage, an item of pay subtracted from wheel.
the gross amount due the payee and not dud , explosive munition which was not armed
included in the amount chargeable to the as intended or which has failed to explode
appropriation involved . after being armed .
dropping angle , angle between the aircraft due in , the quantities of material expected to
target line and the vertical line from the be received under outstanding procuring
aircraft to the ground at the instant a and requisitioning instruments, and quan
bomb is released . Also called range angle. tities from other sources such as transfer ,
dropping ground, a designated place to which reclamation , and recovery.
personnel, messages or supplies are to be due out, as applied to a supplying installa
dropped from aircraft. See drop zone. tion , is that portion of stock requisitioned
drop test, test of a parachute by dropping it, which was not immediately available for
with a dummy load attached , from an air issue but which is recorded as a commit
plane. ment for future use. Synonymous with
drop zone (DZ ) , a specified area upon which current unfilled demand .
airborne troops, equipment, and supplies
dues-out releases , stock issued on basis of
are dropped by parachute, or on which duesout records.
supplies and equipment may be delivered
by free fall. duffel bag, canvas or cloth sack for holding
drum , 1. adjusting device and scale for mak clothing and equipment for military per
sonnel.
ing fine settings on certain types of gun
sights. The coarse setting is made of a dugout, underground shelter built to protect
device called a plateau ; 2. cylinder maga - troops, ammunition , and materiel from
zine, from which cartridges are fed , on gunfire.
SR 320_ 5 _ 1
dum 100
dumdum bullet, bullet designed to flatten or , dusk , that part of morning twilight extending
explode on impact, its use against person - 1 from complete darkness to the beginning
nel is forbidden by International Law . of civil twilight ; that part of evening twi.
dummy ammunition . See drill ammunition . light extending from the ending of civil
twilight to the beginning of complete dark
dummy drop , delivery of one or more objects
resembling individuals or material by para
ness. See twilight, (morning and evening ) .
chute, simulating a combat drop , to confuse dust respirator, device consisting of a half
or deceive the enemy. mask worn over the lower part of the face ,
dummy group, in cryptography, group of containing a filter which removes dust
dummy letters. from the air to be breathed.
dummy installation , false building, emplace- duty , prescribed task to which military per
ment, etc., used to deceive the enemy. A sonnel are assigned .
dummy installation may drawW fire away
fire away duty assionmen a group of closely related
duty assignment,
from real targets, weaken enemy fire by tasks and responsibilities which normally
spreading it, or delay and confuse the are assumed by one individual assigned to
enemy. a given position in a military unit . A
dummy letter. See null. military occupational specialty usually
dummy message, message sent for some pur- 1 qualifies an individual for a variety of duty
pose other than its content. assignments. Also known as duty position .
dummy mine, false or imitation land mine duty branch , the branch in which an officer is
used to deceive the enemy, or used for serving as a result of appointment, assign
training purposes. ment, or detail by : 1. Department of the
dummy position , position , particularly a false Army Special Orders ; 2 . General officers
battery location , prepared to deceive the who are authorized to detail officers in
enemy as to the true size or location of the General Staff Corps with troops.
position actually occupied ; dummy site. duty officer, officer detailed to be constantly
dummy projectile , shell that has no explosive available for call in emergencies during a
charge. Dummy projectiles are used for specific period.
practice and training purposes . duty position . See duty assignment.
dummy site. See dummy position . duty roster, list of the personnel of a unit,
dump, supply installation , usually operated showing the duties each man has per
by a division or smaller unit, at which a formed , such as guard, fatigue, kitchen
small emergency stock of selected items is police , etc. It is kept to determine the
maintained for issue ; see supply point. date of his next tour of duty and to insure
dunnage, any material such as boards, mats, fair distribution of duties among the per
planks, blocks, bamboo, or metal bracing sonnel of the unit.
that is used in transportation and storage | duty station , military establishment or post to
to support and secure supplies , to protect which an officer or enlisted man has been
them from damage or for convenience in assigned for duty.
handling .
dunnite . See explosive D . duty status, standing of an officer or enlisted
man who is considered to be performing
duplex, applied to a circuit which makes pos his full military duty and entitled to
sible the simultaneous transmission of two receive full pay.
messages in opposite directions.
duty with troops or duty with troop units. An
duplex -drive tanks, standard tanks especially officer is on duty with a troop unit when
modified by attaching flotation devices, he is assigned to , and is performing duty
prows, and twin propellers, enabling the as follows : 1. Any position with a unit
tanks to serve as amphibious tanks during operating under an approved Table of Or
landing operations and the crossing of wide ganization ; 2. Any position with training
rivers.
units of service schools , unit training cen
duplicate service, two services of substantially ters, and replacement training centers ; 3 .
the same capacity and characteristic any position in which an officer exercises
usually supplied from separate sources, direct command over troops organized for
each of which lacks sufficient capacity to other than purely administrative or dis
carry the entire load . ciplinary purpose .

easting, 1, eastward reading of grid values ; ] E . C . blank fire, orange or pink explosive
reading from left to right. 2 . X -coordi- powder, resembling coarse sand . It is
nate of a grid reference. used as a charge in small arms, in blank
 SR 320- 5 - 1
101 eff

cartridges, and as a bursting charge in economy force, part of command used to hold
hand grenades. Also called blank fire pow or secure a portion of the front in order
der or E . C . smokeless powder. to allow the major portion of the command
echelon , 1. subdivisions of a headquarters, as to be concentrated at a decisive point.
forward echelon , rear echelon ; 2 . separate | E . C . smokeless powder, orange or pink ex
levels of command ; as compared to regi. plosive powder, resembling coarse sand .
ment, division is a higher echelon , bat It is used as a charge in small arms, in
talion is a lower echelon ; 3 . different frac blank cartridges. Also called blank fire
tions of a command in the direction of powder or E . C . blank fire.
depth , to each of which a principal combat edit, 1 . revise and prepare manuscript for
mission is assigned ; e . g ., attack echelon , publication ; 2. in cryptography, prepare
support echelon , reserve echelon ; 4 . forma textual material for the next step in proc
tion in which the subdivisions are placed essing ; make corrections in textual mate
one behind another, extending beyond and rial ; 3. See requisition editing .
unmasking one another wholly or in part.
education manuals, series of numbered text
echelonment, arrangement of personnel and books of the United States Armed Forces
equipment into assault or combat fol Institute provided for use by military per
low -up, and rear components or groups. sonnel participating in the educational
echelonment of supplies, storing supplies in programs of the Armed Forces.
graduated quantities , the largest stocks to educational reconditioning , process of exciting ,
the rear of the field and the smallest in
stimulating , and activating the minds of
front, to prevent interruption in the flow convalescent patients through education ,
of supplies to the troops. orientation , and information , thereby en
echelon of attack , one of the waves of an at couraging a mental attitude conducive to
tack ; one of a series of subdivisions of an health and normal activity .
attacking unit. effective, 1. ready for active service ; fit for
echelons of maintenance. See maintenance cat- service ; present for duty ; 2 . producing the
egory . desired effect ; 3 . See effectives.
echo, the signal received by a radar set as a effective balloon , barrage balloon located in
result of the reflection of a transmitted | the air space that a hostile airplane must
pulse from objects in the field of scan . cross in order to bomb its objective.
economic intelligence, that component of stra - effective beaten zone, section of the target
tegic intelligence which deals with the ex area in which a high percentage of shots
tent and utilization of the natural and fall, usually 82 percent of the hits ; effec
human resources and the industrial poten tive pattern ; eighty-two percent zone.
tial of nations. effective date of change in strength accounta
economic mobilization , process of preparing bility (EDCSA ) , that date upon which a
for and carrying out the changes in the losing organization or command drops an
organization , operation , and direction not individual or units from its strength
only of industry but also of all the eco accountability.
nomic resources of the Nation for the effective depth , ground covered in the line of
purposes of war ; these resources include range by the dispersion of shell fragments
not only manufacturing and industry but and shrapnel in which the gunfire is fully
also natural resources, manpower, trans effective.
portation , utilities , communications, dis
effective forces, 1. all the elements of an army
tribution , finance, science, technology, edu
that can be brought into battle ; 2 . all
cation , and morale. In sum , all the varied
resources, institutions, attitudes, and mo troops of a nation available for service in
tivations that comprise the system of pro the field .
ducing , distributing , and consuming of effective landing area , part of a landing area ,
wealth . including clear approaches , upon which an
economic potential, that share of the total aircraft can safely land and from which it
can safely take off.
productivity of country ( ies) that can be
used for the pursuit of war. effective pattern . See effective beaten zone.
economic warfare, use of any measure or com effective ranges, distances at which a weapon
bination of measures (short of open war. may be expected to fire accurately to in
fare ) to acquire material essential to the flict casualties or damage. See maximum
security of a nation and its allies, or to
or to effective range.
deny material essential to enemies and effectives , troops actually available for duty
their allies. for which trained .
SR 320 -5 -1
eff 102
effective strength, 1. those assigned individu - electronic jamming , the intentional deliberate
als actually present for duty with the unit, radiation or reradiation of electromagnetic
installation , or detachment ; 2. Army as a waves with the object of impairing the
whole all military personnel both perma- 1 use of a specific portion of the electro
nent party and nonpermanent party. magnetic
vention .
wave spectrum . See electronic
effective wind, calculated wind which is equal deception .
in speed and direction to the average of electronic reconnaissance, air reconnaissance
all the varying winds actually encountered . conducted to supplement photographic and
Effective wind is used extensively in sound visual reconnaissance by providing instan
ranging and in weather observation , taneously at ground and surface installa
efficiency report, report prepared by the im tions representations of the view from an
mediate superior, on the manner in which airplane in flight as viewed by either op
officers, enlisted personnel, and civilians tical or electronic means. See radar recon
perform their assigned duties. Efficiency naissance.
reports are prepared at stated intervals, element, 1. subdivision of a command or any
usually annually and upon temporary duty organization ; 2. a portion of an airborne
of 60 days or more and upon permanent or air -landed unit described by its method
change of station . of entry into the combat area , such as
eighty- two percent zone. See effective beaten parachute element, airplane element, sea
zone. borne element, or over- land element.
elephant steel shelter , shelter for personnel or
ejector, mechanism in small arms and rapid
fire guns which automatically throws out materiel made from steel arch sections of
an empty cartridge case or unfired cart- | large size. This shelter is the largest type
ridge from the breech or receiver . The of steel arch shelter and it serves as a
ejector is not to be confused with the splinter-proof cover.
extractor, which pulls the empty cartridge elevate, raise the muzzle end of a gun ; in
case or unfired cartridge from the chamber. I crease the angle of elevation .
elasticity correction , change made in standard elevating arc, upright, geared arc, attached to
firing data to allow for the effect on range a gun or carriage, along which the gun is
of changes in temperature. raised or lowered.
elasticity effect, influence on range of tem - | elevating mechanism , device on a gun that
peratures that vary from those upon which raises or lowers the muzzle for elevation .
standard firing tables are based . elevation , 1. vertical angle between the line
elbow telescope, L -shaped telescope with the from the muzzle of the weapon to the tar
eyepiece at right angles to the objective. get and the axis of the bore when the
electrical interception , gaining possession by weapon is laid for range ; angle of eleva
tion ; 2. in antiaircraft artillery, the angu
electrical means of communications in
tended for others. lar height is sometimes called elevation
and dials on some equipment, which indi
electric primer, metallic device containing a cate angular height, are marked " eleva
small amount of a sensitive explosive or tion ;" 3. the vertical distance of ground
charge of black powder which is actuated forms, usually measured in feet or meters,
by energizing an electric circuit. It is above mean sea level (plus elevation ) or
used for setting off explosive or propel below mean sea level (minus elevation ).
ling charges. elevation circle, circular scale showing the
electric squib , commercial flash fuze device quadrant elevation of the gun barrel.
for electrically firing of burning type mu elevation indicator, electrical instrument on
nitions such as smoke pots . It consists
essentially of a small tube sealed with some guns that shows the quadrant eleva
sulfur, containing a small charge of pow tion to be used ; it is part of a remote
der, compressed around a fine resistance control system .
wire. There are three types : open -end, elevation mechanism . See elevating mecha
flash vented and closed end. nism .
electronic deception , radiation or reradiation elevation quadrant. See gunner 's quadrant.
of electromagnetic waves in a manner in
tended to mislead the enemy in the inter elevation scale, scale on a gun carriage that
pretation of data received by his electronic shows the quadrant elevation of the gun .
equipment. This does not include manip - elevation stop, structural unit in a gun or
ulation and / or imitative communication other equipment that prevents it from
traffic. See radio deception ; electronic being elevated or depressed beyond certain
jamming . fixed limits .
 SR 320 –5 – 1
103 enc

elevation table , firing table giving a list of French and Belgian Fourrageres, and the
ranges, with the corresponding quadrant . Netherlands Orange Lanyard .
elevation settings to be applied to aa gun
gun .. embrasure, opening in a wall or parapet, espe
elevation tracking telescope, optical instru cially one through which a gun is fired .
ment which is used in tracking a moving It is usually cut wider at the outside to
target in elevation . permit the gun to swing through a greater
embargo, to restrict or prohibit the accept- 1 arc.
ance and handling of traffic. See AR 55– emergency addressee card , card giving the
170 . name and address of the person to be noti
embarkation , loading of troops with their fied in case of emergency , signed by each
supplies and equipment into vessels and /or person when he leaves the United States
aircraft. on active duty.
embarkation and tonnage table, form showing | emergency counterpreparation , fire by the
the allocation of embarkation groups to artillery of one division to reinforce the
transport divisions. It is used in the al local counterpreparations of other divi
lotment of space to all elements of the sions. It is delivered at the request of the
landing force on the ships of the transport commander of the division to be supported .
group. emergency medical tag , type of individual
embarkation area , in an amphibious opera medical record in the form of a tag, so
tion , an area ashore; including a group of designed that it can be attached to each
embarkation points , in which final prep casualty. The tag indicates certain iden
arations are completed and through which 'l tifying and administrative data , along with
troops and materiel for craft and ships are diagnosis and treatment administered .
called forward to embark . It is used by aid stations, collecting sta
embarkation card, form on which soldiers tions, and clearing stations.
going overseas may notify relatives of emergency medical treatment, medical treat
change of address. ment administered by technically trained
Army Medical Service personnel prior to
embarkation group , all personnel with sup- || definitive treatment.
plies and equipment embarked or to be
embarked ( combat loaded ) aboard the emergency medical unit. See provisional unit.
ships of one transport division . It is nor - emergency mobile forces , armed motorized
mally a regimental combat team . force organized from service unit per
embarkation officer, a Marine Corps or Army sonnel at a post, camp, or station for
officer usually of the Transportation Corps , emergency protection in and near the
who is normally assigned to the staff of the installation.
commander of an assault transport and emergency rations, special type rations de
who is responsible for the proper loading signed for troops or individuals cut off
and unloading of the ship . He acts as from their normal source of supply .
liaison officer between the loading officer
and the commander of the ship in all emplace, put in position ; fix a gun in a
administrative matters. prepared position from which it may be
Formerly called fired .
transport quartermaster.
emplacement, 1 . prepared position for one or
embarkation order, in an amphibious opera more weapons or pieces of equipment, for
tion , an order specifying dates , times ,
protection against hostile fire or bombard
routes, and methods of movement to ship
ment, and from which they can execute
side for both personnel and impedimenta . their missions ; 2 . act of fixing a gun in a
embarkation regulations, rules and policies prepared position from which it may be
governing the administration and opera fired .
tion of a port where troops are put on emplacement book , record book kept for the
transports. gun or guns in an emplacement.
embarkation unit, all personnel with supplies
and equipment embarked or to be embarked encampment, 1. temporary camp in the field ;
2 . act of making camp.
(combat loaded ) aboard one ship .
encipher, to convert a plain language message
emblem , decoration worn on the uniform of into unintelligible text by means of a
individuals belonging to units awarded cer
cipher system .
tain unit decorations. Emblems are worn
for the following unit decorations only : | enciphered code, cryptosystem in which a
Distinguished Unit Citation , Presidential cipher system is applied to encoded text.
Unit Citation (Navy ) , Meritorious Unit encipherment, 1. process of enciphering ; 2.
Commendation, Navy Unit Commendation , text which has been enciphered.
SR 320- 5 - 1
enc 104
encirclement, surrounding or hemming in all as attack , defense, or withdrawal but also
hostile force ; being surrounded in a double the particular course of action possible
flanking maneuver . under each general course of action . “ En
encircling force, part of the pursuing troops emy capabilities ” are considered in the
which , by advancing along parallel roads light of all known factors affecting mili
or lines, seeks to place itself across the tary operations including time, space,
enemy's line of retreat or to attack the weather, terrain , and the strength , com
flank so that the direct pressure force can position , and disposition of enemy forces.
complete his destruction. enfilade , deliver fire so as to sweep the length
encode, 1 . that section of a code book in of a line of troops , a trench , or any other
which the plain text equivalents of the target.
code groups are in alphabetical, numerical, enfilade fire, either frontal or flanking fire in
or other systematic order ; 2. to convert a which the long axis of the beaten zone coin
plain language message into unintelligible cides or approximately coincides with the
text by means of a code. long axis of the target ; i. e., fire in the
encodement, encoded version of a plain - text direction of the length of a line or column.
message. engagement, encounter between two hostile
encoder, cryptographer who performs the forces ; battle .
process of producing a code message. I engine cradle hold-down fittings, female
encrypt, to convert plain text into unintelli threaded device on the floor of a cargo
gible form (cryptogram ) by means of a aircraft into which tie -down rings may
cryptosystem . be inserted for use in lashing cargo and
encrypted text, text which conveys no intelli- | equipment.
gible meaning, or an intelligible meaning engineer, 1. member of the Corps of Engi
that is not the real meaning but which neers ; soldier who performs engineer
actually conveys a hidden meaning. duties, including construction , demolition ,
encryption date, date which determines the surveying, road and bridge building , and
specific key to be used , Cryptodate. camouflage ; 2 . senior officer of the engi
end item , a final combination of end products , neer troops in a large unit . He is a staff
component parts, and / or materials which officer, and advises the commander on engi
is ready for its intended use . neering matters.
end of mission , term used to indicate that engineer depot, depot where supplies used
sufficient fire has been placed on a given primarily by the Corps of Engineers are
target. stored .
end products or major assembly , a completed engineer district, subdivision of an engineer
assembly of component parts , subassem division , established for the actual execu
blies, and / or materials ready for opera tion of new military construction work ,
tion , as is , but intended for further instal and civil works.
lation in an end item . In some cases an engineer division , geographic division of the
end product may be used as an end item , continental United States, in which all
e . g ., deck winch , engine, propeller assem fortifications, new military constructions,
bly, transmitter. maintenance, repair , and civil works are
end spell, in cryptography, plain equivalent in charge of an officer of the Corps of
of a code group indicating that a spelling Engineers.
has been completed and that the groups engineer partial field maintenance, those main
following represent words and phrases .
tenance operations above the level of or
end strength , actual or authorized strength ganizational maintenance and below the
of the Army, or subdivision thereof, at the level of depot maintenance which certain
close of a specific time period (fiscal year, Engineer troop units are authorized to
calendar year, month, or operation ) . See perform
initial strength ,
engineer specialbrigade (amphibian engineers ) ,
enemy alien . See alien enemy. Army engineer brigade consisting of boat
enemy battery file, card index of all facts and shore units with medical, quarter
known about enemy gun and howitzer master, signal, and ordnance elements ,
batteries. which has the dualmission of transporting
enemy capabilities, those courses of action of combat troops, equipment, and supplies
which the enemy is physically capable and during amphibious operations, and of sup
which , if adopted, will affect the accom porting troops by conducting resupply op
plishment of our mission . The term " capa erations from the holds of ocean -going
bilities” includes not only the general vessels or near-shore supply points, across
courses of action open to the enemy such ! beaches prior to the establishment of ports.
 SR 320– 5 – 1
105 eny

The brigade is equipped with landing craft | enlists within 3 months after being given
and within limited distances has the capac an honorable discharge. The amount of
ity for transporting one division and for payment is based on the number of years
supplying one corps. served in the enlistment period from which
engineering test, those examinations, investi- last discharged.
gations, or other observations necessary to enlistment record, form giving personal in
determine the technical adequacy of the formation about an enlisted person, made
material or item undergoing test. out when he enlists.
engineer's scale, measuring scale or ruler | enplane, to load personnel, supplies, or equip
which is graduated into decimal parts of ment into an aircraft .
a foot. Used where measurements are in en route personnel, personnel who have de
feet and decimals of a foot. . parted from an oversea command or port,
enlist, enroll in some branch of the military | but for whom strength accountability is
service ; especially , to enroll voluntarily . still chargeable to the command from
enlisted cadre. See cadre. which departed .
enlisted combat insignia , insignia of grade ensign , flag or banner ; especially , a national
worn by combat personnel ; it has a gold flag or banner .
colored background with dark blue colored entraining area , area that includes all the
chevrons, arcs , and lozenge. See enlisted points in a given locality at which troops,
noncombatant insignia . together with their equipment and sup
enlisted grade structure, grade structure for plies, are put aboard trains.
enlisted personnel consists of seven pay entraining officer, officer who assists the troop
grades with the titles indicated in the movement commander in supervising the
table of comparative grades (appendix I) . loading of troops and their equipment and
enlisted man , any male member of the Army supplies onto trains.
who is below the grade of a commissioned entraining point, station or yard where troops
officer , warrant officer, or cadet. The term and their equipment and supplies are
is sometimes used to include the female loaded onto railway trains.
enlisted persons in the Army ; however, entraining table, form giving information and
the terms enlisted person and enlisted instructions about train schedules, entrain
personnel are preferred when referring to ing and detraining points , and troops to be
both the male and female members of the moved . It is usually annexed to a field
Army.
order.
enlisted noncombatant insignia , insignia of entrench . See intrench .
grade worn by noncombatant personnel ; it entrenching tool. See intrenching tool.
has a dark blue colored background with
gold colored chevrons, arcs, and lozenge . entrenchment. See intrenchment.
See enlisted combat insignia . entruck , get in a truck , put men in a truck .
enlisted person ( s), term used to include both Entrucking is usually connected with a
the male and female members of the Army troop movement by truck .
below the grade of an officer or warrant entrucking point, location where a convoy or
officer ; enlisted personnel. column , or element thereof, halts for the
enlisted section, subdivision of a personnel loading of personnel.
office that deals with the assignment, entrucking table , form giving information and
transfer, and classification of enlisted instructions about truck schedules, en
personnel. trucking and detrucking points, and troops
enlisted specialist, 1 . enlisted person classified to be moved . It is usually annexed to a
as an occupational specialist by reason of field order.
training or experience ; 2 . rating formerly entry plan , plan which provides for the or
given to privates and privates, first class, derly entrance of a large number of vessels
who did specialized work . into a port with the greatest possible se
enlisted woman , female member of the Army curity .
who is below the grade of a commissioned envelop , attack one or both flanks of the en
officer or warrant officer. emy, usually attacking his front at the
enlistment, 1 . voluntary enrollment as a mem - same time.
ber of the Army, as contrasted with induc- enveloping attack . See envelopment.
tion under the draft or Selective Service ; ) envelopment, a form of offensive maneuver in
2 . period of military service under the which the main attack is directed against
contract of enlistment. the flank or rear of the initial disposition
enlistment allowance, allowance paid to an of the enemy's forces, and toward an objec
enlisted member for past service who re - l tive behind his front lines. It usually con
SR 320 -5 - 1
env 106
tains a secondary attack directed against | erosion , wearing away of a cannon bore due
the enemy' s front. to combined effects of gaswashing, scoring,
environmental protection , research and its ap and mechanical abrasion . Due to the high
plication designed to maintain or improve temperatures, velocities and chemical ac
the degree of effective performance of man tion , the bore diameter becomes enlarged .
and equipment under various types of cli- error, distance by which a point of impact or
matic stress. burst misses the target ; deviation .
equal area projection , representation of the escape and evasion intelligence, processed in
curved surface of the earth on a flat map formation prepared to assist personnel to
or chart by keeping the areas in correct escape if captured by the enemy or to
proportion at the expense of correct shape. evade capture if lost in enemy-dominated
equal section charge, propelling charge made territory .
up of a number of charges equal in size. escaper, in military intelligence usage , mili
The number of sections used determines tary person who has freed himself from
the muzzle velocity and range of the pro the custody of the enemy. Not to be con
jectile . fused with an evader or liberated person
equilibrator, device which balances the weight | nel,
of a gun so that it can be elevated with escort, 1. to convoy ; 2 . combatant unit or
out difficulty. units assigned to accompany and protect
equipage. See equipment. a weaker force ; 3. armed guard that ac
equipment, all articles needed to outfit an in companies a convoy, a train , prisoners ,
dividual or organization . The term refers etc. ; 4 . armed guard accompanying per
sons as a mark of honor.
to clothing, tools, utensils, vehicles, weap
ons, and other similar items. See mate escort force, force of men , ships, aircraft , or
riel. In Army and Air Force usage as to armored vehicles that escorts ; especially,
type of authorization , equipment may be units of the naval local defense forces
divided into special (or project) equip detailed to protect convoys within naval
ment as defined below , equipment pre district waters.
scribed by T / A and equipment prescribed escort guard, supervises and guards prisoners
by T / 0 & E . of war in camps, enclosures, on work de
individual equipment, personal clothing tails , during interrogation , and during
and equipment for a soldier's personal evacuation or transfer.
use, such as clothing, weapons, shelter escort of honor, troops detailed to accompany
tent, etc., which he takes with him into anyone as a mark of honor ; escort to a
the field . person of high rank or great importance.
organizational equipment, refers to method escort of the color, ceremony of escorting the
of use, signifies that equipment, other color with a color guard ; escort of the
than individual equipment, which is used standard.
in furtherance of the common mission escort of the standard . See escort of the color.
of an organization or unit.
escort system , system of providing guards or
special (or project ) equipment, equipment patrols for the protection of moving
not authorized in standard equipment
publications but determined as essential
troops, columns, trains, or ships.
in connection with a contemplated oper escort vessel, ship that accompanies another
tion , function or mission . ship or a convoy to give protection. Oc
casionally an escort vessel is provided as
equipment bundle. See aerial delivery con a mark of honor.
tainers.
equipment modification list (EML) , a table | espionage, the use of secret agents to obtain
which amends a table of organization and information.
equipment by prescribing additions or re- esprit de corps, spirit of the group ; pride of
ductions in equipment for one or more spe individuals in their organization .
cifically designated units to meet actual op essential civilian supplies, civilian supplies
eration conditions not provided for in other which are essential to prevent disease and
organizational and equipment tables. unrest prejudicial to military operations
equipment reserve, supplies which must be during the military period or which enable
procured and stored in advance to meet indigenous production to effect a reason
anticipated issue demand or to meet other able, direct reduction of the burden of
unforseen operational needs. supply during the military period .
equipment status board , board used to post in - essential elements of information , specific in
formation as to the availability and condi formation of an actual or potential enemy
tion of equipment. and of the terrain , hydrographic and

107
meteorological conditions which a com -
mander needs in a particular situation in
order to accomplish his mission . The es
sential elements may also include informa
tion required by higher, lower, adjacent,
supporting or attached units.
essential industry, any industry necessary to
the needs of a civilian or a war economy.
The term includes the basic industries as
well as the necessary portions of those
other industries which transform the
crude basic raw materials into useful in evacuation lag, unavoidable delay in getting
termediate or end products, such as the
iron and steel industry, the food industry ,
and the chemical industry.
evacuation officer, Army Medical Service off
essential item , article designated by the De
partment of the Army as necessary for
combat efficiency of troops.
establishment, general term for an installa
tion or a headquarters.
estimated data , firing data which are deter
mined by estimated rather than by exact
measurement or by observation of fire.
estimate of terrain , study of the ground fea
tures of an area in planning a military
operation .
estimate of the situation , a logical and orderly
examination of all of the factors affecting
the accomplishment of the mission to de
termine the most suitable course of action.
estimate of the situation , strategic, the stra
tegic estimate of the situation is prepared
in exactly the same form as the usual esti
mate, but requires greater emphasis on
the following : (a ) enemy national objec
tives ; (b ) our own national objectives ;
( c ) policies ; ( d ) economics , to include
natural resources ; (e ) sociology to in
clude manpower and natural psychology ;
( 1) technology.
estimating agencies, those agencies to which
the directive of the Budget Officer for the
Department of the Army is directed .
These agencies are responsible for prepar
ing the budget estimates covering the ap
propriations under their control or super
vision and are also responsible for defend
ing individual appropriation estimates
before the Budget Advisory Committee of evaluation ( intelligence), the appraisal of an
the Department of the Army and the ap
propriations subcommittees of the House
and Senate.
European -African-Middle Eastern Campaign
Medal, service medal denoting service in evasive action , maneuvering by aircraft to
the European -African-Middle Eastern The
ater between 1941 and 1945 . See arrow
head ; service star.
evacuate , 1 . remove sick and wounded from
a combat zone ; 2 . withdraw personnel, | gun is fired after the sounding of the last
animals, or materiel from any place or
position .
SR 320 –5 – 1
eve
evacuation , 1. process of moving casualties
from a battlefield , and subsequently of
moving them along the chain of evacuation
as necessary ; 2 . clearance of personnel,
animals, or materiel from a given locality .
evacuation hospital, mobile hospital or semi
mobile unit designed to provide facilities,
as near the front as possible, for major
medical and surgical procedures and for
the preparation and sorting of casualties
for extended evacuation to the rear.
a casualty from the front to a fixed hos
pital in the rear.
cer in charge of the movement of patients
through the Army Medical Service chan
nels of evacuation .
evacuation policy, 1. command decision , indi
cating the length in days of the maximum
period of noneffectiveness that patients
may be held within the command for treat
ment. Patients who , in the opinion of
responsible medical officers, cannot be re
turned to duty status within the period
prescribed are evacuated by the first avail
able means, provided the travel involved
will not aggravate their disabilities ; 2. a
command decision concerning the move
ment of civilians from the proximity of
military operations for security and safety
reasons, and involving the need to arrange
for movement, reception , care, and control
of such individuals .
evacuee, 1. sick or wounded patient (casu
alty) who is moved back along the chain
of evacuation to a medical installation
designed to give the medical care he re
quires ; 2. a person who is moved from a
combat area or his place of habitation for
reasons of security, his own safety, the
requirements of the military situation , or
to facilitate care and control.
evader, in military intelligence usage, mili
tary person who has evaded or avoided
capture while in enemy or enemy-occupied
territory. Not to be confused with es
caper or liberated personnel.
item of information in order to determine
its pertinence, the credibility of the source
or agency , and the accuracy of the infor
mation .
decrease the effectiveness of antiaircraft
'artillery fire.
evening gun , firing of a gun as a signal for
the lowering of the flag at retreat. The
note of the bugle call at retreat. Also
called retreat gun.
SR 320-5 - 1
evo
evolution , maneuver or movement by which a to carry out for them certain of the duties
command changes from one position or assigned them .
formation to another. executive agreement, agreement of the United
examining and computing agency, headquar States and a foreign country negotiated by
ters designated by major commanders to
administer military occupation specialty
proficiency examinations and compute
composite.
Excellence in Competition Badge, metallic
executive order, order issued by the President
badge denoting prescribed high score in
competition in a prescribed national or
area rifle or pistol match . See Pistol Clasp ,
Rifle Clasp , and Distinguished Designation
Badge.
exceptional articles, articles that are not com
ponents of the rations or authorized sales
articles, procured by a sales officer acting
as the direct agent of the purchaser,
exceptional issues, all allowances approved by
competent authority , which are at vari
ance with allowances authorized in regular exercise , 1. military maneuver , drill, or opera
or special allowance tables or which pro tion carried out for training and disci
vide supplies not shown in such tables.
excess freight, freight in excess of the quan
tity waybilled. See overfreight.
excess property, property under control of a
Federal agency which is not required for
its needs and the discharge of its respon
sibilities. In the case of property of the
Departments of the Army, Navy, and the
Air Force, such property must be deter
mined to be in excess for all three Depart
ments in order to be classified as excess
property .
exchange officer, a designated Special Services
commissioned officer charged with Army
and Air Force Exchange Service activities .
Commissioned officers who operate and
manage post exchanges which sell mer
chandise and other services to military
personnel and other authorized persons.
excitation, 1 . application of a signal to the
input of a vacuum tube amplifier ; 2 . appli
cation of signal power to a radio trans
mitting antenna ; 3. application of current
to the transmitting and receiving elements
of a synchro or self-synchronous device.
In this meaning called selsyn excitation .
exclusive jurisdiction, plenary authority of
FederalGovernment over certain real prop
erty under Federal control, arising from
the acceptance thereof by the Federal Gov
ernment (pursuant to Federal statute
since 1940 ) and consent thereto by statute
of the State Government or Territorial
Government whose authority is excluded .
Executive Agent of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , a
member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to
whom they have assigned responsibility
and delegated authority , which would
otherwise be exercised by them collectively, I
108
direction of the President which usually
takes effect upon signature and is not sub
mitted to the Senate for ratification .
executive officer. See chief of staff.
by virtue of the authority vested in him by
the Constitution or by an act of Congress .
It has the force of law ,
exempted station , military post which is re.
sponsible directly to the Department of the
Army General Staff. It comes under the
jurisdiction of an army area only for pur
poses of supply and administration . The
United States Military Academy at West
Point is an exempted station.
pline ; 2 . a type of medical treatment usu
ally consisting of the following categories :
active exercise, an exercise in which the
patient performs movements required
without assistance.
alternate exercise, an exercise to be per
formed by patient if exercise in pre
scribed series cannot be performed be
cause of disability or inclement weather.
assistive exercise , an exercise in which pa
tient performs movements required with
assistance of instructor or mechanical
aids.
conditioning exercise , an exercise prescribed
to increase musculocardio -respiratory
endurance and general strength within
certain limits .
heavy resistant exercises, exercises per
formed against maximum load (resist
ance usually applied by iron weights
dumbbells or barbells ) .
passive exercise , an exercise in which the
movement is performed mechanically by
an operator ; the patient not assisting
nor offering resistance to the movement.
progressive exercise, a gradual and continu
ous series of exercises planned to start
with the patient's present capabilities
and working up to maximum develop
ment.
remedial exercise, exercise prescribed in dis
ease or injury.
resistive exercise , an exercise in which the
patient offers resistance to manual or
mechanical movements.
tolerance exercise, the amount of exercise
which may be performed without dele
terious result .
 SR 320– 5 – 1
109 exp

existed prior to service, term added to a medi- | Expert Badge. See basic qualification badge.
cal diagnosis to signify that there is clear expert gunner, 1. highest classification given
and unmistakable evidence that the disease for skill in the use of cannon and machine
or injury , or the underlying condition pro guns. The next two grades are, in order,
ducing the disease or injury, existed prior first class gunner and second class gunner .
to the individuals' entry into military The grade of expert gunner corresponds to
service. that of expert ; 2 . soldier having this
exit road , road leading out of a beachhead or classification.
landing area into the area ( s) of subsequent Expert Infantryman Badge, metallic and en
operations. amel badge denoting completion of pre
expansion ratio , in jet propulsion the ratio of scribed tests by infantry personnel.
the nozzle exit section area to the nozzle I expired appropriation , one which is no longer
throat area . L available for obligation but is available
expedient, improvised means or method of ac- for disbursement.
complishing an assignment. exploitation , 1. taking full advantage of suc
expeditionary force, armed force for foreign cess ' in battle and following up initial
service ; especially a large force to invade, gains ; 2. phase of offensive action , usually
or fight in foreign countries. following a successful penetration or en
velopment, characterized by rapid ad
expeditionary troops, in amphibious opera
vances against lessening resistance. Its
tions, all troops of all services assigned to
purpose may be to take an objective deep
a joint expeditionary force for operations in the enemy rear or to pursue a retreating
ashore .
enemy force. See pursuit ; 3. taking full
expellee, civilian outside the boundaries of advantage of any information that has
the country of his nationality or his ethnic come to hand for tactical or strategic pur
origin , who is being forcibly repatriated to poses. In this meaning , often called
that country for political or cultural exploitation of success ; 4 . in cryptography,
reasons. that part of the production of information
expendable supplies , articles which are con from cryptograms which includes decryp
sumed in use, such as ammunition , foot tographing , that is, applying recovered
powder , paint, fuel, forage, cleaning and keys and translation but not including the
preserving materials , surgical dressings, cryptanalytic processes which may be in
volved .
drugs, medicines , etc., and such spare or
repair parts as are used to repair or to exploitation line, line beyond the beachhead
complete other articles and which thereby line to which reconnaissance and security
lose their identity. detachments will be pushed by units
expenditure credit, credit authorizing a unit occupying the beachhead line. It provides
to use a specified amount of materiel for a a zone in which active reconnoitering will
stated purpose during a given time. be conducted on the initiative of the com
manders of such units and , at the same
expenditure record, record of supplies, equip time, it prevents a greater dispersion of
ment, etc., which have been used , and of the force as a whole than is desired by the
those which are still on hand . force commander. Also called recon
expenditure refund, collection representing naissance and security line. See beach
correction or adjustment of a previously head line.
recorded expenditure which can be identi explosion, rapid reaction with evolution of
fied with a specific preceding disbursement considerable heat accompanied by violent
voucher. disruptive effect. See deflagration and
expenditure report, periodic report on a spe detonation .
cific class of supply
pply showing
showing amount
amount ex
ex explosive, substance which , when subjected to
pended and amount authorized to be on heat, impact, friction , or other suitable
hand . These reports may be used as a initial impulse, undergoes a very rapid
basis for resupply. chemical transformation , forming other
experience tables, records of various previous more stable products entirely or largely
tasks and operations that serve as a guide gaseous, whose combined volume is much
in making future plans and decisions. greater than that of the original substance.
expert, 1 . highest classification given for skill Explosives are classified as high explosive
in the use of small arms. The next two or low explosive according to the rate of
grades are, in order , sharpshooter and the transformation .
marksman . The grade of expert corre - explosive charge, explosive used in firing a
· sponds to that of expert gunner ; 2. soldier gun, whether propelling charge, which
having this classification . . throws the projectile , or bursting charge,
SR 320– 5 – 1
exp 110

which breaks the casing of a projectile to exterior ballistic table, table containing data
produce demolition , fragmentation , or on the trajectories of projectiles under
chemical action . various conditions.
explosive D , high explosive charge that is not external control, in highway transportation ,
easily set off in transportation , in han the control exercised by a higher head
dling, etc. It is used as a burster in quarters, such as a highway traffic regula
armor-piercing projectiles . tion headquarters, and /or by military
explosive decompression , explosive to an police, over a convoy , serial or march unit .
See internal control.
almost instantaneous, marked decrease in
atmospheric pressure. external indicator. See system indicator.
explosive ordnance disposal unit, organization external operation funds, amounts set aside
of personnel with special training and for allotment to task forces and theater of
equipment who render safe explosive ord . operations commanders outside the conti
nance , make intelligence reports on such nental limits of the United States, to
ordnance, and supervise the safe removal finance all requirements of such forces.
and disposal thereof. extract, 1. pull an empty cartridge case out of
explosive train , that portion of a fuze or fuze the chamber of a gun ; 2 . requisition , or
system consisting of explosive components, portion of a requisition , forwarded by one
such as primer, detonator, booster, etc., supply point to another supply point for
necessary to cause functioning of a war handling . See extract requisition ; 3 . pre
head or destructor. pare such a requisition .
exposed , unprotected from enemy attack . An extract requisition , request for items which a
exposed flank is the side of a defended
supply point has been unable to issue
position or formation that has been left when requested and was forwarded to an
unprotected from enemy attack . An ex
other supply point for handling.
posed position is a defended position that
has been left unprotected from enemy extradition, the surrender of a criminal by
attack . one government upon demand of another
state within whose jurisdiction a crime has
extend , spread out ; lengthen the interval be been committed in order that the latter
tween men and units in a formation ; com
mand to spread out.
state may deal with him according to its
law .
extended distance, distance greater than the
extra duty, additional duty assigned to en
normal distance between men and units .
listed personnel, either as nonjudicial
extended field service, employment of an or. punishment or as a detail for which ad
ganization , normally in accomplishment of
ditional pay is given .
its primary mission , for a protracted period
of time. | extra good time, a deduction from the term
extended formation , formation whose elements of sentence of a prisoner for employment
are wide apart but still within sight or in activities or assignments for which
actual fire support of each other, Ex extra good time is specifically authorized.
tended formation is the formation nor- extrapolate, the extension of data from a zone
mally used in combat. in which observations are available into a
extended interval, interval greater than the zone in which observations are not avail
normal interval between men or units. able based on the trends in the former zone.
extended service tests, troop tests, tests of an extreme range, greatest range of a weapon ;
item of materiel conducted by designated the greatest distance a gun will shoot.
units to determine its suitability for serv- eyeshield , expendable clear or colored plastic
ice use. device worn to protect the eyes from sun ,
extension in depth , formation in which the wind, sand, dust or liquid blister gas spray
units are spread out from front to rear. or splashes.
exterior ballistics, subdivision of ballistics eyes left (right) , command given to troops in
which deals with the phenomena associated march formation to turn head and eyes to
with the aerodynamic performance of the left (right). The movement consti
missiles. See ballistics. tutes a salute to a reviewing party.

facepiece, airtight part of gas mask which fits | facility , 1. activity which provides the means
over face of wearer ; consists of faceblank , for assisting or making easier any func
eyepieces, outlet valve, head harness, and tion , often of a technical or testing nature,
other components depending upon type of sometimes used in the plural ; 2 . any part
gas mask . or adjunct of an activity which contributes
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
111 fie

to the performance of its function by pro - vision" of the Career Compensation Act
viding some specific types of physical as of 1949. See class F deduction.
sistance. fascine, long bundle of sticks, poles, or rods
facing, turning to face in a given direction in tied together, Fascines are used as trail
response to a command . The three fac- | supports for guns, and in making retain
ings are right face , left face, and about ing walls, in filling ditches, and in similar
face. field construction .
facing distance, distance of 14 inches, calcu - | fatigue. See fatigue duty.
lated as the smallest in which a soldier can fatigue call, bugle call that summons soldiers
carry out drill facings. to fatigue duty.
facsimile, a system of telecommunication for fatigue dress. See work uniform .
the transmission of fixed images with a fatigue duty, manual labor performed by sol
view to their reception in a permanent diers as contrasted with work done in
form . military training ; fatigue. Cleaning up
factor of safety , extra strength built into a camp areas or repairing roads is fatigue
structure or mechanism to give a margin duty .
of safety over normally expected loads. fatigues. See work uniform .
See safety factor. fatigue uniform . See work uniform .
fairlead, fittings or devices used in changing feathering out, a spot is feathered out of
or preserving the direction of lines , chain cloth when the moisture is gradually re
or wire, so that it may be delivered un duced in quantity from the center out
obstructed , or on a straight lead to the ward . Thus there are no sizing rings, or
pulley or drum , etc. They may be drum water circles left.
guide pulleys, rollers, or merely smooth federal specification , a procurement specifica
eyes or guides, over which the line or chain
tion promulgated by the Federal Govern
can slide easily . ment.
fall back , withdraw to a position farther to Federal Standard Stock Catalog , list of sup
the rear. plies, including Federal specifications, used
fall in , 1. take a proper place in a formation by Government agencies.
and come to the position of attention ; 2 . | feed belt, fabric or metal ammunition band
command directing soldiers to come to the with loops for cartridges that are fed
position of attention in their correct places from it into a machine gun or other auto
in a formation . matic weapon. Also called ammunition
fall out, 1 . leave a place in a formation ; leave belt.
one's position in a formation but remain in feed mechanism , device on an automatic or
the immediate vicinity ; 2. command per - self -loading gun that supplies fresh cart
mitting soldiers to leave their places in ridges or shells as fast as the used ones
ranks but keeping them in the immediate are ejected.
vicinity ; 3. the distribution and settling | feint. 1. a show of force intended to mislead
out from the atmosphere of radioactive the enemy. It normally consists of a
materials resulting from atomic bursts . shallow , limited , objective attack executed
fall out area, the area on which radioactive by a small proportion of the total force ;
materials have settled out, or the area on 2 . make a pretended blow or attack .
which it is predicted from weather condi- ferret , aircraft , ship or ground vehicle espe
tions that radioactive materials may settle cially equipped for the detection, location ,
out. recording and analyzing of electromagnetic
false ogive. See windshield . radiation ,
false origin , fixed point to the south and west fiducial marks, index marks rigidly connected
of a grid zone from which grid distances with the camera lens through the camera
are measured eastward and northward . ' body and forming images on the negative
family allowance, regular monthly payment which define the principal point of the
through the Army Finance Center, to a photograph .
member of the family of an enlisted per- field army, administrative and tactical or
son , and financed in part by a contribution | ganization composed of a headquarters ,
from the Government and in part by a certain organic army troops, service sup
charge against the enlisted person 's pay as port troops, a variable number of corps,
provided for in the Servicemen 's Depend and a variable number of divisions. Some
ents Allowance Act of 1942. Now author or all of the divisions may be assigned or
ized only for a limited number of per attached from time to time to corps. See
sonnel coming within the " savings pro- 1 army.
SR 320 – 5 – 1
field artillery , artillery mounted on carriages |
and mobile enough to accompany infantry
or armored units in the field .
field artillery intelligence, 1 . staff section of a
Field Artillery unit that gathers informa
tion about enemy dispositions and move
ments that are important in artillery
operations ; 2. gathering of information
about enemy dispositions and movements
that are important in artillery operations.
field artillery observer, person who watches
the effects of artillery fire from a post on
the ground or from an aircraft and re
ports results to the firing agency.
field artillery survey, survey consisting of
topographic operations necessary to con
struct a firing chart for unobserved fires .
The main object of the survey is to deter
mine with sufficient exactness the relative
locations of pieces and targets both hori
zontally and vertically.
field firing range, area used for practice fir
ind held
field artillery trainer , small practice gun and
carriage unit used in training field artil- ing at field targets. .
lery personnel. A field artillery trainer field forces, the troops and the installations
has a telescope and a mechanism for ad
justing elevation and deflection .
field bag, small bag complete with a strap so
that it can be carried over one shoulder or
attached to a vehicle , etc. ; used by a sol
dier in the field to hold his own supplies
and equipment ; formerly musette bag.
See duffel bag.
field code, primarily , a tactical code contain
ing a limited vocabulary for low -echelon
use.
field control, method in surveying and map
ping in which a series of points whose
relative positions and elevations are known
is used as basic data .
field desk, portable desk for use in the field .
See field type.
field development, improvement made in ma
yneri.
teriel and equipment as a result of experi
ence gained in the field .
field duty, services with combat troops actu
ally in the field under combat or simulated
combat conditions.
field hospital, hospital, usually under tentage,
field emplacement, platform , support, or other
position for artillery , machine guns, etc.,
in the field.
field equipment, articles used by soldiers in
combat or in maneuvers in the field , such
as shelter halves, mess kits, or weapons.
See field type.
field exercise, exercise conducted in the field
under simulated war conditions in which
troops and armament of one side are actu
ally present in whole or in part, while those
of the other side are imaginary or limited .
These type exercises are limited in scope .
112
and time, and cover very limited depth
logistically . They usually involve minor,
single - phase tactical problems at or below
separate RCT or Division level and include
limited movement in relatively small areas.
Field exercises may be held at training
location home stations, Special Field Ex
ercise Areas, maneuver areas, or any other
location having suitable terrain . When
the troops present consist only of com
mand , staff , and communications person
nel, the exercise is termed a command post
exercise. Command post exercises may
be one or two-sided exercises.
field expedient, improvised device or method
used to facilitate operations or overcome
adverse conditions in the field . See ex
pedient.
field firing, practice firing at field targets that
imitates battle conditions as closely as pos
sible .
comprising one or more theaters of opera
tions, and a general headquarters. See
field type units.
field fortifications, fortification constructed in
the field to strengthen the natural defenses
of the ground features . Field fortifica
tions include fox holes , obstacles , trenches ,
gun emplacements, etc . They are designed
to permit the fullest possible fire and move
ment of the defender and to restrict to the
greatest possible extent the movement and
the effects of fire of the attacker. A hasty
field of fortification is one made quickly ,
when under fire or threat of immediate at
tack . A deliberate field fortification is
made more slowly and carefully , when not
in contact with the enemy.
field grade, classification of officers ranking
above a captain and below a brigadier gen
eral. Field grade includes colonels , lieu
tenant colonels, and majors .
field gun , field artillery piece ; , cannon
mounted on a carriage for use in the field .
See field type.
designed to function as a station hospital
at isolated posts or airfields, but adaptable
to support ground troops in combat. It
is classified as a fixed hospital but it can
be easily moved and even transported by
air .
field house,
permanent, a building with a floor space
free of obstructions providing space for
drills , sports, maneuvers and recrea
tional activities. Provides swimming
pool, administrative office , storage, exer
cise rooms, squash courts, dressing
 SR 320– 5 – 1
113
rooms, lockers and showers, latrines, | field mess. See field kitchens.
rubdown room , arena ( sports floor ) , field message book , small book containing
spectators' gallery and bleachers . I blanks for messages to be sent in the field .
temporary , a building with a large floor field music , 1. trumpeters and drummers or
space (arena ) free of obstructions pro ganized to play as a unit in place of a
viding space for drills , sports , maneu band ; 2. music played by trumpeters and
vers and recreational activities . Also drummers .
provides dressing rooms, storage, activ
field notebook , a notebook carried by survey
ity rooms, bleachers, latrines and show parties to permanently record the angle
ers .
and distances measured in the field .
field installation , a post or other organiza - field officer . See field grade.
tional unit of the Army Establishment to field of fire, area that a weapon or group of
which funds are allotted or sub -allotted .
weapons may cover effectively with fire
field jacket, jacket issued to Army personnel from a given position .
for wear in the field . See field type.
field order. See operation order .
field kitchen , field establishment where mess field pack. See pack.
is prepared .
field petroleum officer, an officer qualified in
field laboratory, unit for testing and research
matters pertaining to petroleum and its
in the field .
distribution , who is in charge of a field
field library, any collection of books issued installation handling petroleum products
as a unit by a library or library depot on
in the zone of interior , operating under the
memorandum receipt and located beyond jurisdiction of The Quartermaster General.
the administrative control of the library field piece, field artillery gun or howitzer ; gun
or library depot.
mounted on a carriage, for use in the field .
field maintenance, field maintenance is that See field type.
maintenance authorized and performed by
designated maintenance activities in direct field printing , printing, binding, and blank
book work done or procured elsewhere than
support of using organization (s ) . This
category will normally be limited to main at the Government Printing Office, Wash
ington , D . C .
tenance consisting of replacement of un
assem -
or assem
-assemblies, or
serviceable parts, sub-assemblies, field radio , portable radio equipment for use
blies. See maintenance. in the field. See field type.
field maneuver, exercise in which a military field range, portable stove used in a field
operation is conducted , the troops and kitchen . See field type.
armament of both sides being actually field ration . See ration.
present either wholly or in part and all | Field Service Regulations, that series ( 100
the conditions of actual war being simu series ) of Department of the Army Field
lated . A maneuver is extensive in scope Manuals which is published to present the
and time, with logistical depth often ex official fundamental doctrines and broad
tending beyond Army rear boundary into policies for use as a basis for conducting
the communications zone. It involves : 1 operations by division and larger unit com
multiple -phase tactical problems in which manders and staffs .
more than one separate RCT or more than
field shop , maintenance or repair shop , estab
one division participates ; extensive move
lished and operated in the field or facility
ment in relatively large areas ; and rather
extensive participation by a represented for performing work within the scope of
enemy (Aggressor ) . In field exercises, field maintenance.
contact with an imaginary or skeleton field strip , take apart the major assemblies of
enemy is usually maintained once estab a gun for cleaning or minor repairs.
lished. On the other hand, in maneuvers, field target, target used in field firing practice.
contact with the representative enemy may | A silhouette of a man is ofen used as a field
be broken in whole or in part and reestab target. Several types of moving targets
lished elsewhere to realize the advantage are also used .
of movement. field telegraph, portable telegraph set.
field medical card, type of individual medical field telephone, portable telephone set.
record usually used by numbered hospitals, field train , unit train not required for immedi
and fixed dispensaries in oversea com ate support of combat elements ; B train .
mands. Field trains may include kitchen and bag
field medical record, field medical card and the gage trains , administrative trains, heavy
field medical record jacket, with all the maintenance , water and those ammunition ,
inclosed medical and clinical records. fuel and lubricants trucks not required for
277763° — 5348
SR 320 – 5 – 1
fie 114
direct support of troops in the immediate a portion of the hull and all of the turret,
engagement. if any.
field training, training troops by means of file , 1. line of persons or things one behind
field exercises, maneuvers, etc., to fit them another . Both rank and file refer to single
for service against an enemy ; training lines of troops, vehicles , etc., in formation :
for battle. files are vertical lines from front to rear ;
field type, term used to describe equipment, ranks are lateral lines from side to side.
troops or units utilized primarily to carry To cover in file means to get directly
out a combat mission . behind the person in front of you ; 2 .
march or move to a line ; 3 . folder, cabinet,
field type units , divisional and nondivisional
T / O & E units normally a part of a field or other device for storing records or
Army, or so classified by the Department document s in order ; 4. put away in order.
of the Army by reason of the use of a | file closer, officer, noncommissioned officer, or
majority of a given type of unit , and for enlisted person posted in the rear of a rank
which Army Field Forces have T / O & E to supervise the soldiers in ranks and see
preparation responsibility. that the leader 's orders are carried out.
field wire, flexible insulated wire used in field | filc leader, first person in a file.
telephone and field telegraph systems. See filler, 1. substance carried in an ammunition
field type. container such as a projectile , mine, bomb,
Fifth Column defense, that portion of internal or grenade. A filler may be explosive,
chemical, or inert substance ; 2 . one of a
security which refers to the protection of
United States facilities, resources, and in number of individuals, officer or enlisted ,
stitutions from sabotage, espionage, and required initially to bring a unit organi
other subversive activities . zation or approved allotment to authorized
strength . When used in connection with
fifth wheel, flat, round steel plate, swivel the Army Reserve program . See Army
mounted on the frame siderails at the rear
Reserve reinforcements.
of a tractor truck , used to couple a semi filler
cargo, in longshore operations, small
trailer to it.
packages, cases, and articles which can be
fifty percent zone, area inclosing the center of
dispersion or impact within which one half used to fill in around large cases, vehicles,
etc.
of all shots fired with the same setting
will fall. filler depot, depot associated with a base or
master depot, and may be operated as a
fighter airplane, aircraft designed to seek out subsection thereof. It normally stocks
and destroy enemy aircraft in the air . A
supplies of the same type and class as the
fighter airplane has high speed , a high rate associated depot, in bulk quantities and
of climb, and great maneuverability , but original packages ; supplies from filler
relatively short range. depots are normally ordered forward to
fighter aviation , classification of military avia maintain stocks in issue depots or may be
tion organized trained, and equipped to ordered shipped direct to supply points or
support air or ground striking forces or to local issue sections of depots.
break up an enemy air attack . filler personnel, enlisted personnel with the
fighter cover , maintenance of a number of minimum essentials of training who per
fighter airplanes over a specified area or form tasks which require no experience or
force for the purpose of repelling hostile specialized training ; formerly called basic .
air activities. filling, 1. effective chemical substance in
fighter director, in air operations (tactical) munitions ; 2 . neutralizing and adsorbing
the officer (in Army and Air Force on the chemical ingredient of gas mask canisters.
staff of a tactical air director ) responsible film adaptation , film made by another govern
for the direction of such aircraft and air ment agency , foreign country, or commer
warning facilities as may be allotted to
cial producer which is to be used by the
him for the defense of his area. Department of the Army for training ,
fighter interdiction , destruction or impairment indoctrinal, informational or educational
of enemy lines of communications by purposes, usually without changes with
fighter aircraft. . the exception of titles.
fighter sweep, offensive mission by fighter air- film badge, a device containing inclosed photo
planes to seek out and destroy enemy air - | graphic film , worn by personnel exposed to
planes in an allotted area of operations. I radiation to show dosage received . See
fighting compartment, portion of a fighting | photographic dosimetry.
vehicle in which the occupants service and film bulletin , sound motion picture dealing
fire the principle armament. It occupies with new military developments, not neces
 SR 320 _5 - 1
115 fir

sarily based on approved Department of final indorsement, indorsement on the service

the Army doctrine. record that is filled out only when a soldier
film library, a library for the storage and issue is separated from the service by discharge,
of Department of the Army films, film death , etc.
strips, slides, recordings, projectors, and final protective fire, planned defensive fires
sound reproducers. designed to break up the enemy' s assault
film slide, a still picture or drawing recorded on the battle position under any condition
on photographic film , of various sizes, to be of visibility ; a first priority, prearranged,
projected. barrier of fire laid down just in front of the
main line of resistance consisting of mor
film strip , series of still pictures dealing with tar and artillery barrages and final pro
approved Department of the Army doc tective line fires of machine guns.
trine, printed on 35 -mm film for projection
final protective line, line selected where an
in connection with lectures . See sound enemy assault is to be checked by inter
film strip . locking fire from all available weapons. A
filter area , subdivision of a region in an air final protective line may be parallel with ,
craft warning service established by a or oblique to, the front of the position .
fighter command for collecting, evaluating, finance officer , commissioned or warrant officer
and distributing information of enemy air
usually assigned to the Finance Corps who
activity. The filter area is also subdivided
serves as a member of a commanding of
into air-raid warning districts. ficer' s staff , as a technical advisor , and who
filter board , table on which is painted a map may perform or supervise accounting, au
of an aircraft -warning service filter area diting , or disbursing functions.
and adjacent parts of other areas, and on financial transaction , an occurrence resulting
which the filter center personnel plot all from an agreement and affecting one or
reported movements of airplanes . more assets of an organization .
filter center, central communications office of findings, decisions reached after examination
an aircraft warning service filter area that or inquiry. The verdict of a court-martial
gets all reports on the movements of air and the conclusions reached by a board
craft, sifts the information received, and of officers are called findings.
sends it to information centers. fine setting, delicate adjustment or measure
filter element, 1 . active, replaceable part of a ment made by means of an auxiliary device
filter, especially of a lubricating or fuel oil graduated in subdivisions of the units on
filter ; 2 . that portion of a gas mask | the main scale , the adjustment on the main
canister or collective protector canister scale is called coarse setting.
which mechanically removes foreign par- fina sight. adiustment of the sight of a gun
ticles. See mechanical filter. so that only the tip of the front sight can
filter grease trap, container, such as a pail or be seen through the notch of the rear sight.
can , in the bottom of which a number of A less accurate adjustment is called coarse
small holes are punched , and in which is sight.
placed a quantity of hay, grass, straw , or fin -stabilization , method of stabilizing a pro
cloth , by which grease and debris are sepa - | jectile , bomb, or missile during flight by the
rated from liquid waste matter . fitting of fins. See spin -stabilization.
filtering, process of collecting, collating , finishing , restoring a garment as near as pos
evaluating , and disseminating information sible to its original shape, size, and appear
of air activity in an aircraft warning ance by using steam , air, moisture, and fin
system . ishing equipment. Fabrics become plastic
filter officer, officer of the aircraft warning and pliable in the presence of steam .
service who supervises the operation of the fin stabilizer, stability in flight of a projectile
filter center. or missile accomplished by means of fins.
fin , 1 . part of the tail of an aircraft that helps fin , stationary vertical, part of the tail of an
to maintain the direction of the aircraft ; | aircraft that helps to maintain the direc.
2 . light metal portion of a mortar shell, tion of the aircraft.
bomb, and some rockets, designed for sta - fire, 1 . shoot ; discharge a gun ; 2 . shooting ;
bilizing and controlling them while in discharge of a gun or a group of guns ; 3 .
flight. command to fire. The command FIRE is
given by voice or by signal, when a gun or
final bomb release line, imaginary line around
a defended area or objective over which a a group of guns is to be fired .
bomber should release its last bomb in fire adjustment, correcting the elevation and
order to obtain a hit on the far edge of the direction of a gun, or regulating the ex
area or objective. See bomb release line. / plosion time of its projectile, so that the
SR 320_ 5 - 1
116
projectile will strike or burst at the desired
point. Fire adjustment for automatic
weapons is an operation which is continu
ous from the instant the nrst rounds reach | fire control materiel, instruments and appara
the viciinty of the target until command
cease firing is given .
fire aisle , See aisle.
fire and maneuver, method of attack in which
one element of a command moves while
being supported by the fire of another ele
ment or elements.
fire and movement. See fire and maneuver .
firearm , gun from which projectiles are fired .
All sizes of guns are firearms, but firearms
usually mean small arms, which include
rifles, pistols , and other guns that a man
can carry .
fire at will, 1. fire delivered by individualmen
or gun crews og independe ntly of
independently their com
of their com -
mander and of each other ; 2 . command to
fire independently.
fire bay. See firing bay.
fire bomb. auxiliary airplane fuel tank filled | fire crest, inside edge of the top of the mound
with a gelled gasoline mixture and
equipped with igniter assemblies . See
droppable fuel tank .
fire call. bugle call or other signal to an - / fire direction , tactical employment of
nounce that there is a fire either in the
post or near by. Fire call may also be
used for fire drill.
fire capabilities chart, chart , usually in the
form of an overlay, showing the areas
which can be reached by the fire of the
bulk of the weapons of a unit.
fire command , command that directs and con
trols the fire of a unit, weapon , or group of
weapons in accordance with the plan of the
commander . See fire mission .
fire control, all operations connected with the
planning, preparation , and actual applica
tion of fire on a target. See tactical fire
control and technical fire control.
fire control code, code used by ground and air
observers and commanders for fire-adjust
ment messages sent by radio , telegraph , or
other signals .
fire control equipment, equipment needed for
regulating gunfire. Fire control equip -
ment includes all instruments used in cal-
culating and adjusting the proper elevation
and deflection of guns, such as telescopes,
range finders, predictors, directors, data
transmission systems, and power plants.
fire control grid , system of lines that divide a
military map into squares the distance be
tween any two parallel lines representing
1 ,000 yards or• 11 .000
,000 meters, depending on
meters, depending on
the type map. Maps using the fire control
grid are of sufficiently large scale to be use
ful in fire control.
fire control instrument, aiming circle, range
finder , compass, telescope, or other instru
ment used in fire control.
tus employed in the direction , adjustment,
and observation of fire from weapons.
fire control system , group of fire control in
struments and / or equipment which re
ceives data as to position of target, calcu
lates future position , correlates the infor
mation and controls the aiming of a
weapon or battery of weapons to bring
cannon fire upon the target. The system
is composed of optical and / or electronic
instruments and equipment, power units,
interconnecting cables , and electrical re
ceiving and power equipment on the
weapon mounts .
fire coordination , the planning and execution
of artillery fire so that targets are ade
quately covered by a suitable weapon or
group of weapons.
of earth thrown up in front of a trench .
The men in the trench fire their rifles from
the fire crest.
fire
power, the exercise of tactical command of
one or more units, in the selection of tar.
gets, the concentration or distribution of
fire, and allocation of ammunition for each
mission .
fire direction center, element of a command
post consisting of gunnery and communi
cation personnel and equipment by means
of which the commander exercises fire
direction and / or fire control. The fire
direction center translates target intelli
gence, fire missions of higher commanders,
and requests for fire into the appropriate
fire commands and transmits them to the
gun ( 8 ) .
fire direction net , communication system link
ing observers. liaison officers, air observ .
ers, and the firing batteries with the fire
direction center for the purposes of fire
control.
fire discipline, efficiency of personnel in de
livering fire only on designated targets and
only at the command of their leader.
fire distribution , 1 . using the weapons of a
unit to cover a target most effectively ; 2 .
application of fire on targets, or on subdivi
sions of a target, in their order of im
portance.
fire effect, result of firing on enemy personnel
and materiel.
fire fight, delivery of fire between opposing
units. Fire fight is a phase of an attack
that usually follows the approach march
 SR 320 _ 5 – 1
117

and deployment and comes before the fire support, assistance to those elements of
assault. the ground forces which close with the
fire for adjustment, fire delivered for the pur enemy such as infantry and armored units ,
pose of determining firing data that will rendered by delivering artillery fire, naval
place the center of impact or burst on the gun fire and aircraft strafing and bom
bardment .
desired portion of the target.
fire for effect, 1 . fire which is delivered after fire support area, an appropriate station and
the center of impact or burst is within the maneuver area assigned to fire support
desired distance of the target or adjusting ships from which to deliver naval gunfire
point ; 2 . term in a fire message to indicate support of an amphibious operation .
the adjustment is satisfactory and fire for fire support coordination , coordinated planning
effect is desired . and initiating of fire support so that tar
fire lane, path cleared for gunfire in wooded gets are adequately attacked by appropri
ate means or weapons available.
or overgrown areas.
fire marshal. officer in charge of measures for fire support coordination center, an agency by
fire protection and fire prevention in a means of which the artillery commander
coordinates the planning and initiating of
given unit or area .
fire support for those elements of field
fire message, communication containing a re forces which close with the enemy so that
quest for the delivery of fire and the in targets are adequately attacked by appro
formation necessary for the preparation of priate means or weapons such as artillery
firing data or corrections thereto necessary fire, naval gunfire and /or aircraft.
for the conduct of fire.
fire support coordinator, the artillery officer of
fire mission , 1 . specific assignment given to a any particular echelon who coordinates
fire unit as part of a definite plan . A fire
air, nayal gunfire, and artillery fire
mission includes the assignment of targets
support.
and full directions for timing of fire and
for the guns to be used ; 2. order used to | fire support sector, in amphibious operations,
alert ; given by an observer to alert the a subdivision of a fire support area , for
fire direction center and to indicate that use by specific ships and / or support craft.
the message to follow is a request for fire ; fire support ships, those ships and water-borne
for infantry weapons, it is always the first craft which deliver fire in support of
element of the initial fire command for ground troops in amphibious operations.
stationary targets . The term moving tar- fires within the position , planned defensive
gets is used to alert infantry weapon crews fires within the battle position to limit
for moving targets. penetrations or support counterattacks.
fire plan , 1 . tactical plan for using the weap One of the types of defensive fires.
ons of a unit so that their fire missions fire trench , trench from which men can fire
will be coordinated . The fire plan includes their rifles or other small arms and in
the assignment of fire missions to weapons which they are relatively well protected .
and instructions for timing of fire, signals, fire unit, unit whose fire in battle is under
shifts in position , etc. ; 2. standing direc the immediate and effective control of one
tions to the members of a unit for pre leader .
venting , reporting , or extinguishing fires . fire unit analyzer, an instrument for analyz
fire position , location of a gun , unit, or indi ing the effectiveness of an antiaircraft fire
vidual from which fire is delivered upon unit against hostile aircraft or missiles
a given target. For supporting weapons under the conditions stated on the face
in combat, the fire positions are known as of the analyzer.
primary fire position , alternate fire posi firing azimuth , horizontal direction in which
tion, and supplementary fire position . a gun is pointed for firing expressed as an
fire power , 1. ability to deliver fire ; 2. amount azimuth .
of fire delivered by a ship, an aircraft, aa .firing base , part of the mechanism in some
tank , a unit, or a particular weapon . I cannon that supports the gun carriage
fire starter, small cylinder containing thick - 1 when it is in position for firing .
ened incendiary fuel that produces a very s
vers | firing battery, 1. that part of a battery actu
hot flame, used to start fires where ordi ally at the firing position when a battery
nary methods would fail. is prepared for action . It includes the
fire superiority , fire with greater effect than pieces, personnel, and equipment necessary
that of the enemy because of its greater for its operation ; 2 . battery organized and
accuracy and volume. Fire superiority equipped to fire artillery , as differentiated
makes possible advances against the enemy from a headquarters and / or a service
without heavy losses. battery .
SR 320–5 – 1
fir 118
firing bay, one of a series of short straight firing problem , problem for practice in combat
sections of a fire trench , set forward and firing to train men in the proper technique
joined to the next by short trenches which of placing fire upon a target. .
makes an indentation in any of various firing range, range at which a gun is laid for
shapes ; fire bay . A fire trench is divided firing .
into firing bays so that a bomb or shell firing squad, squad of soldiers detailed to fire
falling in one bay does not cause destruc over the grave of a person buried with
tion in those on either side. military honors, or to shoot anyone con
firing chart, map , photo map , or grid sheet . demned by a military court-martial to be
showing the relative horizontal and verti shot.
cal positions of batteries, base points, base
firing table, table or chart giving the data
point lines, check points, targets, and
needed for firing a gun accurately on a
other details needed in preparing firing target under standard conditions and also
data .
the corrections that must be made for
firing data, all data necessary for firing an | special conditions, such as winds or varia
artillery piece at a given objective. Such tions of temperature. A set of the tables
data may be determined by computation
is made for each combination of gun and
and then transmitted as verbal commands, type of ammunition .
or may be applied electromechanically by firing table elevation , the angle between the
one of the several types of directing de axis of the bore and the horizontal when
vices .
the piece is laid to fire at a given range
firing device,metal case, containing an initia under conditions that are accepted as
tor and spring-propelled metal pin , de standard .
signed to set off the main charge of
firn . See neve.
explosives contained in booby traps, anti
personnel mines, antitank mines, and first aid , measures given to casualties before
demolition charges. There are four types ; regular medical or surgical care can be ad
pressure, pull, release, and combinations ministered by trained individuals. See
thereof . aidman .

firing elevation , vertical angle at which aa gun

gun first aid kit, small case containing bandagès,
is pointed for firing at a particular target. cleansing agents, and other equipment for
use in first aid or emergency treatment.
firing interval, period of time between firing
first aid packet, small airtight package con
one shot and the next. taining sterilized bandages and dressings
firing jack, adjustable device which stabilizes for use in first aid or emergency treatment.
and levels certain mobile artillery weapons
while the weapons are in firing position . first call, warning signal given before men
are summoned to a formation , duty or
firing line, 1 . line where soldiers are sta other activity. The first call is usually a
tioned to shoot. The firing line in target bugle call.
practice is the line on which soldiers or
guns are placed ; in combat, the firing line first class gunner , 1. classification , given for
is the front line from which gunfire is skill in the use of cannon and machine
delivered ; 2 . soldiers on such a line. guns, that ranks next above the grade of
second class gunner and next below that
firing mechanism , group of parts which fire of expert. The grade of first class gunner
the propelling charge in a gun . The firing corresponds to that of a sharpshooter ; 2 .
mechanism usually acts by percussion , but soldier having this classification .
sometimes by heat developed by elec first defense gun , machine gun placed where
tricity . it can cover the enemy from the time the
firing party. See firing squad. enemy starts to attack until he breaks
firing pin, 1. plunger in the firing mechanism through the front lines of the battle posi
of a firearm that strikes the primer and tion.
thus ignites the propelling charge ; 2 . part first fire mixture, quick -igniting mixture used
of a fuze that strikes the sensitive explo to set off the main charge of a munition .
sive in the fuze and sets it off ; device
which sets off the action of a detonator or first light (nautical) , beginning of morning
nautical twilight ; i, e., when the center of
primer. the morning sun is 12 degrees below the
firing point, location from which fire is de horizon . See twilight (morning and eve
livered in target practice. ning ) ; dawn .
firing position , 1. position assumed by the first mate, civilian officer of a merchant ship
soldier for firing ; 2. position of a weapon or a transport who has immediate charge,
ready for firing, as opposed to traveling under the master, of the deck department
position . of a ship , he is executive officer of ship .
 SR 320_ 5 - 1
119 ila

first officer. See first mate . | fixed echo, a radar echo that is caused by
first sergeant, occupational title for the chief reflection from a fixed object such as a
noncommissioned officer of a company, bat terrain form or building visible to the
tery or similar unit. radar set. See clatter .
first sergeant' s call. periodic assembly of first fixed emplacement, fixed setting for a gun . A
sergeants at battalion or regimental head fixed emplacement is usually made of rein
quarters for the purpose of receiving ad forced concrete , with the base place and
ministrative instructions. base ring set in the concrete and bolted
fiscal officer, the individual at a Department down. Also called permanent emplace
ment.
of the Army operating agency or field in
stallation responsible for the performance fixed fire. See concentrated fire.
of fiscal functions thereat. fixed gun , weapon mounted rigidly in an air
fiscal station , any installation to which a sta plane or vehicle so that it cannot be moved
tion number is assigned for use in connec for sighting except by the movement of the
tion with administrative functions relative plane or vehicle .
to the furnishing of supplies or services fixed medical treatment facility, medical treat
to Department of the Army components, ment facility designed to operate in the
or for other appropriate administrative same location over a considerable period
purposes as required . of time. Included are the following un
fiscal year, 1. with respect to Government numbered or table of distribution medical
matters, the period beginning July 1 and treatment facilities : hospitals, infirma
ending June 30 of consecutive calendar ries, and dispensaries ; and the following
years. The fiscal year is designated by the numbered or table of organization and
calendar year in which it ends, e. g ., fiscal equipment medical treatment facilities :
year 1951 is the year beginning 1 July general hospitals, station hospitals, field
1950 and ending 30 June 1951 ; 2 . with hospitals, and dispensaries. See nonfixed
respect to contractors , the period used by medical treatment facility.
the contractor for Federal Tax purposes . fixed obstacle , barrier to the advance of troops
fishbone mine system , series of independent that is constructed in the field and fixed to
underground passages that military engi- | the ground.
neers cut out in the direction of the enemy fixed pivot , 1. fixed point on which a line of
with branches for purposes of attack , flank troops turn when changing formation or
protection , and listening. A fishbone dif direction of march ; 2 . man who is at the
fers from a lateral mine system , which is pivot point.
an undergro und passage cut parallel to the fixed post system , assigning sentinels to guard
front line, from which galleries are carried duty at fixed posts where they stand until
toward the enemy. relieved .
fishnet, net made of knotted cord , used to hold fixed price contract, type of contract whereby
camouflage materials in place . the contractor is paid a stated price which
fishtail wind, wind that is constantly chang is determined at the time the contract is
ing direction back and forth . executed and in advance of performance.
Special clauses are often inserted in De
fix , an accurate determination of a position
partment of the Army fixed price contracts
relative to the earth 's surface. See radio to provide for the adjustment of price
fix.
during the life of the contract.
fix bayonets, command to attach bayonets to I fixed round. round of fixed ammunition : one
rifles in readiness for use.
complete charge, including cartridge case ,
fixed ammunition , ammunition with primer primer , propelling charge, and projectile ,
and propellent powder contained in a car assembled as a unit.
tridge case permanently crimped or at
fixed target, bridge, railway station, water
tached to a projectile, that is loaded into
tank, or other stationary or permanent
a weapon as a unit. target for gunfire or bombing .
fixed artillery, artillery weapons permanently fixed anit. a unit equipped with minimum
installed on land and sea frontiers for the administrative vehicles only .
protection of important areas.
flag , cloth , with distinguishing color or de
fixed bridge, bridge with rigid rather than sign , which has a specialmeaning or serves
floating supports. as a signal. The flag of the United States,
fixed camouflage, disguising anything so that the white flag of truce, and weather flags
the camouflage will remain for a long time are examples. In the military service,
such as painting of a ship or putting up the color is a flag of a dismounted unit ,
dummy structures of a permanent nature. I an ensign is a national flag, a pennant is
SR 320 – 5 – 1
fla 120
a small triangular flag usually flown for The angle at the target between the gun
identification of a unit, a standard is all and the observer is between 75 and 105°.
flag of a mounted unit and a guidon is a flank patrol, patrol whose duty it is to protect
flag carried by Army units for identifica - | the flank of a unit and to keep a close
tion , especially in drills and ceremonies. I watch on the enemy's movements.
flag semaphore, system of signalling by which flank protective fire, gunfire to protect a flank ,
messages are spelled out with flags. especially when it is exposed .
flag target. See towed flag target. flank security , measures for the protection of
flail tank , specially constructed tank equipped the flanks of a marching column or of a
with a flailing device, consisting of chain force in battle formation . Wherever prac
flails attached to a roller powered by the ticable, flank security employs flank guards
tank engine, employed to detonate anti or patrols , and natural and artificial ob
tank mines. stacles ,
flak , 1 . fire of antiaircraft artillery weapons. I flank wind . See cross wind .
2 . antiaircraft artillery. flare, pyrotechnic emitting a brilliant light
flak analysis , analytical determination of the that burns for a short time ; designed pri
theoretical effectiveness of the fires of anti marily for illumination or signaling .
aircraft defenses . Flares may be fired by weapons or rockets,
flak clock , graphical presentation in polar co dropped from aircraft, or displayed on the
ordinates of the effectiveness of an antiair ground, and are manufactured in various
craft artillery defense. colors depending on intended use .
flak computer, device for determining flak flareback , burst of flame from the breech of a
effectiveness . gun .
flak intelligence, that part of air intelligence flash -bang, the time interval between visual
which deals with enemy antiaircraft ar observation of the flash of a weapon being
tillery . fired and the auditory perception of the
flak neutralization, to destroy or reduce the sound of the discharge proceeding from the
effectiveness of flak personnel and mate same weapon .
riel by directing gunfire, bombing, or any flash defilade, 1. condition in which the flash
other means at these installations. of firing at a gun position is concealed from
flame thrower, weapon which projects and enemy observation by an intervening ob
ignites incendiary fuel for destroying ma stacle , such as a hill or the side of a ra
teriel and for casualty effect ; may be port vine ; 2 . vertical distance by which the
able (carried on firer's back ) or mechanized flash of a gun is concealed from enemy
(mounted in a combat vehicle) . observation .
flammable storage warehouse, warehouse desig flash estimates, budget estimates prepared by
nated for the storage of flammable sup Department of the Army components for
plies. Greater segregation is provided for summarization in over-all total form in the
such buildings . President's annual budget message to Con
flank , 1 . right or left side of a formation of gress ; ordinarily the first set of budget
troops , right or left side of a fortification , estimates prepared for given fiscal year.
etc . ; 2 . get clear around either side of ; as
to flank the enemy; 3 . attack from , or on , flash hider, device attached to the muzzle of a
the side. gun to cover the flame, or to reduce the
flank attack, attack against an enemy's flank ; flame, that appears when the weapon is
flanking attack . fired .
flank guard , one or more groups or units that flashless-nonhygroscopic powder, smokeless
protects the right or left side of a body of powder that does not readily absorb or hold
troops. moisture and that does not produce a flash
flanking action , offensive maneuver directed upon explosion . It is used chiefly as a
against an enemy' s flank . Flank attack propelling charge for projectiles.
and flanking fire are examples of flanking flash message. See message precedence.
action .
flash ranging, finding the position of the burst
flanking attack . See flank attack. of a projectile or of an enemy gun by ob
flanking fire , fire delivered on an enemy flank, serving its flash .
or from a position at the right or left side | flash ranging adjustment, correcting friendly
of the enemy. artillery fire on the basis of observation
flank observation , observation of fire from a and location of the flash of friendly shell
place on , or near, the flank of the target. I bursts .
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
121 flo

flash ranging location , location of an enemy in the aircraft. Load computations for
weapon as determined by flash ranging . personnel and equipment are also listed .
flash reconnaissance, observation from ground A separate form ( in as many copies as are
posts or from aircraft to locate enemy gun necessary ) is made for each aircraft.
positions by the flashes of enemy guns. | flight plan , data for a proposed flight. A
flash, ( red ), (blue), (white) . See air raid flight plan includes time and place of de
warning condition . parture, course, means of communication ,
flash reducer, any material issued separately and probable time of return or arrival at
destination .
for use with a propelling charge to reduce
its muzzle flash . flight position , any one of the five views from
flat fire. See flat trajectory fire. which an aircraft in flight is observed .
These positions are : coming flight or front
flatted cargo, cargo of one type placed in the view ; passing flight or side view ; flight
bottom of the holds, covered with planks at lower altitude or top view ; overhead
and dunnage, and held for future use. flight or bottom view ; and maneuvering
Flatted cargo usually has room left above
flight or perspective view .
it for the loading of vehicles which may
be moved without interfering with the flight ration , food served for flight or during
flatted cargo . Frequently flatted cargo flight has a higher starch content than
serves in lieu of ballast. other rations and is free of gas forming
foods.
flat trajectory, trajectory with but little ver
tical curvature . float, 1. flat base set at an angle in the
ground to brace an emplaced railway artil
flat trajectory fire, gunfire delivered at such a lery gun ; 2 . raft or similar structure for
range, or with such an elevation setting, carrying equipment, and sometimes troops,
that the path of the projectile in flight is
across water . Shelter halves may be tied
almost flat, rather than curved . around crossed rifles to form a ' float for
flat trajectory weapon , gun that fires projec the rifies and soldiers' equipment ; 3 . sup
tiles at such velocity that they travel in an port for a floating bridge.
almost straight path with little curve
above the ground . A machine gun or a floating bridge, pontoon bridge or any tempo
rifle is a flat trajectory weapon at common rary bridge that is supported by low , flat
battle ranges . bottomed boats or other floating structure.
The two kinds of military bridges are float
fleeting target, moving target that remains
ing bridges and fixed bridges .
within observing or firing distance for such
a short period that it affords little time floating equipment, Army-owned or chartered
for deliberate adjustment and fire against vessels regardless of size, propelled and
it ; transient target. Fleeting targets may nonpropelled , and all other equipment used
be aircraft vehicles , marching troops, etc. on water not included in the term vessel.
flexible gun, gun on a movable mount that floating reserve, in an amphibious operation ,
enables it to swing in all directions. reserve troops which remain embarked un
flight, 1. act of flying ; 2 . trip in an aircraft ; til needed .
3 . travel of a projectile from the muzzle of floating smoke pot, munition that emits dense
a gun to the point of impact. smoke when ignited and which floats on
flight altitude, vertical distance of an aircraft surface of water to provide a temporary
in flight above a given datum plane, usually screen . See smoke pot.
sea level. float saddle, assembly of beams and plates
flight at lower altitude, top view of an air used in construction of pneumatic-type
craft ; one of the standard flight positions floating bridges to transmit traffic loads
used in training antiaircraft personnel to and dead weight of the bridge to the pneu
recognize airplane types from silhouettes. matic floats.
flight form , sheet on which all personnelLand
and floor load rating, weight of supplies that can
equipment making up an aircraft load are safely be supported by a floor, expressed
listed and the aircraft's center of gravity in pounds per square foot of floor space.
indicated. flotilla . See boat flotilla.
fight formation , two or more airplanes flying flow , 1. number of vehicles that pass a given
in some set arrangement. point within a given period of time ; 2 .
flightmanifest, form showing the exact record passage of electrons through a conductor
of personnel by name, rank , and serial or through space between electrodes.
number in each aircraft . It also gives a flow phase , nonconflicting movement of traffic
brief description of the equipment loaded , through an area in which the use of space
with the station or rack number as loaded | comprising the area is allocated alter
SR 320– 5 – 1
flo 122
nately to movements from different direc- | focal plane, the plane perpendicular to the
tions.
flow regulation , allocation of an area to l ' are in best focus.
streams of traffic from different directions. | fog oil, special petroleum oil used in mechan
flutter, vibration set up in any part of a
machine or instrument by a momentary
disturbance, such as a gust of wind , but
kept up by a reaction of parts of the
machine.
flying bridge. See flying ferry.
flying ferry, raft, used as a ferry , that is con
trolled in the stream by an anchor cable
fastened farther upstream . Usually the
current moves the flying ferry from shore
to shore, but sometimes outboard motors
are also used .
flying levels, a line of levels in surveying, to
determine approximate elevations to hun
dredths or tenths of a foot.
flying officer, Army or Air Force officer who
holds a rating as a pilot, aircraft observer ,
or other member of a combat crew of a
military aircraft. In time of war, flight
surgeons and also officers and warrant
officers undergoing flying training are
classed as flying officers .
flying pay. See incentive pay.
flying school, Army or Air Force school in
which instruction in aviation is given .
There are four types ; elementary flying
schools, basic flying schools , advanced flyor overland elements.
ing schools and specialized flying schools . followup elements , elements following a march
flying speed, any air speed above stalling column whether for clean -up, prevention
speed and within the normal speed range
for any specific conventional airplane.
flying status, standing of a 'member of the
Army or Air Force who is under orders to
make frequent and regular flights in an
aircraft.
F method, the method of transmitting a mes-
sage by which the stations called do not
answer the call or receipt for the message
or otherwise transmit in connection with
its reception . The prosign F in the pre
amble or final instructions identifies a mes
sage sent by this method .
FM smoke, dense white smoke produced by
bringing titanium tetrachloride into con
tact with the atmosphere. FM smoke is
harmless to personnel, but is useful to
screen movement, to blanket the enemy
and enemy observers, and to disguise cloud
gas.
focal center , radio station in a warning net |
that acts as a clearing center for infor
mation .
focal length , perpendicular distance between
the plane of the film and the optical center
of the lens or lens system .
T axis of a lens in which images of points
.
ical smoke generators .
following wind, wind blowing from observer
to target ; also called tail wind .
follow -the-pointer indicator, scale , on the
mount of some types of artillery , that re
ceives and registers firing data trans
mitted over a remote control system . The
gun is kept properly aimed when its ad
justment dials are matched with the read
ings on the indicator.
follow up , 1 . put steady, direct pressure on a
withdrawing force ; 2 . act of putting close,
direct pressure on a withdrawing force ; 3 .
inquiry into the quantity of supplies and
time of delivery to be expected from any
particular call or requisition, or into the
results of an administrative action taken ,
or directed to be taken .
followup echelon , the portion of an airborne
force, excluding the rear echelon , which
is not initially brought into combat, but
which joins the assault echelon as soon
as possible after the airhead has been es
tablished , or after contact has been made
between the assault echelon and the troops
making the main ground effort. This
echelon may contain air-landed, seaborne,
of straggling, maintenance and recovery
of equipment or other purposes.
followup forces, in an amphibious operation ,
those forces which are scheduled to arrive
in the objective area after the assault and
prior to the build -up.
followup supply , that initial resupply which
is delivered directly to forces in the air
head by air . It is prepackaged on a unit
basis for automatic or on call delivery .
food handler, anyone permanently or tempo
rarily assigned to primary duty connected
with the handling of food, drink, dishes,
etc., in an army mess . Daily kitchen
police are not considered to be food han
dlers .
food packet, a packaged, pre-cooked , prepared
type of subsistence which may be eaten by
individuals when kitchens are notavailable
and there are no immediate means of
planned class I resupply . One or any
number of these food packets do not con
stitute a ration .
food service, all activities incorporated in the
Army's plan for troop feeding. See food
service program .
 SR 320 5 – 1
123 for
food service apprentice, enlisted person of foreign excess personal property, is excess per
grade 2 or 3 who enters the food service sonal property located outside continental
career field to learn one of the trades United States, Hawaii, Alaska , Puerto
included in the food service career pro Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
gram .
foreign port, port under the authority of the
food service program , that program which Department of the Army outside the conti
encompasses all phases of food procure nental United States. A foreign port
ment, inspection , transportation , storage, may be in a foreign country or in one of
handling, distribution, issue, preparation , the possessions of the United States.
and serving. foreign service, military duty anywhere out
food service supervisor, commissioned staff side the continental boundaries of the
officer responsible for supervising all food United States . See foreign duty .
service activities within the command. Foreign Service Clasp , metallic bar device de
food service specialist, enlisted person that noting service outside continental United
assists the food service supervisor in the States between 1939 and 1941. See Amer
supervision and direction of the food ican Defense Service Medal; service star.
service program . forfeiture, 1. giving up anything, especially
force (s) , body of troops, ships, or aircraft or part of one's pay as punishment for
combination thereof. neglect, a fault, or some wrongdoing ;
force a safeguard , any trespass on the protec 2. right or privilege given up .
tion established by a detachment, guard , fork , change in elevation of artillery required
detail, or order posted by a commander for to shift the center of impact in range by
the purpose of protecting some person , four probable errors.
place or property. fork lift truck, self -propelled , gasoline or elec
forced crossing, going across a stream in the tric -powered vehicle , with a hydraulic ,
face of enemy opposition . mechanical, or roller -chain elevating mech
anism which supports and lifts a carriage
forced issue, mandatory issue of food in of two or more prongs. The forks are
danger of spoiling to units subsisting on
designed to enter a pallet frame or between
the garrison ration .
skid stringers or dunnage blocks. The lift
forced march , march that requires the expen mechanism then raises the load on the
diture of more than normal effort either in forks for transporting or stacking .
increased speed, increased exertion , in
creased number of hours marched or a fork lift truck guard , framework attached to
the elevating device of a fork lift truck de
combination of these.
signed to keep containers from falling on
force marking, shipment number without fol the machine or its operator .
lowing letter, assigned in a movement
order as a marking to identify supplies or form , 1. draw up in lines or other formation ;
equipment which are shipped for the force arrange in a formation ; 2. paper printed
or marked with spaces into which infor
as a whole. See unit marking .
mation is to be written , such as a pay roll
forcing cone, tapered beginning of the lands or service record .
at the origin of the rifling of a gun tube .
The forcing cone allows the rotating band formal advertising , the solicitation of com
of the projectile to be gradually engaged by petitive sealed bids through advertisement
the rifling thereby centering the projectile and the award of contracts to the lowest
in the bore. responsible bidder, price, and other factors
considered .
fording depth , maximum depth a vehicle can
operate in water. formal contract, contract which is contained
in a written contractual instrument exe
forearm , wooden device on the barrel end of a cuted by both the Government and a con
rifle to protect the firer from the heat of tractor.
the gun barrel.
formation , arrangement of the elements of a
foreign claims commission, a board of one or command in any prescribed manner.
more commissioned officers exercising au
thority to settle certain claims against the formation bombing , delivery of one or more
United States arising out of accidents or bombs, from each of the airplanes of a
incidents occurring in foreign countries. bombardment formation , against a given
foreign duty , military duty anywhere outside point or area target.
the continental boundaries of the United formation in depth , combat formation that ex
States . Enlisted members receive foreign tends farther from front to rear than from
duty pay while so serving. right to left.
SR 320 _ 5 - 1
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formation in width , combat formation that ex - dual wheels being considered as one wheel.
tends farther from right to left than from It is usually written 4 x 2 .
front to rear . fourragere, metal-tipped cloth , braided cord
form line, broken line on a map used to give denoting the award of certain foreign
a generalized impression of relief . Unlike decorations.
contours, the lines represent no actual ele- four-way -check , simultaneous investigation of
vations, but are drawn by the compiler: the background of an individual or group
relying upon his knowledge of topographic by separate intelligence agencies.
form to make a relief pattern fit into the four-wheeled hand truck . See hand truck.
drainage plan .
foxhole , small pit used for cover, usually for
fort, 1. permanent post as opposed to a camp,
one or two men , and so constructed that
which is a temporary installation ; 2 .
land area within which harbor defense an occupant can fire effectively from it.
units are located ; 3 . strong, fortified fractionating system , a cipher system in which
building or place that can be defended the single units are represented by more
against an enemy. than one symbol which in turn are dis
associated and in which the symbols are
fortification , 1. temporary or permanent de subjected to some form of encipherment.
fense for troops or for a position . A
trench or pillbox is a fortification : 2. art | fragment, small piece or section broken away
of designing and constructing defenses. from a larger unit , as from a projectile or
grenade ; usually caused by pressure of
fort record book, secret, detailed record of the
explosives . See fragmentation .
history, equipment, and armament of a
fort. fragmentary order, 1 . combat order issued in
sections . Each section of a fragmentary
forward air controller, air officer in charge of
order contains instructions only for the
the tactical air control party who directs,
commander or unit to which the section is
from a forward observation post, the ac
tion of combat aircraft engaged in close sent ; 2 . one section of such an order.
support of ground units. fragmentation , the breaking and scattering in
forward area , general term to designate an
all directions of the pieces of a projectile,
bomb or grenade.
area in proximity to combat. For more
specific delineation , see combat zone. fragmentation bomb, bomb characterized by
forward area sight, an on -carriage, gate-type,
fragmentation designed to be used pri
marily against personnel.
or speed -ring sight used in forward areas
or when it is impractical to use the off fragmentation grenade, hand grenade that
carriage sighting instruments. shatters as it bursts , throwing small bits
of metal in all directions.
forward command post, station of a unit's
headquarters where the commander and frangible grenade, incendiary grenade, con
staff work . In combat, a unit's headquar - sisting of a glass bottle filled with gasoline
ters is often divided into a forward and or a chemical, that ignites when the bottle
rear echelon . is smashed .
forward observation . the observing and ad . fraudulent enlistment, gaining acceptance as
justment of fire by a forward observer. an enlisted member of the Army by con
cealing facts which would disqualify an
forward observation post , observation post es- 1
tablished by a forward observer. applicant or by making false statements.
frazil ice, ice formed by freezing of turbulent
forward observer , observer operating with
front line troops and trained to adjust water. It is a mush of ice spicules and
ground or naval gunfire and air bombard water resembling slush .
ment. freeboard , the height of the sides of a ship
from waterline to weather deck .
fougasse, a mine constructed so that upon
explosion of the charge, pieces of metal, free drop. See free jump.
rocks, gasoline, or other substances are
blown in a predetermined direction . free fall, 1. delivery of supplies and equip
ment from aircraft in flight to units on the
fouling, deposit that remains in the bore of ground without the use of parachutes ; 2 .
a gun after it is fired . parachute jump in which the opening of
four by four, in regard to motor vehicles, the parachute is delayed .
four wheels of which four are driving free jump, parachute jump from an aircraft
wheels , dual wheels being considered as in flight using a parachute not equipped
one wheel. It is usually written 4 x 4 . 1 with a static line .
four by two, in regard to motor vehicles, four free maneuver, practice maneuver in which
wheels of which two are driving wheels, I each force acts as it chooses, and is limited
 SR 320– 5 – 1
125 fro

only by the field orders received, by restric- | example , the frequency is 15,000 cycles per
tions of area and time, and by the actions second . Radio frequency designations in
of the opposing force. kilocycles per second are as follows : very
free net, a net in which any station may low , below 30 ; lov 30 to 300 ; medium 300
communicate with any other station in the to 3 ,000 ; high 3 ,000 to 30 ,000 ; very high
same net without first obtaining permis 30,000 to 300,000 ; ultra-high 300,000 to
sion from the net control station to do so . 3 ,000,000 ; superhigh 3 ,000 ,000 to 30,
000 , 000 .
free space, in a vessel, empty underdeck cargo
space which is not usable for the voyage. friction primer , type of cannon primer which
Free space may result from the vessel I is fired by pulling a toothed wire or plug
pight cargo to its max
being loaded with weight cargo to its max . 1 through an explosive mixture.
imum draft line, without filling its entire fringing groove, a depression cut into a rotat
underdeck bale cubic capacity ; from hav ing band to collect metal from the band
ing insufficient cargo on hand for loading while it travels through the bore, excess
by sailing time to fill the vessel to its metal so collected is prevented from form
maximum bale cubic capacity ; or, from ing a fringe in rear of the rotating band ,
restrictions regarding the stowage of mili thus increasing accuracy and range of a
tary or fragile cargo. projectile . See groove.
free tower, tower with mechanism and equip - front, 1. lateral space occupied by an element
ment that permit the free descent of an measured from the extremity of one flank
inflated parachute. It is used for training to the extremity of the other flank ; 2 .
in parachute jumping. direction of the enemy ; 3 . line of contact
freezer storage, cold storage space with tem of two opposing forces ; 4 . when a combat
situation does not exist or is not assumed ,
perature controlled below 32°. See cold direction toward which the command is
storage.
faced .
freight classification guide, published as joint frontage , space from side to side occupied by
Army and Air Force Commercial Traffic an element in a formation or covered by a
Bulletins which provide translation of
unit in combat.
Army-Air Force nomenclature for freight
billing purposes. This information is pri frontal attack, attack against the enemy's
marily for use of shipping officers and their front.
organizations. frontal fire, fire delivered at right angles to
freight consolidating agency , a field agency of the front of the target.
the zone transportation office which re | frontalier, civilian living in the immediate
ceives less -than -carload (LCL ) and less vicinity of frontier whose business , health
than -truckload (LTL ) shipments of the or welfare requires frequent frontier cross
Departments of the Army, Navy and Air ings to locations in the immediate vicinity
Force for the purpose of assembling them of the frontier.
into carloads for reshipment to freight frontal security , protection for the forward
distributing agencies and other break -bulk part of an advancing force. Frontal se
points , and unloads consolidated carloads curity may be furnished by an advance
received and distributes shipments to guard .
ultimate consignees.
front line, line formed by the most advanced
freight distributing agency, a field agency of units in any given tactical situation . Also
the zone transportation office which re called line of battle .
ceives and unloads carloads and truckloads front sight, sight near the muzzle of a firearm .
of consolidated less-than -carload ship frost boil, accumulation of excess of water in
ments of Departments of the Army. Navy .
surface materials during spring thawing .
and Air Force materiel and reships the It usually weakens the surface and may
individual less -than -carload and less-than
break through causing a quagmire.
truckload shipments to ultimate consign
ees. frost heaving, an upward force usually mani
fested by a more or less marked upwarp of
frequency count. See frequency distribution . land surface due to the swelling of frozen
frequency distribution , in cryptography, any ground or the individual soil particles.
record of the relative frequencies of occur- I frost mound, a seasonal upwarp of land sur
rence of textual units of plain or encrypted face caused by the combined action of ex
text.
pansion due to the freezing of water ;
frequency (electronic ), number of recurrences hydrostatic pressure of ground water, and
of a periodic phenomenon in a unit of time. force of crystallization of ice. Also called
In specifying electrical frequency, the cus ground -ice-mound, earth mound, pingo ,
tomary unit of time is the second , for and peat mound .
SR 320 – 5 – 1
fro 126
frost table , more or less irregular surface that , functions, when referred to " Roles and Mis
represents the penetration of spring and sions of the Armed Forces " means respon
summer thawing of the seasonal frozen sibilities, missions and tasks.
ground (active layer) . . fund , a sum of money or other resources au
frost zone. See active layer. thorized by law to be set aside and to be
ozen ground , ground that has a temperature used or expended only for authorized pur
0 degrees C . or lower and usually contains poses.
a variable amount of water in the form funding account. See settlement account.
of ice .
funds responsibility , that function which in
frustrated freight, any shipment of supplies
cludes the preparation and defense of
and / or equipment which , while en route
budget estimates and control of authorized
to the requisitioning agency , is stopped funds.
for any reason prior to receipt by the
to the
ed to
requisitioning agency and returned the funeral escort, personnel detailed to attend a
burial as a mark of respect and honor to
custody of the supplying agency.
the dead person .
fuel, any matter used to produce heat or
power by burning. fuse, 1 . safety device ; 2. See fuze.
full service round, a complete round fired with fuselage, body of an airplane to which the
the maximum service charge. Each wings and tail parts are attached . The
smaller charge counts as a certain per crew , passengers, luggage, cargo , or
centage of a full service round . weapons are carried in the fuselage. In
full step, thirty-inch step taken in walking many airplanes the engine is in the fuse
or marching . lage.
full term of sentence, the entire sentence of future commitments , quantities, which as of
a prisoner to confinement without deduc the end of the reporting month , have been
tion for abatements. directed for shipment at a future date.
full-track vehicle, vehicle entirely supported , future position . See predicted position .
driven and steered by an endless belt, or fuze, device used to initiate a detonation un
track , on each side. Tanks are full-track der the condition desired .
vehicles.
error, the variation in fuze range from
fulminate of mercury. See mercury fulminate. fuze
standard as determined for a particular
functional, having to do with action or per lot of ammunition .
formance rather than structure or form .
fuze range, range at which a projectile will
functional chart, a visual representation burst when the fuze is set at a given time
showing the parts of an organization , their
value.
relation to one another, and a brief de
scription of the functions of each . ' fuze setter, the fuze is adjusted for time only.
functional duty, duty performed by a unit or fuze setter operator, member of a gun crew
organization in execution of its primary who operates a mechanical type fuze 'set
duty. ting device during firing .

gage complete penetration , penetration in gallery, 1 . underground passageway that is

which a hole of sufficient size is made part of a military mining system ; 2. com
through the plate so as to fully admita partment for storage of ammunition ; 3.
plug gage of a designated percentage X enclosed range for target practice.
diameter . If the projectile remains in the gallery cases, prefabricated framework used
plate and prevents the complete insertion in line galleries .
of the plug gage through the hole , the
round is disregarded . gallery frames, framework which holds in
place the sheeting used to line galleries.
gage partial penetration , penetration which
approaches but does not fulfill the require gallery practice, practice in firing small arms
ments for gage complete penetration . in a room or enclosed range.
gallery practice ammunition , ammunition with
gage (shotgun ), measure of the diameter of Ba.
the bore of a shotgun or riot gun ; gage a reduced charge, used in gallery practice
is determined by the number of spherical and also for guard purposes.
balls of lead of the same diameter as the gallery practice cartridge, cartridge with a
bore of the gun that are required to make reduced charge, used in gallery practice
1 pound . and also for guard purposes .
 SR 320– 5 – 1
127 gas

gang hour, in stevedoring operations, one personnel in gas discipline and gas and
hour of work of a hatch gang , usually con - protective mask adjustment and for check
sisting of 12 to 21 men . ing the fit of masks.
gangplank issue, issue of supplies to individu - gas check , device in a gun that prevents
als just before embarkation . escape of gas through the breech .
gangplank supply officer , officer at a port of gas cloud, mixture of air and war gas vapor.
embarkation who is designated to issue gas curtain . See gasproof curtain .
supplies just before embarkation .
garble, any instance of the distortion of any
gas cylinder, tube fixed to the barrel of a
gas -operated automatic weapon and con
part of a message or transmission . taining a piston , the movement of which
garland, strips of cotton cloth or burlap, operates the extracting and reloading
fastened to a light wire framework . A mechanisms.
garland is used to thicken an overhead
camouflage or natural cover, or to hide | gas discipline,
training that results in a sol
dier ' s having proper respect for the effi
the edge of a protecting net. ciency of gas, but no unreasonable fear of
garnishing, camouflage process in which nar it ; that, knowing the value of his pro
row strips of dyed cotton , burlap, or other tective equipment, he takes care of it, that
material are drawn irregularly through upon detection of gas or sounding the
the meshes of chicken wire or fishnet alarm , he promptly adjusts his mask for
covering . a considerable time and carries on his
garrison , 1. body of troops stationed at a duties without undue fatigue, and that he
military post ; 2 . military installation or does not remove his mask until properly
location at which troops are stationed. In ordered to do so , or until tests show area
this meaning, also called post ; 3 . station to be free of gas.
troops at such a post or position , gas identification set, 1. sniff set ; group of
garrison cap, light visorless textile cap. bottles containing common war gases (or
garrison flag, largest size United States flag . chemicals with facsimile odors ) used for
It is flown at posts only on holidays and recognition training ; 2 . detonation set ;
important occasions as required by Army group of tubes containing war gases and
Regulations. diluted war gases (along with firing acces
garrison ration , money allowance for food for sories ) , used for recognition training.
one person for one day, applicable to all gas mask , individual protective equipment
persons entitled to a garrison ration . See consisting of facepiece, canister, and car
ration . rier, used to protect the wearer against
gas, 1. chemical agent which in effective con war gases and screening smokes ( and some
centration in the field produces a toxic or industrial gases ) by filtering neutraliz
irritant effect . See war gas. 2 . poison , ing, or absorbing these harmful substances
from the air breathed . Does not furnish
injure, or kill by use of a war gas.
oxygen . See protective mask ( field ).
gas alarm , 1 . percussion device to give warn
ing of gas attack or alert ; 2 . warning gas mask repair kit , small tube containing
sound made with standard or improvised rubber cement and tape for making tem
gas alarm , or verbally ( "GAS" or porary repairs to gas and protective mask
" SPRAY” ) . facepieces and hoses.
gas alert , condition of readiness to put on gas mask repair tool set , group of tools (not
gasmasks as protection against gas attack. including spare parts ) for making author
gas barrier, zone contaminated with a per ized repairs to gas and protective masks.
sistant war gas which denies passage to gas munition , munition such as bomb, shell,
ground troops. pot, candle, grenade, and spray tank con
gas casnalty , person who has been affected taining a war gas and means of release.
sufficiently by a war gas to render him gasoline gels. See thickened fuel.
incapable of performing his functions or gas-operated , put in motion by the action of
duties.
expanding gases. This term refers espe
gas casualty first aid kit, kit issued to troop cially to the mechanism in certain types of
units for use by officers, noncommissioned automatic and semiautomatic guns that are
officers, and unit CBR defense personnel operated by deflecting a part of the escap
who administer first aid to gas casualties. ing powder gases, so that its force oper
Contains specialized items for alleviating ates the reloading mechanism through an
effects of chemical agents . opening in the barrel. The United States
gas chamber , building, room , or tent filled rifle, caliber .30, M1, is a gas-operated
with gas (usually tear gas ) for training ! weapon .
SR 320_ 5 – 1
gas 128
gas port, opening for the passage of gas. general cryptosystem , basic method employing
The gas cylinder of a gas-operated auto - | certain invariable elements to encrypt and
matic weapon has gas ports that admit decrypt.
some of the powder gases from the barrel general depot, large supply establishment for
of the gun . receiving, storing , and issuing supplies for
gasproof, make installations safe for human | more than one technical service. See
occupancy without protective masks during branch depot.
toxic attack , by sealing against entrance | general discharge, form of discharge, under
of toxic agents and / or providing pure air honorable conditions, service satisfactory ,
supply . given to a soldier not qualifying for an
gasproof curtain , chemically treated and honorable discharge.
coated fabric curtain used over entrance general dispensary , medical treatment facility
to gasproof shelter to exclude contami which provides medical and dental care
nated air. but not hospitalization for military per
gas sentinel, sentry whose duty is to sound sonnel not having convenient access to
alarm in event of gas attack . All sentries hospital facilities of a post, camp, or sta
are gas sentinels . Special gas sentinels, tion . General dispensaries usually are lo
to be posted at critical installations, are cated in large cities or military districts.
specifically trained in detection of chemical general educational development tests, compre
agents and gas defense measures . Also hensive test to measure an individual's ac
called gas sentry . quired knowledge relative to that acquired
gas warfare, employment of war gases in bat at high school and college levels .
tle. See nongas warfare and chemical war- general engineer troops, engineer troops who
fare. are usually assigned to large units and who
gauge. See gage. perform all engineering functions except
gauge rod , stick , cut to a definite length and the most highly specialized. These latter
marked at certain intervals , used for check are performed by special engineer troops.
ing the size of the excavation while driv - general fund, fund into which are deposited
ing galleries. all receipts of the United States Govern
Geiger-Mueller counter, highly sensitive radi ment, except those from specific sources re
ation detecting instrument for measuring quired by law to be deposited into other
relatively low intensities of radiation . designated funds and from which appro
priations are made by Congress to carry
general air support , air support operations on the general and ordinary operations of
conducted in the enemy rear areas usually
the Government.
beyond the range of friendly artillery.
general hospital, numbered fixed medical
general allotment, allotment which limits the
treatment facility especially staffed and
amount that may be obligated under avail
equipped to afford facilities for observa
able appropriations without limiting a por
tion , treatment, and disposition of pa
tion of the total to any specific appropri
tients requiring relatively long periods of
ation or project account ; allotment under hospitalization or highly specialized treat
which obligations may be charged against
more than one appropriation .
ment. Normally used in the communica
tions zone.
general classification test , test that is intended
to measure ability to learn quickly rather
general inspection , inspection of all com
mands and other Army activities made
than the amount of knowledge a person has
once each fiscal year by The Inspector
acquired .
General or by officers named by him .
General Council, Department of the Army of
ficials representing all branches of the general map , map of small scale used for gen
Army who meet periodically with the eral planning purposes.
Deputy Chief of Staff to discuss and coordi- general medical labortory, large fully equipped
nate major Department of the Army proj laboratory in a theater of operations, hav
ects and policies. ing certain facilities comparable to those
general counterpreparation , heavy fire from of the Army Medical Service Graduate
all weapons capable of firing on a threat School and Armed Forces Institute of
Pathology .
ened front to dislocate or destroy enemy
preparations for a general attack . general officer, any officer above the grade of
general court-martial, highest type of court colonel.
martial, consisting of not fewer than five General of the Armies, special title and rank
members not including the law officer, created for General John J. Pershing ;
having power to try any offense punishable highest rank in the Army of the United
by the Uniform Code of Military Justice . ! States .
 SR 320 –5 – 1
129 gen

general orders , 1 . permanent instructions is - | general service school, a service school for of
sued in order form , that apply to all mem ficers and /or enlisted men , not restricted
bers of a command , as compared with to a particular Arm or Service , at which
special orders , which affect only individ 1 is taught subjects which pertain to all
uals or small groups. Such orders are Arms and Services .
usually concerned with matters of policy General' s March , musical selection played at
or administration ; 2 . series of permanent
military ceremonies to honor a general
guard orders that govern the duties of a officer .
sentry on post . All soldiers are required
to memorize them . general solution , cryptanalytic solution de
pendent on exploiting the inherent weak
general outpost, bodies of troops placed at nesses of the cryptosystem arising from its
some distance from the main force, while own mechanics as contrasted with the cir
at a halt , in camp or bivouac, or in battle cumstances of a special solution .
position to protect the main force from
General Staff, group of Army officers in a
observation and surprise by the enemy, and division , similar or larger unit who assist
also to keep the enemy under observation . their commander in planning , coordinat
General Procurement Board , agency set up to ing, executing , and controlling operations.
supervise, coordinate and control all pro At the Department of the Army level it is
curement by United States forces in a known as the Army General Staff. Below
theater of operations. the Department of the Army level a gen
eral staff is divided into four principal
general purchasing agents, agents who have functional sections : personnel (G1) , mili
been appointed in the principal oversea
tary intelligence (G2) , operations and
theaters of operations to supervise, con training (G3), and logistical (G4) activi
trol, coordinate, negotiate, and develop
ties. Additional sections may be added
the local procurement of supplies, services,
and facilities by United States forces, in
by the commander. In brigades and
smaller units, staff sections are designated
order that the most effective utilization
S1, S2, etc., with corresponding duties.
may be made of local resources and pro
duction . General Staff Identification , metallic and
enamel badge authorized for wear by com
general purpose bomb, bomb designed to be missioned officers meeting prescribed cri
used against both material targets and teria who are " assigned to duty on the
personnel.
Army General Staff” or assigned to the
general purpose system , specific cryptographic Offices of the Secretary of the Army,
system intended for any type of message. Chief of Information, or Chief of Legis
lative Liaison . When worn by an officer
general purpose vehicle, motor vehicle desig
not on duty in the Department of the
nated to be used interchangeably for move
Army, it denotes completion of 1 year' s
ment of personnel, supplies, ammunition
service in the Department of the Army in
or equipment for towing artillery car a position which entitled the officer to wear
riages, trailers or semitrailers and used
the General Staff Identification .
without modification to body or chassis to
satisfy general automotive transport General Staff Identification Certificate, a cer
needs. tificate issued for the Chief of Staff by the
Secretary of the General Staff to com
general reserve, reserve of troops retained un missioned officers who have " been assigned
der the control of the overall commander. to duty on the Army General Staff" for
General Reserve, that portion of the United 1 year and to officers in the Offices of
States Army, normally located in the zone the Secretary of the Army, Chief of Infor
of interior, whose primary mission is to mation , and Chief of Legislative Liaison
be trained , equipped , and maintained in a who have been authorized to wear the
state of readiness for immediate use in an General Staff Identification for 1 year.
offensive or defensive role . general staff with troops, group of commis
general reserve artillery, consists of all artil sioned officers, not below the grade of
lery units not organic to divisions and captain , assigned to units other than those
corps. It is a pool of reserve artillery within the Department of the Army who
available to the field forces commander occupy general staff positions authorized
for assignment or attachment to subordi by the Department of the Army.
nate commands as required by combat general supplies, intra-service classification
conditions. applied to ordnance, quartermaster and
general service, service of any kind that may transportation supplies . Ordnance gen
be assigned to a soldier ; general military eral supplies include all ordnance supplies,
service. with the exception of ammunition , required
277763° — 5349
SR 320–5 – 1
gen 130
for the maintenance of an organization , glide path, inclined surface of radio signal
Quartermaster general supplies include extending upward at an angle to the hori
quartermaster materials and equipment | zontal from the point of desired landing.
required for housing, feeding , and main glider, heavier-than -air aircraft without a
taining a command but excluding fixed motor that is towed aloft or projected into
installations in buildings, subsistence, fuel, the air by various means. It may glide to
clothing and individual equipment. Trans the ground or ride on upward -moving air
portation general supplies include shelf currents. Gliders are also towed by air
items and items not ordinarily subject to planes .
special controls. Glider Badge, metallic badge denoting a glider
general supply and maintenance loading , load landing into enemy territory or completion
ing of a vessel with supply and mainte of prescribed tests by airborne personnel.
nance articles without regard to tactical glider landing zone, locality selected and des
requirements.
ignated in advance for the landing of
general support artillery, artillery which exe gliders in an operation or maneuver,
cutes the fires directed by the commander
glider pay, additional pay awarded members
of the unit to which it organically belongs
of airborne units whose primary military
or is attached . It fires in support of the
duty requires them to participate regularly
operation as a whole rather than in support
and frequently in glider flight and who
of a specific subordinate unit.
have been or are being trained for entry
Geneva Conventions, agreements between na into combat by glider.
tions at Geneva , establishing rules for the
glider pilot, person who operates or controls
treatment during war of the sick , the
a glider.
wounded , prisoners of war, etc .
glider troops, individuals and units trained
geodetic surveying , branch of surveying which
and equipped to enter combat by glider.
takes into account the curvature of the
earth . gliding angle, angle at which an aircraft
glides toward the earth ; angle between the
geographic code, system of secret code names
horizontal and the path of a gliding air
for towns and other points, used in signal
craft .
communication .
geographic coordinates, latitude and longi gliding ratio , ratio of the horizontal distance
tude ; north -south and east-west lines a glider will travel in the line of flight to
whose intersections are used to locate its loss of altitude.
physical points on a map . The origin for gliding turn , flight maneuver consisting of a
latitude is the equator and increases N and turn made during a glide.
S to 90°. Origin for longitude is the G -M angle, angular difference between grid
meridian or great circle passing through north and magnetic north measured east
Greenwich , England , called the “ Prime
or west from grid north .
Meridian” and increasing E and W to 180°.
Gold Palm . See Medal of Freedom .
geopolitics, study of political systems as influ
enced by geographical factors. Gold Star Lapel Button , metallic and enamel
ghost signals, reflections appearing on the button device issued to next of kin of per
radar indicator, the cause of which cannot sonnel who died in the service between
1941 and 1947 .
be readily determined.
gilding metal. soft metal used to jacket a goniometer, 1. instrument, used in surveying
small arms bullet ; this metal can be read for measuring angles ; 2 . electrical device
used in direction finding to determine the
ily engraved by the lands as the bullet
moves down the bore . azimuth of a signal picked up by a direc
tion finder antenna ; radiogoniometer.
gisement. See declination .
glacier ice , ice of glacial origin found under Good Conduct Clasp , metallic bar device issued
in lieu of second and succeeding issuances
old moraines and outwash deposits.
of the Good Conduct Medal.
glide bomb, winged missile powered by grav
ity. The wing loading is so high that it is Good Conduct Medal, service medal issued to
incapable of flight at the speeds of con enlisted personnel denoting exemplary be
ventional bombardment aircraft . Such a havior, efficiency, and fidelity subsequent to
missile must, therefore, be carried rather 1940 . See Good Conduct Clasp .
than towed. good - conduct time, time deducted from a pris
glide bombing , type of bombing in which the oner 's sentence for good behavior.
bomb is released when the airplane is in a goop, a compound containing finely divided
glide at an angle of less than 60° from the magnesium used as a constituent of cer
horizontal, tain incendiary bomb fillings.
 SR 320 –5 – 1
131 gra

Government agency, executive department, graduations, markings on a sight, dial, or

board , bureau , commission , or other agency scale which indicate measurable units ;
in the executive branch of the Federal used to measure such variables as traverse,
Government, or any corporation wholly pressure, adjustment, etc.
owned , either directly or through one or | grain , as applied to propellant, means one
more corporations, by the United States. piece, which may be used separately , ce
Government costs on construction , all expenses mented to other grains, or collectively with
of the Corps of Engineers for engineering other grains.
( including architect-engineering con - grand joint exercise. See joint exercise.
tracts) , inspection and supervision , field grand tactics, tactics dealing with military
administration , Government-furnished ma operations conducted by large groups of
terials or equipment, and division and dis
troops.
trict office overhead .
granulation, size and shape of grains of pro
Government-furnished property, all tangible pellent powder.
property of the Government furnished to graphic intersectio
n , intersection where the po
the contractor, including both property ac
sition of the unknown point is deter
quired by the Government and delivered to
the contractor and property acquired by mined by plotting the direction lines.
the contractor for the account of the Gov - | graphic scale, graduated line on the margin
ernment. of a map , by means of which distances on
the map may be measured in terms of
Government-owned contractor vehicles, Gov actual ground distances .
ernment-owned motor vehicles supplied to
contractors to the Department of the Army graphic training aid , device such as a chart ,
under the terms of property executed con poster, or portfolio illustrating some phase
tracts , and reclassified as “ contractor ve of doctrine to be used to assist in instruc
tion .
hicles" ; and motor vehicles acquired by
contractors from commercial sources where grass, in radar, random interference caused
title to the vehicle passes to the Depart primarily by circuit noise. The interfer
ment of the Army. ences appear as sharp, closely spaced dis
grad, unit of angular measurement based on continuities in the base line of radar indi
cators .
the 400th part of the circumference of a
circle . graticule , a system of lines representing lati
grade, 1. category in which an officer or en tude and longitude on a map or chart.
listed person is classified for basic pay and gratuitous indemnity, free indemnity effective
one of the bases of rank in the Army ; 2 . 27 June 1950 to survivors of persons who
slope of a hill, road , or railroad, usually die in the Armed Forces, in the amount of
expressed in percent or degree ; 3 . unit of $ 10,000 less the amount of any Govern
measure for angles based on the angle ment insurance in force , payable in 120
subtended by the 400th part of the cir equal monthly installments with interest
cumference of a circle ; 91o of a degree. at 272 per annum .
A right angle is thus 100 grades and 18is gratuity , money payment in addition to all
further subdivided into centigrades and
decimilligrades ; 4 . indication of the quality
authorized pay and allowances, such as the
payment made to the family of a soldier
or type of anything, especially ammunition . who has died or a missing soldier pre
grade chevron, cloth design shaped like an in sumed to be dead .
verted V to indicate the grade of an en
graves registration , supervision and execution
listed person above the grade of private. of matters pertaining to the evacuation ,
A grade chevron is worn with the point identification , and burial of the dead and
up , on the upper part of both sleeves. See collection and processing of their effects.
insignia .
graze, 1. pass close to the surface, as a shot
grade stake, stake of known elevation . that follows a path nearly parallel to the
gradient, 1. slope expressed as a fraction in ground and low enough to strike a stand
which the vertical distance is the numer ing man ; 2 . burst of a projectile at the
ator and the horizontal distance is the de instant of impact with the ground . In
nominator ; 2 . rate of change of tempera this meaning also called graze burst ; 3 .
ture or pressure in a given direction ; the sensing, in time fire , for a burst on im
mathematical expression giving the direc pact with the ground or other material ob
tion and amount of the most rapid rate ject on a level with or below the target.
of decrease of temperatu re or pressure. I graze burst , burst of a projectile at the in
graduation certificate. See Certificate of Pro- stant of impact with the ground . Also
ficiency . called graze .
 SR 320 _ 5 – 1
gra 132
grazing fire, fire which is approximately par- | grid coordinates, numbers and letters of a co
allel to the ground and does not rise above ordinate system which designate a point on
the height of a man , standing . a gridded map, photograph or chart.
grazing point, in the determination of dead grid declination . See declination .
space, the point where a trajectory touches gridded map, map on which is drawn a system
the mask . of grid lines running north and south , and
grease trap, device or container with which east and west. These lines are used in
grease and debris are separated from liquid locating points.
waste matter. It may be one of two grid junction , boundary between two grid
types ; bafile grease trap or filter grease zones, sometimes emphasized by shading.
trap .
| grid line, one of the lines in a grid system ;
great circle course , any course following the line used to divide a map into squares .
path of a circle that has its center at the East-west lines in a grid system are X
center of the earth . The great circle
course is the shortest distance between two
lines, and north -south lines are Y -lines.
grid north , upward ( northward ) direction of
points on the surface of the earth .
the arbitrary meridian or vertical grid
Greenwich Civil Time, mean solar time at the
lines (north -south grid lines ) usually
meridian of Greenwich in which the day found on military maps.
commences at midnight. Also called Uni
versal Time, grid system . See military grid system .
grid zone, area covered by grid lines based on
Greenwich hour angle , angle measured west
one origin , and for which grid tables are
along the celestial equator between the prepared for computing coordinates.
Greenwich meridian and the hour circle of
grille , in cryptography , sheet of paper, card
the heavenly body being observed . board , thin metal, plastic, or like material
Greenwich Zone Time, that time indicated by in which perforations have been made for
a letter suffix and being in a geographical the uncovering of spaces in which textual
area east or west of Greenwich as shown units may be written or read on the grid .
on official Time Zone Charts .
grip safety , safety mechanism that prevents
grenade, small explosive or chemical bomb a gun from being fired unless the stock is
thrown by hand or fired from a rifle , car firmly grasped while the trigger is pulled .
bine, or special grenade thrower. Ex It is used mainly on automatic pistols .
amples : hand grenade, rifle grenade, and
grommet, 1 . device made of rope, plastic, rub
frangible grenade.
ber or metal to protect the rotating band of
grenade court, training ground laid out for projectiles ; 2 . a ring of stiffening material
instruction in throwing grenades. used in the inside circumference of the
grenade launcher, extension attached to the peak of the service cap to maintain rigidity
muzzle of a rifle or carbine that converts of shape.
the weapon into a device for firing rifle groove, 1. any one of several spiral channels
grenades. See launcher . cut in the bore of a gun to rotate the pro
grenade net , net of chicken wire, or the like jectile when it is fired . The raised sur
placed over a trench etc ., as a protection faces between grooves are lands ; rifling
against grenades . consists of both lands and grooves ; 2 . See
grenade pit, pit , usually at the bottom of an crimping groove, fringing groove.
I gross settlement, in final settlement of a con
incline, to catch hand grenades and limit
the effects of their explosion . tractor claim , the dollar amount agreed
grenade projection adapter, mechanical device
upon by the contractor and contracting
officer before deductions for disposal credits
which enables hand grenades to be fired
and partial, advance or progress pay
from grenade launchers. ments have been made.
grey propaganda, propaganda which avoids gross space , the entire inside area of covered
identification either as of enemy or friendly storage space and the over -all area of open
origin and is indeterminate as to source. storage space, no deductions being made for
grid, system of lines superimposed on aerial structural losses. Includes transit shed
photos, mosaics , maps, and other projec space .
tions of the earth ' s surface, which permits | gross space available for storage, gross space
the identification of ground locations with less nonstorage space. Includes transit
respect to the indicated reference system , shed space when used or available for stor
i. e . : grid system . age.
grid , air defense. See air defense grid . ground alert, status in which aircraft on the
grid azimuth , azimuth measured from grid ground are fully serviced , armed , and with
north . combat crews in readiness to take off
 SR 320– 5 – 1
133 G3

within a specified short period of time I ground signal, pyrotechnic signal fired from a
(usually 15 minutes) after receipt of a ground signal projector.
mission order . ground signal projector, device for firing pyro
ground alert method , one of three methods of technic signals or flares into the air from
using fighter aviation in air defense. With the ground .
this method the defending fighter force is | ground speed , speed of an aircraft in reference
held ready on the ground for immediate to the ground, in contrast to air speed ,
take-off upon receiving warning of ap which is the speed of the aircraft in refer
proaching enemy aircraft. Other methods ence to the air through which it flies.
of using fighter aviation are the air alert ground strafing , attack upon ground troops by
method and the search patrolmethod. low -flying aircraft using bombs, machine
ground badge, a type of badge awarded to guns, and cannon .
members of the army to recognize the im ground survey , survey made by ground meth
portant role performed by persons fre ods as distinguished from an aerial survey .
quently subject to hazards or hardships. A ground survey may or may not include
Examples, combat infantryman badge, the use of ground photographs, but does
medicalbadge, parachutist bådge, etc. See not include the use of aerial photographs.
badge.
ground umpire, umpire who judges the effec
ground control, system of points accurately lo tiveness of the actions of ground troops in
cated by ground survey , with which cor maneuvers, as contrasted with an air um
responding points in aerial photographs are pire, who judges the effectiveness of air
matched , as a check on the photographs. actions during maneuvers .
ground crew , ground personnel connected with ground zero , the point on the surface of land
air operations, such as the maintenance or water vertically below or above the
crew of an aircraft .
center of a burst of an atomic weapon ;
ground ice, ( Subsoil-ice, underground- ice, fos also called surface zero.
sil-ice , subterranean -ice, stone- ice , boden group , 1 . flexible administrative and tactical
eis, ureis, jordbundeis. Term " glacier” unit composed of two or more battalions ;
used by miner in Alaska .) Bodies of more 2 . mechanical unit made up of a number
or less clear ice in frozen ground . Ex of parts that function as a whole ; 3 . one
cludes ice of glacial origin . or more symbols forming a unit whether of
grounding, a temporary removal from flying transmission or of cryptography . See
status for a minor illness or injury of less army group ; boat group; embarkation group ;
than 30 days duration . tactical air control group ; tractor group ;
ground observation , observation of enemy or transport group .
friendly positions, activities, fire, etc., from group count, symbol or symbols revealing the
a point on the ground. number of groups or words in a designated
ground observation post, location from which portion of a message, usually the body.
ground observation is conducted . group firing, practice firing of small arms by
ground pattern , concentration of parachutists groups rather than by individuals .
or aerial delivery containers on the ground group of fires, two or more concentrations cov
after a drop. ering a tactical locality too large to be
ground photography , still photography taken covered by a single concentration . The
from the ground . concentrations within a group may be fired
ground position indicator, navigation device either consecutively or concurrently .
used by pathfinder aircraft to assist in group study classes, classes organized under
making an accurate approach to a selected the Army education program on military
drop or landing zone. installations and conducted by military or
ground projector. See ground signal projector. I civilian instructors.
ground readiness, that status wherein aircraft grouser, one of a number of projections on a
• can be armed and serviced and personnel tractor or tank track or automobile wheel
alerted to take off within a specified time to increase traction .
after receiving orders. G -series (war gases), group of persistent blood
ground reconnaissance, reconnaissance con and nerve poisons which are highly toxic
ducted by units that operate only on the and practically odorless. GA, GB, and
ground. GD are members of the G -series.
ground return , a connecting element of an G 3 air , an assistant G3 on the staff of each
electrical circuit. See clutter . division , corps, army, army group , and
ground rigging, ropes and tackle used to an theater headquarters, who is especially
chor a bedded -down balloon to the ground trained in the methods of employment of
cable . air effort.
 SR 320– 5 – 1
G 3 134
G 3 air net, for providing communications be- | guard roster, record of the date of each tour
tween G 3 air subsections, and ground liai of guard duty performed by soldiers in a
son officer teams at appropriate air force unit .
units for exchange of battle information .
guerilla , a general term used to denote any
G 2 air, an assistant G 2 on the staff of each person , military or civilian , who engages in
corps , army, army group , and theater head guerilla warfare .
quarters who is especially trained in the
guerilla warfare, operations carried on by in
capabilities and limitations of tactical air
reconnaissance and photographic recon dependent or semi-independent forces in
the rear of the enemy. These operations
naissance in air -ground operations.
usually are conducted by irregular forces
G 2 air net, for providing communications be acting either separately from , or in con
tween G 2 air subsections and ground liai
junction with , regular forces but may at
son officer teams at air reconnaissance times be conducted entirely with regular
units for exchange of battle information . troops. The objective of these operations
G 2 air and G 3 air operations sections, staff is to harass, delay , and disrupt the mili
section under G 3 at division level ; subsec tary operations of the enemy possibly
tion of both G 2 and G 3 at corps and leading to civil war and they normally are
higher levels , composed of army personnel characterized by the extensive use of un
specially trained in air -ground operations. orthodox tactics, passive resistance , espi
guaranteed loan , loan made to a war produc onage, sabotage, diversion , assassination ,
tion contractor by a financing institution and propaganda .
and guaranteed by the Department of the guide, 1 . person who leads a unit or vehicle
Army. over a predetermined route or to a selected
guard, 1 . individual or group given the task of area ; 2 . person placed at the side or front
protecting an encampment, station , or the of a formation to regulate the direction
like, from a surprise attack , or to prevent and rate of marching ; 3 . unit named as the
the escape or hostile action of prisoners . one with respect to which other units reg
A guard keeps a systematic watch over the ulate their positions.
place or persons entrusted to his care. An guide center, command to regulate march on
interior guard keeps watch within the lim
its of a post, camp, or station ; 2 . act as a the center guide or center element of a
guard ; 3 . curved piece of metal on a gun formation .
within which the trigger is located and guided missile, an unmanned vehicle moving
which protects the trigger . In this mean above the earth' s surface whose trajectory
ing, usually called trigger guard ; 4 . posi or flight path is capable of being altered
tion in bayonet practice in which one holds by a mechanism within the vehicle .
a rifle with the bayonet pointed at the guided propagation , concentration of the radar
enemy' s throat, ready for instant attack .
beam along a path .
guard ammunition , ammunition with a re guide flag, flag placed at a point to show the
duced propelling charge, used for guard position of a unit, direction or route to be
purposes ; a guard cartridge. followed, a danger zone, etc.
guard band, band of frequencies allocated to guide
left (right), 1. command to regulate
prevent interference between radio sta
tions. march on the left (right) guide or the left
(right) element of a formation ; 2 . order
guard detail, men assigned to perform guard to the guide to move to the left (right) of
duty for a given period , usually 1 day. a formation .
guardhouse, the confinement facility under
the jurisdiction of an installation com guide on me, order given by a battery com
mander for a unit to follow his movements.
mander .
This unit then becomes the guide for other
guard mount, ceremony at which the new units .
guard is installed and the old guard |
relieved . guides on line, command given by the com
mander of a marching unit at a review ,
guard of honor, guard detailed to accompany parade, etc., at which the guides of the
distinguished persons at a ceremony, or the unit leave their places and run up to the
caskets of deceased military personnel at guide positions on the line along which the
a funeral. unit will halt and form for the parade.
guard report, report submitted to the proper | guides post, command given by the adjutant
authority by the commander of a guard at of a unit at a review , parade, etc ., at which
the close of each period of duty .
the guides of the subordinate units resume
guardroom , quarters occupied by the guard their proper places in line. The command
during its tour of sentinel duty . is given after all the marching elements
 SR 320 –5 – 1
135 gun

have reached , and halted on , the line of gunner, 1. person who operates a gun, such
guides from which the review begins. as a machine-gun operator ; 2 . noncom
guidon, 1. flag with swallowtailed end , car missioned officer who does the actual lay
ing of a gun .
- ried by units for identification ; 2 . bearer
soldier who carries the guidon . gunner's quadrant, instrument used for laying
gun , 1. any firearm , except small or hand the gun for elevation . It measures the
arms, using solid projectile ; 2 . generally, vertical angle which the axis of the bore
in artillery, cannon above 25 calibers makes with the horizontal ; quadrant.
( length 25 times the bore ) , or of relatively gunner 's rule , method of determining safe
long barrel, operating with a relatively low range for firing machine guns and recoil
angle of fire and having a high muzzle less rifles over the heads of friendly troops
velocity ; 3 . in antiaircraft artillery ; can when the range to the target is 900 yards
non which is 90 -mm or larger, and which or less for machine guns and 1 ,000 yards
may be used against high - flying aircraft. or less for recoilless rifles.
gun book , log that records the history of the gunnery, the practical handling of guns.
operations and inspections of a particular Gunnery includes the study of the flight of
gun. projectiles and the technical problems in
gun car, railroad car used for transporting volved in firing.
cannon . gunnery officer, officer in an artillery bat
gun carriage, mobile or fixed support for a talion who is responsible for the work of
gun . It sometimes includes the elevating the fire-direction center of the battalion .
and traversing mechanisms. Sometimes He supervises the work preliminary to
called carriage. firing , such as the preparation of firing
guncotton , explosive made by treating cotton data, construction of the firing chart, com
with nitric and sulphuric acids ; nitrocot putation of corrections, and determination
of all elements required by the battalion
ton . Guncotton is used to carry the flame
commander for effective control of all bat
to the burster in some projectiles , and in
electric priming devices. Guncotton is teries of the battalion .
also used in making certain high -grade gunnery personnel, personnel that carry out
smokeless powders. It is a nitrocellulose the work of the fire -direction center of an
with a high nitrogen content. artillery battalion in preparing firing data
gun -defended area, an air defense restricted and determining other elements required
area defined as the zone, and the air space by the battalion for centralized control of
above it which is denied to friendly air the fire of its batteries .
craft except under certain specified gun operational control, control over the posi
conditions. tion of barrage balloons by the regional
gun density, the number of guns which may antiaircraft artillery commander, so as
be brought to bear on a given target. not to interfere with antiaircraft artillery
fire.
gun displacement, 1 . distance from a gun to
the directing point or the base piece of a | gun park , ground occupied by battery pieces
battery ; 2 . movement of a gun to a new in garrison , camp, or bivouac.
firing position . gun pointer's shield , metal sheet that protects
gun emplacement, firing location of a gun to the gun pointer.
gether with necessary installations, such gun pointing data . See firing data .
as camouflage, ammunition supply, etc.
gunpowder . See black powder .
gunfire, use of artillery , rifles, and small arms
as distinguished from the use of bayonet, gun rack . See arms rack .
sword , torpedoes, and bombs. | gun rail, track for machine -gun carriage
gun group, major parts of a gun , considered mounts that extends around the body of
as a unit distinct from its mount. a scout càr or a similar open , armored
vehicle .
gun hoist, device placed near the breech of a
gun for lifting powder and projectiles. gun section, in field artillery, subdivision of
gun junction box, container for the connec
a battery consisting of a gun with proper
personnel and equipment.
tions of the wires and cables from the data
transmission system , the power system , gun shed , covered area where guns and other
indicators, etc., on an individual gun . artillery materiel are stored .
gun lever, pivoted arm on a disappearing car- gun shelter , bulletproof blind or shield used
riage by means of which the gun is raised to mask openings in permanent fortifica
into firing position . I tions for guns when the gun is not in
SR 320- 5 - 1
gun 136
firing position . In the field , gun shelter guy pin , peg driven into the ground to secure
is a cover that conceals and protects at a guy wire .
gun position . guy rope, rope fastened to a peg in the ground
gun shield , armor plate attached to a gun car to steady a tent ; anchored rope, used to
riage to protect the mechanism and the steady a structure.
crew from enemy fire . gyroplane, type of rotor plane in which sup
gun slide, 1. portion of a gun which rests on port in the air is chiefly derived from air
the cradle guides ; 2. part of a plotting and foils freely rotating about an approxi
relocating board mechanism . mately vertical axis. The air foils rotate
because of the aerodynamie forces acting
gun sling , strap attached to a rifle or carbine
on them due to the forward speed of the
to be placed over a man 's shoulder to sus plane as contrasted with a helicopter, in
tain the weight of the firearm on the march
which the air foils are mechanically ro
and to hold it steady when being fired . tated . An autogyro is a type of gyroplane.
Also called sling .
gyrostabilizer, mechanism which stabilizes
gun -target line, imaginary straight line from the vertical motion of a tank gun, regard
a gun to a target. less of the pitching motion of the tank
gun wave. See muzzle wave. while moving .

hachure, short line in shading, drawn in the 1 It is driven by the track alone or by the
direction of steepest slope, used on some wheels and track together .
types of maps to show differences in halt, 1. command to stop any proceedings, es
heights of land. pecially to stop marching ; 2 . period of rest
halazone tablet, individual water purification in a march ; 3. bring to a stop ; bring to a
tablet. halt.
half cock , position of the hammer of a small halt area, place where a command is halted to
arm weapon when it is held by the first assemble , eat, reorganize, rest , or refuel.
cocking notch , with the trigger locked and halt order, order in which the time, place, and
the weapon relatively safe. other details of a halt are specified . Halt
half duplex. See simplex . orders are sometimes included as part of
half left (right) , 1. direction , 45° to the left march orders , but may be issued separately
(right) of the original front, in which a after a march starts .
soldier faces in executing the command halving, division of the field of view , observed
" Left ( right) oblique, march ; " 2 . prepara - from a coincidence type range finder , into
tory command to face in a direction 45° to two equal portions, one the exact mirror
the left (right) of the original front. This image of the other.
movement is done from the position of halving adjustment, adjustment of a coinci.
attention . dence type range finder so that the two
half- loaded , in automatic arms, belt or maga sections of the field of view , divided by the
zine inserted and receiver charged , but halving line, are exact mirror images of
without the first cartridge actually in the each other .
chamber. halving line, line that divides the two parts of
half-mast. See half-staff . the field of view of a coincidence type
range finder into exactly equal mirror
half- staff, position of a flag lowered about
images of each other.
halfway down its staff as a mark of respect
for the dead or as a distress signal. hammer, part of the firing mechanism of a
gun that strikes the firing pin or percussion
half step , 1. preparatory command in close cap and fires the gun,
order drill for troops to take half steps ;
2 . step 15 inches long in quicktime march hammer gun , gun with an outside, visible
ing and 18 inches long in double-time hammer ,
marching . hammerless gun, gun with a wholly inclosed
half thickness, thickness of absorbing mate- hammer and firing mechanism .
rial necessary to reduce by one-half the hammer pin , pin that holds the hammer in its
intensity of radiation which passes through correct operating position in a gun, and
it . T upon which the hammer turns.
half -track vehicle, combination wheeled and hand arms, all weapons such as submachine
and tracklaying vehicle in which the rear guns, automatic pistols , revolvers , or
end is supported by a complete band track swords, that can be carried and used by
and the front end is supported on wheels . I hand ; hand weapons .
 SR 320 –5 – 1
137 har
hand -fork truck . See hand lift truck. hangfire, temporary failure or delay in the
hand grenade, small projectile filled with ex action of a primer, igniter, or propelling
plosives or chemical agent and fitted with charge . For a few seconds it cannot be
means of detonation or ignition ; normally distinguished from a complete failure, or
thrown by hand. Hand grenades are di misfire .
vided into three general types : explosive, hangfire test, test to determine uniformity
chemical and training grenades. and promptness of fire of a type of ammu
handguard, wooden part of a shoulder gun nition .
which covers the barrel beyond the breech hangwire, length of wire connecting the fuze
mechanism . assembly of an aerial flare or bomb to the
hand lift truck , small, hand -operated, light structure of an aircraft . The wire re
duty truck of limited capacity used in moves the safety and arms the fuze after
storage warehouses. A hand skid truck is the flare or bomb has fallen the wire's
hand lift truck designed for handling skids. length from the aircraft ; in some flares it
A hand fork truck or hand pallet truck is opens a parachute or stabilizing sleeve.
a hand lift truck designed for handling harass, annoy and disturb the enemy by
pallets . raids, war gas, continual or intermittent
hand -operating device, mechanism on certain fire, or other distracting operations.
automatic firing weapong that permits the harassing attack , prolonged attack in which
piece to be prepared by hand for firing. a concentration of war gas is maintained
in a specified area to force troops to wear
hand -pallet truck. See hand lift truck . protective masks and take other protective
hand reel, hand -operated reel for transport measures.
ing and handling telephone and telegraph
wire in the field . harassing concentration. See concentration.
hand salute, salute made by smartly raising harassing fire, fire of less intensity than neu
tralization , designed to inflict losses , or by
the right hand till the tip of the forefinger
touches the brim of the cap, or, when the threat of losses, to disturb the rest of
uncovered , the right eyebrow , with the the enemy troops , to curtail movement,
palm to the left, fingers extended and and in general, to lower morale .
joined , followed by smartly dropping the harassing gas, war gas used to handicap
arm to the side. A hand salute is the troops in carrying out missions by forcing
prescribed salute when a rifle is not car them to wear masks or take other gas
ried . protective measures .
handset, telephone in which the transmitter , harassing tactics , tactics intended to annoy
receiver , and connecting handle form a and hinder rather than to destroy such as
single piece. repeated minor attacks , as in " hit and
hand-skid truck . See hand lift truck . run " tactics.
harbor channel area , water area which lies be
handspike, handle attached to the trails of tween the harbor area and the inner bar
certain pieces for ease in handling.
bor area , and which comprises all the
hand truck , hand-propelled device with two or |
entrance channels to the harbor.
more 'wheels for transporting light loads
short distances in storage warehouses. harbor craft, all vessels , self-propelled and
nonpropelled , which
The two-wheeled hand truck is the ordinary utilized
are by the
stevedore truck with the iron bill and two Army within harbor areas, bays, rivers ,
upright handles connected with a frame on sounds, and other protected water . These
which loads may be balanced. The four consist chiefly of tugs, barges , floating
wheeled hand truck may have wheels ar cranes, personnel and small cargo carriers.
ranged in various ways, but basically it is In general, their overall length is less than
200 feet with gross tonnage usually not
a platform on wheels which can be pushed
about by hand . exceeding 1000.
hand weapon. See hand arms. harbor defense, administrative and tactical
organization provided for defense of a har
handwheel, control wheel on guns, radars, bor or other limited coastal area, prin
searchlights, sound -locator systems, etc., cipally against air or sea attack .
used in adjusting azimuth or traverse, and
harbor entrance control post, joint Army and
elevation or range.
Navy installation established for the pur
hang, lock the receiver or bolt of a gun in an pose of coordinating the operations of the
open position. Army and Navy elements in the defense of
hanger, part of a bayonet scabbard or canteen the harbor.
cover by which they may be attached to hard, portion of a beach especially prepared
the belt. with a hard surface extending into the
SR 320_ 5 - 1
har 138
water employed for the purpose of loading hasty trench , shallow trench usually dug
or unloading vehicles and material di- under enemy fire or threat of immediate
rectly into or from landing ships or craft. attack .
hardstand (ings) , 1. paved or graded area on hatch list, list showing for each hold section
an airdrome or in the dispersal area where of a cargo vessel a description of the
aircraft are parked with or without pro items stowed, the cubic feet and weight in
tection against blast and fire ; 2 , paved or pounds of each , the consignee of each , and
graded area where vehicles are parked the total cubic feet and pounds of material
with or without protection against blast in the hold .
and fire ; 3 . open ground area having a haversack , piece of canvas with flaps and
prepared surface and used for storage ofI straps designed to enable a soldier to carry
supplies and material. It is primarily of individual equipment and supplies on his
two types high grade hardstanding, and back ; knapsack .
semifinished hardstanding . hazardous material open storage space, any
harmonization , adjustment of a gon in rela area designated for the storage of mate
tion to its sights so that the curviog path rials of a toxic or nonexplosive hazardous
of its projectile meets the straignt line of nature .
sight at the target. hazardous supplies , supplies which are danger
ous to personnel or property because of
harness, assembly by which a parachute is
attached to its wearer or to objects to be their combustible , explosive, or poisonous
nature.
dropped from a plane.
haze, smoke placed in a sufficient amount on ,
hasty crossing, crossing a stream by swim around, or over friendly troops to restrict
ming, fording , or using rafts put together accurate enemy observation and fire but
on the spot. not enough to hamper friendly operations.
hasty defense, a defense normally organized | HC mixture, solid , nonpersistent screening
while in contact with the enemy or when smoke which , when burning , produces a
contact is imminent and time available for grayish white smoke having a sharp , acrid
the organization is limited. It is charac odor and which is toxic if released in suffi
terized by improvement of the natural cient quantities in enclosed places ; used in
defensive strength of the terrain by utili bombs, shell, grenades, and smoke pots .
zation of foxholes, emplacements, and ob The smoke is cool burning as contrasted
stacles. See deliberate defense. with white phosphorus, and tends to cling
hasty field fortifications, fox hole , trench , gun to the earth .
emplacement, or obstacle constructed under | HCN canister, rectangular special purpose
fire or under threat of immediate attack . canister painted yellow with a white top
A hasty field fortification is generally less containing a mechanical filter and chemical
elaborate than a deliberate field fortifica filling which protects against hydrogen
tion , which is constructed more carefully cyanide, cyanogen chloride, and other acid
and not under fire or threat of attack . and organic vapors ; component of a
special mask .
hasty intrenchment, simple intrenchment con
structed under fire or under threat of imme head, 1. first element in a column in order of
diate attack . Common types of hasty march or advance ; 2 . curved forward part
intrenchment are the fox hole, improved up to, and including the pointed end of a
shell hole, and shallow connecting trench . projectile. In this meaning , also called
ogive ; 3 . flat circular part of the base of a
hasty mine field , field of mines quickly laid as cartridge case ; the covering area sur
a protection against an enemy attack . rounding the face of the primer pocket ;
When practicable it is laid in a definite 4 . small part that holds the cylinder on its
pattern , as is a deliberate field, but meas axis in a revolver .
urements are approximate rather than
exact. head and chest set, telephone set consisting of
a light-weight, chest-type transmitter and
hasty profile, rough cross -section sketch , con a single earpiece receiver, equipped to plug
structed from a contour map , showing the into a circuit.
comparative elevations of the principal
de principa header , a distribution point. Example, head
high points of the terrain . er valves ; so connected that a single pump
hasty sling adjustment, rapid method of ad may pump through , across, or from any
justing a gun sling to help steady a rifle one of a series of valves . Header of a
while shooting ; hasty sling. The sling is washer ; a series of two idle pulleys and
passed under and behind the left arm . one drive pulley, so that the straight and
This adjustment is quicker but less steady across belts may transmit the power to
than the loop sling adjustment. rotate the cylinder in first one direction
 139
SR 320– 5–1
hel

and then the other, connecting to a shift- , heated storage space, space in which the tem
ing device that controls it to give a cer- perature is controlled within specified
tain number of revolutions each way. limits by the application of heat.
Also the main steam line entering the heavy antiaircraft artillery, conventional anti
plant from the boiler room . aircraft artillery pieces larger than 90 -mm ,
head harness , component of gas and protec the weight of which in a trailed mount is
tive mask facepieces consisting of elastic greater than 40 ,000 pounds.
webbing straps which holds the facepiece heavy artillery, 155 -mm gun and all guns and
firmly in place on the head . howitzers of larger caliber.
heading , the part of an order or message heavy-case bomb, type of high explosive bomb
containing all elements preceding the in which the weight of the container is
text. large in proportion to the weight of the
head nurse, officer in the Army Nurse Corps bursting charge.
responsible to the ward officer for the heavy drop, system of delivery of heavy sup :
administration of the nursing service in a plies and equipment by parachute from an
single unit (one or more wards ) in a aircraft in flight. A separate extraction
clinical section , parachute and conveyor system are used to
eject the load from the aircraft .
head of column, first element of a column in
order of march . heavy drop platform , platform to which heavy
items of equipment to be delivered by the
headquarters , 1. place from which the chief or heavy drop system are attached .
commanding officer of an organization heavy - lift cargo , 1 . a heavy piece of cargo that
issues orders and conducts administrative
and tactical work ; 2. group of officers and requires a heavy - lift crane to raise and
enlisted personnel forming the directing lower it ; 2 . pieces or parcels of cargo hay
ing a weight in excess of the maximum
and coordinating head of a tactical or capacity of a ship 's regular cargo booms ;
administrative unit , usually including the
3. pieces or parcels of cargo for which
unit commander, his staff, and attached. additional heavy - lift charges must be paid
personnel, that performs duties in relation
to administration , intelligence, communica for excess weight, in accordance with the
provisions of the tariffs of a steamship
tions, and other necessary activities. In
line or a steamship conference.
this meaning , also called command element.
heavy machine gun , classification of machine
headquarters battery , administrative and tac guns including the .30 caliber water-cooled
tical element of an artillery battalion or machine gun , and all .50 caliber machine
larger unit , with personnel used for pur guns.
poses of administration , intelligence, sur
vey communications, and other necessary heavy shellproof shelter, shelter that can pro
activities. tect against continuous bombardment by
shells of 8 inch or larger caliber .
headquarters company, administrative and tac- | heavy tank , any tank whose weight is from 56
tical element of a battalion or larger unit , to 85 tons.
with personnel used for purposes of admin
istration , intelligence, communications , heavy weapons, all weapons such as mortars ,
and other necessary activities. howitzers, guns, heavy machine guns, and
recoilless rifles , which are usually part of
headquarters detachment, administrative and infantry equipment.
tactical element of a battalion or larger hedgeh
larger hedgehog, portable obstacle made of three
unit. In this meaning a headquarters
poles or logs crossed and bound at their
detachment usually differs from a head- 1 centers to make a framework of hour -glass
quarters company in that it has fewer | shape, the whole laced with barbed wire.
personnel.
heel, upper corner of the butt of a rifle stock
headquarters net, net established for com - held in firing position .
munication between elements of a head - height finder, a radar equipment, used to de
quarters .
termine height of aerial targets.
headquarters ship , naval vessel from which height of burst, vertical distance from the
naval, landing force, and air commanders ground, or target, to the point of burst.
exercise control in landing operation18.
s. height of site, altitude of a gun above some
head space, distance between the face of the standard level, such as sea level.
bolt and the base of a cartridge case fully helical scanning. the scanning motion of a
seated in the chamber. radar antenna in which a point on the
headwind , a 12 o'clock wind, which blows axis of the transmitted beam describes a
from the target to the observer . distorted helix . The antenna rotates con
SR 320_ 5 – 1
hel 140
tinuously about the vertical axis while the body with left wrist in front of left
elevation angle changes slowly from the shoulder, right wrist near the right hip.
horizontal to the vertical. high -pressure test ammunition, ammunition
helicopter, a type of plane whose support in with an especially powerful propelling
· the air is normally derived from airfoils charge. High -pressure test ammunition is
mechanically rotated about an approxi- | used in proof firing only.
mately vertical axis. high speed coiled wire, telephone wire designed
hellograph , mirror device for signaling by to faciiltate wire laying at relatively high
means of the sun 's rays ; heliotrope. speeds without the use of a conventional
helmet, any regulation protective headgear. reel unit , may be back packed , vehicular or
A steel hat worn as protection against aircraft mounted .
shrapnel, light bullets, and bomb fragments high test bleach , type of bleach containing
is a helmet . twice asmuch available chlorine as regular
aviator's helmet , warm leather or cloth bleach which , when it releases chlorine
headgear, often provided with earphones, neutralizes blister gases ; not issued as a
used in aircraft. standard decontaminant.
crash helmet, heavy padded helmet worn as high velocity, 1. muzzle velocity of an artillery
protection against head injuries in tanks projectile of from 3 ,000 feet per second to ,
or aircraft . but not including 3,500 feet per second .
See hyper velocity . 2 . velocities of small
helmet liner, stiff fabric or plastic headgear arms ammunition between 3 ,500 and 5 ,000
fitting inside a metal helmet, with an ad
feet per second . 3 . velocities of tank can
justable band for the head . non projectiles between 1,550 and 3 ,350
H -hour, the term used to designate the un feet per second.
announced hour at which an operation is to highway capability , the number of vehicles
commerce . Other letters of the alphabet
(highway vehicle capability ) or the num
may be used except D , J , or M . See D -day .
ber of short tons payload (highway ton
high altitude bombing, type of horizontal bomb nage capability ) which can be moved over
ing with the height of release at an alti a highway with proper consideration of
tude of over 15 ,000 feet, usually involving type of roadway, maintenance, hills ,
the performance of precise sighting oper curves, weather, other traffic, type of ve
ations.
hicle employed , etc.
high -angle fire, fire delivered at elevations highway capacity, maximum traffic flow ob
greater than the elevation of maximum tainable on a given roadway using all avail
range ; fire the range of which decreases as able lanes. See highway capability.
the angle of elevation is increased. Mor
tars deliver high-angle fire. highway dispatch. See highway regulation .
high -burst ranging, adjustment of gunfire by highway information post, post established by
observation of air bursts ; air -burst rang. the military police for the purpose of fur
ing. nishing information to facilitate efficient
traffic movement. May be used to supple
high entanglement. See high wire entangle ment highway regulation points and high
ment. way traffic control posts .
high explosive, explosive which undergoes an
extremely rapid chemical transformation , highway regulation , planning, routing , and
thereby producing a high order detonation scheduling the actual use of highways by
and shattering effect. High explosives are vehicles , personnel afoot (including troops,
used as bursting charges for bombs, pro refugees and civilians) and animals , to
jectiles, grenades, mines, and for demoli utilize highway transportation facilities
tion . and equipment most effectively , in order to
high explosive shell, projectile with a burst meet operational requirements .
ing charge of high explosive, used against highway regulation order, order prescribing
· personnel and materiel. route, schedule , time, date, rate of march ,
and other details affecting a particular
high oblique. See oblique aerial photograph . march . It is issued by a highway regula
high order detonation, complete and instan tion office on authority of the appropriate
taneous explosion . commander . It may have SOP attached ,
high -piling, stacking goods on wharf or in or refer to appropriate SOP.
warehouse above the height of an average | highway regulation point. point on the high
man .
way at which the highway transport serv
gh port, position in which a rifle is carried ice records and reports the arrival and
while a soldier is charging or jumping . departure of , and regulates elements of
The rifle is carried diagonally across the highway movement by issuing instructions
 SR 320– 5 – 1
141 hol

for continuance of the march , detours, history , detailed , documented history of a

diversions, schedules, etc. military unit or establishment, including
highway tonnage capability. See highway ca the record of its important activities .
pability. Also called historical record .
highway traffic control, the enforcement of the hit, 1. impact on the target ; 2. strike a target.
rules of the road , traffic regulations, and hit-and -run tactics, repeated attacks and with
road discipline, including spot direction . drawals, in which the attacking force
It is a function of the provost marshal and refuses to stay and fight out an engage
· military police . ment. “ Hit-and -run " tactics are intended
highway traffic control post, point on the high to harass the enemy.
way at which the military police enforce hold , 1. cargo stowage compartment aboard
highway traffic control and furnish infor ship ; 2. maintain or retain possession of
mation and directions. by force, as of a position or an area ; 3. in
highway traffic regulation point, point on the attack , exert sufficient pressure to prevent
highway at which the highway transport movement or redistribution of the enemy' s
service records and reports the arrival and forces.
departure of, and regulates elements of holder, authorized possessor of cryptographic
highway movement by issuing instructions documents, devices, or publications.
for continuance of the march , detours, holdfast , series of pickets driven into the
diversions, schedules , etc. ground and used for anchoring a line.
highway transport, vehicles, units, personnel, The pickets are driven one behind the
organization , and system used in highway other, in line with the pull from the cable
transportation . and they are lashed to each other for
highway transportation survey, investigation mutual support.
and study of transportation operations in hold file, file where documents are filed tem
the field for the purpose of determining porarily, waiting for further action .
efficiency of operation , maintenance, and hold fire, antiaircraft artillery action status
utilization of vehicles or roadways. which restricts all antiaircraft artillery
highway transport service pool, units such as fire against a partciular flight or flights .
truck and car companies, which provide a Hold fire does not impose a blanket re
general hauling service for a theater, com striction on an entire antiaircraft artillery
munications zone or section thereof, defended area and all flights therein but
through the centralized command and only on certain flights indicated by the
operational control of the appropriate operations officer on duty in the antiair
highway transport service . craft operations room .
high wire entanglement, obstacle constructed holding and reconsignment point, a transit
ofbarbed wire crisscrossed between a series storage installation , operated by the
of stakes five or six feet high . Transportation Corps, usually located 50
to 250 miles or 24 -hours rail running time
hill shading , system of showing relief on a
from a port of embarkation , and charged
map by shadows caused by an imaginary with receiving , temporary warehousing,
oblique light assumed to be shining on the dispatching , and reshipping transit freight
map from a northerly direction . en route to ports for oversea shipment for
historical monograph , narrative account of which immediate accommodations are not
the development of policy and program in available at points of origin and port
a particular field of activity . areas.
historical record, 1. detailed, documented his holding attack , attack designed to hold the
tory of a military unit or establishment, enemy in position , to deceive him as to
including the record of its important where the main attack is being made, to
activities. In this meaning, also called prevent him from reinforcing the elements
history ; 2. record , with costs, of all major opposing the main attack , and to cause
construction work , alterations, or addi him to commit his reserves prematurely
tions, at an Army installation . and at an indecisive location . Also called
historical ride, mounted exercise in military containing action .
tactics in which a historical battle or cam holding element. See holding force.
paign is studied on the actual ground holding force, force assigned to hold a place
where it took place. or position ; force that carries out a hold
historical walk , exercise in military tactics, tack .
18 attack
made on foot, in which a historical battle holding garrison , that part of a defending
or campaign is studied on the actual force charged with the immediate defense
ground where it took place. of the main line of resistance . Term ap .
SR 320 –5 – 1
hol 142
plies to front-line infantry battalion de- . taching a glider tow rope to both glider
fense areas. L and tow plane.
holding station , medical treatment facility hopper car, car with sloping floor which will
established by a medical holding unit at discharge a major portion of its load by
a railhead , airhead, or port to provide gravity through hopper doors.
temporary shelter and emergency medical horizontal base. See base line.
treatment for patients who are awaiting
further transportation .
horizontal base line method, method of locat
ing targets or other points by intersection
hold -off , the method of aiming an individual from two observation stations located at
small arms weapon at a point different opposite ends of a base line. See target
from that which the bullet is intended to area base line.
strike in order to compensate for inaccu
horizontal clock system , system used in de
rate sight setting caused by lack of time or scribing the direction of the wind by refer
other considerations. ence to the figures on an imaginary clock
hollow cone charge, charge designed to concen dial. The firing point is considered the
trate its explosive force in one direction . center of the clock and the target is at 12
Also called behive-shaped charge. o 'clock . A 3 o 'clock wind comes directly
home parole. See parole. from the right. A 9 o 'clock wind comes
home port, Department of the Army port directly from the left.
which is the headquarters of a transport. horizontal control, system of geographic points
homing device, electronic equipment used to whose positions in a horizontal plane are
locate a transmitter. accurately known, used in constructing a
homing station , a radio aid to navigation on map or chart.
incorporating direction finding facilities. horizontal control operator, technician in the
homing system of guidance, system whereby fire-direction center who plots and meas
controls within a missle caused it to homel ures horizontal angles and ranges for firing
on, or fly to, a target due to some distin data.
guishing characteristics of the target, such horizontal loading , type of loading whereby
as, sound, heat, light, and radar reflectors. I items of like character are loaded in hori.
honeycomb, store or remove supplies in such a zontal layers through the hold or holds
way that unusable floor space is created . of a ship .
honorable discharge, form of discharge given horizontal parallax correction . See angle of
to a soldier whose service has been honest convergence.
and faithful, and who has been given a horned scully, underwater obstacle designed
character rating of “ very good” or “ excel to tear holes in the bottom of boats , con
lent," sisting of a tapered block of concrete with
Honorable Service Lapel Button , metallic but steel rails, usually pointed , projecting at
ton device denoting honorable service be angles from the top .
tween 1939 and 1946 or the award of the hospital, medical treatment facility primarily
World War II Victory Medal. intended and appropriately staffed and
honor company, unit established at rehabilita equipped to provide relatively full diagnos
tion centers to train prisoners with a view tic and therapeutic service in the field of
to enable them to demonstrate their worth general medicine and surgery or in some
iness for restoration to honorable duty circumscribed field or fields of restorative
status. medical care, together with bed care, nurs
honor graduate, graduate of a college, univer ing, and dietetic service to patients requir
sity, or military school, who, as a member ing such care and treatment.
of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, has hospital center, hospital center, administra
a record of scholastic excellence, leader tive unit to which two or more general
ship , good character, and aptitude for mill hospitals can be assigned or attached for
tary service. He is entitled to be consid administrative control together with other
ered for appointment in the Regular Army. medical units as may be required .
honor guard. See guard of honor. hospital council , group of senior officers pres
hood , 1. protective cover for the fuze of a pro Lent and on duty at a hospital, who are
jectile ; 2. separate upper part of the roof charged with administering the hospital
of a tent ; 3. metal covering for a motor funds.
vehicle engine.
hospital fund , fund which every hospital
hook -up , 1. command given to parachutists to maintains for the purpose of feeding per
insure that static lines are attached to the sonnel and patients and for providing
anchor cable in the aircraft ; 2. act of at- recreation . .
 SR 320 _ 5 - 1
143 hyd

hospitalization , 1 . medical care and treatment | the earth 's meridians of longitude pro
at a hospital for serious cases or those jected on the celestial sphere.
needing care for a long time, as contrasted housekeeping. that part of internal adminis
with emergency or first-aid treatment ad tration concerned with routine duties and
ministered at a hospital ; 2, placing a man chores necessary to maintain a command .
under medical care in a hospital. housekeeping equipment, items listed in table
hospitalization unit, complete and self -con of allowances which are required for the
tained hospital unit able to function inde shelter, health welfare , and administration
pendently ; one of three identical units that of personnel. Items are station property
make up a field hospital. issued on memorandum receipt to users
hospital plant, term used to designate by site with accountability remaining with the
a permanent physical facility operated by station supply officer .
a medical treatment facility in a theater of housewife, small case containing needles ,
operations. thread, thimble, and scissors, sometimes
hospital prison ward , that portion of a hos carried by soldiers for use in mending
pital set aside for the confinement of pris clothes .
oners while undergoing medical treatment. howitzer, normally , cannon with a medium
hospital returns, person who has been hospi length barrel between that of a mortar and
talized , dropped from rolls of his former a gun in length , operating with a relatively
unit or organization , carried on the De high angle of fire , and using a medium
partment of the Army detachment of pa muzzle velocity.
tients ; and is now returning to duty howitzer carriage, wheeled mount or chassis
through the replacement system . upon which a howitzer is mounted.
hospital ship , unarmed ship , marked in ac howler, electrical device, similar to an auto
cordance with the Geneva Conventions, mobile horn , placed at gun positions as a
staffed and equipped to provide hospitaliza firing signal in a time- interval system of
tion for the armed forces and also used to tracking a moving target.
evacuate casualties . See hospital transport.
hull, 1 . body of a ship, exclusive of engines,
hospital ship platoon, unit assigned to cargo superstructure, and masts ; 2. that part of
or transport ships, with no special hos the body of a flying boat that supports the
pital facilities, other than that on any aircraft while it is resting on water ; 3.
transport, to care for patients who may be massive armored body of a tank , exclusive
evacuated on the ship as it returns to a of tracks, motor, turret, and armament.
port of debarkation .
hull defilade, position taken by a combat ve
hospital train, rail unit composed of one or hicle in which the hull is hidden and only
more specially equipped railroad cars for the fighting compartment is exposed to en
the movement of sick and injured person emy fire or view .
nel and for the provision of emergency
hull down. See hull defilade.
medical treatment en route .
humidity controlled storage space, space in
hospital transport , transport provided with ad . which the humidity is controlled within
ditional medical personnel and increased specified limits.
facilities for evacuation of casualties .
hundred percent rectangle. See rectangle of
hostage, enemy person held as a pledge that dispersion .
certain promises or agreements will be
hung bomb, bomb that accidentally remains
kept.
attached to an airplane after release from
hostess unit, hostess and her assistants , such the bomb rack .
as the cafeteria director , recreational as
hung striker , defective striker of a grenade
sistant and others necessary to conduct a fuze, which failed to strike the primer and
service club .
explode the grenade.
hour angle , 1 . angle at the pole between the hunting, 1. action of a radar antenna in which
meridian of the observer and the hour it oscillates about, rather than stopping
circle passing through a given celestial smoothly at the point determined by the
body ; 2 . angular rotation of the earth dur setting of the control ; 2 . rapid up -and
ing one hour of time ; 3. fifteen degrees of down movement of a tank gun tube caused
latitude. by an oversensitized gyrostabilizer con
hour angle method, determining the azimuth trol unit .
of a heavenly body by computing the angle hydra -matic transmission , a transmission in
between the body's hour circle and the corporating planetary gear trains and a
observer's meridian . fluid coupling operated by oil pressure to
hour circle, any circle of the celestial sphere cause changes of speed and torque ratios
passing through the poles, especially one ofl automatically.
SR 320 _5 - 1
hyd 144
hydrocyanic acid, colorless blood and nerve | provide variable absorption of energy or
poison having an odor of bitter almonds thrust .
which paralyzes and causes dizziness and hydrospring , pertaining to , or operated by
coma ; hydrogen cyanide. means of, a liquid and springs ; ordinarily
hydrographic chart, chart showing water used in connection with certain artillery
depths , islands, channels , the conformation recoil and equilibrator mechanisms which
of the sea or lake bottom , and aids and provide variable absorption of energy or
menaces to navigation . As a minimum it thrust.
shows the topography of the shore to in - hydrostatic fuze, fuze employed with depth
clude salient features which will serve a bombs or charges to cause underwater
navigator as a guide. detonation at a predetermined depth .
hydrographic datum , the plane of reference of hygrograph , recording hygrometer ; recording
soundings, depth curves and elevations of | instrument that measures the amount of
moisture in the air .
foreshore and offshore features.
hydrographic markings, distinguishing marks hygrometer, instrument for measuring the
for hydrographic purposes (as the mark amount of moisture in the air .
ings used to indicate rocks, shoals, and sub hygroscopic , having a tendency to absorb and
merged obstructions) and for defining the hold water, particularly moisture from the
limits of channels. air . Glycerine is hygroscopic .
hyper velocity , 1 . muzzle velocity of an ar
hydrographic reconnaissance, reconnaissance
tillery projectile of 3 ,500 feet per second
of an area of water to determine depths, or more ; 2 . muzzle velocity of a small arms
beach gradients , the nature of the bottom ,
projectile of 5 ,000 feet per second or more.
and the location of coral reefs, rocks, See high velocity ; 3 . muzzle velocities of
shoals, and man -made obstacles. tank cannon projectiles in excess of 3,350
hydrography, science of determining the con feet per second .
ditions of navigable waters. It includes hysographic map , a topographic map on which
a study of the contours of the bottom , elevations are referred to a sea - level datum .
depths, shoals, channels , tides, currents, Sometimes called a hysometric map , the
obstructions, and other features. use of which term is disapproved .
hydropneumatic, pertaining to, or operated by hysometric diagram , small-scale diagram rep
means of, a liquid and a gas ; ordinarily resenting relief by different patterns or
used in connection with certain artillery degrees of shading for specified levels of
recoil and equilibrator mechanisms which 1 elevation .

1
ice blink , whitish glow or glint on clouds . It that represent the assigned numbers of the
is a mirroring in the sky of (usually snow unit .
covered ) ice . identification of separate shipments, procedure
ice fog, super-cooled, fine droplets of water for numbering requisitions for oversea
that result from condensation during shipments , standardizing marking on such
cloudless periods of low temperature, high shipments, and correlating the shipments
relative humidity, and calms or light wind . with pertinent documents.
icing, mass of surface ice formed by succes identification panel, strip of cloth or other ma
sive freezing of sheets of water that may
terial used by units on the ground to show
seep from the ground, from a river , or their identify and position to friendly air
craft.
from a spring. When the ice is thick and
localized it is called an icing -mound , and identification panel code, code that may be dis
when it survives the summer it is called played in panels to identify a ground unit
" taryn ." to friendly aircraft. See air -ground liaison
code.
identification, friend or foe, system of radio lid
identification tag , 1. metal tags, worn in pairs
interrogation and reply (if friend) radio
gen around the neck by military personnel to
erally used in connection with radar for identify the wearer ; 2 . tag attached to
identifying an aircraft , ship , or craft. boxes, packages or materiel showing stock
Commonly referred to as IFF. number and nomenclature by which an
identification group, number assigned to each | item is stored and issued .
unit of the Army as a means of identifying idiomorph , a plain - text or cipher sequence
the unit to friendly aircraft. The unit ) which contains or shows a pattern in its
identifies itself to friendly aircraft by lay construction as regards the number and
ing out identification panels in patterns | positions of repeated letters affording a
 SR 320– 5 – 1
145
clue to its identification when encipheredesired height. An illuminating shell is used
monoalphabetically. for lighting up an area.
idiomorphism , in a plain -text or cipher se- illumination, 1 . lighting up an objective by a
· quence , the phenomenon of showing a pat- flare or a searchlight beam ; 2. keeping a
tern as regards the number and positions light on an aircraft target.
of repeated letters which affords a clue to I method , method of transmitting a message
its identification when enciphered mono from one station to another so that other
alphabetically . stations for which it is intended may re
idler wheel, a roller used to return an endless ceive it without giving a receipt. The
track or chain to the driving sprocket. station called is responsible for the correct
igloo , type of magazine for munitions, either reception of the message at that station .
of dome or half-barrel shape, and of rein - immersion heater, type of field water heater
forced concrete construction , sometimes designed for use in a can of water, or in
covered with earth . tank trailers.
ignitor, 1. device containing a ready burning immobilize, keep in one place ; keep from mov
composition , usually a form of black pow - | ing ; hold opposing forces by tactical threat
der, used to amplify the initiation of a or action .
primer in the functioning of a fuze. An immunization , process of rendering a subject
igniter may be used to assist in the initia immune to a communicable disease. See
tion of a propelling charge and in some booster dose .
types of projectile bursting charges ; 2 . Limmunization register. form on which are re
device containing a spontaneously com corded all immunizations or inoculations
bustible material such as white phosphor given to a soldier .
ous, used to ignite the fillings of incendiary
bombs at the time of rupture of the bomb( | impact, the striking of a projectile or bomb on
the target or surface.
casing ; 3. device used to initiate burning
of the fuel mixture in a ramjet or rocket | impact area , area in which projectiles or
combustion chamber. bombs strike or are expected to strike.
igniter train , step-by -step arrangement
arrangement of of impact fuze, fuze that is set in action by the
charges in pyrotechnic bombs, shells , etc., striking of a projectile or bomb against the
by which the initial fire from the primer is target. The principal types of impact
transmitted and intensified until it reaches fuzes are : supersensitive, that is set in
and sets off the main charge. An explosive action by a very light impact ; superquick,
bomb, projectile, etc., uses a similar series, that is set in action immediately upon
called an explosive train . impact ; instantaneous, or nondelay, that
is set to burst the projectile before pene
igniting charge. See igniter.
tration or richochet ; delay, that is set in
igniting fuze , type of grenade fuze which ig action at a definite time after impact. An
nites the filler through the medium of a impact fuze differs from a time fuze, which
small quantity of black powder. is set in action at a definite time after
igniting mixture , explosive mixture used as a firing, but independently of whether it
fuze in pyrotechnic signals. strikes a target or not. Impact fuzes are
igniting powder . See igniter. also classified by the position of the fuze
in the projectile into two types ; base
igniting primer, charge of black powder that detonating fuze and point detonating fuze.
carries the fire from a friction primer or
electric primer to the propelling charge in impact velocity, speed of a projectile at the
certain types of ammunition .
moment of striking .
impedimenta , all baggage, equipment, and
ignition cartridge, 1. igniter in cartridge form supplies which pertain to a particular
which may be used alone or with additional troop unit.
propellent increments as a propelling
charge for certain mortar ammunition ; 2 . impermeable protective clothing, clothing made
assembly consisting of primer and igniter of material which prevents passage of gas
used for providing sufficient impulse to and liquids and which can be worn for only
start certain forms of Diesel engines. short periods of time because of excessive
heat load.
illuminating fire, gunfire employing illuminat
impounded funds, funds which have been
ing shells delivered to silhouette the
allocated or suballocated to operating agen
enemy, aid observation , and facilitate
cies but which are not available for obliga
friendly troop movements. tion without approval of the Budget Officer
illuminating light. See carry light. for the Department of the Army.
illaminating shell, projectile with a time fuze impregnate , cover or soak something with a
that sets off a parachute flare at any de- chemical substance ; saturate with a pro
277763° — 53 — 10
 SR 320 –5 – 1
imp 146
tective substance that will resist chemical have as its primary function the destruc
agents . tion of targets by fire.
impregnated clothing. See permeable protec- incendiary warfare, warfare in which incen
tive clothing. diary bombs, flame throwers, and other
impregnation , process of infusing clothing, incendiary munitions are used to destroy
shoes or other materials with chemicals the enemy' s ability to wage war. Such
that prevent damage by, or passage of, warfare is directed against combustible
harmful fungi, chemical, or biological targets and personnel.
agents. incentive goods, 1. food and other supplies
impregnite , a protective agent used to impreg furnished to local civilians to stimulate
nate clothing to make it protective against willingness to assist agencies of the com
vapor and small droplets of blister gases. manders as may be necessary and permis
sible ; 2 . contributions in the form of food
improved area , open storage area which has
and other supplies authorized by compe
been graded and hard -surfaced to a degree
tent authority to be made to local civil
which will permit year-round storage oper
ations.
ians , authorities, and governmental rep
resentatives in exile, to stimulate support
inactivate, to remove a unit from the active of the mission or program .
list of the Army. This can be done only
by authority of the Secretary of the Army.
incentive pay, that amount paid to members
Inactive units, by reason of having been of the uniformed services entitled to re
constituted , revert to the inactive list of ceive basic pay, over and above such basic
the Army until they are disbanded or acti pay, for performance of hazardous duty
vated anew . The term “ discontinued ” will
under competent orders. The types of
duties which constitute hazardous duty
be used in lieu of " inactivated " in the case
and the amounts of such incentive pay are
of units which are not constituted . See
prescribed by law . Formerly known as
activate.
aviation pay, etc.
inactive, not in condition or position for
active service. incentive- type contract, may be of either a
fixed -price or a cost-plus- a - fixed nature
- fee ,
inactive beds, those medical treatment facil with a special provision of redetermina
ity bed spaces with beds, not necessarily tion of the fixed price or fixed fee.
set up , for which equipment and fixtures
are on hand and installed , but for which incidence rate, ratio of the number of new
operating staff is not provided . cases of a disease or injury, or of a group
of diseases or injuries, admitted directly by
inactive installation , command installation in a medical treatment facility or facilities
which all military operations have ceased ; during a given period of time to the aver
the classification may be applied to that age strength of the units furnished pri
portion of an active installation in which mary medical care by the medical treat
all military operations have ceased . ment facility or facilities during that pe
Inactive National Guard, 1. those headquarters riod , ordinarily expressed as the number
and units allotted to the several States but of cases per 1 ,000 average strength per
not authorized for organization or equip year.
ment ; 2. Federally recognized inactive incident , any occurrence in an area subject to
personnel, including the war strength of enemy action which must be reported to the
inactive units, and Federally recognized area damage controller . Fall of bombs,
inactive personnel, commissioned and en fires, explosions, etc. are examples of in
listed , assigned to active units in sufficient cidents.
number to bring such units to war | incident officer, officer who is in complete con
strength . trol at an incident and who provides the
inactive status, being officially connected with link between the area damage controller
the military service, but not actively sery and the incident.
ing in it. incline, 1. ascending or descending gallery ;
incendiary, 1. chemical agent used primarily 2. slope ; 3 . cause to slope.
for igniting combustible substances with inclosure, thing inclosed ; document that is
which it is in contact by generating suffi - | not part of a communication but is in
cient heat to cause ignition ; 2 . filling for cluded with it. An inclosure may explain ,
incendiary munitions such a bombs, shells, or may give evidence in support of infor
grenades, and flame throwers ; 3. muni mation in the communication , i
tion with flammable filling and means of increment , an amount of powder added to, or
release and / or ignition .
taken away from , a propelling charge of
incendiary bomb, bomb, usually containing semifixed or separate loading ammunition
thermite or gelled gasoline, designed to to allow for differences in range. Incre
 SR 320– 5 – 1
147 ind

ments are commonly packed in separate | indirect air defense, the defense afforded by
bags . action of friendly aircraft against hostile
indefinite appropriation , one the amount of aircraft production facilities, supply in
which is not stated as a specific sum of stallations, and enemy aircraft on the
money but is determinable in the future, as ground. See direct air defense.
to amount, from given factors . indirect communication , radio or other com
indefinite quantity contract , one that specifies munication that must go through a relay
no quantity . point. Indirect communication differs
indeterminate change of station , assignment to from direct communication , which does not
temporary duty away from permanent sta go through a relay point.
tion on orders which provide that the in - | indirect fire, gunfire delivered at a target that
dividual or unit will not return to the cannot be seen from the gun position or
former permanent station but will be or firing ship .
dered to a new station to be determined at indirect laying , aiming a gun either by sight
a later date. ing at a fixed object, called the aiming
indeterminate error, error in firing which can point, instead of the target, or by using a
not be determined exactly. means of pointing other than a sight, such
index error, difference between an actual read as a gun director, when the target cannot
ing and the correct reading on a compass, be seen from the gun position .
scale, or other instrument. | indirect laying position , gun position masked
index letter , that letter of a component of a by some feature of the ground surface that
cipher alphabet against which the key let hides the enemy target from direct view .
ter in the other component is juxtaposed. indirect observation, study of photographs of
terrain , etc., instead of visual observation
index line, reference line on a measuring in
strument. An index line is used as the of the ground itself, which is direct ob
starting point for readings . servation .
index map , map on which are indicated the indirect pointing. See indirect laying.
areas covered by a series of photographs individual clothing and equipment record , form
taken from an aircraft. An index map is on which is kept an official record of cloth
usually one which shows the physical fea ing and equipment issued to , and turned in
tures of the area covered by the photo by, an enlisted person ; clothing and equip
graphs. ment record .
index of coincidence, in cryptography, ratio individual control, method of controlling gun
between the observed and the expected fire used with machine guns. Individual
number of repeated textual elements. control is control of the firing of the gun by
Indian Campaign Medal, service medal denot the gunner who aims, sights, and fires his
ing service in the Indian campaigns be gun himself.
1991 .
tween 1965 and 1891. individual equipment. See equipment.
indications, those evidences of enemy activ- | individual examination test, test administered
ities, either positive or negative, that may to certain inductees, the results of which
point toward the adoption or rejection of a are used to determine their acceptability
particular course of action by the enemy. under Army mental standards.
indicator, 1 . measuring or recording instru - individual firing, firing of a gun by a soldier
ment ; 2 . pointer on a gage, dial, meter , on a range or in a firing area without any
etc. ; 3 . in cryptography, an element in reference to other soldiers firing there.
serted within the text or heading of a mes individual medical record , medical report form
sage which serves as a guide to the selec prepared by medical installations for each
tion or derivation and application of the patient treated on an “ excused from duty "
correct system and key for the prompt status and for each case carded for record
decryption of the message. only .
indicator-regular, instrument which shows fir individual protection , means or equipment
ing data , such as fuze setting, azimuth, adopted or available for the protection of
and elevation , that are transmitted by the
the individual, such as a gas or protective
fire control system of a gun . The gun is mask ,
pointed in accordance with the data pro
vided by the instrument. individual reserves. See reserve supplies .
indicator system , 1. total of conventions agreed individual tracer control, machinegun fire con
upon to convey cryptographic data by trol by the operator of each individual
means of indicators within a cryptographic weapon . The machine gunner estimates
system ; 2. system used to encrypt an the proper lead , and adjusts his fire on the
indicator . target by observation of the tracer stream .
SR 3205- 1
ind 148
individual training , phase of training in which | industrial security, that portion of internal
emphasis is placed on the acquisition by security which refers to the protection of
the individual of knowledg e and skills to industrial installations, resources, utili
be applied in unit training and in his ties, materials, and classified information
permanent assignment. essential to protection , from loss or dam
indorsement, 1. reply or forwarding note age by enemy or enemy-inspired action
added to a basic communication by an other than as a result of organized military
office or commander in the chain of com attack .
munication . The indorsement becomes a inertial guidance, system independent of in .
part of the communication ; 2 . form giving formation obtained from outside the mis
data on the Service Record as to change of sile, the sensitive elements of which sys
status or station of a soldier, his financial tem make use of the principle of Newton' s
credits, and his character and efficiency second law of motion .
ratings. It is completed when the soldier infantry, branch of the Army trained ,
is transferred , placed on detached service, I equipped , and organized to fight on foot.
dropped as a deserter, or separated from infantryman badge. See Combat Infantryman
the service. Badge and Expert Infantryman Badge.
induct, bring into military service under | infiltrate, move through an area or territory
Selective Service or UMT & S Act. See occupied by either friendly or enemy troops
order into active military service.
or organizations. The move is made either
induction field locator, small battery-powered by small groups at extended or irregular
radio homing device for use in locating intervals or by individuals.
parachute bundles which have been | infiltrating column , a column which moves by
dropped. infiltration rather than in close or open
induction field transceiver, small radio device column formation . See infiltration.
for use in locating parachute bundles infiltration, movements of individuals or ve
which have been dropped.
hicles, singularly or in small groups at ex
induction station , station at which men are tended and irregular intervals. This
inducted into the military service . At the movement is used when a maximum of
· induction station , physical examinations secrecy and deception is desired . It pro
are given , the men are sworn into the vides the best possible protection from
Army, and basic records are started . enemy air observation and attack but is
Industrial College of the Armed Forces , general very difficult to control.
service school located in Washington , D . C ., linfiltration force. aA military
| infiltration force, military uni
unit or force spe
that trains officers of the Army, Navy , and cially trained or designated to infiltrate
Air Force in the strategy of military sup into enemy rear areas and attack enemy
ply , teaches wartime needs of industrial personnel, installations, and lines of com
organization , mobilization of materials, munication . See ranger.
and the technique of supervising the infinity method, method of adjusting two lines
obtaining of military supplies. of sighting to make them parallel.
industrial controls, the exercise of govern infirmary, medical treatment facility primar
mental authority necessary for efficient ily intended to provide beds and treatment
operation of the economy during mobiliza for patients from the local military com
tion ; includes allocation of critical and
mand or from the immediate vicinity
strategic materials, priorities, price and
wage control, mandatory orders, foreign
thereof, who are temporarily incapacitated
trade control, limitation of size of inven
for performance of duty because of rela
tively minor illness or injury with a favor
tories held by privately -owned facilities,
etc .
able prognosis for early return to duty.
industrial installation , an installation primar | informant, any person who supplies informa
tion .
ily used or useful for the production of
materiel, or research and development. information. See military
information . See military information
informa .
Such installations may be Government- information addressee, the activity or individ
owned and Government-operated ; Govern ual to whom a message is directed by the
ment-owned , privately operated ; or pri- originator for information .
vately owned and privately operated . information center, 1. station in an aircraft
industrial mobilization , transformation of in warning service where data about aircraft
dustry and other productive facilities and are gathered and plotted on a map and are
contributory services from their peacetime then sent to antiaircraft defense units ; 2 .
activities to the fulfillment of the muni service club facility located in a metropoli
tions program necessary to support the tan area to provide information and ticket
effort.
military effort. service for military personnel.
 SR 320 –5 – 1
149

infrared viewer , device used to convert in - || strengthening outlying bases, strategic de

frared light to visible light. ployments, and other measures .
infrastructure, facilities for common use by | initial point, 1 . point (example, crossroads )
allied military forces. These facilities at which a foot march or motor movement
consist mainly of airfields, port facilities , is formed without halting by the succes
communications systems, and the like, but sive arrival of the units that finally make
also include defense installations of a per up the column ; 2. first point at which a
manent nature such as gun emplacements, moving target is located on a plotting
harbor defenses, and radar coverage, board ; 3 . well defined point, easily distin
inhibited oil, lubricating oil to which a com guishable visually and / or by means of
pound has been added in order to prevent radar, used as a starting point for the
corrosion of the metal with which it is in bomb run on to the target. The distance
contact. from the initial point to the target will
initial aiming point, point on which a gun is be governed by type of bombing, type of
sighted to establish a reference line from airplane, and altitude bombing ; 4 . a point
close to the landing area where troop car
which direction angles for targets are
measured. From this reference line, other rier air formations make final alterations
aiming points that give the direction of the in course, pass over individual drop or
landing zones.
targets are measured off . This method of
aiming is used in indirect laying. initial reconnaissance, reconnaissance made by
initial bomb release line, imaginary line around an armored force just before moving for
a defended area or objective over which a ward from an attack position .
bomber should release its first bomb in or- initial requirements, all supplies needed to
der to obtain a hit on the near edge of the equip soldiers or organizations when they
area or objective. See bomb release line. are put on active duty .
baka sun
initial bulk stock , depot or station stocks sup. initial reserves, in an amphibious operation ,
plied during the period necessary to ac those supplies which are normally un
cumulate issue experience and determine loaded immediately following the assault
proper stock levels on the basis of specific waves ; usually the supplies for the use
usage. of the beach organization , battalion land
ing teams, and other elements of regimen
initial fire order. See initial fire request . tal combat teams for the purpose of
initial fire request , in artillery, a message initiating and sustaining combat until
which is sent by an observer to the fire higher supply installations are established .
direction center ; contains elements of data initial return, report submitted by a new
necessary for initiating action to place fire unit ; giving its strength as of midnight
on a target. of its first day in active service.
initial firing point, first position from which linitial source of supply, supply point to which
attacking troops are to fire. requisitions are sent by supply officers
initial firing position , first position from which either for supply or for approval and
attacking troops open fire on the enemy. necessary action toward supply.
initial hospital admission , direct admission to initial strength , actual or authorized strength
hospital or admission to hospital by trans of the Army, or subdivision thereof, at the
fer when such transfer is from a nonhos beginning of a specific time period (fiscal
pital medical installation . year, calendar year, month , or operation ) .
initial issue, the provision of equipment ap see end strength .
proved for issue and not previously sup - initial velocity. See muzzle velocity.
plied to troops, such initial issuessunciude
include initiator, small quantity of very sensitive and
issues to new inductees ; newly activated powerful explosive used to start the deto
units ; issues of newly standardized item ; nation of another less sensitive explosive.
etc .
Mercury fulminate is the principal high
initial lead , amount a gun is pointed in front explosive used as an initiator.
of, above, or below a moving target when injury, term comprising such conditions, as
opening fire. This amount allows for the fractures, wounds, sprains, strains, dis
distance the target will travel while the locations, concussions, and compressions,
projectile is in flight. etc. In addition, it includes conditions re
initial operations, tasks which must be accom sulting from extremes of temperature or
plished in the early stages of the war and prolonged exposure. Acute poisonings
constitute the first charge against re ( except those due to ingestion of contam
sources. This includes for example , air inated food ) resulting from exposure to a
defense measures, retaliatory measures, toxic or a poisonous substance are also
SR 320 –5 – 1
ink 150
classed as injuries. See disabling injury and inspector general, officer of the Inspector Gen
battle casualties . eral's Department who examines and re
in kind , issued in the form of actual rations, ports on property, records, accounts, and
quarters, travel, etc., instead of in the form all other matters that affect the efficiency
and economy of the Army.
of a money allowance for them .
inmate welfare fund. See welfare funds. installation , real estate and improvements
thereon under the control of the Depart
inner artillery zone, an air defense restricted ment of the Army at which functions of
area applied to specified air spaces within the Department of the Army are carried on
gun -defended areas which are denied to and which has been established by order
friendly aircraft under all conditions. of the Department of the Army. Where
inner harbor area, water area that is protected installations are located contiguously or
by the inner harbor defenses. The inner on the same reservation , the combined
harbor area includes the inner channels property is designated as one installation
of a port. and the separate functions as activities of
that installation .
inoperative time, any period of time during
which a prisoner is not entitled to be installation parole, status of trustworthy
credited with serving his sentence to con prisoners whose parole is limited to the
installation on which the confinement
finement.
facility is located . See local parole .
in position , in place and ready for action . installed property, movable things, such as
The guns of a unit are in position when
equipment, apparatus, appliances, fixtures,
they are set up ready to fire . and machinery , which have been fixed in
in readiness, in a condition of preparedness place in or attached to real property , but
for action . An artillery unit is in readi which may be severed or removed from
ness when it is held near one or more buildings without destroying the useful
possible positions, prepared to move ness of the structures.
quickly into position . instantaneous fuze. See superquick fuze.
in relief, standing out from a surface. On a instruction firing, practice firing on a target
map , lines or marks showing variations in range with the help of an instructor , often
height of the land . carried on by the coach -and-pupil method .
inscription, in cryptography, process of writ- instrumental error, repeated error due to
ing a message into a matrix .
faulty adjustment of an instrument or to a
inshore patrol, naval defense patrol operating defect in it. Also called systematic error.
generally within a defensive coastal area , instrument direction , recorded reference direc
and comprising all elements of harbor de tion of a high air burst, as indicated on an
fenses, the coastal lookout system , patrol instrument at the battery position , which
craft , supporting bases, aircraft, and coast enables the executive subsequently to check
guard stations. and correct computed or scaled deflection
insignia, distinctive devices worn on the uni settings.
form to show grade, organization , rating, | instrument light, light that enables the oper
and service. See enlisted combat insignia ; ator to see the scales and dials of instru
enlisted noncombatant insignia ; combat com ments in the darkness, especially on optical
mander's insignia . instruments, flight instruments, and gun
mounts.
inspection , examination of personnel, bar
racks, and equipment to check on their | insubordination , disobedience ; resistance to
condition, efficiency, shortages , cleanliness, authority ; refusal to obey lawful orders ;
etc . disrespect.
inspection arms, 1. position in the manual of in support of, assisting or protecting another
the rifle , automatic rifle, carbine, and unit while remaining under original con
pistol, in which the weapon is held with trol.
the chamber open for inspection ; 2. com - insurance. See United States Government Life
mand to take these positions. Insurance ; National Service Life Insurance ;
inspection at source, inspection of goods at the gratuitous indemnity.
facilities of the supplier, as distinguished insurance type parts , very low mortality,
from inspection at destination . infrequently used parts, usually heavy and
inspection report, report on a general inspec bulky and normally utilized only at depot
tion , submitted on a form prescribed by maintenance level.
the Inspector General. It includes the Integrated communications system , an inte
inspector's findings and also any inclosure grated communications system is one, on
that support them . either a unilateral or joint basis, in which
 SR 320– 5 - 1
151 int

a message can be filed at any communica - | intelligence for psychological warfare , intelli
tion center in that system and be delivered gence required to support the conduct of
to the addressee (s ) by any other appropri- psychological warfare.
ate communication center in that system intelligence journal, day -by -day record of the
without reprocessing en route. Such a activities of the intelligence section of a
system requires uniformity of procedures , military organization .
thorough linking between the various com
intelligence officer, staff officer in a unit or
munications systems operated by the sev
organization who assists the commander
eral services , and established arrangements in collecting , evaluating, interpreting , and
for necessary relay. recording information , and disseminating
integrated fire control system , a system which resultant intelligence of military value
combines target acquisition and tracking , pertaining to enemies, terrain , and
data computation , gun laying and firing , weather , and in denying similar intelli
primarily using electronic means assisted gence to enemies. In an organization hav
by electromechanical devises . ing a general staff he is usually designated
integrated industry, an industry which con as Assistant Chief of Staff, G - 2 , Intelli
gence.
trols, through ownership , facilities capable
of manufacturing or producing the various intelligence plan , one of several annexes to an
steps in production from raw material to operation plan , containing details perti
the finished product. nent to intelligence. These normally in
clude : summary of enemy situation ,
integrated training , that training wherein two essential elements of information , recon
or more subjects may be taught simulta naissance and observation missions, pris
neously, i. e., map reading during a march . oners of war, captured documents and
intelligence, evaluated and interpreted infor material, maps and photographs, counter
mation concerning an actual or possible intelligence, auxiliary agencies , miscellane
ous reports , and distribution .
enemy or area of operations ( including
weather and terrain ) , together with the intelligence report , report summing up all in
conclusions drawn therefrom . It includes formation of military value gathered , eval
deductions concerning current enemy capa uated , and interpreted during a stated
bilities or possible courses of action open period by the intelligence section of a com
to him that can effect the accomplishment mand . A map is often included with an
of our mission . See strategic intelligence, intelligence report.
combat intelligence, and counterintelligence. I intelligence section , subdivision of a staff that
intelligence agency , an organization or one of plans and supervises intelligence and coun
its subordinate parts , primarily responsi terintelligence activities.
ble for or engaged in : the collection of intelligence situation map , map made up from
information ; the processing of that infor data gathered by the intelligence section of
mation into intelligence ; and the subse a command . An intelligence situation map
quent dissemination of the intelligence shows all available intelligence about the
produced . enemy that can be put on a map . Also
intelligence annex, a means of disseminating called intelligence map .
intelligence and issuing intelligence in intelligence summary, brief report of the in
structions to a command for impending telligence situation which is usually re
operations. An intelligence annex is pub quired periodically by higher headquarters .
lished as part of a written operation order. I interception , process of gaining possession of
intelligence collection plan , a plan (work communications without the knowledge
sheet ) for gathering information of the and consent of the correspondents. As op
enemy, the weather, and the terrain by posed to capture, interception does not
means of collection agencies and higher , prevent or ordinarily delay the transmis
adjacent, and lower units. Specifically , a sion of communications to the addressees
logical scheme for transforming the essen for whom they are intended.
tial elements of information into orders intercept station , station that collects commu
or requests to collecting agencies . nications for intelligence purposes without
intelligence estimate , estimate of the capabil the knowledge and consent of the corre
ities and vulnerabilities of a foreign power spondents . Not to be confused with moni
or group of powers, or of a possible or toring station .
actual enemy, and, when appropriate , of interchange, transfer of a shipment, when
the priority in which such capabilities may moving on a through bill of lading, from
be adopted and their effect on the accom one carrier to another whose lines con
plishment of our mission . stitute all or part of a joint route .
SR 320 _ 5 – 1
int
interchangeability lists, lists of parts which
are common to and interchangeable be
tween various types of general purpose and
combat vehicles.
interdict, to prevent or hinder, by any means,
enemy use of an area or route.
interdiction fire, fire placed on an area or
point to prevent the enemy from using the
area or point.
interference, (as pertains to radio reception ) ,
any electrical disturbance which causes
undesirable responses in communication
equipment. See electronic deception .
interim financing, advance payments, partial
payments, loans, discounts, advances, and
commitments in connection therewith , and
guarantees of loans, discounts , advances, |
and commitments in connection therewith ,
and any other type of financing made in
contemplation of or related to termination
of war contracts.
interior ballistics, subdivision of ballistics
which deals with the phenomena associated
with imparting kinetic energy to missiles.
See ballistics.
interior guard , guard within the limits of an
installation to keep order, enforce police
regulations, and protect the property and
personnel of the command. The interior
guard may include a main guard , a special
guard , and a prisoner guard .
interior guard duty, duty of keeping order,
protecting property, and enforcing police
regulations within an installation ; duty
as a member of an interior guard .
interlacing , technique in television scanning
wherein , if the lines are subsequentially
numbered , all the odd -numbered lines are | international code, code adopted by many na
scanned first, following which all the even - | tions for international communication .
numbered lines are scanned .
intermediate cipher text, text which has under
gone part but not all of the deciphering or
enciphering process ; it is in cryptographic
form .
intermediale objective, key position that is se
lected to be taken or destroyed before the
main objective is reached .
intermediate section , area between the ad
vance and the base sections of the com
munications zone in a theater of opera
tions,
intermediate trench, trench dug between the
principal lines of a defensive position .
interment flag , flag of the United States used
to drape the casket or shipping case con
taining the remains of honorable military
deceased .
intern , keep within a country ; force to stay in
a certain place. A nation at war interns
alien enemies, prisoners of war, military
152
personnel, or vessels that happen to be
present within the country when the war
starts , or are captured during the war. A
neutral nation interns any prisoners of
war, military personnel , or vessels of a
nation at war, that seek refuge within its
borders.
internal control, 1 . in fiscal matters , segrega
tion of functions of individuals and inde
pendence of records for the purpose of act
ing as an automatic reciprocal check of
functions within an installation or organ
ization ; 2 . in highway transportation , the
control exercised over the movement and
discipline of a convoy, serial, or march
unit by its own officers and noncommis
sioned officers. See external control.
internal security , 1. measures taken to prevent
enemy and enemy- inspired action , other
than military attack , against United States
resources , industries, and institutions.
Internal security is a multiple responsi.
bility of governmentalagencies at all levels
concerned with maintenance of law and or
der, of citizens ; of ownership and man
agement ; and of the Department of De
fense. The Department of Defense re
sponsibilities include provision of internal
security of facilities within its own juris
tion ; support to civil authorities when an
emergency renders their resources inade
quate ; emergency protection of Govern
ment installations ; and advice and assist
ance as to the protection of vital indus
tries and installations ; 2 . condition result .
ing from the measures taken within a com
mand to safeguard classified matter com
ing under its cognizance, including physi
cal security of documents and materials.
The code uses combinations of letters to
stand for words, phrases, and sentences.
The letters are transmitted by the hoisting
of international alphabet flags or by trans
mitting their dot and dash equivalents in
the International Morse Code.
International Morse Code, a code in which let
ters and numbers are represented by spe
cial groupings of dots and /or dashes. The
International Morse Code is used especially
in radio , telegraph, and blinker-light com
munications.
interpretation (intelligence) , analysis of infor
mation to determine its probable signifi
cance in the light of information or intel
ligence already at hand .
interpretation of aerial photographs, process of
determining, through the use of aerial
photographs, the identity and physical
characteristics of features of terrain ,
works of man, and the nature and extent
of ground, sea , or air activity.
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
153 iny

interrogate , 1 . examine prisoners of war, or regulating aerial camera exposures ; also

other persons believed to be in possession may cock and trip the shutter automati
of information of value, for purposes of cally .
intelligence ; 2 . to challenge for authenti- intervehicular communication , communication
cation of information over signal com between tanks or other vehicles, usually by
munication systems ; 3 . to inquire by means radio .
of a special radio system , whether aircraft in the clear. See plain text.
and surface vessels are friendly or enemy.
interrupted fire, automatic fire delivered in
intolerable concentration. See concentration ,
short series of bursts. in - transit storage point, a point where a ship
interrupter, 1. safety device in a fuze that ment of materiel may be stored en route
for an indefinite period , from which point
prevents it from acting until the projectile
it will be re- forwarded to final destination .
has left the muzzle of the gun ; 2. part of See holding and reconsignment point.
the mechanism of an aircraft machine gun
that controls the action of the gun so that I intrapermafrost water, ground-water within
its shots are fired between the moving the permafrost.
blades of the propeller. In this meaning, intraservice, within a Service of one nation .
also called impulse generator ; 3 . specified
intratheater rotation , rotation of personnel
character of the plain text or of the cipher
text which by its occurrence indicates an between commands of the theater .
interruption in the basic keying operation intrench , dig any kind of trenches ; fortify
or sequence . with trenches or field fortifications; en
trench .
intersection , method of locating a point by
plotting the azimuth to that point from intrenching tool, shovel, ax, or other tool used
two or more known fixed points. The by troops for making field fortifications ;
intersection of these azimuths indicates entrenching tool.
the location of the point. intrenchment, fortification consisting of a
intersectional service , highly centralized activ trench and a bank ; entrenchment.
ities, such as construction services, mili- invasion currency, currency prepared by the
tary railway service, highway transport invading power and declared by its military
service , inland water -way service, or pipe commander to be legal tender in the areas
line service, which cross section boundar - 1 occupied by its invading forces for the
ies. These services are usually controlled initial phases of the occupation . Should
directly by the appropriate chief of service be of distinctive design to distinguish it
in communications zone headquarters. from the official currency of both the
intersection station , in surveying , a station invading and the invaded power ; but may
be denominated in the monetary unit of
which is not occupied, the position of
which is determined by intersection. either. Also see occupation currency.
interservice, between two or more services of inventory, a physical count of all items lo
one nation . cated within an installation . See complete
shutdown inventory ; cycle inventory and
intertheater rotation , rotation of personnel special inventory .
between the CONUS and theaters of oper
ation , inventory adjustment, correction of the bal
ance on hand, as entered on the stock rec
interval, 1. space between adjacent individ ord card , to agree with the inventory as of
uals, vehicles, or units in a formation that that date, in accordance with procedure
are placed side by side, measured abreast . prescribed in current Department of the
The space from front to rear is called Army instructions.
distance ; 2 . space between adjacent groups
of ships or boats measured in any directioninversion , condition of maximum air stability
between the corresponding ships or boats in which the air in contact with the
in each group ; 3. as applied to two units ground is cooler than that immediately
of cipher text (letters diagraphs, code above. There is no convection .
groups, etc .) or key sequence, the number inverted wedge formation , formation resem
of such units between them counting bling an inverted triangle , in which two
either the first or last of the two units but units advance abreast of each other and a
not both . third unit follows in the rear.
intervalometer , 1 . device installed in an air - invisible ink , any of several chemicals used for
craft dropping aerial delivery containers writing or printing which have the prop
from bomb racks to insure that these con erty either of being initially invisible to
tainers are released at regular, preplanned the naked eye or of becoming so after a
intervals ; 2. automatic timing device for short time.
SR 320 – 5 – 1
inv
invisible writing, writing not visible to the
naked eye. The characters may be micro | gard constituent repetitions.
scopic or inscribed with invisible ink. ( ISS requisition number, combination of from
invoice, an itemized statement from vendors
of goods forwarded or services rendered ,
showing quantities, prices, charges, etc .
ion chamber, instrument used for measuring
high intensities of radiation ,
ionosphere, that portion of the earth 's atmos
phere , beginning about thirty (30 ) miles
above the earth 's surface, which consists of
layers of highly ionized air capable of bend
ing or reflecting certain radio waves back
to the earth .
irritating concentration. See concentration .
island command , command similar to a base
command in organization and functions .
The area of responsibility is normally one
island but may include adjacent islands. issue chart, list setting forth the day by day
island of resistance, strong point in a defen
sive system organized and coordinated to
fight independently even if cut off from its
own forces.
isodose lines . See isointensity lines .
isogonic line, line passing through points of
equal magnetic declination .
isointensity lines , lines drawn between pointsL
of equal radiation intensity to provide an
area map or chart of radioactive contami.
nation .
isolated burials , interments of remains in a
location other than an established military
or civilian cemetery .
isolation , 1 . separation for the period of com
municability of infecting persons or ani
mals from others in such places and under
such conditions as will prevent the con
veyance of the infectious agent from in -
fected persons or animals to others ; 2 .
complete cutting off from other forces,
nations, etc. ; 3. punishment by separation
from prisoners in good standing ; 4. pun
ishment section of an installation for
prisoners. See segregation .
isolead curve, curved line, on a chart or dia -
gram , used to show how far ahead of a
moving target a gun must be aimed to
allow for the time the projectile takes to
reach the target. The isolead curve con -
nects points of equal lead on the chart or
diagram .
isolog , a cryptogram of which the plain text
is in whole or in part identical with that
of another message encrypted in another
system , key, code, etc.
isomorph , sequence exhibiting isomorphism .
isomorphism , phenomena arising whenever item number, any number assigned by a tech
two or more sequences of different com -
154
position possess identical patterns as re
one to three letters, followed by a number
of not more than three digits, to be used in
the last part of the oversea address on a
requisition initiated by an oversea theater ,
a port, or a head of a technical service ;
identification of separate shipment requisi
tion number. In the oversea address
BOBO -E -QMII-E65, the ISS requisition
number is E65. This number is sometimes
referred to as the basic requisition number .
issue, 1. delivery of supplies or equipment by
a supply agency to one or more persons
authorized to receive them on behalf of
their organizations ; 2. supplies that are
distributed or delivered ; 3 . send out offi
cially ; as, to issue an order or communique.
issue of each subsistence item by unit or
pounds over the period covered by the
menu.
issue demand , the quantity estimated to be
needed for use during a stated future
period .
issue rate, amount of any subsistence item
issued , expressed in pounds or packaged
units, on a daily basis, for the preparation
of a recipe for a given number of men .
issues , quantities of supplies, previously held
in stocks on hand ready for issue, which
have been dropped from the depot stock
records plus quantities of supplies, not
previously recorded as on hand ready for
issue, which have been shipped direct from
facilities. Issues do not include quantities
redistributed or disposed of as surplus .
issue slip , a form used in local issues of prop
erty not involving rail or water shipments.
issuing schedule, dates designated by the sta
tion commander upon which organizations
or other users will submit issue slips or
local requisitions to station supply officers,
thereby staggering the load on station
supply facilities.
| item , any article of supply procured, stocked ,
or issued.
item description , consists of the minimum
amount of identification data necessary to
differentiate an item from all similar items
in accordance with the needs of any oper
ating activity , plus reference data essential
for the proper understanding of the item
and useful in supply operations or neces
sary in determining the classification of
the item .
nical service in order to identify an item .

155
item of issue, 1. any article of supply that is |
authorized for issue ; 2 . item in the form or
condition in which issued except for final
jacket, 1 . band of metal covering the breech
end of a gun or howitzer tube ; 2. the steel
cover around the core of a bullet, or the
water jacket on some guns.
jahemmy, a large, pneumatic-tire wheeled sal
vage rig fitted with falls , used to lift a
landing craft and move it.
jamming . See electronic jamming ; barrage
jamming ; spot jamming .
JAN grid, joint Army-Navy grid system ; grid
system covering the entire surface of the
earth adopted to afford security in refer
ring to geographical positions. It is set
up by prescribing the location of the origin
and the size of the grid squares, both
in terms of latitude and longitude. There
are twelve master areas. Special JAN
grid based on above principle may be is
sued by local authorities. JAN grids are
used generally on Mercator projections.
jato , auxiliary rocket device for apply thrust
to some structure or apparatus. Abbrevi
ation for Jet Assist Take Off, generally
used as an accessory on conventional type
planes.
jet, exhaust stream , or rapid flow of gases
from an opening or nozzle .
jet horsepower , power of the exhaust jet equal
to the produce of thrust and effective jet
velocity.
jet propulsion , reaction propulsion in which
the propulsion unit obtains oxygen from
the air , as distinguished from rocket pro
pulsion in which the unit carries its own
oxygen -producing material. In connection
with aircraft propulsion , it refers toto aa
gasoline or other fuel turbine jet unit
which discharges hot gas through a tail
pipe and nozzle , affording a thrust which
propels the aircraft . See reaction propul
sion .
jet stream , stream of combustion products ex
pelled from jet motor.
jet vane, vane made of some highly heat-re
sisting material placed in the jet stream
for use in guidance of a missile .
jitter, instability of a reflected radar signal
on an oscilloscope.
job analysis, the determination of essential
factors in a specific kind of work , and of
qualifications of a worker necessary for its joint expeditionary force, joint force organized
competent performance .
job progression ladder, a segment of an Army
career field , formed normally as a vertical
series of closely related jobs arranged in
SR 320-5 - 1
joi
packing or packaging for shipment and ex
cept for modification to accommodate the
item for a specific use or location .
an orderly sequence of promotional and
advancement opportunities.
joint, connotes activities, operations, organ
izations, etc ., in which elements of more
than one Service of the Department of De
fense participate.
Joint Army and Air Force commercial traffic
bulletins, provide traffic management data
for use of shipping officers and their or
ganizations,
joint attack force, subdivision of a joint ex
peditionary force , consisting of assault
shipping with embarked troops and sup
porting naval and tactical air units , oper
ating to establish a landing force on shore
and to support its operations thereafter.
Joint Bus Military Agreement, is similar to the
Joint Rail Military Passenger Agreement
and makes provision for a percentage re
duction in bus fares and special services
for official travel of members of the De
partment of Defense. This agreement is
negotiated on an annual basis . -
Joint Chiefs of Staff , staff within the Depart
ment of Defense which consists of the
Chairman , who is the presiding officer
thereof but who has no vote ; the Chief of
Staff, United States Army, the Chief of
Naval Operations ; and the Chief of Staff ,
United States Air Force . The Joint Chiefs
of Staff is the principal military adviser
to the President, the National Security
Council, and the Secretary of Defense.
Joint Communications Board, supporting
agency of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on
communications matters.
sint ocorice
joint exercises , evercises
exercises in which ati
in which at least two
or more of the Armed Forces of the United
States (Army, Navy and Air) take part.
grand joint exercises, exercises, held by di
rection of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , in
volping major subdivisions from each of
two or more services.
major joint exercises, large-scale joint ma
neuvers held on the initiative of one of
the Services, and in which one or more
other Services participate.
minor joint exercises, small-scale training
exercises, held on the initiative of one
of the Services, and in which one or
more other Services participate.
to undertake a joint overseas expedition ,
Joint Military Air Transportation Agreement,
is similar to the Joint Military Passenger
Agreement and to the Joint Bus Military
SR 320– 5 – 1
joi 156
Agreement and provides for a percentage capabilities, needs, and limitations of the
reduction in air fares and for special serv - component parts.
ices for the official travel of members of joint task force, refers to a task force, or
the Department of Defense. This agree subdivision thereof, which is composed of
ment is negotiated on an annual basis . organized elements of more than one serv
Joint Military Passenger Agreement, negoti ice, constituted for the accomplishment of
ated annually between the railroads and a specific mission or task.
the Department of Defense, makes provi- I joint training. military exercises employing
sions for a percentage reduction in rail units from two or more services, held for
fares and special services for the official the purpose of developing or testing joint
travel of members of the Department of operational doctrines and procedures, and
Defense . for developing mutual understanding con
Joint Military Transportation Committee, ad 1
fidence and teamwork among the Services.
vises the Joint Chiefs of Staff on matters joint zone, area in which surface , air (both
relating to transportation . It is comprised Air Force and Navy ) , and subsurface craft
of one officer from each of the military may operate simultaneously (such as one
departments and a permanent working in which submarines are performing life
staff composed of equal representation guard services) .
from the Army, Navy, and Air Force. The
Chief of Transportation serves as a mem Jour- J , French equivalent of D -day. Other
ber of this committee and furnishes the letters of the alphabet may be used except
committee with Department of the Army D , H , or M . See D -day.
transportation requirements and related journal, 1. daily record , in the order of their
data to enable the committee to formulate occurrence, of events, messages, orders
doctrine and policy and to allocate avail received, etc., kept by a unit or staff sec
able transportation facilities between the tion , in the field ; 2 . any book of original
services . entry .
joint motor pool. See motor pool. judge advocate , officer on the staff of a com
mander, usually referred to as a staff judge
joint operations, operations carried on by two advocate. The judge advocate of a com
or more of the Armed Forces of the United mand is the legal adviser of the command
States (Army, Navy, Air Force ). ing officer thereof, and as to that com
joint operations center, (air -ground), a central mand he performs duties corresponding in
joint agency at senior ground forces and general nature and scope to those dis
air forces levels organized for the purpose charged by The Judge Advocate General
of exchanging air and ground battle infor with relation to the Department of the
mation , and for the organization of the Army. With regard to military justice ,
combat effort of the air forces in tactical his duties include, among others, the
air support of ground forces operations. duties devolved upon the staff judge advo
It is composed of : (1 ) the air -ground cate by the Uniform Code of Military
operations section ; the agency to which the Justice.
requests from the various ground force | judicial council. a board composed of three
headquarters are channeled , evaluated , general officers of the Judge Advocate
given ground force approval or disapproval General's Corps which exercises the appel
and submitted to the tactical air force. late functions as to records of trial by
( 2 ) the combat operations section ; the courts martial required by the Uniform
agency through which the tactical air force Code of Military Justice.
commander assigns, controls, and coordi
nates tactical air power . jumbo boom , a rig aboard ship consisting of
two or more booms capable of handling
joint oversea expedition , operation undertaken weights up to fifty tons or more.
by a joint force dispatched to or within a
theater of operations by sea or by sea and jump, the movement which the tube of the
air , for the purpose of undertaking am gun describes under the shock of firing but
phibious, airborne, or other military opera before the projectile leaves the muzzle.
tions on shore . jumping attitude, steady, level flight of a
joint staff, integrated staff of the commander troop carrier aircraft at reduced speed
of a joint force which includes permanently necessary to permit parachutists to make a
assigned members of each of the several safe exit from the plane.
services comprising his joint force , these jumpmaster, officer or noncommissioned officer
officers being in adequate numbers and pos- who controls the jumping of parachute
sessing such qualifications as to insure an troops and the dropping of their equip
understanding of the tactics, techniques , ment from an aircraft.
 SR 320 - 5 – 1
157 kno

jump off, 1. leave one's lines for an attack on junction box, metal box for enclosing the junc
the enemy, 2. start of a planned ground tion of wires and cables, as an enclosed
attack , fitting for connecting or branching electric
jump off line, line from which an attack circuits .
starts. Also called line of departure, jurisdiction . See police jurisdiction.

K , in artillery ground fire , a factor to be key word , arbitrarily selected word or phrase
applied to actual range to a point to deter - from which a cryptographic key is derived .
mine the range which must be fired to hit key word mixed alphabet, in cryptography ,
that point. This factor is the result of alphabet constructed by writing the prear
registration and / or the solution of a mete ranged key word or key phrase, (repeated
orological message. It is expressed as plus letters, if present, usually being omitted
orminus so many yards per thousand units after their first occurrence ), and then
of actual range. See K transfer . completing the sequence with the unused
keeper, loop that holds straps or cords to letters of the alphabet in their normal
gether. Keepers are used on gun slings, sequence or in a sequence determined by a
etc . specific transposition scheme.
key, in cryptography, symbol or sequence of kick , 1 . violent backward movement of a
symbols applied to text to encrypt or gun after being fired , caused by a reaction
decrypt. See additive. to the forward motion of the projectile and
hot gases ; 2 . move backwards under the
key activities, those activities which are des
ignated as such to distinguish them from
force of a propelling explosion . In both
meanings, also called recoil.
other activities of lesser importance to
killed in action. See battle casualties.
determine assignment policies, etc.
keyed columnar transposition , in cryptography, kilometer, unit of linear measure approxi
common type of transposition which in mately 5/8 or 0 .62 of a mile ; 1,000 meters.
volves, the use of a key word or a numeri kit, 1. equipment and personal necessities
cal key indicating the order in which the that a soldier carries with him ; 2 . outfit
columns of the matrix are to be used . of tools , instruments, chemical detecting
keyholing , tumbling of bullet in flight caused apparatus, or the like ; 3. small bag or case
by failure of the bullet to receive sufficient
for carrying such equipment or such an
outfit.
spin from the rifling in the barrel.
kitchen police, 1. enlisted personnel detailed
key item , item determined not appropriate for to help the cooks of a unit perform routine
storage at multiple points. kitchen duties, such as washing dishes and
key list, in chyptography, publication contain cleaning vegetables ; 2 . detail to help the
ing the key for a specific cryptographic cooks of a unit perform routine kitchen
system . duties.
key phrase, arbitrarily selected phrase from kitchen truck, truck that carries kitchen
which a cryptographic key is derived. equipment, food and water.
key point. See key position . knapsack. See haversack .
key position , terrain feature or locality that kneeling position , position that gives steadi.
must be held or taken , if an engagement, ness in firing rifles. In this position , the
either in attack or defense, is to succeed . soldier kneels on his right knee, half facing
the right, and sits on his right heel.
key recovery, cryptanalytic reconstruction of
a key . kneeling trench, trench that shelters a rifle
man firing from the kneeling position ,
key specialist, individual whose skills have
been developed through long periods of | knife rest, portable wooden or metal frame
strung with barbed wire, used as a barri
training .
cade on roads and wherever else a readily
key symbol, 1. arbitrarily selected symbol removable barrier is needed . With a metal
which serves as a guide to the selection or frame it can be used as an underwater
derivation of a cryptographic key ; 2 . spe obstacle in beach defenses.
cifically , that symbol of a sequence against knocked-down, article which is partially or
which a symbol in another sequence is entirely taken apart to reduce cubic space
juxtaposed to form a key.
in shipping, etc.
key terrain . See critical terrain . knot, unit of speed , equivalent to one nautical
key text, text from which a cryptographic key mile (6 ,080.20 feet or 1. 15 statute miles )
is derived . per hour.
SR 320– 5 – 1
Ikno 158
'known-distance firing , practice firing when the kopfring , metal ring welded to the nose of a
distance between the weapon and the bomb to reduce its penetration in earth or
target is known . water.
known -distance range, practice range where K transfer, in artillery ground fire, the shift
the distance of the weapon from the target of fire from one point to another in the
is known . A known -distance range is used transfer limits of the piece, the actual
in training in the firing of small arms and range being corrected by application of
light automatic weapons. the K . See K .

labeled cargo , cargo of a dangerous nature, the beach , the approaches to the beach , the
such as explosives , inflammable or corro | transport area ( s ) , the fire support area ( 8 ) ,
sive liquids, and the like, which is desig the air occupied by close supporting air
nated by different colored labels to indi craft, and the land included in the advance
cate the requirement for special handling inland to the initial objective ; 2 . any spe
and stowage. Examples of such colored cially prepared or selected surface of land
labels are or water designated or used for takeoff and
label, green , a label required on shipments landing of aircraft ; 3 . (airborne ) the
of noninflammable gasses . general area used for landing troops and
material either by parachute or aircraft.
label, red, a label required on shipment of · This area includes one or more drop zones,
articles of an inflammable character.
landing zones, or landing strips.
label, white, a label required on shipments landing attack , attack against a defended
of acids or corrosive liquids. shore by troops landed from boats, barges,
label, yellow , a label required on shipments · or amphibian vehicles. See assault.
of inflammable solids and oxidizing landing barge, special type of flat-bottomed
materials. boat used to carry troops and combat
laboratory service, professional service of al equipment ashore for a landing attack.
• military medical unit equipped to perform landing beam , beam projected from the field
clinical laboratory tests and autopsies. ; to indicate to the pilot his height above the
labor service unit, group of prisoners of war ground and the position of the airplane on
or civilians, usually of foreign nationality , the proper path for a glide landing.
organized into a unit of semimilitary na landing boat, boat designed for landing opera
ture and patterned along T / 0 & E lines for
convenience in employment, administra
tions capable of being shipborne.
tion , and movement. Such units are not landing craft, craft which is especially de
constituted or activated but may be con signed for beaching, unloading or loading
sidered in formation of a troop basis . on the beach , and retracting.
labor supervision unit, T / O & E unit activated landing craft availability table, table used to
in cadre form for purpose of supervising tabulate the numbers of the various types
administration and employment of a labor of landing craft available among vessels
service unit. A labor supervision platoon of the transport group preparatory to
supervises a labor service platoon ; a labor working out their assignment to embark
supervision company supervises a labor and transport the troops of the assault
service company ; a labor supervision cen waves .
ter controls four to eight companies ; and landing diagram , in the assault phase of an
a labor supervision area controls 16 to 32 amphibious operation , a diagram which
companies. shows the organization of the boat group
lacrimator. See tear gas. for landing ; showing the waves , number
and type of boats or vehicles in each, the
Lambert projection , conic map projection in
which the meridians are straight lines con
interval between waves expressed in min
verging in the direction of the poles and
utes, and the formation and distance
the parallels are concentric circles inter
between boats expressed in yards.
secting the meridians at right angles. landing field , area of land designated for the
take-off and landing of aircraft. See
lance, staff supporting the colors, standard landing strip .
or guidon , carried on parade or march .
See pike. landing field (advanced ), in Air Force usage,
a hastily constructed temporary airfield
land. See lands. near the front. Usually it has one land
landing area, 1 . that part of the objective area ing strip, minimum dispersal and the
within which are included the landing barest essentials for servicing aircraft.
operations of an attack force. It includes As occupancy continues, it may be im
 SR 320 –5 – 1
159 lat
proved progressively into an airfield . | combat by air and will join the organiza
Also called advance landing ground. tion by land movement.
landing force , task organization of troops lanyard, 1. strong cord or light wire cable
especially trained and equipped , assigned with hand hole at one end, used to fire
to carry out amphibious operations against certain kinds of weapons, prototechnic pro
a position or group of positions so located jectors, etc. ; 2. strong cord worn about the
as to permit their seizure by troops oper neck or shoulder and attached to a side
ating under a single tactical command . arm to prevent its loss ; 3. cord device
Some of its elements may be transported denoting award of certain foreign decora
by air . tions.
landing force reserves, consist of supplies of lapel button , metallic device denoting awards
all classes for the landing force for a or service ; worn on civilian clothing only ;
period of from 10 to 30 days. These sup - 1 Examples : miniature of service ribbon for
plies may be carried in the assault convoy a decoration ; button for service, and
in a lower priority than other echelons of miniature replica of a badge. See rosette .
supply, or they may be shipped on a follow - Lapel Button for Service, metallic and enamel
up convoy . button device denoting certain service prior
landing operation . See amphibious operation to 1940 .
and airborne operation . lapse, condition of air in which the air in con
landing party , body of troops that engages in tact with the ground is warmer and lighter
a landing attack. than the air immediately above. The air
landing ramp, wide gangplank attached to a is unstable and convection currents exist.
landing boat for the easy unloading of lapsed appropriation , one which is no longer
vehicles and men . available for obligation or for disburse
landing schedule, in an amphibious operation , I ment.
a schedule which shows the place ; hour, large scale map ,map having a scale of 1 : 100 ,
and priorities of landing of assault units, 000 to 1 : 1 .
and which coordinates the movements of large unit, division or larger unit.
landing craft from the transports to the
beach in order to execute the planned late bid , one submitted after the time specified
in the advertisement.
scheme of maneuver ashore.
landing ship , large type assault ship generally latent defects, a latent defect is a flaw or
over 200 feet long which is designed for other imperfection in any article which is
discovered after delivery to the Govern
long sea voyages and for rapid unloading
ment. Usually, latent defects are inher .
over or onto a beach .
ent weaknesses which normally are not
landing strip , cleared, drained, and graded detected by examination or routine tests ,
strip used by aircraft in landing and take but which are present at time of manu
off. It includes the runway, overruns, facture and are aggravated by use .
shoulders, and cleared and graded areas
adjacent to the shoulders. latent reserve beds, those medical treatment
facility bed spaces for which are lacking
landing team . See battalion landing team . not only the required staff but also some
landing vehicle ( tracked ) , tracked amphibious or all of the equipment and fixtures neces
vehicle capable of operation under its own sary to convert them to operating beds.
power both on land and in deep water. lateral, 1. underground gallery that is con
See amphibious tank, amphibious tractor. structed parallel to the front line, and
landing wave. See boat wave. from which other parallel galleries for
attack , defense, and listening are pro
landing zone, (airborne ) , specified zone with jected toward the enemy. A lateral differs
in an objective area used for the landing from a fishbone, which is a series of in
of gliders or other aircraft. dependent galleries cut in the direction
land mine, container filled with explosives or of the enemy ; 2 . to one side of a line,
chemicals , placed on the ground or lightly such as the observer-target line in control
covered . It is usually set off by the weight of fire.
of vehicles or troops passing over it. See lateral communica
chemical land mine. tion , 1. communication be
tween units that are side by side along a
lands, raised portion between grooves in the front ; 2. communication between units of
bore of a gun . Spiral channels cut in the the same level of command . "
bore of a gun are called grooves. lateral deviation , horizontal distance between
land tail, that part of an airborne or air : the point of impact or burst and the gun
transported unit which is not committed to target line.
SR 320 - 5- 1
lat 160
lateral jump, horizontal angle between the the bore at the moment of firing at a mov
axis of the bore on firing and at the instant ing target ; 3 . aim a gun ahead of a moving
the projectile clears the muzzle ; the hori. target ; 4 . one target length , as it appears
zontal component of the angle of jump. to the gunner , used as a unit for measuring
The vertical equivalent of lateral jump is lead ; 5 . in highway operations , the linear
called vertical jump. spacing between the heads of successive ve
lateral observation , observation of gunfire hicles , serials , march units, or columns ;
from a point considerably to the right or 6 . an ice crack too wide for men , sledges,
left of the line of fire. and dogs to cross easily, i. e ., any crack
wider than 3 to 5 feet.
lateral road, road generally parallel to the lead azide, high explosive used in small quan
front.
tities to set off other high explosives.
lateral tilt, ular
inclination of an aerial camera
perpendic to the line of flight. Also lead chart, a chart or table giving the leads
called tilt. Inclination in the direction of necessary to strike a moving target under
various conditions, such as the distance to
flight is called tip .
the target and its speed and direction of
lateral transfer, permanent duty reassign travel.
· ment in the same or a lower grade from a
orized | lead computer, device for calculating leads to
military occupational specialty authorized
· in one career field to a military occupa hit a moving target. It is often a device
· tional specialty in another . in the sights or mount of a machine gun
that automatically gives the proper lead
latrine, toilet in a bivouac or camp ; wash
room and toilet facilities in barracks.
when the target is tracked by the gun.
| lead curve, line on a chart, recording in
latrine screen , 1. canvas put up to hide the graphic form the lead involved in aiming
latrine of a camp or bivouac ; 2 . wire screen
used to protect latrine from flies and other
a gun at a moving target.
insects .
leader, 1. military person who possesses qual
ities necessary to direct others ; 2 . title
launcher, 1. device used to launch grenades used for persons in charge of units smaller
and rockets. See grenade launcher and than a company. Platoon leader, section
rocket launcher ; 2 . mechanical structure leader , squad leaders are examples. The
which gives control to a missile during title used for persons in charge of a com
initial motion by constraining the missile
to move in the desired direction of flight, pany, battery or larger unit is commander.
but does not itself propel the missile. See leadership
leader , the art of influencing others to
catapult. cooperate to achieve a common goal.
law officer. officer appointed on a general | leader' s rule, method of determining safe
court-martial with the duty of ruling on range
an for machine guns firing over the
questions of law and procedure that come heads of friendly troops when the range
up during trials by such court. to the target is more than 900 yards.
leading element, first unit of advancing
lay, 1. direct or adjust the aim of a gun,
troops.
especially of a machine gun or artillery
piece ; 2 . setting of a gun for a given leading fire, fire delivered ahead of a moving
range, or for a given direction or for both ; | target to allow for its motion .
3 . assemble a mosaic by pasting aerial lead marks, small mark on the eyepiece of a
photographs to a mount. telescope by means of which the angular
layer tints, system of showing relief by use lead to allow for the motion of a target
of graduated series of color tints to indi- may be calculated .
cate various levels of altitude. lead table , chart or table giving the leads nec
lay -on -method , method of aiming in which a essary to strike a moving target under
battery observes a friendly airplane that various conditions, such as the distance
flies at a specified altitude along the gun to the target and its speed and direction
target line and makes a sudden turn when of travel.
directly over the target. Firing data is | lead time. See procurement lead time.
calculated from the direction , altitude, and leaflet bomb, device used for dropping large
distance of the plane at the moment it quantities of propaganda leaflets from bign
makes its turn . The lay -on -me method is flying aircraft , to insure their reaching
used when there are no known points for their targets with a minimum of drift
designation of targets. caused by air currents.
lead, 1 . distance ahead of a moving target leaflet shell, standard base ejection smoke
that a gun must be aimed in order to hit shell, of any caliber, with smoke canisters
the target ; 2 . vertical and lateral angles removed and propaganda substituted there
between the gun - target line and the axis of for.
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
161 let

leafleting , the dissemination of leaflets byl to rest on the left shoulder, the butt being
means of leaflet bombs carried by military held in the left hand ; 2. command to per
aircraft , by artillery shells, or by other form this movement.
leaffet carrying devices . left trail, left hand part of a split type gun
leaf sight, rear sight for small arms, hinged trail.
so that it can be raised for aiming or low - | leg . 1 . straight line between two points or
ered to keep from being broken when not stations in surveying , navigation , or range
in use. A leaf sight contains a peep sight finding ; 2 . a distinct portion of the course
that can be moved up and down to make of a moving target that is being plotted ;
adjustments for range. 3 . one of the sides of the right angle in a
lean fuel mixture, an air -fuel mixture con right triangle .
taining more air (higher ratio than 15 to | legal assistance office. office at posts, camps, or
1 ) than desirable. stations, at which military personnel and
leapfrog , form of fire and movement in which their dependents may obtain advice and as
the elements of a command are advanced sistance with regard to their personal legal
by moving successively through or by other problems.
elements which cover their advance. legal assistance plan , plan sponsored by the
leave. See leave of absence. Department of the Armyand the American
leave areas, an area established usually in Bar Association to make adequate legal
large cities or resorts of the communica advice and assistance available to military
tions zone to provide the opportunity for personnel and their dependents.
rest and relaxation for Army personnel on Legionnaire. See Legion of Merit.
leave or pass . Legion of Merit, decoration denoting excep
leave of absence, authorized absence from as tionally meritorious conduct in perform
signed duty . Military personnel accrue ance of outstanding services, awarded
leave credit at the rate of 242 calendar without degree to United States personnel
days for each month of active service . See and in the degrees of Chief Commander,
delay en route ; pass . Commander, Officer, and Legionnaire to
leave yea“ , year reckoned from July 1st to personnel of friendly foreign nations. The
the following June 30th , inclusive, used in degrees of Chief Commander and Com
calculating leaves of absence for military mander are equivalent to the Distin
personnel. guished Service Medal awarded United
left ( right) , 1. term used to establish the rela States personnel, and the degrees of Officer
tive position of a body of troops. The and Legionnaire are equivalent to the Le
person using the terms left or right is as gion of Merit awarded United States per
sonnel. Decoration precedence number 5 .
sumed to be facing in the direction of the
enemy regardless of whether the troops are See rosette.
advancing towards or withdrawing from lensatic compass, compass equipped with a
the enemy ; 2 . directional deviation used by magnifying glass for reading the scale ,
an observer in adjusting ground or naval used in making accurate measurements
gunfire. such as azimuths for fire control,
left (right) bank, that bank of a stream or less-than -carload , shipment which by volume
river on the left (right) of the observer or weight does not meet the requirements
when he is facing in the direction of flow , of the carrier 's tariff for the application
or down stream . of the carload rate.
left face, 1. movement from the position of
of lethal concentration. See concentration.
attention , in dismounted drill by which a Letter for Service, written expression of com
person turns on the heel of the left foot mendation or appreciation denoting service
and the ball of the right foot so as to face not warranting a formal certificate or dec
90 degrees to the left of the original posi oration .
tion ; 2. command to execute this move- Letter of Appreciation, written expression of
ment. appreciation denoting service or duty per
left flank , entire left side of a command from formed ; see Letter of Commendation .
the leading element to the rearmost ele - | Letter of Commendation , written expression
ment as it faces the enemy. By the left of commendation denoting exceptional
flank is a preparatory command to have service or duty performed .
every soldier in a formation change direc- | letter of instructions, form of order by which
tion 90 degrees to the left of the original superior commanders give information as
direction of march , at the same time. to broad aims, policies , and strategic plans
left shoulder arms, 1, movement in the manual for operations in large areas over a con
of the rifle in which the rifle is brought | siderable period of time. It is issued to
277763° — 53 — 11
SR 320– 5 – 1
lev
large units of a command and has the same
authority as an operation order . A letter
of instructions is intended for the guidance
and control of the operations of a large
command.
levee en masse, inhabitants of a territory
which has not been occupied , who, on the
approach of the enemy, spontaneously take
up arms to resist the invading troops.
They are regarded as belligerents if they
carry arms openly and if they respect the
laws and customs of war .
level bombing , bombing in which bombs are
released in level flight.
leveling, adjusting any device , especially a
gun and mount or sighting equipment, so
that all horizontal or vertical angles will
be measured in the true horizontal and
vertical planes .
leveling , barometric , determination of differ
ence in elevation by measuring differences
in atmospheric pressure at various stations
with a barometer after corrections are
applied .
leveling, trigonometric , determination of dif
ferences in elevation by measuring verti
cal angles and horizontal distances and
computing the differences in elevation by
trigonometric functions.
level point, point on the descending branch
of the trajectory which is at the same
altitude as the origin ; the point where
the trajectory cuts the base ; sometimes
referred to as point of fall .
level( s) of supply, general supply term , ex
pressed in days of supply or a specific
quantity of an item , which is used for
planning purposes and in supply opera -
tions. In the singular, the term is invari
ably qualified with a descriptive word or
phrase. Some examples are
maximum level of supply, maximum quan -
tity of supplies authorized to be on hand
at any one time. Themaximum level of
supply is the sum of the minimum level
of supply plus the operating range of
supply .
minimum level of supply , the quantities of
supplies normally expressed in days, | lift, 1 . in airborne usage, the total airborne
which are required to sustain a theater
capacities expressed in terms of personnel
until emergency action can be taken to and cargo that are, or can be, carried by
resupply the theater in the event of a available aircraft in any one trip ; 2 . in
breakdown in the supply system . The
factors which are considered in the es
tablishment of the minimum level are
the distribution time required within
the theater and the time required to
effect an emergency resupply .
strategic or special reserve, a special quan
tity of stock authorized for retention at
a supply point, base or similar activity |
162
for use for a specific purpose only in
accordance with an approved plan or
directive. The items may be expressed
in quantities or days of supply.
operating level of supply , the quantity of
supplies over and above the minimum
level of supply authorized as a working
stock during the time interval between
successive arrivals of normal sustaining
shipments. This level is measured in
days of supply or in specific quantities
of an item .
lewisite, colorless and odorless (when pure )
oily liquid blister gas which irritates the
nose and throat ; smells like geraniums
when impure . See appendix II.
liaison , that contact or intercommunication
maintained between parts of an armed
force to insure mutual understanding and
unity of purpose and action . It is often
aided by exchange of officers and / or men
in order to keep up an exchange of infor
mation .
liaison aviation , in Air Force usage, a term
applied to aircraft and air units whose pri
mary functions are courier or messenger
service. For Army Field Forces usage see
light aviation .
liaison net, communication system used for
maintaining liaison .
liaison officer , officer stationed in a liaison
capacity with an activity, unit , or service
other than his own .
liaison party, detachment working with an
other unit to serve as a link between the
two commands.
liberated territory, any area , domestic , neu
tral, or friendly , which , having been
occupied by an enemy, is retaken by
friendly forces.
library, a service agency established for the
purpose of providing reading materials of
an educational, informational, recreational,
technical and reference nature to a De
partment of the Army installation or
activity . See field library ; deposit collec
tion ; bookmobile.
amphibious usage, the total capacity of
assault type shipping utilized in an am
phibious operation , expressed in terms of
personnel, vehicles , and measurement (or
weight) tons of supplies ; 3 . in highway
transport operations, the payload tonnage
or personnel that can be transported by a
vehicle or by a truck unit in one trip .
Also called amphibious lift or assault lift.
 SR 320 –5 – 1
163
lift fire, 1. advance the range of fire by elevat- i disability or administrative policies such
ing the muzzle of a weapon ; 2. cease or · as conscientious objection to combat duty ,
suspend fire. age, parentage, enlistment for duty in
light antiaircraft artillery, conventional anti specified areas, etc.
aircraft artillery pieces, usually under limited depositary check , a check drawn by a
90 -mm , the weight of which in a trailed disbursing officer against an account main
mount, including on carriage fire control, tained with a limited depositary bank lo
does not exceed 20 ,000 pounds. Self cated in a foreign country, territory or
propelled versions are rated in the same possession of the United States.
category as the trailed version . limited objective attack , attack limited to a
light artillery, all guns and howitzers of single set objective which is usually lo
105 -mm caliber (4 .13 inches) or smaller . cated on or near the enemy front line.
light aviation. See army aviation . limited service , equipment not suitable for
light aviation officer. See army aviation officer . use in combat areas ; such equipment is
replaced by equipment that is complete
light- case bomb, type of high explosive bomb and usable for a unit preparing for im
in which the weight of the container is
mediate entry into combat.
small in proportion to the weight of the
limited standard articles , an item which is not
explosive charge ; designed primarily for
blast effect. as satisfactory as a standard type, but is
a usable substitute therefor, and is either
light elephant steel shelter, shelter for per in use or available for issue to meet supply
sonnel and materiel made from steel arch demands.
sections of medium size and weight. This
shelter is larger and stronger than the limited storage, storage classification for sup
two-man -steel shelter, but smaller than plies intended for withdrawal within 90
the elephant steel shelter. It serves as days, allowing for the possibility of the
a splinterproof cover. least protected storage condition author
ized for the specific material.
lighterage, barges and craft used in unload
ing and loading vessels not lying at limited traverse , restricted movement of a gun
wharves and docks , or in transporting to right or left . The restriction may be
freight about a harbor or beach unloading caused by mechanical devices or by natural
area . obstacles.
light line, 1. theoretical line on the ground limited traverse emplacement, emplacement for
beyond which vehicles proceeding to the hol a gun that permits the gun only a re
ut I stricted movement to right or left.
front at night are required to use blackout
lights, or beyond which vehicles proceed - limiting points, designated points where the
ing to the rear are required to operate with several lines in a defensive position or out
driving lights on ; 2 . Used to describe a post cross the unit sector boundaries, used
line of beacon lights marking a course on to insure coordination between adjacent
the ground which is used as an aid to units.
night navigation of aircraft. limit of fire, 1. boundary marking off the area
light machine gun , any machine gun including , on which gunfire can be delivered ; 2. safe
and lighter than , a 30 -caliber, air-cooled angular limits for firing at towed aerial
machine gun . targets.
light shelter, shelter that can protect against limit velocity , lowest possible velocity at
continuous bombardment with 8 -inch which any one of the complete penetra
shells. Light shelter is not to be confused tions is obtained . Since the limit velocity
with a light shell-proof shelter, which is is difficult to obtain , a more easily obtain
built to withstand 6 - inch shells . able value is usually employed . It is des
lights out. See tattoo. ignated as the ballistic limit.
line, 1. formation in which troops , vehicles ,
light tank, tank designed for missions re
quiring speed and mobility such as se or units are abreast ; formation in which
curity and reconnaissance ; tank up to 25 the units are abreast of one another and
tons in weight. See tank . on the same front. In this meaning, also
called line formation ; 2. row of fortifica
limber, 1 . two -wheeled vehicle to which a tions, trench system , or front between
gun is attached for transport ; 2. attach hostile forces ; 3 . any boundary or limit of
a gun to its limber . action , such as a line of lights or a picket
limited assignment, general classification of line : 4. row of aircraft drawn up on a
military personnel whose assignment to landing field ; 5 . in cryptography, hori
specific types of duty or duties in certain zontal sequence of symbols or groups of
localities is restricted because of physical symbols.
SR 320 – 5 – 1
lin 164
linear defense, defense in which there is little and along which supplies and reinforce
or no depth to the position ; availablem ents move. See communications zone.
forces are spread in breadth , and with few | line of companies. formation in which com
or no reserves . panies, in company mass formation , are
linear speed method, method of calculating placed abreast so that the front row of
firing data in which the future position of men in each company is on the same
a moving target is determined by finding straight line.
the direction of flight and the ground line of departure, 1. line designated to coor
speed of the target. By multiplying the dinate the departure of attack elements :
ground speed by the time of flight of the a jump-off line. In amphibious operations,
projectile, the future position is deter a suitably marked off -shore coordinating
mined. Linear speed method and angular line to assist assault craft and land vehi
travel method are two methods of com cles to land on designated beaches at sched
puting firing data. uled times ; 2 . in ground operations, a line
linear target, long narrow target such as a ordinarily located on or behind the last
troop column, railway train , or truck available terrain mask which can be
train . reached without exposure to hostile obser
line coordinate, in cryptography, symbol nor vation and small arms fire. Suitable,
mally at the side of a matrix identifying a clearly defined terrain features, such as
specific row of cells and , in conjunction roads, edges of woods, etc., and friendly
with a column coordinate, a specific cell in front lines may be used ; 3 . in air opera
the matrix. tions, the initial position of scouting line
from which scouts proceed on their pre
lined photomap, photomap which omits un scribed courses for search ; 4 . prolongation
necessary detail ; usually made by tracing of the axis of the bore as a projectile leaves
from or bleaching an aerial photograph. the muzzle of a gun. It is tangent to the
gin
line formation , formation in which troops, trajectory at its origin ..
vehicles, or units are abreast ; formation line of drift, natural route along which
in which the units are abreast of one wounded men may be expected to go back
another and on the same front. Also for medical aid from a combat position .
called line.
line of duty , 1. authorized duty in service ; 2.
line haul, in highway transportation a type classification of all sickness, injury or
of haul involving long trips over the road death suffered by personnel in active mili
wherein the proportion of running time is tary service of the United States unless
high in relation to time consumed in load caused by individual fault or neglect and
ing and unloading, Line hauls usually unless the disease, injury, or condition
are evaluated on the basis of ton -miles existed prior to service and was not aggra
forward per day. vated by service.
line item . See requisition line item . line of elevation , the axis of the bore pro
line map . See lined photomap. longed .
line of battalions. formation in which bat- line of fall, line tangent to the trajectory at
talions, in battalion mass formation , are the level point.
placed abreast so that the front row of line officer, officer belonging to a combatant
men in each battalion is on the same branch of the Army ; officer of the line.
straight line. line of fire, straight horizontal line from the
line of battle . See front line. muzzle of the weapon , running in the same
direction as theaxis of the bore, just prior
line of bearing, direction of any straight line to firing .
expressed as the angle that line makes
with a north -south line ; especially , the line-offset method , method by which a curved
line can be surveyed . From a known start
direction of an airplane' s course. ing point, a straight line is laid out which
line of collimatio n, line which passes through will cut the curve at two points at equal
the optical center of the objective lens of distances from the starting point. At set
the instrument and the point of reference distances along this line in each direction
at the point of principal focus. from the starting point, perpendiculars of
line of columns, formation in which several known length are set up . By joining their
parallel columns are placed so that the ends the curve is established.
fronts of all the columns are on the same line of impact, line tangent to the trajectory
straight line. at the point of impact.
line of communications, all the routes, land , line of march, 1. route or direction set for a
water, and air , which connect an operating march ; 2. regular arrangement of troops
military force with its base of operations, or units for a march .

165
line of masses, formation in which subordi- |
nate units are arranged in masses, spaced
at equal intervals and abreast of each
other.
line of observation , 1. line from a position
• finder to a target at the exact time of a
recorded observation ; 2 . line occupied by
the observation units of the outpost posi
tion ; outpost line of observation .
line of operations, line along which a combat
force operates in carrying out tactical mis
sions. It begins at the base of operations
and extends in the direction of movement
towards the enemy.
line of platoons, formation in which platoons
are placed abreast so that the front row of
men in each platoon is on the same straight
line.
line of position . See line of site.
line of resistance, line along which an enemy
attack is met by organized resistance .
line of retirement, 1. direction of retirement
of a withdrawing force ; 2 . line at which
scouting aircraft turn and start to search
to the rear.
line of sections, formation in which sections
of units are placed abreast so that the
front rows are on the same straight line.
line of site, straight line joining the origin
and a point, usually the target.
line of skirmishers, line of dismounted men in
staggered formation at extended intervals .
line of squads, formation in which squads are
arranged at extended intervals abreast of
one another, so that the front rows are on
the same straight line.
line of supply , network of railways, water
ways, roads, and air routes along which
supplies and equipment are moved from
bases or supply points in the rear to tacti
cal units farther forward .
line of wedges , tactical formation in which a
series of units are in wedge formation and
the wedges are abreast.
liner, 1. inner tube, in a cannon , which bears
the rifling and which may be replaced
when worn out ; 2 . detachable plastic or
fiber inner layer of a metal helmet ; helmet |
liner ; 3 . metal inner box usually with
soldered or welded seams, designed as an | litter, device capable of being carried by two
inside container for placing within a or more bearers for the purpose of trans
sturdily constructed exterior container for
protection of ammunition or explosives
against deterioration ; 4 . cone of material
used as an integral part of shaped
charges ; a shaped charge liner. litter .
line route map . map or overlay for signal | litter patient, patient unable to walk and re
communication operations that shows the quiring medical care.
actual routes and type of constructions of litter relay point, point where a new litter
wire circuits in the field . It also gives the
SR 320- 5 - 1
lit
locations of switchboards, telephones, and
telegraph instruments .
line shot, 1. projectile which strikes on the
line from observer to target ; 2. projectile
which passes through any part of the cone
of sight formed by an aerial target.
lines of communications, network of railways,
waterways , airways, highways and pipe
lines by which an armed force in the field
is supplied and reinforced from its base of
operations.
link , metal unit that connects the cartridges
for an automatic weapon and with them
forms a feed belt .
link belt, ammunition feed belt for an auto
matic weapon in which interlocking metal
links connect the cartridges and with them
form the belt.
linking station , radio station used for the
relay of messages from one network to
another .
link -loading machine, machine that quickly
loads ammunition into interlocking metal
links , which in turn form an ammunition
belt for certain types of automatic
weapons.
listening post, concealed position in advance
of defensive lines occupied during periods
of reduced visibility for the purpose of
detecting sounds which will give informa
tion or timely warning of enemy activity ;
normally occupied by two or more men .
listening silence , period of time specified by
a commander during which the transmit
ters of all radio sets used for signal com
munication within the command will be
completely shut down and will not be op
erated except during emergencies spe
cifically described in orders. All receivers
will remain in operation on net frequencies
unless special orders are issued to the con
trary. See radio silence.
listening watch , a continuous receiver watch
established for the reception of traffic
addressed to , or of interest to , the listen
ing unit ; the maintenance of a complete
log is optional with the listening unit.
list of balances , a list of an accountable off
cer' s stock record card balances.
literal key, key sequence in letter form .
porting sick , injured or dead persons.
litter bearer, an individual, usually of the
Army Medical Service, who helps carry a
team takes over further movement of a
SR 320 - 5 - 1
liv 166
casualty, and the first team returns for lobe-switching , process of directing radio -fre
another casualty. The object is to provide quency beam rapidly back and forth
short litter hauls for the bearers . The between two positions in order to deter
casualty may or may not be placed on a mine the axis of reflection more accurately.
wheeled litter at this point. local-battery system , a telephone system in
live ammunition , ammunition containing ex - which the current for talking is supplied at
plosives. This is in contrast to drill am each telephone ; sometimes referred to as
munition or dummy ammunition , which a magneto system . See magneto.
contains no explosives and is used in local circuit, a wire circuit connecting a tele
training . phone to a switchboard or to a switchboard
live file , 1. file containing a duplication or or to another telephone.
summary of each outgoing message for local counterattack , counterattack made by
which a receipt has not yet been obtained ; 1 - local reserves to retake ground or to force
2. file in which current documents and the enemy to use up his own reserves.
correspondence are kept. local counterpreparation , gunfire delivered so
load , 1. single round of ammunition consist- as to cover that portion of the front
ing of a primer, propelling charge, and threatened by a local attack. It is for the
projectile, sometimes held together by al purpose of disorganizing enemy prepara
shell case ; 2 . place a charge in a firearm ; tions.
3. command to charge a firearm . local fleet retentions. See retentions.
load adjuster , slide rule type of device used local flight, airplane flight within a local
by the Air Force to determine the center 1 flying area intended to end at the place
of gravity of a loaded aircraft. where it began .
loader, member of a tank crew who has as - local haul, in highway transportation a type
signed duties in loading. See cannoneer. of haul involving short trips at, or in the
loading , that phase of transportation which vicinity of an installation , terminal, city ,
or center of activity, wherein a relatively
is concerned with the actual placement of
troops, equipment, and supplies into the high proportion of time is devoted to load
ing and unloading as compared to actual
vessel( s ) , train (s ) , and / or aircraft. running time. Local hauls are usually
loading officer , troop officer designated to plan evaluated on a tons per day basis .
and supervise the loading and unloading local hour angle, difference of longitude be
of troops, equipment, and supplies , gen tween the meridian passing through the
erally aboard a vessel or for an airborne observer and a point on the earth directly
operation . See unit loading officer. beneath an observed celestial body . It
loading plan, 1. plan based on the consolidated may be measured as an angle at the pole .
tonna ge tables showing what material will | local line, a telephone line connecting a tele
be loaded in each hold , between -deck com phone to a switchboard. See trunk circuit.
partment, magazine, and other space in a local parole , status of trustworthy prisoners
ship including deck space available for
in confinement who have freedom of move
cargo ; 2. See air loading table . ment outside the enclosure but within a
loading table , table or chart that gives allow defined area . See installation parole.
able loads for different types of trains, local procurement, 1 . procurement of supplies
trucks, aircraft, ships, or any carrier. or equipment in the continental United
loading tray, 1. trough -shaped carrier on States by other than a centralized purchas
which heavy projectiles are placed so that ing office , such as purchase by an installa
they can be more easily and safely slipped tion of supplies and equipment for use of
into the breech of a gun ; 2. hollowed slide that installation ; 2. procurement of sup
which guides the shells into the breech of plies or equipment for its own use in an
some types of automatic weapons. area outside the United States by a United
loading, unit, loading of troop units with their States military command located in that
area .
equipment and supplies in the same ves
sels. local protection , protection against enemy at
tack or surprise, established by a com
load pistol, command to insert a loaded maga mander for his own unit. Also called local
zine in a pistol. security .
lobe, elongated , rounded pattern formed by local security , 1. protecting unit, independent
the energy of a radar beam . Maximum of any outpost, established by a commander
signal is received only when the longi to guard his unit against surprise and
tudinal axis of the lobe passes through insure its readiness for action ; 2 . protec
the target . tion against enemy attack of surprise
 SR 320 – 5– 1
167 lon

established by a commander for his own service forces , it is capable of providing

unit. In this meaning, also called local communications zone support to a com
protection . bat force of approximately 100,000 men .
locator card, 1 . card giving essential informa type C mission , to command an integrated
tion about Army personnel, including the organization of the combined services
name, grade, service number, and organiza ranging in size from 75 ,000 to 150,000
tion ; especially such a card prepared for men . When provided with appropriate
machine filing in a locator card file at a service forces it is capable of providing
headquarters ; 2 . similar card for each item communications zone support to a com
stored in a depot. bat force of approximately 400 ,000 men .
lock , 1. position of a safety mechanism which logistics, that part of the entire military ac
prevents a gun from being fired ; 2. secure tivity which deals with production , pro
or make safe, as to set the safety on a gun , curement, storage, transportation , dis
etc. tribution , maintenance, and evacuation of
lock frame, mechanical unit in certain fire personnel, supplies, and equipment ; with
arms. It is used to assist in unlocking the induction , classification , assignment, wel
bolt from the barrel after recoil has fare, and separation of personnel ; and
started . with facilities required for the support of
the military establishment including con
locking lugs, metal projections on the bolt, of
struction and operation thereof . It com
a small arms weapon which cam into re
cesses cut in the sides of the receiver to prises both planning and implementation .
lock the weapon prior to firing. log reader, a person engaged in reading the
lodgment area , that area , resulting from a logs of intercept operators in order to ob
consolidation of one or more beach heads or tain communication intelligence.
airheads, which is the initial base of oper long -base method. See graphic intersection.
tions required for support of extende:1 long delay fuze. See delay fuze.
operations overland. longitudinal deviation . See range deviation .
log , 1. orderly record of observed events ; long -life items, items which have an esti
2 . in intercept operations, record kept by an mated average service life of 5 years or
operator of everything heard on a circuit . more.
logarithmic range scale , type of scale used on long range disk . See marking disk .
the range disks of guns when the disks are
long-range fires, planned defensive fires to
graduated for the combination of powder
charge and projectile. It is so named engage the enemy as early as possible to
because it follows a logarithmic rather • delay his advance and disrupt his organ
than an arithmetic curve. ization . One of the types of defensive
fires.
log book, book in which a log is kept ; book
containing a daily record of a ship, air long-range mission , the seeking of intelligence
craft, or hospital, or giving a record of the calculated to be of value at sometime in
performance of a small military unit or of the future.
such equipment as guns and engines. long -range radar, equipment whose maximum
logistical command, an Army organization range on a reflecting target of one square
meter normal to the signal path exceeds
consisting of a headquarters and head
quarters company designed to exercise 300 miles but is less than 800 miles, pro
command functions in the execution of the vided line -of-sight exists between the tar
mission of a section , a territorial subdivi get and the radar. See very long -range
radar.
sion of a section , or with suitable augmen
tation , a small communications zone. | long recoil. See recoil-operated.
Logistical commands are of three types : longshoreman , individual who loads or un
Type A . Mission , to exercise command of an loads vessels.
integrated organization of the combined long supply , an item is in long supply when
services ranging in size from 9,000 to total stock on hand and on order is in
15 ,000 men . When provided with ap excess of the total estimated demand for
propriate service forces, it is capable of any given period .
furnishing Army and communications
zone support to a combat force of long thrust , bayonet thrust made with arm
extended and the body thrown forward ,
approximately 30,000 men .
with the weight shifted to the leading
type B mission , to command an integrated
foot ; long lunge.
organization of the combined services
ranging in size from 35 ,000 to 60,000 long title. See title.
men . When provided with appropriate | long wheel base. See wheel base.
SR 320– 5 – 1
loo
lookout, observer assigned to watch for en
emy airplanes, tanks, or troops.
loop sling . See loop sling adjustment.
loop sling adjustment, adjustment of the sling
strap of a rifle for firing, in which the
left arm is passed through a loop in the
strap which is tightened and adjusted to
the firer ; loop sling . This adjustment
gives a steadier grip than does the hasty
sling adjustment, but it requires a little
more time to make.
loose issue stock , supplies removed from orig
inal containers for issue in small quanti
ties .
loose round , cartridge defect in which the
bullet is loose in its case.
loss replacement, personnel added to a unit
to fill a vacancy due to loss. See filler .
lost, term used by any observer to indicate | low order detonation , incomplete detonation
that rounds fired by a gun or mortar were
not observed .
lot, 1. quantity of material such as powder
all of which was manufactured
identical conditions ; 2 . quantity of sup
plies of the same general classification ,
such as subsistence, clothing , or equipage
received and stored at any one time.
lot number , identification number assigned to
a particular quantity or lot of materiel, 1 lunette. towing ring in the trail plate or
such as ammunition , from a single manu
facturer. For an example, sce ammunition
lot number.
low altitude bombing, horizontalbombing with
the height of release at an altitude be-
tween 900 and 8 ,000 feet.
low -angle fire, gunfire delivered at angles of
elevation below the elevation that corre
sponds to the maximum range of the piece, lyster bag. See water sterilizing bag.
168
so that ranges increase with increases in
angles of elevation .
low entanglement. See low wire entanglement.
lowering strap, webbing or rope used by a
descending parachutist to lower an equip
ment container just before landing. Its
use permits an unencumbered landing .
low explosive, explosive which undergoes a
relatively slow chemical transformation ,
thereby producing a deflagration or an
explosion , the effect ranging from that of
a rapid combustion to that of a low order
detonation . It is suitable for use in igni
ter trains and certain types of propellants.
low oblique. See oblique aerial photograph .
low order burst, breaking of a projectile into
a few large fragments instead of a large
number of smaller fragments, as a result
of a low order detonation .
of the explosive charge in a bomb, projec
tile or other similar high explosive. See
detonation .
under low velocity, muzzle velocity of an artillery
projectile of 2,499 feet per second or less.
low wire entanglement, low barrier consisting
of flat networks of barbed wire sloping
down both ways from a line of stakes
about 3 feet high ; low entanglement.
tongue of a towed vehicle , such as a gun
carriage or trailer, used for attaching the
towed vehicle to the prime mover or tow
ing vehicle.
lusterless paint, paint which absorbs light
rays so that no shine or polish appears
on its surface. It is used extensively on
Army vehicles.

machete, large broadbladed knife , sometimes
two or three feet long, used chiefly for cut
ting paths through jungles.
machine gun , gun that fires small-arms am
munition automatically and is capable of
sustained rapid fire. It is usually belt-fed
or link -fed , air -cooled or water-cooled , and
recoil-operated or gas-operated .
usually fired from a mount.
machine-gun nest, machine-gun emplacement,
generally in a concealed and fortified po
sition .
machine records unit, unit at a headquarters
that keeps records of personnel and of or
ganizations. It consists of
trained in the use of punch card machines
and mechanical sorting and
equipment.
machine tool, any power-operated machine for
cutting , abrasing, shaping, forming , and
jointing of metals which has an original
purchase price of $500 or more.
mach number , ratio of the velocity of a body
to that of sound in the medium being con
sidered.
It is
macrometer , instrument that has two mirrors
and a focusing telescope with which the
ranges of distant objects can be found .
magazine, 1. receptacle from which ammu
nition is fed into the chamber of a weapon .
It may be an insert, an attachment or an
integral part of the weapon ; 2 . storage
personnel structure above or below ground con
structed for the storage of ammunition and
tabulating explosives. The several types of maga
zines are, igloo , temporary igloo , stand
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
169 mai

ard ammunition , explosives, smokeless guard, such as an escort guard or guard

powder, and primer and fuze magazines. of honor, and the prisoner guard .
1
magazine area, area specifically designed and main line of resistance, line at the forward
set aside for the storage of explosives or edge of the battle position designated to
ammunition . coordinate the fires of all units and sup
magazine pocket , container for a magazine porting weapons, including naval gunfire
and air. It defines the forward limits of
filled with cartridges, worn on a cartridge
a series of mutually supporting defensive
belt . area .
magnesium , 1. light metal which , when
main number, (MAIN ) symbol assigned by
burned, produces a white smoke and white the Association of American Railroads to
flame, used for bodies of small incendiary
routing requests of the Chief of Trans
bombs ; 2. a metal used in construction
portation for purposes of identification ,
where light weight is desired . record , secrecy , and administrative han
magnetic azimuth , azimuth measured from dling of movements of groups of 15 or more
magnetic north . men with or without organizational equip
magnetic course , direction of movement or ment who travel by rail as authorized by
flight as measured by the angle between regulations.
the line to magnetic north and the line main post exchange, permanent or temporary
of motion . type building designated by the installa
magnetic declination . See declination . tion commander to be used for the display
and sale of Army and Air Force Exchange
magnetic deviation , as opposed to magnetic Service merchandise to all eligible per
*declination , deviation is amount of compass sonnel. Building to provide office space,
error for given deduction on any one merchandise mart, latrines, storage , and
azimuthal reading. Also called deviation . may provide space for kitchen and restau
magnetic north, north toward which the rant and for concessions such as barber
needle of a compass points. · shop , shoe repair , tailor shop , etc.
magneto , a hand -operated , alternating current main road , road capable of serving as the
generator used to operate telephone ring principal ground line of communications
ers and switchboard line indicators . to an area or locality . Usually it is wide
enough and suitable for two-way all
magnitude method , method of adjusting gun
fire for range when the amount and direc
weather traffic at high speeds.
tion of the deviation are known. Sec main supply road , main axis of supply from
bracketing method . rear to front ; principal supply road .
maintenance, 1. any action taken to keep
main aisle. See aisle . materiel in a serviceable condition or to
main attack , principal attack ; attack into restore it to serviceability when it is un
which the commander throws the full serviceable. Thus maintenance of mate
weight of the offensive power at his dis riel includes inspecting, testing, servicing,
posal ; attack directed against the chief classifying as to serviceability , repair ,
objective of the campaign or battle ; main rebuilding and reclamation ; 2. all supply ,
effort . repair , and personnel replacement action
main body, 1. principal part of a tactical taken to keep a theater or force in condi
command or formation . It does not in tion to carry out its mission.
clude detached elements of the command , maintenance area , a maintenance area is a
such as advance guards, outposts, con general locality in which are grouped a
necting files, etc. ; 2. in a motor column, all number of logistical establishments for the
vehicles exclusive of the column head, support of a given force, generally a field
trail and control vehicles, and consisting army or separate corps ; army maintenance
primarily of the task vehicles carrying the area , corps maintenance area .
bulk of the cargo or troops within the maintenance category, system of maintenance
column. and repair of materiel based on difficulty
main civilian occupation , civilian occupation and requisite technical skill, in which jobs
or specialty by which an individual's best are allocated to organizations in accord
civilian experience is classified . ance with the availability of personnel,
tools, supplies, and time within the organ
main guard, regular interior guard of a post
ization . Following are the maintenance
or unit, whose principal duties are to categories :
patrol the area and protect the personnel ,
buildings, and equipment. A main guard depot maintenance, that maintenance re
is a subdivision of the interior guard of a quired for the repair of materiel which
command , the others being the special requires a complete rebuild of parts, sub
SR 320– 5 – 1
mai 170

assemblies, assemblies, and / or end items , major activity , an activity major in scope,
as required . Such maintenance is in - such as a general hospital or depot, lo
tended to augment stocks of serviceable | cated at installations with other activities.
equipment or to support lower levels of major combination , single composite unit of
maintenance by the use of more exten mechanical equipment inherently complete
sive shop equipment and personnel of for independent use and consisting of one
higher technical skill than are available or more major items. A major combina
in organization or field maintenance ac tion as issued is complete in respect to
tivities . both equipment and spare parts, including
field maintenance,maintenance , exclusive of items furnished by services other than the
rebuild , performed by maintenance or issuing service . A tank, complete with
ganizations on equipment for return to armament, equipment and spare parts , is
using organizations, station stocks, or an example of a major combination .
replacement pools (third echelon and major command, includes continental Armies,
mobile and semimobile fourth echelon ). the Military District of Washington , and
organizational maintenance, maintenance oversea Army commands directly under the
performed by organizations or activities Department of the Army.
under their own managem ent ( first and major item , article or group of articles of
second echelons) . mechanical or electronic equipment indi
maintenance crew , 1 . maintenance section of vidually classified by the technical service
the crew of a vehicle or aircraft ; 2 . group or agency charged with procurement.
of men detailed to inspect, service, and Major items usually require long pro
repair materiel and equipment. duction lead time.
maintenance kit, collection of maintenance major joint exercises. See joint exercises.
supplies and spare and repair parts , which major medical assembly , an aggregation of
are assembled for repair of a particular
medical supplies and equipment identified
type of operable equipment. This assem by a consignee combination .
blage is generally housed in a specially major port (oversea ) , headquarters and ad
designed case or kit .
ministrative overhead organized under a
maintenance officer , officer in charge of inspec
table of organization and equipment to
tion and repairs of materiel and equipment supervise a port organization capable of
in a command .
handling approximately 300,000 long tons,
maintenance park , part of a maintenance area 50,000 troops, and 1,000 animals per
at which vehicles are inspected , serviced , month .
and repaired by mobile field maintenance
major repair, repair work on items of mate
units .
riel or equipment that need complete over
maintenance plan , 1. plan prepared before an haul or substantial replacement of parts,
operation , by the maintenance officer of a or that require special tools .
command ; 2. the scope of maintenance au malaria survey, a survey conducted to deter
thorized a command for specified types of
mine the prevalence of malaria by spleenic
materiel and defined by echelon in accord
index and prevalance of mosquito breed
ance with AR 750 – 5 .
ing (and chief vector) with recommenda
maintenance shop , facility , including person tions for the necessary control activities.
nel, tools, and equipment, used in the re malfunction faulty action
, of some equipment
pair , rebuild , and servicing of supplies or
component which may result in a stoppage.
equipment. Malfunction is also failure of ammuni
maintenance status, 1 . nonoperating condi tion to function in a normal or expected
tion , voluntarily imposed, with adequate
manner ; or a parachute to open properly.
personnel to maintain and preserve in
stallations, materiel, and facilities in malingerer, an individual who claims to be ill
such a condition that they may be readily or disabled (or unduly exaggerates a dis
restored to operating condition in a mini ability ) when there is no actual illness or
mum of time by the assignment of addi no disability (or only slight disability ) ,
tional personnel and without extensive re in order to avoid duty or service . Malin
pair or overhaul ; 2 . that condition of gering is a military offense punishable by
equipment at any one time due to mainte court martial.
nance operations. manditory, required by command or order ;
maintenance supplies. See replenishment sup compulsory ; allowing no exercise of judg
ment .
plies.
maintenance vehicle, vehicle used for carrying maneuver, 1. movement to place ships, troops,
parts, equipment, and personnel for main materiel, or fire at a more advantageous
tenance or evacuation of vehicles. position with respect to the enemy ; 2 .
 SR 320– 5 – 1
171 map

tactical exercise carried out at sea , in and other source materials used either
the air , on the ground , or on a map in simply or in combination ; 2 . the map draw
imitation of war. See field maneuver ; 3 . ing containing all information to be shown
skillful operation of a ship, aircraft, or on the finished map ready for final draft
vehicle to cause it to perform desired ing for reproduction ; 3 . a manuscript map .
movements . map coordinate code, code system for desig
maneuvering element. See maneuvering force. nating the locations of points on a map
maneuvering force, element of a combat unit by giving the distance from secret lines or
that seeks to seize an attack objective reference points .
through movement to a more advantageous map data , information used in making a map ,
position with respect to the enemy. or available on a map that is already
maneuvering target, moving target, used in drawn, Artillery firing data taken from
practice to develop skill in firing at mov a firing chart, or weather information , are
ing troops, vehicles, ships, or aircraft. examples of map data .
man -hour, amount of work an average man map declination , angle between the griů north
can do in one hour. line and the magnetic north line at any
point.
manifest, compilation of the cargo loaded on
a vessel. It usually contains itemization map exercise, exercise in which a series of
of nomenclature , hatch stowage full de military situations is stated and solved
scription of cargo requiring special han on a map .
dling or lift, etc. ' For airborne usage, map K , a proportional correction for the
see flight manifest. discrepancy between the scale of a firing
manning detail, crew that serves an artillery chart and that of the plotting scale be
weapon . It consists of a chief of section , ing used .
a gun squad , and an ammunition squad. map maneuver, exercise in which military
manning level, a personnel ceiling imposed operations with opposing sides are con
upon a troop basis by reason of reduced ducted on a map, the troops and the mili
availability due to limited procurement, tary establishments being represented by
funds, or other factors. markers, or symbols , which are moved to
manning table, chart that gives a list of the
represent the maneuvering of the troops
personnel of an organization and shows
on the ground .
the duties to which each is assigned . map measurer, device consisting of a small
wheel or roller and a dial. The wheel may
manometer , instrument for measuring the be rolled along a map from point to point,
pressure of gases or vapors. It is often and the distance between them read on
used to test and adjust other pressure the dial.
instruments .
map orientation , act of placing a map so that
manta , waterproof canvas, used as a pack its north lines point to their corresponding
cover.
norths.
manual, 1 . handbooks. The Department of
the Army publishes two series : field man mapping , the operations of securing map in
uals and technical manuals ; 2 . prescribed formation and the production of a map
exercise in the handling of a weapon or therefrom .
other item of equipment at formal cere - mapping camera, camera for taking aerial
monies or in drill . Examples are : man photographs to be used in making maps.
ual of the rifle , manual of the pistol, etc. It is generally semiautomatic in operation ,
manual tracking , system of tracking a target to insure that the photographs will be
in which all the power required is supplied taken at accurate intervals and will over
manually through the tracking hand lap enough to permit matching .
wheels . mapping photography, aerial photography
manufacturer's part number, identification suitable for mapping .
number or symbol assigned by the manu - | map plane, any horizontal plane to which the
facturer to a part, subassembly or as- | planimetry and relief of an area are
sembly . plotted or referenced .
map , graphic representation of a portion of map problem , exercise in which a military
the earth ' s surface. situation is stated and solved in writing ,
map code, code used for referring to places with a map as the only guide to the land
on a map . surface.

map compilation , 1. preparation of a new map, map reading, art of understanding the infor
less final drafting and reproduction , from mation given by a map ; study of the de
aerial photography, existing maps. charts tails shown on a map for the purpose of
SR 320 – 5 – 1
map 172
finding out the nature of the country, the | march in review , parade formation of troops,
location of particular points, the position vehicles , etc., passing a reviewing officer
of troops, etc. during a ceremony .
map reconnaissance, study of ground features, march maintenance, service and repair to ve
such as roads, woods, and waterways, on hicles and other equipment, performed on
a map , to obtain information needed in the march or in the field . It is not a cate
preparing a tactical plan or maneuver. gory of maintenance but is a condition of
Map reconnaissance sometimes takes the maintenance. It is also called operating
place of direct observation , maintenance .
map reference code, code system for designat - march order, 1 . instructions issued for move
ing the locations of points on a map. ment of personnel and prescribed equip
map scale, the relationship between distance ment from one location to another within
on a map and distance on the ground ex a stated period of time. These orders are
pressed as a ratio 1 : 25 ,000 or 1 /25 ,000 issued by the authority having jurisdic
(one inch on the map equals 25,000 inches tion over the personnel involved in the
on the ground ) . The amount of detail order ; 2. command given to an artillery
on a map is directly proportional to the unit to put a gun and / or equipment pre
value of the representative fraction ; al pared for action in traveling order.
map of 1 : 100 ,000 scale is therefore of
march outpost, observation posts and patrols
larger scale than a map of 1 : 200 ,000 established for the protection of a com
scale . Given large scale and small scale mand during a halt in a march .
maps of the same size it is the larger scale
map which covers the smaller area of ter march reconnaissance, reconnaissance made
rain , but in greater detail than on the during a march in the presence of the
small scale map. enemy, to inform commanders as to pos
sible observation posts, positions, and
map substitute, hasty reproduction of wide routes of march, and also possible enemy
coverage aerial photographs, photomaps, targets .
or mosaics, or of provisional maps, or any
document used in place of a map when the | march schedule , table giving the rate of march
precise requirements of a map cannot be to be maintained , halts to be made, etc.,
met . in a movement of troops or vehicles .
map template. See map templet. march serial. See serial.
map templet, thin transparent sheet divided march table, composite list showing the gen
into grid squares of a definite size and
eral organization and time and space
used in point designation . schedule for march movement. It is gen
march , 1. move in a steady , regular manner erally published as an annex to an opera
and in a given order on foot ; 2 . movement tion order.
of troops in which foot elements move on
foot and motor elements move by motor ;
march unit, unit which moves and halts at
3 . distance covered in one advance or one
the order of a single commander. The
march unit normally corresponds to one
given unit of time ; 4 . command of execu
of the smaller troop units such as a squad ,
tion for troops to march in a given direc
tion . section , platoon , company, or battery.
march collecting post, location on the route of marginal data, data written or printed in the
march at which casualties who cannot margin of a map , diagram , or photograph .
continue to march are given medical treat This data gives details of a technical na
ment and are moved to medical stations ture that must be known if the map , dia
in the rear. gram , or photograph is to be read cor
rectly .
march , column, consists of all elements using
the same route for a single movement of marine railway, mechanical system for haul
troops. ing small vessels from deep water to shal
march discipline, observance and enforcement low water or dry land and return . This
of the rules that govern a unit on the system consists of a set of rails extending
march , especially those involving correct from the shore out into the water, a
formations, distances, speeds, and the ef wheeled cradle mounted on the rails, and a
fective use of cover. stationary winch or other means of haul
ing the cradle along the rails to and from
march graph , time-space diagram used in the shore. In operations, the cradle is run
planning and controlling marches, both out on the rails to deep water , the vessel
road and foot and in preparing or check is floated onto the cradle and the cradle
ing march tables. with its load is hauled out with the winch
marching fire. See assault fire. or other means.
 SR 320 – 5–1
173 mas

marinex (Marine Express ) , cargo stowed and marksmanship badge, metallic badge denoting
shipped for fastest water movement in lieu basic qualification in arms, excellence in
of air shipment. competition , or distinguished designation
maritime aircraft, are air force shore or ten by reason of competition .
der based aircraft specially designed and mark target, order to a mark , in target prac
used for reconnaissance operations and tice to mark the shot on the target.
against submarines and shipping. See pa mark time, command which requires the feet
trol aircraft. to be moved as in marching but without
maritime control area, area generally similar advancing .
to a defensive sea area in purpose except marshalling , 1. the process by which units
that it may be established any place on the participating in an airborne operation
high seas. Maritime control areas are move to temporary camps at departure air
normally established only in time of war. fields, or in the vicinity thereof ; complete
mark . See collimating mark ; fiducial marks; preparations for combat, and load in the
marking impulse. aircraft ready for take-off ; 2 . process by
marker, person , flag , stake, vessel, or some which units participating in amphibious
other object posted at a point to indicate operations move to temporary camps in
the position of a unit, a direction or pro the vicinity of the embarkation area , com
plete preparations for combat and depart
cedure to be followed, a danger point, an
obstacle , or a boundary . for the embarkation area .
marshalling airfield , airport or landing strip
marker circle , circular band marking the ap
proximate center of a landing area or the on which troop carrier and airborne or air
intersection of the principal landing strips transported units are assembled for final
in an airport or landing field. briefing and preparations just prior to an
airborne operation.
market center, agency estbalished by The
marshalling area , 1 . the general area in which
Quartermaster General for the procure
ment of perishable subsistence. the marshalling camps and departure air
fields are located and from which the
marking, number or symbol stamped or movement to combat is initiated ; 2 . in am
painted on ammunition , aircraft, guns, or phibious operations, the marshalling area
some other item of materiel or equipment is the designated area in which , as part
marking current. See marking impulse. of the mounting process , units are reor
marking disk, colored disk , on a rod , with ganized for embarkation , vehicles, and
equipment are prepared to move directly
which a soldier in a target pit signals the
to embarkation areas, and housekeeping
value of shots fired at the target.
facilities are provided for troops by other
marking impulse , 1 . one of two signal condi units.
tions, the other of which is spacing im marshalling camp, transient troop camp in
pulse. It is used in reference to alphabets
vicinity of departure airfields or embarka
constructed of two types of signal ; 2 . one
tion area where troops are housed during
of the two types of impulses used in tele
typewriter transmission , normally that im marshalling .
pulse during which current flows through marshalling yard, an area in which transpor
the teletypewriter receiving magnet. In tation is assembled or held and organized
wire circuits , called a marking current. for further movement.
marking panel, sheet of cloth or paper dis - martial law , military rule exercised by a state
played by ground troops to signal their over its own citizens ( not being enemies )
position and progress to a friendly air - in an emergency justifying such action .
craft. Also called identification panel martial rule, the exercise of control over
marking pennant, small triangular flag used domestic territory by a military commander
to mark the position of a unit, to set off a authorized by the President of the United
danger area in target practice, or for other States, a condition often confused with and
purposes. identified as martial law .
marksman , 1. lowest classification given for mask , any natural or artificial obstruction
skill in the use of small arms. The other that interferes with , or protects from ,
two grades are, in order, sharpshooter observation or gunfire. See defilade ; gas
and expert. The grade of marksman cor mask .
responds to that of second class gunner ; 2 . mass, 1. the concentration of combat power ;
soldier having this classification . 2 . to concentrate or bring together in one
Marksman Badge. See basic qualification place ; as, to mass the fires of all batteries ;
badge. 3 . military formation in which units are
 SR 320– 5 – 1
mas 174
spaced at less than the normal distances instruments, vehicles, clothing and ammu
and intervals . nition .

mass command , command, given in close order Materiel and powder report, report on the
drill, in which each individual in a forma- performance of weapon and ammunition .
tion is required to give the command as if materiel inspection and receiving report, ship
he alone were giving it to the entire unit ; ping document used for the shipment of
command given in unison . supplies from vendors in the continental
mass formation, formation of a company or United States to installations of the three
any larger unit in which the squads in military departments.
column are abreast one another. matrix , 1. any rectangular array of symbols ;
mass of maneuver. See maneuvering force. 2 . a square array of numbers from an alge
braic ring ; an element of a matric algebra .
master average demurrage agreement, an
maximum effective range, the greatest dis
agreement between the Department of the
tance at which a weapon may be expected
Army and the rail carriers providing for
the payment of demurrage charges ( equip to fire accurately to inflict casualties or
ment detention " penalty ” charges) where damage.
by “ credits” are earned and “ debits" ac maximum depression , the maximum vertical
crued under certain circumstances. If the angle below the horizontal at which a piece
“ credits' equal or exceed the “ debits,” | can be laid and still deliver effective fire.
demurrage charges are not applicable ex - maximum elevation , the greatest vertical
cept on those cars upon which “ arbitrary '' | angle at which an artillery piece can be
charges have accrued . laid . It is limited by the mechanical
master average weight agreement, an agree structure of the piece.
ment between the Department of the Army | maximum gradability, steepest slope which a
and the carrier members of the various vehicle can negotiate in low gear. This is
freight weighing and inspection bureaus usually expressed in percentage of slope ,
providing for the acceptance by the car namely, the ratio between the vertical rise
riers of Department of the Army freight and the horizontal distance traveled. It is
at “ Tariff weights” or “ Actual weights" sometimes expressed by the degree of angle
specified in the agreement. The agree between the slope and the horizontal.
ment precludes the actual weighing of maximum level of supply . See level of supply .
many items at time of shipment.
maximum ordinate , difference in altitude be
master gunner , enlisted assistant to an opera tween the origin and highest point of the
tions officer in antiaircraft and seacoast | trajectory of a projectile .
artillery . His duties consist of terrain
maximum permissible dosage, the weekly radi
survey, preparation of charts, and prep ation dosage set up as a safe maximum
aration of data for all types of firing. for personnel working under nonemergency
master menu, a guide to station menu boards conditions. See dosage.
which lists foods to be served each meal maximum release date, the day preceding the
and each day of the month to troops when date arrived at by adding the full term of
subsisted on field ration “ A ” ; planned and the sentence to the beginning date of the
published monthly as the Department of sentence .
the Army Supply Bulletin 10 – 260 . maximum security institution , the designation
master schedule , training program for a camp given to disciplinary barracks in which the
or school, on the basis of which individual more serious offenders are usually confined
training units prepare their own schedule. and so constructed as to reduce the pos
It gives the subjects to be taught, the time sibility of escape of prisoners to a mini
to be given to each course, and the order mum . Such an institution may be enclosed
' in which each course is to be taken . by walls , and the prisoners are normally
material, parts, goods, or stock of which any quartered in cells, with most activities con
thing is composed or made. ducted within the enclosure . See medium
materials handling, movement of material, security institution .
other than by common carrier, into and out maximum thermometer, thermometer in which
of storage. the mercury , or other indicator used for
registering temperature, remains at the
materials handling equipment, mechanical de highest point it has reached since its last
vices for handling of supplies with greater setting.
ease and economy. Examples : fork lift
truck , roller conveyor, straddle truck . McBee selector, mechanical device that sorts
cards which havebeen punched for machine
materiel, supplies , stores and equipment of all filing, especially the classification cards
types used by Armed Forces including ! of soldiers.
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
175 mec

M -day , the term used to designate an un - mean temperature, average of ground and air
named day on which mobilization is to temperature. It is used in correcting al
begin . Other letters of the alphabet may timeter readings .
be used (except D , H , or J ) . When “ M ” mean trajectory , the trajectory that passes
is followed by a figure, the figure refers to through the center of impact or center of
months before or after M -day. See D -day. burst.
M -day force, total strength in units and /or measurement cargo , cargo that stores more
individuals required , planned , or capable than 40 cubic feet to the ton of 2 ,240
of being mobilized on M -day . pounds or weighs less than 55 pounds per
meaconing, system of receiving enemy beacon cubic foot on which transportation and
signals and rebroadcasting them on the stevedoring charges are assessed on the
same frequency to confuse enemy naviga basis of measurement.
tion . The meaconing stations cause inac measurement ton , measure of cubic volume of
curate bearings to be obtained by the cargo , expressed in units of 40 cubic feet.
enemy aircraft or ground stations. It is also used to indicate the cubic ca
meal ticket, governmental order authorizing a pacity of a vessel available for cargo.
public eating place to furnish meals within Also known as ship ton .
a certain price limit to the person or per mecanno deck , false deck of steel frame con
sons named, and to charge the cost to the struction superimposed on and raised
government. It is often used for enlisted above the main deck of a vessel. It is
personnel traveling under orders. used for carrying additional deck cargo ,
mean angle, the average of the values of an principally on tanker vessels.
angle measured by repetition . mechanical aptitude test, test given at recep
mean deviation , average of the distance be tion centers when soldiers are being clas
tween the center of impact , or burst, and sified . Its purpose is to find out each
points of impact, or burst. man 's probable ability to learn a mechan
mean error, algebraic mean of the errors . ical skill.
mean height of burst, average of the heights of mechanical filter, component of a gas mask
bursts of a group of shots fired with the canister or collective protector canister
same firing data . made of special materials which filter out
the extremely small solid and liquid par
mean point of impact, the point which is at
ticles of various types of irritant war gases
the geometrical center of all the points of
impact of the several shots of a salvo , ex and smokes. See filter element.
cluding wild shots. When firing time mechanica l jamming , intentional production
fuzed projectiles the point of detonation of multiple false targets by such devices
of such a projectile is considered to be the as window or corner reflectors , to inter
point of impact. fere with reception of signals by another
station .
mean point of impact error, distance between
the mean point of impact and the target. mechanical smoke generator, apparatus which
See center of burst error . vaporizes fog oil and water releasing the
mixture to condense as a white smoke for
mean range, average distance reached by a
group of shots fired with the same firing large area screening purposes.
data . mechanical time fuze, fuze with a clocklike
mean sea level, average height of the surface mechanism that controls the time at which
of the sea for all stages of the tide, used it will go off.
as a reference for elevation throughout the mechanization , process of equipping a military
United States . force with armed and armored motor ve
means of signal communication , a medium , in hicles, such as tanks and combat vehicles.
cluding equipment, used for transmitting Mechanization differs from motorization ,
messages. The fundamental means of sig in that the motorization of a unit provides
nal communication are visual, sound mes a means of transportation only, whereas
senger, radio, wire and pigeon . Examples in mechanization the unit both travels in ,
of specific means of signal communication and fights from , its vehicles.
are : pyrotechnics, klaxons, motor mes mechanized , equipped with armed and ar
sengers, voice radio , telephone and tele mored combat vehicles such as tanks, car
typewriter. riers, self propelled guns, etc. Mechanized
c
mean strength, arithmeti mean (average ) of differs from motorized , in that a motor
daily morning report strengths, used in ized unit is provided with a means of
Army medical statistical reports for com transportation only, whereas a mecha
puting admission rates , incidence rates , nized unit both travels in , and fights from
and noneffective rates . its vehicles.
SR 320– 5– 1
mec 176
mechanized cavalry. See armored cavalry . its personnel are not of the same branch
mechanized gun , gun mounted on , and fired as the parent organization in the usual
from , a motor vehicle. It is usually an administrative sense of the word ; 2. or
artillery gun mounted on an armored , ganic part of certain hospitals , including
wheeled or tracklaying vehicle. base, general, field , evacuation , and station
hospitals , composed of enlisted personnel
mechanized unit, unit that is transported by,
performing both administrative and pro
and that fights from , armed and armored
fessional services.
motor vehicles. See motorized unit.
medical inspector. See preventive medicine
medal, 1 . a type of award not in current use officer,
by the military but occasionally author
ized by special act of Congress usually medical laboratory , medical establishment,
honoring both the victorious event, and generally a mobile unit. It has personnel
the commander. Examples : gold medals and equipment to make medical tests and
presented ' to Generals Washington and to carry on field research . Its main func
Grant ; 2 . the metallic portion of a decora tion is to prevent disease, especially epi
tion or service medal suspended by ribbon demic disease. Medical laboratories are
and either distinctive in design or in the of two types : general which is assigned
form of a disc. See service medal. to a theater of operations and medical
which is assigned on the basis of one to an
Medal for Merit, decoration denoting excep army and one to each section of the
tional service to the United States, in time
communications zone.
of war or national emergency, by civilian ;
decoration precedence number 1 after all medical plan , plan prepared by the surgeon
of a command for the work of the medical
military decorations. See rosette.
Medal of Freedom , decoration denoting mer service during a military operation .
itorious achievement or service to
the medical regulating officer. See medical regu
United States , in the war effort, by civil lator .
ians ; is in four degrees ; Gold Palm , Silver medical regulator, officer of the Medical Serv
Palm , Bronze Palm , and without palm ; ice of one of the armed services who exer
decoration precedence number 2 after all cises regulatory control over the movement
military decorations. of patients between various medical treat
ment facilities . He has timely informa
Medal of Honor, the Nation's highest decora
tion awarded in the name of Congress for tion of bed availability by specialized cate
conspicuous heroism in combat at the risk gory in various treatment facilities and
of life. The heroic act must be such that directs the flow of evacuees to the proper
the omission would not justly subject the medical treatment facility . ' '
recipient to censure for failure to perform medical sanitary company . See preventive
his duty. Often referred to incorrectly as
to incorrectly as medicine company .
the Congressional Medal of Honor : decora - medical service, professional service of a mili
tion precedence number 1. See rosette. tary medical unit whose sections handle
median lethal radiation dosage, dosage esti- patients diagnosed in the various fields of
mated to be fatal in fifty percent of all medicine.
cases exposed to that degree of radiation ; / medical treatment facility, an Armed Forces
commonly expressed as LD -50 . See installation through which medical service
dosage. is furnished to individuals of the Armed
median lethal gas exposure, the exposure of a Forces regardless of service affiliation .
war gas required to kill fifty percent of medical troops, enlisted personnel who belong
those exposed ; commonly expressed as to the Army Medical Service, especially
LCT 50. See chemical exposure. those who serve in a medical element
Medical Badge, metallic badge denoting sat- | assigned , attached , or in support of a
isfactory performance of duty by medical combat unit .
personnel while assigned to an infantry medium altitude bombing, horizontal bombing
regiment or battalion in ground combat. with the height of release at an altitude
medical center, group of medical facilities between 8 ,000 and 15 ,000 feet.
that have been placed under a single local medium antiaircraft artillery , conventional
coordinating command to produce en antiaircraft artillery pieces, 90 -mm or
hanced capabilities for research, education , larger, the weight of which in a trailed
diagnosis, and treatment. mount, excluding on -carriage fire control,
does not exceed 40,000 pounds.
medical detachment, 1. unit, consisting of med- 1
ical personnel, organic to regiments and medium artillery, includes the following :
separate battalions of arms and services guns - calibers greater than 105 mm but
other than medical. It is so named because less than 155 mm ; howitzers - calibers
 SR 320- 5 - 1
177 mes

greater than 105 mm and to include but treatment ; 2 . when used in connection
not greater than 155 mm . with the evacuation of patients , those
medium fire, moderate rate of fire. For a psychiatric cases who require security
.30 caliber Browning machinegun, medium accommodations aboard a ship or train .
fire is about 15 burts of 6 to 8 rounds each , mercator chart, a map based upon a mercator
per minute . projection and widely used for surface and
medium port (oversea ), headquarters and ad air navigation .
ministrative overhead organized under a mercator projection , a mathematically derived
table of organization and equipment to conformal map projection in which the
supervise a port organization overseas meridians and parallels are represented by
capable of handling approximately 150 ,000 straight parallel lines mutually perpendic
long tons, 25 ,000 troops, and 500 animals ular to each other. The meridians are
per month . equally spaced ; the spaces between paral
medium range radar, equipment whose maxi lels increase with the distance of the
mum range on a reflecting target of one parallels from the equator and are deter
square meter normal to the signal path mined by the condition of conformality ,
exceeds 150 miles but is less than 300 namely that the scale at any point on the
miles , provided line-of-sight exists be projection is the same in all directions.
tween the target and the radar. The surface on which the projection is
drawn can be best visualized as a cylinder
medium -scale map , map having a scale from tangent to the earth at the equator.
1 : 100 ,000 exclusive to 1 : 1,000,000 inclu
sive . mercury fulminate, sensitive explosive that is
set off by friction , impact, or heat and det .
medium security institution , the designation
onates ; fulminate of mercury . Mercury
given to disciplinary barracks or rehabili
fulminate is used to set off other explosives
tation centers in which less serious offend
in projectiles, mines, or bombs.
ers may be committed for confinement, and
usually enclosed with a fence rather than Meritorious Service Unit Plaque; Meritorious
a wall. Prisoners are normally housed in Unit Commendation , unit decoration de
barracks or dormitories . See maximum noting meritorious performance of out
security institution . standing service during military operations
against the enemy ; formerly designated as
medium tank , principal vehicle of the armored
division ; battle tank ; tank of 26 to 55 Meritorious Service Unit Plaque.
tons in weight. See tank . Meritorious Unit Emblem , decoration worn by
personnel of a unit which has been
meeting engagement, collision between oppos
ing forces occurring while both forces are awarded a Meritorious Service Unit Plaque
moving to contact, and before either can or Meritorious Unit Commendation .
execute a planned attack or defense . mess, 1. section within any Army organiza
memorandum , 1 . routine directive by which tion that prepares and serves food ; 2 .
subordinate headquarters gives instruc group of officers or enlisted personnel who
tions, advice or information ; used when a take their meals together.
general order , letter, circular, or regula - mess account, record of the food used , and
tion is inappropriate ; 2 . written communi money spent, in providing meals for the
cation between individuals dealing with members of a command. The mess account
official matters. is kept by the mess officer.
memorandum receipt, document formally ac- message, any thought or idea expressed in
knowledging receipt of articles issued for brief form or in plain or secret language,
temporary use , the accountability for prepared in a form suitable for transmis
which remains with the issuing supply sion by any means of communication .
officer. A credit memorandum receipt is message authentication , security measure de
a similar formal document signed by the signed to establish the authenticity of a
accountable officer acknowledging return message by means of an authenticator
of the property. within the transmission derived from cer
memorandum receipt issue, property issued by tain predetermined elements of the mes
an accountable officer to another officer sage itself .
who is responsible , but not accountable,
ponsable , but 10 accountable, message book , 1. record or log of all messages
for such property . „sent from a message center, radio station ,
memorandum routing sheet, form used for ob or the like ; 2 . book of blank forms for
taining official action of offices within a writing messages.
headquarters.
message center, signal communication agency
mental patient, 1. in common usage, any at a headquarters, below division level,
patient requiring psychiatric care and that receives and sends out all official mes
277763° — 53 — 12
SR 320 – 5 – 1
mes 178
sages except those handled by telephone, message is dependent upon expeditious
private teletypewriter or radio , personal delivery to the addressee. Sent after
messenger, or mail. See communication flash or urgent messages, interrupting
center. transmission of message of lower prece
message center chief, senior specialist whose dence.
duties include keeping message center rec priority, reserved for important messages
ords and directing the receipt, routing, and which require prompt delivery to the
delivery of official messages addressee. This is the highest prece
message center number, number assigned by a dence which may be assigned to adminis
message center for internal administrative trative messages. Sent after all mes
purposes. sages of higher precedence, transmission
of messages of lower precedence is not
message drop , process by which a message bag
is dropped from an aircraft in flight at low interrupted .
altitude, over a designated spot or group of routine, reserved for all types of messages
people for whom the message is intended . not of sufficient importance to justify
higher precedence but which must be
message dropping ground, open space on the delivered to the addressee without delay.
ground where airplanes drop messages. Sent after all messages of higher prece
message indicator, crypto - indicator which des dence.
ignates the message keying elements appli deferred , night messages not requiring im
cable to the message in which it appears. mediate delivery. 24 -hour delivery as
message keying element, that part of the sured . Sent after all other messages
specific key which changes with every but not longer than 24 hours after
message. filing.
message pick -up , process by which a message message reference number , any of the various
bag , suspended on a string between two || types of identifying number or symbols
poles or persons on the ground is hooked assigned to messages .
and drawn up by means of a device on a message serial number , number given to each
string suspended from an aircraft in flight outgoing message so that it can be checked ,
at low altitude. handled , and filed more easily.
message precedence, designations employed to mess council, group of officers, including the
indicate the relative order in which a mess officer , who are appointed by a com
message of one precedence designation is mander to supervise and administer the
handled with respect to all other prece mess.
dence designators (see JANAP 121 ) .
Precedence designations are described as messenger team , 1. fast team of dogs used for
follows : transportation when speedy communica
tion is needed , and when conditions of
flash , reserved for initial enemy contact re snow and ice prevent the use of other
ports, or special emergency operational transportation . A messenger team is used
combat traffic originated by specifically for relief expeditions, or for moving sick or
designated higher commanders or by op wounded people or medical supplies ; 2. an
erational commanders of units directly organization of signal corps personnel
affected. Used only on short reports of
trained in the duties of messengers.
emergency situations of vital propor Listed under T / O & E 11 -500 .
tions. Sent at once interrupting trans
mission of messages of lower precedence. mess gear. See mess kit.
emergency , reserved for amplifying reports mess jacket , short jacket , which may be worn
of initial enemy contact and for mes by officers at formal evening functions.
sages required in situations of emergency The mess jacket may be considered part of
which effect the current implementation the dress uniform .
of a tactical action , or concerning dis- | mess kit, eating equipment which the soldier
tress, which demand immediate delivery uses in the field ; mess gear. It includes
to the addressee. Sent after flash mes knife, fork , spoon , cup, and meat can .
sages, interrupting transmission of mes
mess officer, officer appointed by a commander
sages of lower precedence. to supervise and manage the mess .
operational immediate , reserved for impor
tant tactical messages pertaining di. mess sergeant. See mess steward .
rectly to operations in progress, and mess steward , noncommissioned officer who
when necessary , those messages concern assists the mess officer in managing a mili
ing the immediate movement of ships, tary mess. The mess steward directs all
aircraft, or ground forces. This prece mess personnel, has charge of supplies ,
dence is used only when the value of al plans meals , etc .
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
179 mil
metal fouling , bits of metal that collect in microfilming, recording letters, drawings , or
the bore of a gun. Metal fouling comes any documents in reduced form on photo
from the jackets or rotating bands of graphic film . The film provides a perma
projectiles. nent record, reduces bulk for transporta
metalled road, road constructed of gravel, tion or filing, and permits inexpensive
crushed stone, slag, or similar material duplication .
with a binder of fine aggregate, tar or micrometeorology, a study of atmospheric
cement. conditions at or below the 6 -foot level.
metascope, hand-carried device designed for microphotograph, photograph reduced to ap
locating a source of infrared rays. proximately .5mm ; micro.
meteorograph , apparatus that records tem - micro wave, radio wave having a wave length
perature, humidity, and air pressure in the of 100 centimeters or less (300 mega
upper air . A meteorograph is usually car cycles or more ) .
ried by a balloon , which may be manned or midpoint,
unmanned . in gunnery, point on an aerial
target' s course which is at a minimum
meteorological check point, arbitrarily selected
slant range from the gun position .
point for which meteorological corrections
are determined as a time saving expedient. midrange disk . See marking disk.
These corrections are applied to any target mil, 1. unit of measurement for angles based
located within transfer limits of the mete on the angle subtended by 1 /6400 of the
orological check point. circumference of a circle. A mil is the
meteorological data, facts pertaining to the angle subtended by one unit at one thou
atmosphere , especially wind , temperatures, sand units. 2 . 1 / 1000 of an inch (wire
and air density , which are used in deter measurement ).
mining corrections to basic firing data . | mileage allowance , monetary allowance paid
Called : Met data .
in lieu of actual expenses of travel under
meteorological datum plane, reference plane orders and calculated at a fixed sum per
assumed as a basis or starting point for unit of distance travelled . Also called
atmospheric data furnished to artillery . mileage.
Its altitude is that of the meteorological mileage table, table of the officially accepted
station .
distances between various cities and mill
meteorological message, message giving data tary establishments. The distances on
about atmospheric conditions, usually in the mileage table are used for calculating
stereotyped form . travel allowances.
meteorology, science dealing with the atmos - | mil formula , mil relation used in gunnery ;
phere and weather. expressed by n = W / R , where “ n ” is the
meter , basic unit of measure in the metric angular measurement in mils between two
system . Unit of linear measure approxi points , “ W ” is the lateral distance in yards
mately 39 .37 inches in length . between the points, and “ R ” is the mean
method of resupply, means by which a unit distance to the points in thousands of
makes its requirements for supply known yards. The mil relation is approximately
to the issuing installation . Examples : true for angles less than 400 mils .
requisition , automatic , on -call , status re mil-gridded oblique, an aerial photograph ,
port, expenditure report, etc. taken with a camera tilted below the hori
metro correction , adjustment made in the zontal, on which has been printed an
firing data of a gun to allow for the effect angle measuring grid .
of wind , air pressure, etc., on the flight military, 1. term used in its broadest sense
of a projectile. meaning of or pertaining to war or the
metro K , range correction for artillery in affairs of war, whether Army, Navy, or
yards per thousand yards, determined Air Force ; 2. in a more restricted sense,
from a meteorological message. of or pertaining to the Army alone.
Mexican Border Service Medal, service medal military aid to civil authorities, all operations
denoting service between 1916 and 1917
normally undertaken upon request of ap
by personnel not eligible for the Mexican propriate civil authorities or direction of
Service Medal. the President to assist in maintaining
Mexican Service Medal, service medal denot order or preserving the welfare of the
ing service in the Mexican War between population . Such operations usually re
1914 and 1919 . sult from a domestic emergency such as
microbarograph , instrument that automati disaster, disorder, or conditions threaten
cally records changes of air pressure. It ing the successful functioning of duly
is more accurate than a barograph . constituted authority .
 SR 320- 5 - 1
mil 180
military air movement number (MAM ) , symbol mum observation covering the slope down
assigned for purposes of identification , to the base of the hill or ridge can be
record , secrecy and administrative han - | obtained . The military crest is not always
dling of movements of groups of 15 or the topographical crest, which is the high
more Department of the Army personnel est point.
who travel within the continental limits | military defense. the
military defense, the activities and measures
of the United States by military aircraft. designed , either in whole or in part, to pre
Military Air Transport Service, air service vent the successful completion of any or
organized to transport authorized per ganized enemy military action which is
sonnel and cargo for the Department of physically directed at any part of the con
Defense and its components ; scheduled tinental United States, its territories or
and special fights are undertaken over possessions. Illustrative are all phases of
regular or determined routes. air defense, antiaircraft defense , and
military area, geographical subdivision of a coastal and harbor defenses.
command . military discipline, state of individual and
military attaché, army officer who serves in group training that creates a mental atti
the dual capacity as the senior military tude resulting in correct conduct and
representative of Chief of Staff , United automatic obedience to military law under
States Army, and is also on the official all conditions. It is founded in respect
staff of an ambassador or minister to a for, and loyalty to, military law and
authority .
foreign country. He serves as a military
observer and reports to his government on military district, an organization established
the military plans and developments of in each of the states and the District of
the country in which he is stationed . Columbia for the purpose of supervising
military censorship , the examination and con and coordinating the Army Reserve, the
trol, under military authority , of personal National Guard , and the Reserve Officers'
communications to or from members of the Training Corps programs in the appropri
military and other persons serving with ate area . The boundary of such district
or accompanying the military . will coincide with that of the state (or the
District of Columbia ).
military channels, route of official communi
cation between headquarters or command military doctrine, that body of tried, standard
ers of military units ; channels . ized , and approved rules, regulations, prin
ciples and procedures governing the con
military characteristics, those characteristics
duct of operations.
of equipment upon which its ability to
perform desired military functions depend . military education , individual military in
Military characteristics include physical struction provided by schools and exten
and operational characteristics but not sion courses, given without regard to the
technical characteristics. student's membership in a particular unit .
military chart. See military map . military funds, amounts included in appro
priations for the military establishment as
military commission , tribunal convened by
| distinguished from civil appropriations.
military authority with jurisdictionto try
persons charged with violations of the laws military geography, that factor of intelligence
of war or other military law and not which deals with the natural and man
usually otherwise subject to military law . made features of any given area .
In places subject to military government military geography intelligence, that compo
or martial law jurisdiction may include nent of strategic intelligence which deals
also charges of violations of civil law . with the natural as well as the man -made
military construction vehicle, administrative features of the physical environment of
man ,
vehicle required for use chiefly in connec
tion with a construction project classified military government, a condition in which the
by the Corps of Engineers as a military military commander is vested with the
project. right to exercise the legislative, judicial,
military court, any tribunal convened by mili and executive authority of the sovereign
tary authority Military commissions, in accordance with the principles of law
and the rules of war.
courts-martial, and provost courts are
examples. military government area headquarters unit,
a military government unit formed and
military courtesy, rules of conduct that are trained for the normal purpose of super
required , either by regulation or by tradi
vising and directing the civil affairs or
tion , for military personnel. military government operations in a sov
military crest, a fixed line on the forward ereign political entity or major subdivision
slope of a hill or ridge from which maxi. thereof.
 SR 320 – 5– 1
181 mil

military government court, court established | military law , those laws relating to the gov
by commander having military government ernment of the Army. That body or sys
responsibility, with jurisdiction over cases tem of rules for the conduct of military
arising under enactments of military gov personnel ; in a limited sense the Uniform
ernment, or indigenous law over all persons Code of Military Justice.
in the occupied territory, except members military map, map used for military pur
of the occupying and allied forces who are poses ; military chart. A military map is
subject to military law . generally classified according to its mili
military government officer , a military officer tary use, such as general map, strategic
who , as a member of a military govern map , or tactical map , or according to the
ment staff or unit, is charged with the type of geographical information it con
discharge of the commander 's relationship veys, such as topographic map, planimetric
with or control over a civil population , its map, or photomap .
government, and economy. | military mission , one or more military persons
military government unit, military unit de sent by a government to a foreign country
signed to carry out the commander' s re for military , as distinguished from usual
sponsibilities toward a civil population , diplomatic, purposes and usually accred
its government, and economy. ited to the foreign country to teach or
military governor, military officer who admin study some phase of military science.
isters an occupied territory, usually tem - military mobilization , process of raising and
porarily , with the aid of a military force. training the planned and prescribed mili
military grid , network of squares made of tary forces, for war and providing these
north -south lines showing distance east of forces with the necessary logistical sup
arbitrary origin , and east-west lines show port.
ing distance north of the same reference military motor vehicle, wheeled or tracklaying
point. The distance between grid lines is vehicle or combined wheeled and tracklay
1 ,000 , 5 ,000 or 10,000 yards (or meters ) ing vehicle , used for transporting person
depending on the scale of the map . nel or cargo for military purposes. A mili
military grid system , method of subdividing tary motor vehicle may be either propelled
the earth ' s surface into zones or segments by a self-contained power unit or drawn
sufficiently small to allow mathematical by a vehicle containing a self- contained
treatment as a plane surface for the pur power unit .
pose of simplifying azimuth and distance military necessity, the requirement for taking
computations and for providing a simple those measures which are indispensable for
but accurate means of location reference securing the ends of the war, and which
on military maps . are lawful according to the modern law
military impedimenta number , number assigned and usages of war.
by the Association of American Railroads military occupation , occupation of an enemy
for purposes of identification , record , country by an army so that the occupied
secrecy , and administrative handling of territory comes under the authority of the
movements of military impedimenta in invading army.
domestic freight train service. military occupational specialty, an area of mil
military information , 1 . all documents, facts, itary job activities covering either one
material, photographs, diagrams, maps, re duty assignment or a group of duty as
ports , or observations of any kind which signments which require similar abilities
may serve to throw light on a possible or for the performance of their significant
actual enemy or theater of operations ; 2 . tasks, and which may be performed either
all information primarily under the control in whole or in part by an individual who
and the jurisdiction of the United States is qualified to perform the entire group of
Armed Forces, or of primary interest to tasks.
them . The term is employed in this sense military offense , breach of military law ; an
principally in connection with problems offense subject to trial by a military court
of safeguarding information , or of regulat or to disciplinary action .
ing its release or distribution .
military pay order, form used to effect author
military jurisdiction , the power and authority ized changes in the pay status of an indi
to impose military law . The administra vidual in the military service that occur
tion of military law , usually exercised by between pay record renewal dates.
military courts .
military pay record , form used by accountable
military justice, the application of military I disbursing officers in maintaining the pay
law to persons subject thereto and accused account of each individual in the military
of the commission of offenses under the service . Renewed on 1 January and 1
Uniform Code of Military Justice. July of each year.
SR 320 – 5 – 1
mil 182
military passport, document giving permission military requirement, recognized and approved
to one or more persons to travel unmo need for a new item or assemblage for
lested , although usually with some restric military use.
tions, in a territory occupied by a military military reservation , land set apart or acquired
force. A military passport is issued to a for military use ; land area within the
person or persons living in , or visiting in boundaries of a military post or station .
the occupied area by the commander of military service, 1. duty in any branch of the
the military force in control thereof. Armed Forces ; 2 . training for duty with
military personnel procurement officer , a senior the Armed Forces.
officer assigned to each continental army military sketch , hasty map or sketch of an
for the procurement of manpower within area ; especially, one prepared in the field
the army area . Responsible to the army
for a special tactical purpose.
commander for the operation of the recruit
military slide rule , a specially designed Mann
ing service within the army area . heim type slide rule for solving artillery
military police , personnel of the Military survey problems. Can also be used for
Police Corps who enforce laws, regulations, other mathematical calculations.
and orders ; control traffic ; investigate |
and prevent crime ; control the circulation military specialist, enlisted person who has
of individuals ; apprehend offenders of been rated , on the basis of training or
military law ; handle prisoners of war, experience, as qualified to perform a speci
enemy aliens, and others ; apprehend, con fied military duty .
fine, and rehabilitate military prisoners ; military specification , a procurement specifica
protect Government property ; and per tion promulgated by the military agencies
form all other police functions within the and used for the procurement of military
Army. In emergencies , commanders may supplies and equpiment.
assign other than Military Police Corps military specification serial number. See speci
personnel to the performance of the above fication serial number .
data , investing them with military police military strength of the army, all military per
authority . sonnel in the active military service of the
Military Police Criminal Investigation Detach Army of the United States who are as
ment, a unit of the Military Police Corps signed to T / 0 & E units, bulk authorization
composed of qualified and accredited crim units, or who are in the pipeline. Person
inal investigators, generally assigned to nel of the civilian components who are on
a command or attached to a military police active duty for training purposes are not
organization . included. See command strength .
Military Police Criminal Investigator, a mili- military symbol, sign or mark used to indicate
tary policeman accredited by The Provost military units and activities on maps,
Marshal General to investigate the com sketches and overlays.
mission , or probable commission , of crimi Military Traffic Service, an agency in the Of
nal offenses by personnel subject to mili fice of the Secretary of Defense which pro
tary law or by civilians against military vides under one authority efficient and
personnel, property or installations. economical traffic management for move
military police traffic control, the enforcement ment within the continental United States
of the rules of the road, traffic regulations, of persons and things for the Department
and road discipline, including spot direc of Defense, subject to the policies of the
tion . It is a function of the provost mar Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Munitions
shal and military police. Board . It coordinates the traffic manage
military prisoner , person in custody or in conment functions of the various agencies of
finement within military jurisdiction . the Department of Defense.
military property , all movable property ac- military training company, unit established at
quired or issued for use in the military disciplinary barracks to train prisoners
service and all immovable property devoted with a view of enabling them to demon
to military use. strate their worthiness for restoration to
military psychological warfare , the planned honorable duty status. ( Disciplinary bar
use of psychological warfare by a military racks usage.) See honor company.
organization to assist in the accomplish - military training mission , group of military
ment of a military mission. See psycho personnel that a government agrees to send
logical warfare. to a foreign country for the purpose of
military railway , railway under military oper helping and advising the foreign govern
ation or control, and especially one built by ment in military affairs. It is one type of
the Army for its own use ; military rail military mission .
road . military tribunal. See military court.
 SR 320– 5 – 1
183 min

military type item . See field type. commanders- in -chief, it has the following
militia , able bodied male citizenry of the sev meaning : “ It is now vital that normal
eral states between 18 and 45 years of age . message and telephone traffic be drastically
When enrolled in the National Guard they reduced in order that messages connected
are known as organized militia , otherwise with the present emergency shall not be
as the unorganized militia . delayed .” See SR 105 – 25 – 2 .
millimeter , unit of metric measure which minimum altitude bombing , horizontal or glide
equals 1 / 1000 of a meter or approximately bombing with the height of release at an
0 .039 of an inch . altitude under 900 feet. It includes mast
head bombing (bombing at masthead
mil relation . See mil formula . level) , which is sometimes erroneously re
mil rule , method by which a ruler held a ferred to as skip bombing.
known distance from the eye enables an
minimum clearance, vertical distance by which
observer to make rough estimates of angu
lar distance . the cone of fire must clear friendly troops
when delivering overhead fire.
mils error, error in firing data expressed in minimum elevation , lowest elevation of a
terms of mils of angular distance. Mils
error differs from yards error, which is an weapon at which the projectile will safely
expression of error in yards of linear clear an obstacle between the weapon and
distance . the target.
mine, encased charge of explosives which minimum essential equipment, as used in rela
when placed in position is designed to be tion to oversea movement, that part of
subsequently fired on contact with or pas authorized allowances of equipment needed
sage of its target . Sometimes a land mine to preserve the integrity of a unit which
is filled with a chemical agent rather than does not have a definite mission . It in
explosives, cludes clothing and individual equipment,
organizational equipment issued to indi
mine action, the explosion of a shell below the viduals , bivouac equipment and minimum
surface of the ground. administrative equipment and records re
mine case , outer shell of metal that holds the quired to carry on the routine adminis
mechanism and bursting charge of a mine. trative affairs of the unit .
mine casemate , structure to hold the control minimum level of supply . See level of supply .
equipment for controlled army-type mines .
mine defense, defense of a position , area , etc., minimum range, 1. least range setting of a
gun at which the projectile will clear an
by land mines. A mine defense system in obstacle or friendly troops between the
cludes the personnel and equipment needed
gun and the target ; 2. shortest distance to
to plant, operate, maintain , and protect the which a gun can fire from a given position .
mine fields that are laid .
mine detector , electrical or magnetic instru minimum release date, the maximum release
ment that is used to locate mines. date reduced by the actual number of days
of abatement credited on the sentence , and
mine field , 1 . area in which mines have been further adjusted by forfeiture of abate
planted , such as a land mine field ; 2 . pat ment where applicable.
tern of mines planted in such an area . mining effect, destruction or damage caused
mine road block , mines put across a road as
by the force of an explosion below the
a barrier against enemy vehicles.
surface of the ground or water.
mine sweeper, heavy road roller pushed in mining system , series of underground passages
front of a tank , used to destroy mines by
through which enemy fortified positions
exploding them .
can be reached secretly and blown up .
mine-sweeping, process of detecting and re
moving land mines. minometer, instrument used to measure the
total amount of radiation which passes
miniature, small reproduction of a decoration, through the dosimeter during the period
service medal, badge, or appurtenance. from the time it is charged until the re
miniature range, small range on which targets maining charge is measured .
and distances are reduced in scale , used in
minor activity , activities which by compari.
firing practice.
son with major activities are minor in
minimize, a term used to control message scope, such as quartermaster sales com
communications when a state of emer missaries or ordnance shops, which may
gency exists. Issued as a directive or an be located on or off an installation .
order only by the Departments of the
Army, the Navy, or the Air Force , or in minor joint exercise. See joint exercises .
their appropriate spheres by the supreme minor medical assembly, an aggregation of
commanders, theater commanders, and medical supplies and equipment, not as
SR 320 –5 – 1
min 184
signed consignee combinations, such as kits units, a duty assigned to an individual or
and chests. unit ; a task ; 3 . dispatching of one or more
minor repair , repair which in general permits aircraft to accomplish one particular task .
quick return to serviceability without ex - | mission accomplished , command given to cause
tensive disassembly, can be accomplished cessation of fire when the firing mission is
with few tools and little or no equipment | completed .
and normally does not require evacuation mission item , mission item is an item which
to a rear echelon . is authorized to be stocked by a depot and
minor tactics , tactics of small forces or of for which a level has been established.
those consisting entirely of one arm . mission type order, 1. type of order issued to a
minuend method , enciphered -code system in lower unit that includes the accomplish
which the code text, either plain or enci ment of the total mission assigned to the
phered , is subtracted from the key. In higher headquarters ; 2 . order to a unit to
cryptographing process the plain code and perform a mission without specifying how
in the decryptographing process the enci it is to be accomplished .
phered code is subtracted from the key. |mitigation of sentence, to reduce a punishment
minute gun , gun fired at regular intervals as imposed by courts martial or other military
a signal or as a mark of respect to a de tribunal in quantity or quality, the general
ceased individual. It is fired at the burial nature of the punishment remaining the
of a general officer. same.
misbehavior before the enemy, any act de- | mixed , sensing in artillery , applied to height
nounced by the Uniform Code of Military of burst only, for a group of rounds which
Justice Article 99 , committed by any mem result in both airs and grazes in any pro
ber of the Army, while before the enemy, portion .
which endangers the safety of the military mixed cipher alphabet, an alphabet in which
position it is his duty to defend . either the plain or the cipher component or
miscellaneous installation , command installa both are a mixed sequence.
tion not classified as an air , ground or
mixed force, military force that includes sev .
storage and shipping installation . Fortifieral different branches or services.
cations (seacoast batteries ) and aircraft
warning stations are examples of miscel mixed medical commission , group of three doc
laneous installations. tors who examine sick and wounded prison
miscellaneous receipt, collection which is re ers of war. One doctor is appointed by
the country that holds the prisoners, and
quired by law to be deposited into the Gen
eral Fund of the Treasury and which is not two doctors are appointed from a neutral
available for expenditure until appropri country
ated by Congress . mixed salvo, series of shots in which some fall
misfeed , failure to supply ammunition prop short of the target and some hit beyond it .
erly , especially to a magazine-fed or belt A mixed salvo differs from a bracketing
salvo, in which the number of shots going
fed automatic gun .
over the target equals the number falling
misfire, 1 . fail to fire or explode properly ; 2 .
short of it .
failure of a primer or the propelling charge
of a projectile to function , wholly or in mnemonic key, cryptographic key so con
part. Misfire may be contrasted with structed as to be easily remembered .
hangfire, which is delay in any part of a mobile, 1 . that which can be moved without
firing charge. considerable difficulty . The term applies
miss, 1. fail to hit, especially with a projectile to vehicles, troops, weapons and also to
or bomb ; 2 . burst or impact that is not on field installations such as mobile hospitals
the target. or artillery ; 2. classification of a unit in
which there is sufficient organic transpor
missing in action . See battle casualties .
tation to move the authorized personnel
missing movement, the act whereby any per and equipment of the unit at one time.
son subject to the Uniform Code of Mili
tary Justice through neglect or design mobile armament. See mobile artillery.
misses the movement of a ship , aircraft, or mobile army surgical hospital, mobile unit (60
unit with which he is required in the bed ) designed to provide early surgical
course of duty to move. treatment for nontransportable cases. It
mission , 1. the objective ; that is, the task to - | is designed for establishment with or in
gether with its purpose thereby clearly the vicinity of, a division clearing station .
indicating the action to be taken and the mobile artillery, artillery weapons designed
reason therefor ; 2. in common usage, for movement and ready conversion from
especially when applied to lower military | traveling position to firing position .
 SR 320– 5 - 1
185 mon
Wheels or other suspension devices are not 6 feet between centers (approximately 72
ordinarily removed in the firing position . square feet per bed ) .
mobile defense , defense of an area or position mobilization designation , an authorized posi
in which maneuver is used with organiza tion vacancy within the Army Reserve
tion of fire and utilization of terrain to troop program to which an individual pos
seize the initiative from the enemy. The sessing special qualifications, experience,
defense is normally composed of an outpost | and training is earmarked for assignment
system and reserve only ; the outpost sys upon mobilization or national emergency.
tem is lightly held , while the reserve serves mobilization plan , a plan for assembling and
as a counterattacking force to destroy the placing in a state of readiness for war the
enemy at the most favorable tactical loca manpower and material resources of a
tion . nation . Hence, a plan for marshalling the
mobile disinfestor, apparatus for killing ver physical means for waging war. In col
min in clothing, etc. It is usually oper loquial military usage has come to mean a
ated by steam pressure, and may be plan for total mobilization , i. e ., for mar
mounted on a vehicle or trailer. shalling resources to meet strategic re
mobile employment, 1. term used to describe quirements to the extent of the nation 's
antiaircraft artillery defense, of ground capacity without endangering its basic
combat forces in a moving situation ; 2. See social and economic structure. Hence, is
static employment. not necessarily in support of any specific
war plan (cf. war plan ), but rather of a
mobile medical service unit, mobile unit of the
basic strategic concept under which the
Army Medical Service composed of a num lesser included requirements of any one
ber of professional teams and the necessary of several alternate war plans can be
service elements. implemented .
mobile port, port established by Department mobilize, assemble and organize troops, mate
of the Army orders, or other competent riel, and equipment for active military
authority, the need for which is temporary service ; brings the army from peacetime to
and the organizations of which may be wartime basis .
transferred intact with their equipment mock -up, model, built to scale, of a machine,
and supplies to another port, for the pur apparatus, or weapon . It is used in study
pose of establishing a new mobile port. ing the construction and in testing a new
mobile reserves, 1. troops held ready in favor development, or in teaching personnel how
able positions for probable reinforcement to operate the actual machine, apparatus
or counterattack ; 2. reserve supplies or weapon . Mock -ups of ships, landing
loaded on trucks or cars for prompt move craft and aircraft are used in training per
ment to the front. sonnel to load, embark and debark .
mobile striking force, that portion of the Gen - model designation , combination of letters and
eral Reserve, including combat and sup numbers which are assigned to major items
porting elements from all components for identification ; model number . The
which is available for immediate employ designation M1A1 is an example in which
ment in any area on or immediately after the M1 signifies the model and the A1
D -day. the first adopted modification of the orig
mobile unit, a unit equipped with sufficient inal model.
organic vehicles for the purpose of trans- l model number . See model designation .
porting all assigned personnel and equip
modification , changes made to meet revised
ment from one location to another at one specifications or to correct defects in maté
time.
riel and equipment which do not result in
mobile warfare , warfare of movement in conversion of the item .
which the opposing sides seek to seize and
modified box trail. See box trail.
hold the initiative by the use of maneuver,
organization of fire , and utilization of | modify , to make a major or a minor change
terrain . Also called war of movement. in the design or assembly of an item of
mobilization , assembling and organizing matériel.
troops, materiel and equipment for active money accounts, the account current and sup
military service, in time of war or other porting documents rendered by disbursing
national emergency ; change from a peace officers at prescribed accounting periods
time to a wartime basis . for final audit by the General Accounting
mobilization bed capacity , space for patients' Office.
beds measured in terms of the number of money - list, form used by finance officers which
beds that can be set up in wards or rooms show8 names of and amounts of pay and
designed for patients ' beds, spacing beds allowances paid to enlisted personnel. The
SR 320– 5 – 1
mon 186
money list is signed by the payee to indi strength . The rate is calculated by di
caté he has received the amount listed . viding the number of deaths which occur
monitoring, 1. listening in on , copying, or during a given period of time by the
recording communications of one's own or average strength during the same period
friendly forces to procure data for main and multiplying by 1 ,000 . The time pe
taining standards, improving communica riod must be expressed and is usually 1
tions, or maintaining security ; 2. process year.
of surveying an area or material to deter - mortar, a muzzle- loading weapon with either
mine the amount of radioactivity present. a rifled or smooth bore . It has a shorter
monitoring station , station that listens in on , range and a higher angle of fire than a
copies, or records communications of one's howitzer.
own or friendly forces. Not to be con- mortar deflection board , control instrument
fused with intercept station. used for finding the corrections for wind ,
monoalphabeticity, total of the characteristics drift, etc., and the adjustment that must
of frequency exhibited by text enciphered be applied to the azimuth settings of a
by monoalphabetic substitution . mortar.
monoalphabetic substitution , type of substitu - mortar pit, one type of emplacement in which
tion in which a single cipher alphabet is a mortar is set. It is designed to give
employed. cover, concealment, and a firm base from
monochrome, map produced all in one color which mortar can be fired .
(usually black ) and ordinarily for emer- | mosaic, assembly of two or more overlapping
gency or temporary use. aerial photographs. See controlled mosaic ,
monocord switchboard, field telephone switch uncontrolled mosaic , strip mosaic.
board in which each line terminates in a mosaic assembly, process of joining aerial
single jack and plug . photographs together to make a continu
mono - fuel propulsion, propulsion system which ous picture.
obtains its power from a single fuel. | mosaic mountant, paper or sticky base to
When used in rocket units, this fuel must which aerial photographs are attached to
make a mosaic .
furnish both oxygen supply and the hydro
carbon for combustion . See bi-fuel pro - | MOS code, a fixed number which indicates a
pulsion . given military occupational specialty
monographic encipherment, encipherment by (MOS) . Also known as MOS number and
single letters. specification serial number.
monographic substitution , substitution in MOS number. See MOS code.
which the individual units subjected to motion picture films, Department of the Army
treatment in the enciphering process are motion pictures including training films,
single letters . film bulletins , miscellaneous films, combat
monorail, the electrically operated rail and bulletins, Armed Forces screen reports,
trolley system used to support and eject professional medical films, recreational
equipment loads from certain aircraft . films, etc.
monthly family allowance. See family allow - motor, rocket propellant used in certain types
ance. of rockets.
mopping up, removal of remnants of enemy motor carriage. See carriage.
resistance in an area that has been sur
rounded or isolated , or through which motor convoy, two or more vehicles under
single control, with or without escort, used
other units have passed without eliminat
in the transportation of military personnel
ing all active resistance.
or materiel. See convoy .
morale, mental attitude assumed by indi
viduals towards Army life and everything motorization, equipping or being equipped
associated with it. with motor -driven vehicles. Motorization
differs from mechanization , in that motor
morning gun . See reveille gun. ization of a unit provides a means of trans
Morse Code. See International Morse Code. portation only, whereas in mechanization
mortality factor, numerical factor used to the unit both travels in , and fights from ,
determine the quantity of replacement its vehicles.
parts to be allowed any echelon of main motorized , equipped with motor-driven ' ve
tenance. It is based on durability of any hicles. Motorized differs from mechanized ,
given part relative to the durability of the in that a motorized unit is provided with
entire unit . a means of transportation only, whereas a
mortality rate, number of deaths which occur | mechanized unit both travels in , and
during a given period of time per 1,000 fights from , its vehicles .
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
187 mou
mou

motorized artillery, artillery drawn by truck | motor transport pool. See motor pool.
or tractors, or its self-propelled . motor vehicle, any wheeled -type, pneumatic
motorized unit, unit equipped with complete tired , self-propelled vehicle, designed and
motor transportation that enables all of used for the transportation of supplies,
its personnel, weapons, and equipment to personnel or equipment. This does not
be moved at the same time without assist include bicycles or materials handling
ance from other sources . See mechanized equipment.
units . | Motor Vehicle Driver Badge, metallic badge de
motor maintenance officer, officer who super- | noting completion of prescribed tests and
vises inspection , maintenance, and repair performance of driver duty for one year by
of motor vehicles. a motor vehicle driver.
motor march , controlled movement of troops | Motor Vehicle Mechanic Badge, metallic badge ,
in motor vehicles. denoting completion of prescribed tests and
motor movement, movement of troops in which performance of mechanic duty for one year
all elements move by motor . by a motor vehicle mechanic .
motor movement by echelon . See shuttling. mount, 1 . structure that supports any appa
ratus. A gun, a searchlight, a telescope,
motor officer, officer in charge of the opera
or a surveying instrument may have a
tion of motor transport of an installation , mount ; 2. fasten in position , especially a
pool, or organization . gun on its support, a photograph on a
motor park , area where motor vehicles are backing, etc. ; 3 . equip ; put into operation ;
stored or parked when not in use or where go into operation , as, to mount guard , to
repairs can be made when necessary ; mount an offensive .
vehicle park .
mount adapter , device to make a gun fit prop
motor patrol, patrol mounted on a motor vehi erly into a mount.
cle which generally has no armor. mountain artillery , light artillery that can be
motor pool, group of motor vehicles for use carried on pack horses or mules ; artillery
as needed by different organizations or designed for use in mountainous country.
individuals . An administrative motor pool
consists of vehicles which are garaged or mountain troops, soldiers equipped and trained
in mountain warfare , including skiing and
parked with their own or different organi
zations, but which are under a central con mountain climbing.
trol agency . A physical motor pool is one mounted , 1 . transported by vehicles or horses ;
in which the vehicles are assembled in one 2 . in the saddle ; on a horse ; in a vehicle ;
place and available for use as needed by 3 . fastened onto a mount, backing , or sup
different organizations or individuals of port ; especially, assembled on a gun
the Army. mount.
motor repair park , area in the theater of op mounting , all preparations made in mounting
eration to which vehicles are brought for areas for an airborne or amphibious opera
repairs. tion . It includes the assembly in the
motor route order number (MRO ) , symbol as mounting area , the preparation and main
signed by the National Bus Military Bu tenance within the mounting area , the
reau for purposes of identification , record , movemen t to loading points , and subse
secrecy and administrative handling of quent embarkation into ships, craft or
movements of groups of 15 or more mili aircraft .
tary personnel who travel within the con - mounting area , general locality where as
tinental limits of the United States by com signed forces of an amphibious or airborne
mercial bus. expedition , with all their authorized equip
motor sergeant, noncommissioned officer who ment and supplies, are assembled, pre
serves as the principal assistant to the pared, and loaded in shipping and / or air
motor officer. craft preparatory to an assault operation .
motor torpedo boat, small vessel of great It includes or has available in installa
speed , armed with torpedoes, mines, and tions nearby the following :
automatic weapons. a . camp area for the land -based units
motor transport, motor vehicles used for involved .
transporting military personnel, weapons, b . storage facilities for all equipment
equipment, and supplies, excluding com and supplies of the forces involved .
bat vehicles such as tanks, scout cars, and c. maintenance and repair facilities for
armored cars. the equipment of land -based forces.
motor transport officer, staff officer and adviser d . anchorage area for ships or airfield
to the commander on matters of motor area for aircraft involved.
transportation, e. loading facilities.
SR 320 – 5 – 1
mov 188
f. spotting area for equipment and sup - 1 explosive is laid on the rock and covered
plies to be loaded, located in vicinity of with a shovelful of mud, then set off.
loading facilities . Provision must be made mukluk , a seal or caribou skin boot commonly
for personnel of rear echelon and equip worn by Eskimos. The Mukluk Boots used
ment and supplies left behind . A training | by the Army are the Eskimo “ Kamik ” and
area nearby should be provided in case the have dry -tan leather or rubber soles, and
unit ( s ) remain for a considerable time in canvas uppers extending up to just below
the mounting area . A mounting area the knees.
includes a marshalling area. See marshal mule pack , pack saddles with adapters and
ling area . hangers used to transport weapons and
movement control, control exercised over the ammunition by mules .
routing and movement of personal, troop multiliteral substitution , substitution method
units and supplies over lines of communi in which two or more characters of the
cations in conformity with the movement cipher text represent a single character of
plan . This control is exercised in the field the plain text.
by Transportation Corps movement con
multinary net, net consisting of several sta
trol units. Movement control specifies
tions or transmitters communicating with
what is to be moved , when it is to be moved .
where it is to be moved , and which trans one another on the same frequency .
port service will be used (land , water or |multiple-address message, a message which is
air ), but NOT how the transport services destined for two or more addressees each of
will conduct the movement. whom is informed of all the addressees who
are to receive identical messages. The
movement instructions, detailed instructions addressees are indicated as Action , Infor
for the execution of a movement. They mation, or a combination of both .
are issued by a transportation officer as an
implementation of the movement programs, multiple antiaircraft weapon, antiaircraft
weapon that is provided with more than
and represent accepted procedure to be
followed by the shipper or receiver and one firing unit or barrel assembly.
transport services. multiple gun , group of guns that are emplaced
and adjusted for firing as a unit, or any
movement order . See march order . group of guns mounted in one position and
movements program , an authoritiative docu - ! fired as a unit .
ment assigning missions for accomplishing
multiple - lens camera, aerial camera with two
required movements by available trans or more lenses, used chiefly in aerial map
portation facilities, projected over a stated ping. Usually one lens takes vertical
period of time. photographs, and the other lens or lenses
movement to contact, ground movement which take oblique photographs.
is conducted in a theater of operations pre multiple objective defense, active antiaircraft
liminary to combat to place troops in posi defense of an area greater than 2,000 yards
tion to close with the enemy. Movement in diameter containing a number of instal
to contact is usually conducted in the lations vulnerable to enemy air attack .
following three phases :
a . contact remote. multiplex projector, apparatus made up of a
series of individual projectors which are so
b . contact improbable.
c. contact imminent. placed that they throw a consecutive series
of aerial photographs of an area onto a
move out, command that follows instructions projection board or table ; multiplex aero
in spoken field orders. It indicates that projector. The projection of the photo
the men addressed are to leave and carry graphs is adjusted for scale and position so
out orders. that the image of the whole assembly
moving pivot, 1 . person who acts as the turn makes up a stereoscopic picture that is
ing point or pivot for a line of troops when accurate in both detail and scale.
they change their direction of march ; 2. multiple year appropriation , one limiting dis
the arc of a circle about which a column bursements to payment of obligations in
turns when it changes its direction of curred during a designated period of time
march . longer than one fiscal year.
moving screen , patrols , often motorized or multipurpose gun , gun that can be used for a
mechanized detachments, used to keep number of different purposes, such as
enemy scouting parties at a distance and against ground forces and against aircraft.
deny hostile observation of troop move multisection charge, propelling charge in sep
ments ,
arate- loading or semi- fixed ammunition
mudcapping, method of breaking up large that is loaded into a number of powder
rocks without drilling. A charge of high bags. Range adjustments can be made by
 SR 320– 5 – 1
189 nat

increasing or reducing the number of bags | muzzle bore sight, disk with cross hairs, or
used , as contrasted with a single section some other marking, that is fitted into a
charge, in which the size of the charge gun at the muzzle. The cross bairs show
cannot be changed . Three types of multi the exact center of the bore, along which a
section charge, are equal section charge, soldier sights through another disk , set
base and increment charge, and unequal into the breech recess of the gun , to line
section charge. the bore of the gun upon a fixed aiming
munitions, any and all materials required for point in order to make the axis of the bore
war inclusive of food but exclusive of correspond with the axis of the gun sights.
manpower. See materiel. The attachment at the breech is called the
musette bag . See field bag. breech bore sight.
muzzle brake, device attached to the muzzle
muskeg , a sphagnum bog, especially one with of the gun barrel which utilizes escaping
tussocks in it. Muskeg mossany of vari
gases to reduce the effective recoil force
ous mosses of the genera sphagnum , hyp of the barrel assembly on the carriage or
num , etc .
mount. It also reduces muzzle blast and
mustard gas, dark , oily liquid blister gas muzzle flash .
which injures the eyes and lungs and blis muzzle burst, explosion , usually premature, of
ters the skin ; possesses garlic or horse
a projectile as it leaves the muzzle of a
radish odor when impure. See distilled
weapon , or at a very short distance from
mustard gas; nitrogen mustard gases. the weapon .
muster , assemble for orders , review , inspec muzzle flash, spurt of flame that appears at
tion , etc.
the muzzle when a gun is fired . It is
mutilation table . See permutation table. caused by gases from the propelling charge
mutiny, collective insubordination by a com that collect in the muzzle and ignite when
bination of two or more persons subject to mixed with air .
military law , in resistance to lawful mili muzzle sight. See front sight.
tary authority.
muzzle velocity, speed of a projectile at the
mutual fire support, fires of weapons within instant it leaves the muzzle of a gun .
units delivered in support of adjacent
units. muzzle velocity error, the numerical difference
between the corrections determined by ap
mutual support, support , involving gunfire or
plication of meteorological data and other
movement, or both, that adjacent units known variations and those determined at
give one another .
approximately the same time by registra
muzzle, open front end of the barrel of a gun ; tion, expressed in feet -per -second varia
end of the bore from which the projectile tions from standard muzzle velocity. It is
leaves. assumed to represent the difference be
muzzle bell, bell-shaped , built-up section at tween firing table muzzle velocity and de
the muzzle of some types of cannon . | veloped muzzle velocity .
muzzle blast, sudden air pressure exerted at muzzle wave, compression wave or reaction
the muzzle of a weapon by the rush of hot of the air in front of the muzzle of a
gases and air on firing. weapon immediately after firing.

nadir, point vertically beneath an observer. ing for the various components of the
The nadir is the opposite of the zenith , United States Army and its organization
which is the point directly overhead . and maintenance.
Nansen passport, document issued during national elements of information , that infor
World War I by international refugee mation which is required by the Federal
authorities to individuals who could not Government to assure the most effective
secure basic identity documents from any accomplishment of the intelligence mis
country and, hence, were stateless. sion related to the national security of the
napalm , mixture of aluminum soaps and United States.
gasoline to make thickened fuel. national ensign, flag of the United States
narrow gage. See standard gage. flown from the staff at the stern of ships.
national cemetery, burial ground for military National Guard , the organized militia of a
personnel and former military personnel state or territory of the United States or
and authorized members of their families of the District of Columbia .
National Defense Act, act of Congress ap - National Guard of the United States, Reserve
proved 3 June 1916 , as amended provid - l component of the United States Army
SR 320 – 5 – 1
nat 190
comprised of Federally recognized National | horizon before sunrise or after sunset when
Guard organizations and persons ap- there is sufficient light for limited visi
pointed , commissioned , or enlisted therein . bility .
national intelligence, is integrated depart- | naval support area, sea area assigned to
mental intelligence that covers the broad naval vessels detailed to support a landing.
aspects of national policy and national navigation head , point on a waterway where
security, is of concern to more than one loads are transferred between water car
Department or Agency, and transcends riers and land carriers. A navigation
the exclusive competence of a single De head is similar in function to a railhead ,
partment or Agency of the Department of truckhead, or airhead .
Defense . Navy supplies , 1. Navy supplies are those sup
national salute, 1. salute of 21 guns fired in plies which are procured and stored by
honor of a national flag , the ruler of a agencies of the Department of the Navy
foreign country, and under certain cir and issued to Navy units, organizations
cumstances, the present or former Presi and installations ; 2. supplies procured by
dent of the United States ; 2. salute of 48 agencies of the Navy and issued to Army
guns, one for each state in the Union , and Air Force supply agencies . See Army
fired at noon on July 4, each year, to supplies , Air Force supplies .
commemorate the signing of the Declara
tion of Independence. In this meaning ,
negative report, a report required to confirm
completeness of coverage although no in
usually called Salute to the Union .
formation has been obtained on the desired
National Security Council, a council, presided subject .
over by the President of the United States,
whose function is to advise the President neglect of duty , unjustified omission or failure
with respect to the integration of domestic, to perform a military duty or to carry out
the orders of a superior military author
foreign , and military policies relating to
the national security so as to enable the ity ; a military offense, when to the preju
dice of good order and military discipline
military services and other departments
and agencies of the Government to co or when otherwise denounced by the Uni
operate more effectively in matters involv form Code of Military Justice.
ing the national security . negotiated contract, a purchase or sales agree
National Security Organization , the overall or ment made by a government agency with
ganization for national security , under out normally employing techniques re
the President of the United States as quired by formal advertising.
Commander in Chief. It consists of the negotiated settlement, settlement of a contract
National Security Council, the National termination by agreement, in contrast to
Security Resources Board , the Central In I settlement by unilateral determination
telligence Agency , and the Department of (formula ) or by arbitration .
Defense. negotiation , any method of reaching an agree
National Security Resources Board , board ment on the terms of a contract other than
headed by a civilian chairman consisting by the formal advertising and sealed bid
of the department or agency heads or rep procedure prescribed by Armed Services
resentatives as designated by the Presi Procurement Act of 1947. The method is
dent. The board advises the President applicable both to purchase contracts and
concerning the coordination of military , to sales contracts .
industrial, and civilian mobilization . neoprene, a synthetic rubber substitute used
National Service Life Insurance, government for other items as well as a buffer mate
insurance issued between 8 October 1940 rial in weapons.
and 25 April 1951, to persons on active
duty in the military or naval forces of the nerve gas . See blood and nerve poison .
United States, and to persons who were on nest, center of resistance, especially one shel
active duty from October 1940 to 2 Sep tering machine guns and riflemen .
tember 1945 who applied for, or were net, 1 . group of intercommunicating radio or
eligible to apply for government insurance . landline stations ; 2. flexible barrier of steel
See gratuitous indemnity ; United States mesh used to block entry to waterways, to
Government Life Insurance. protect against torpedoes, etc. ; 3. a group
natural obstacle, any feature of a region that of strategically placed informants or
hinders military maneuvers or operations. agents being used by an intelligence organ
A natural obstacle may be a desert, moun ization to gather information .
tain , stream , swamp, forest, etc. net authentication , a type of station authenti
nautical twilight (morning or evening), time cation designed to establish the fact that
at which the sun is 12 degrees below the all stations in a given net are bona fide.
 SR 320–5– 1
191 non

net call sign , a collective call sign which rep - | night landing , landing in which the troops are
resents all within a net . scheduled to reach their first objective un .
net control station , station designated to en der cover of darkness.
force circuit discipline within a given net. night traffic line, line beyond which wheeled
net loading, loading of troops into landing vehicles are not permitted to pass during
darkness.
craft by having them climb down a cargo
net. nissen hut, half barrel-shaped shelter used for
housing personnel, and sometimes utilized
net obligations, total obligations adjusted for
for other purposes , such as shops, ware
increases or decreases resulting from re houses, laboratories , etc. ; a portable gen
negotiation , termination and cancellation
eral utility house of the knock -down type.
of contracts and from correction of errors ,
See quonset hut.
from discounts and other causes .
nitrocellulose, chemical substance formed by
net plan , plan of radio nets to be employed on the action of a mixture of nitric and sul
operations, including frequencies, stations, furic acids on cotton or some other form
and restrictions. of cellulose. Guncotton , an explosive, is
net settlement, gross settlement less disposal a nitrocellulose that has a very high nitro
credits and prior payments. gen content.
net usable space, that storage space in which nitrocellulose powder, high -powered , smokeless
material can actually be stored . propellant powder. Pyro powder is a type
of nitrocellulose powder .
neutral, condition of air stability in which the
air in contact with the ground is the same nitrocotton . See guncotton.
temperature as the air immediately above. nitrogen mustard gases , group of blister gases
There is no convection . similar to mustard gas with varying chem
ical properties and little or no odor ; gases
neutralization fire, gunfire which is delivered
affect eyes, nose, and lungs.
to cause casualties , to hamper and inter
rupt the firing of weapons, movement, or nodal point, one of the two points on the op
action and to reduce the combat efficiency tical axis of the lens, or system of lenses ,
of enemy personnel. such that a ray emergent from the second
point is parallel to the ray incident at
neutralize, 1 . to destroy or reduce the effec
tiveness of enemy personnel and materiel
the first ; node.
by gunfire, bombing or any other means ; 2 . no-fire line, line short of which the field ar
to make a toxic chemical agent harmless tillery does not fire except on request of the
by chemical action . See decontaminate. infantry commander , but beyond which
the artillery may fire at any time with
neve (firn ) , recrystallized snow compacted out danger to friendly troops.
and hardened by wind and thermal vari
ation , in transition from soft snow to ice. no man 's land, strip of land between the front
It contains considerable air and is the form
lines of two opposing forces.
that snow takes when it lasts throughout nomenclature, set or system of official names
the year, as on ice caps. or titles given to items of material and
new case, case of disease or injury not pre equipment. See standard nomenclature.
viously reported and completed by a med nomenclature plate , plate usually made of
ical treatment facility. metal, which is conspicuously mounted on
equipment, giving model letters , symbols
new guard, new group of soldiers assigned to
and numbers together with other pertinent
to a tour of interior guard duty to re information .
place the old guard .
nominal account, an account in the general
new work , in repairs and utilities operations,
ledger used to record either expenses or
additions, alterations and deletions re income of an organization . The accounts
quired by changed conditions, restorations
necessitated by disaster and minor new used in determining profit or loss.
construction to real property. nonaccountable officer, officer not under bond
next of kin , an individual having the legal and not accountable for public property.
right to direct the disposition of remains. nonappropriated funds, the monies which sup
port certain revenue-producing, welfare,
NH powder. See nonhygroscopic powder. and sundry activities which are not pro
niggerhead, local name for tussock in north vided for in congressional appropriations
ern Alaska . but are necessary adjuncts to the Armed
night interception , air interception occurring Forces.
in darkness. Night interceptions are nor- nonboresafe fuze, fuze that does not include
mally controlled interceptions. L a safety device to make impossible the
SR 320 _5 – 1
non 192

explosion of the main charge of a pro - 1 as the ratio of the number of patients
jectile prematurely , while it is still in the (noneffectives ) at a particular time or
bore of the gun . on an average day in a given period to the
noncarrying arithmetic, in cryptography, strength at that time or the average
arithmetic to the modulus ten ; that is, the strength over the period in thousands.
tens digits are disregarded . The noneffective rate may be based on all
patients excused from duty or it may be
noncommissioned officer, enlisted member of
specific to a particular disease or injury
the Army holding any grade from corporal group or entity . The rate may be com
up to and including master sergeant ; en puted for a particular area or command
listed personnel of the first four grades .
or for the total Army.
See enlisted grade structure .
nonexpendable supplies, articles which are not
noncommissioned officers' mess, 1. an associa consumed in use and which ordinarily
tion or confederation of noncommissioned
officers of an installation or command for retain their original identity during the
the primary purpose of providing food period of use, such as weapons, vehicles,
service (dining hall ) activities for its machines, tools , and instruments .
members and their families. May or may nonfixed medical treatment facility, medical
not provide recreation and entertainment treatment facility capable of moving or
features. Organized as a sundry fund ; being moved from place to place and de
2 . the building or room occupied by the signed to operate tactically in that man
mess . ner. Included are the following units :
evacuation hospitals , mobile army surgical
noncommon supplies. See supplies . hospitals, unit dispensaries (aid stations) ,
noncurrent records, records no longer required collecting stations, clearing stations, hold
for the performance of current operating ing station . NP treatments stations, and
or administrative functions. convalescent centers .
nondeferrable issue demand, issue demand re nongas warfare, warfare conducted without
lated to specific periods of time and which use of war gases. See chemical warfare .
does not or will not exist after the close
of those periods, even though not satisfied nonhygroscopic powder , smokeless powder that
during the period . Issue demand for am I has no tendency to absorb moisture from
munition for a certain month which is not the air, and that is used as a propelling
supplied because of nonavailability is an charge for projectiles .
example . nonjudicial punishment, light punishments
nondelay fuze , fuze that functions as a result and other corrective measures imposed by
of inertia of firing pin (or primer) as a commanding officer upon any military
missile is retarded during penetration of person who does not demand trialby court
target. The inertia causes the firing pin martial.
to strike the primer (or primer the firing nonmilitary education , academic and voca
pin ) , initiating fuze action . This type of tional education of the type normally
fuze is inherently slower in action than
taught in civilian educational institutions.
the superquick or instantaneous fuze, since
its action depends upon deceleration (re- nonmilitary property , property , other than
tardation ) of the missile during penetra I military property , under the jurisdiction
tion of the target. of the Department of the Army.
nondeteriorating supplies, items that may be non -Morse, pertaining to methods of transmis
expected to remain useful for a reasonably sion using symbols other than those of the
long time. The period of expected useful Morse code, as for example , those of the
ness is usually specified . Baudot alphabet.
nondivisional unit, unit not organic to a nonorganic vehicle , vehicles which are not as
division .
signed by tables of organization and equip
nonduty status, status of an officer or enlisted | ment to the using unit.
man who, for any reason , such as arrest,
leave. sick , confinement or absence with nonpay status, status of an officer or enlisted
out leave, is not available for duty with man who is not entitled to receive pay
the organization to which he belongs. during the time that he is in a nonduty
status, that is, when he is not available
noneffective, person unable to perform active for duty with his organization because of
duty because of illness or disability . his own faul or neglect . Absence without
noneffective rate , the measure of the effect of leave and time lost from duty because of
personnel who are excused from duty be illness due to the soldier's fault are cases
cause of illness, injury, or battle casualty in which the soldier is placed in a nonpay
on the strength of the command, expressed status.
 SR 320–5 – 1
193 npt

nonpersistent gas, war gas normally effective | nontransportable patient, a casualty whose
in the open 10 minutes or less at the point physical condition is so poor that extended
of dispersion . See persistency . evacuation without proper medical treat
nonprocurement funds , funds available for op ment would seriously endanger life or limb.
erating and administrative supplies and ex - nontransposability, characteristic incorporated
penses not involving the acquisition of ma in certain cryptographic codes in which
teriel. Normal maintenance charges, such the code groups are constructed in such a
as repairs, are included but spare parts and manner that the transposition of any two
replacements are excluded. See procure letters will not produce another bona fide
· ment funds. code group in that code.
nonrecord material, papers and documents normal alphabet, 1. in cryptography, conven .
that may be disposed of without authoriza tional series of conventional letters which
tion from the National Archives and Con - | form the elements of written language and
gress, such as library and museum ma are used to represent approximately the
terial made or acquired and preserved sounds of the spoken language ; 2 . direct
solely for reference or exhibition purposes , standard alphabet beginning with A and
extra copies of papers preserved only for ending with Z .
convenience of reference and stocks of pub normal bed capacity, space for patients' beds
lications and of processed documents . measured in terms of the number of beds
nonregistered publication , publication which that can be set up in wards or rooms de
bears no registry number and for which signed for patients ' beds, spacing beds 8
routine accounting is not required. feet between centers (approximately 100
nonrepairable property, unserviceable property square feet per bed ) ; capacity for normal
which cannot, in the best interests of the peacetime use.
Government, bemended or restored to serv . normal charge, charge employing a standard
iceability ; scrap and waste. amount of powder to fire a gun under ordi
nonrestorable prisoner, prisoner deemed un nary conditions, as compared with a re
suitable for return to honorable duty duced charge or a supercharge used in
special circumstances.
status in the Army.
nonsecret code, code which has for its sole normal frequency, 1 . in cryptography, stand
purpose the abbreviation , not the conceal ard frequency of a textual unit or letter
ment, of messages , and therefore may be relative to other textual units or letters
of any construction preferred by the issu composing plain text as disclosed by the
ing unit ; brevity code. statistical study of a large volume of text ;
2 . the assigned frequency usually employed
nonstandard, differing from specifications, by a radio transmitter.
conditions, or procedures that have been
prescribed or established . Weather condi normal impact, striking of a projectile against
tions different from those assumed in firing a surface that is perpendicular to the line
tables , for instance , are nonstandard . of flight of the projectile .
nonstandard commercial property , property normal interval, space between individual sol
which has civilian or commercial applica diers standing side by side. It is obtained
tion but which has never been processed by extending the left arm sideways at
for standardization by the technical com shoulder height so that the finger tips
mittee of a chief of technical service. touch the shoulder of the man next in
line.
nonstandard military property, property which
is restricted in design and utility to the
the normal zone of fire. See zone of fire.
military service but which has never been northing , northward (that is , from bottom to
processed for standardization by the tech top ) reading of grid values ; Y -coordinate
nical committee of a chief of technical of a grid of reference.
service .
nose, point, front, or forward end of a projec
nonstorage space, thatarea within gross space tile , bomb, aircraft, etc.
which is not used for storage because of
structural losses or designation for other
nose fuze , fuze placed at the front of a bomb.
than storage purposes. Includes transit NP treatment station , a field army medical
shed space when used or reserved for that treatment facility normally located in the
purpose . forward part of the field army service area ,
serving as a principal focal point for the
nonsystematic error. See accidental error. reception of NP (neuropsychiatric ) cas
nontextual, forming no part of the actual text ualties from the division , from corps, and
of the message, as for example, address and from field army units and installations.
check groups . Usually all NP casualties pass through one
277763° — 534713
SR 320 – 5 – 1
nos 194
of these stations prior to evacuation from signal is received, when rotating a direc
the field armyarea. tional antenna ,
nose spray, fragments of a bursting shell | nulling , the accurate adjustment of different
that are thrown forward in the line of input-voltages in electromechanical direc
flight, in contrast to base spray, thrown tors so that the indicated voltages repre
to the rear, and side spray, thrown to sent correct distances in yards.
the side. numbered hospital, hospital designed for em
no vehicle-light line, line in a combat zone ployment in a theater of operations and to
beyond which vehicles may not show a which an individual number is assigned .
light when traveling at night . Numbered hospitals may be station hos
nozzle, in connection with guided missiles, a pitals , general hospitals or other specific
duct of changing cross -section in which types, such as evacuation hospitals , etc.
fluid velocity is increased . Nozzles are numerical key, sequence of numbers used as
usually converging - diverging , but may be a key ; it may be derived from a keyword
uniformly diverging or converging. or phrase or established arbitrarily by pre
nuisance raid , raid by aircraft or ground arrangement.
troops made to harass and distress the numerical table , in cryptography, a list of
enemy rather than to do serious damage. I code groups representing numbers, dates,
null, 1 . in cryptography, a symbol having nol and amounts.
plain text significance ; 2 . in direction - nurse, officer of the Army Nurse Corps ; also
finding, the point at which minimum radiol called Army nurse.

oak -leaf cluster, metallic cluster device issued objective folder , collection of information
in lieu of an additional decoration repre- about an objective, used in planning and
senting the same decoration or in lieu of carrying out a military operation .
additional badge in case of Distinguished | objective plane, plane tangent to the ground
Unit Citation , one bronze device for each or coinciding with the surface of the tar
additional award . See silver oak -leaf get, especially such a plane at the point
cluster .
of impact of a bomb or projectile.
oath of enlistment, solemn pledge before an objective point. See point of impact.
officer authorized to administer oaths to
bear faith and allegiance to the U . S . and obligated space, storage space that has been
to serve faithfully in the military service set aside by direction of higher authority
in obedience to orders according to military for a specific purpose.
law , usually but not necessarily made by obligated stocks, stocks earmarked or set aside
each person enlisted or inducted in the for specific purposes ; e. g., special proj
Army. ects or programs, civilian aid , reserve com
ponents, authorized reserves, etc. Such
object classification, a system of classifying stocks are usually established on a quan
actual or contemplated expenditures in pre titative basis and are in addition to levels
scribed terms of their physical or service
of supply.
characteristics as distinguished from the
functions or activities further thereby , obligation , the dollar amount specifically re
designated by numerical code. served against an appropriation or fund
for expenditure in payment of an order
objective, 1. an end in view to be attained by placed, contract awarded, or service re
the employment of military forces ; 2 . ceived .
locality or geographical feature ( s ) to be
captured or reached in the course of an obligation authority , authorization from al
attack or during a movement ; 3. lens or lotted funds making a designated portion
lens system of a telescope or other optical available for obligation at another instal
instrument, which first receives light from lation and in respect to which accounting
the object observed . records are not required to be maintained
by the recipient.
objective area, 1. defined geographical area
within which is located the objective to be obligation of funds, amount of an order placed ,
captured or reached by the military forces . a contract awarded , a service received , or
This area is defined by theater commander any other transaction which legally re
or other competent authority for command serves an appropriation or fund for expen
and control ; 2 . in airborne operations it is diture.
the proposed area of airborne operations obligations incurred , total amount of obliga
and includes the airhead. tions which have been established against
 SR 320– 5 – 1
195 obs

an appropriation or fund during a given observation station . See observation post.

period of time. observed fire, fire for which the points of
oblique aerial photograph , photograph taken impact or burst can be seen by an ob
with the camera axis intentionally directed server on the ground , in aircraft, or on a
between the horizontal and the vertical. naval vessel. The fire can be controlled
high oblique , oblique photograph in which and adjusted on the basis of the observa
the apparent horizon is shown. tions.
low oblique, oblique photograph in which observed fire chart, a chart, usually a gridded
the apparent horizon is not shown. sheet, on which the relative locations of
oblique compartment, compartment of terrain batteries of a battalion and its targets are
whose long axis is diagonal to the direction plotted from data obtained as a result of
of march or to the front. firing .
oblique fire , fire placed on a target from a observed fire procedure, standardized proce
direction diagonal to the long dimension of dure for use in adjusting indirect fire on
the target or on an enemy from a direction a target.
between his front and his flank . observed position , position of a moving target
oblique line overlap , succession of overlapping I at the instant of observation.
oblique photographs taken in a straight observer, 1 . person who observes ; 2 . person
line. They cannot be pieced together as who gathers information about the enemy
can a vertical line overlap but they give a or the terrain ; 3 . person who watches the
series of useful perspective views. The effects of fire from a post on the ground
overlap between successive photographs is or from an aircraft ; 4 . person in an air
usually 50 percent.
craft whose main duty is observation ; 5 .
oblique photograph . See oblique aerial photo person who makes weather observations ;
graph . weather observer.
observation , examination or study of the ter - observer, forward , an artillery observer oper
rain , gunfire , atmospheric conditions, etc., ating with front- line troops and trained to
made to obtain information of military adjust ground or naval gunfire.
value.
observing angle , angle at the target between
direct observation , observation by direct a line to the observer and a line to the
vision , aided by instruments such as field ] gun or battery ; the angular distance of an
glasses or telescopes. observer from the gun or battery .
indirect observation , study of photographs observing interval, time between two succes
of terrain , etc. sive observations made to secure firing
observation , astronomic , the observation made | data on a moving target .
on celestial bodies to determine longitude, observing line, line from the observer to the
latitude, time, and / or azimuth . target.
observation battalion , artillery organization observing point, that point on a target on
equipped to perform sound , flash , and radar which the observer sights to secure firing
ranging , and to furnish topographic sery data .
ice and meteorological data. It is organic observing
to corps artillery , sector, area visible from the point
of observation ; area assigned to a given
observation camp, place where incoming re post for observation .
cruits are held long enough so that any
they have
communicable disease they have contracted
contracted | obsolete item , materiel which has been de
before arrival can be discovered . clared unsuitable for military use or for
observation of fire, watching gunfire in order training purposes.
to locate the burst or impact of projectiles obstacle, any obstruction that stops or slows
in respect to the target and to correct firing down an advance. Obstacles may be nat
data ; surveillance of fire. Observation of ural : deserts, rivers , swamps, or moun
fire may be made from the ground or from tains ; or they may be artificial : barbed
the air . wire entanglements, pits, concrete or metal
observation post, 1 . point selected for the antimechanized traps , and the like. Ob
stacles may be fixed or portable , and they
observation and correction of fire ; 2 . posi
tion from which friendly and enemy troops may be issued ready -made or they may be
can be seen and from which artillery and constructed in the field .
weapon fire can be controlled ; 3 . point obstacle course, area filled with hurdles,
from which antiaircraft observers detect . fences, ditches, and other obstacles. It is
and provide warning of the approach of used to train soldiers in overcoming sim
fast, low - flying aircraft and other targets ilar obstacles in the field , and to develop
not detected by other means. their quickness , endurance, and agility.
SR 320 –5 – 1
obs 196
obstruction , 1. any natural or artificial fea - , occupation phase, that period in the course
ture of the land surface, such as a hill, of a military mission in which the armed
that masks, or interferes with , observa force is engaged in the control of persons,
tion , delivery of fire, or the movement of lands, and property in an area.
troops ; 2. any object rising high enough occupation type military government, military
above its surroundings to be a danger to government organized to coincide with
low flying aircraft, especially when they civilian government organization .
are taking off or landing.
occupation of position , movement into and
obstruction lights , are either incandescent proper organization of an area to be used
lamps with red globes or gaseous discharge
lamps of distinctive red color used to mark as a battle position .
any obstruction bordering an airfield . occupied area, 1. area held by troops ; 2. bel
ligerent or liberated territory in which
obturation , any process that prevents the armed force is located and exercises some
escape of gases from the tube of a weapon
during the firing of a projectile . or all powers of military government.
obturator, a device for making the tube of a occupied beds, number of operating beds in a
weapon gas - tight, preventing any escape of medical treatment facility that are cur
rently assigned to patients, excluding beds
gas until the projectile has left the muzzle.
for patients who are on leave or absent
occulter, shutter for closing off the beam of
without leave.
a searchlight when it is not being used ,
so that it cannot be seen and located by occupied space, net usable space in which ma
the enemy. terial is actually stored.
occupation , 1. operation involving seizure of occupied territory , area in which civil affairs
an objective without resistance or with military government is exercised by an
out effective resistance ; 2 . location of armed occupying force . It does not include
troops and control of persons, lands, and territory in which an armed force is lo
property in conquered territory . cated but has not assumed authority over
the indigenous government.
occupational freight warrant, used to docu
ment United States Armed Forces carload | octal, a fuel-thickening material.
or less than carload freight shipments in off-carriage fire control, process of controlling
occupied areas. It is bilingual and pro fire on a target with the aid of a sighting
vides the basis for payment of transporta device which is not mounted directly on
tion charges to civil carriers and furnishes the weapon .
movement information .
off-carriage fire control equipment, fire control
occupational therapist, officer in the Women 's items, such as directors, aiming circles,and
Medical Specialist Corps who is profes observation instruments , which are re
sionally trained in the use of purposeful quired for directing the fire of the weapon
activity in the treatment of disease and and which are separately transported.
injury . off-carrier position , that point at which weap
occupational therapy , treatment of disease of ons, such as light mortars and machine
injury characterized by assignment of guns, and their ammunition and acces
patients to purposeful tasks such as wood sories are removed from transportation
working , metalwork , ceramics, printing carriers, to be taken into position by hand.
performed by professionally trained per
offensive, 1 . condition of a force when it is
sonnel as prescribed by a medical officer. attacking ; 2 .attacking ; ready to attack ; 3 .
Occupation Clasp , metallic bar device denot suitable for attack ; used for attack . Guns
ing place at which occupational duty was and tanks are often offensive weapons ; 4 .
performed since 1945. See Army of Occu attack, especially one on a large scale.
pation Medal. offensive grenade, high explosive hand grenade
occupation currency , currency prepared by the designed for use by troops advancing in the
invading power and declared by its mili open. The body is of fiber so that frag
tary commander to be legal tender in the ments are not thrown.
areas occupied by its invading forces for
the period of such occupation , should be office of record, 1. office oficially designated
of distinctive design to distinguish it from to maintain records for specified opera
the official currency of both the invading tions ; 2. agency charged with maintaining
and the invaded power but may be de the ultimate accounting records for regis
nominated in the monetary unit of either. tered publications.
Occupation and invasion currency may or officer , person holding a commission or war
may not, according to the circumstances, rant in one of the armed forces. See com
be identical. missioned officer .
 SR 320–5 – 1
197 onc

officer candidate, person undergoing a course off limits , 1 . place or locality, usually outside
of instruction for or otherwise an appli- 1 military areas, which military personnel
cant for a commission as an officer . are forbidden to enter , except on official
officer candidate school, school at which officer business. An off limits area may be pa
candidates are prepared , through a course trolled by military police ; 2 . being in such
of instruction normally leading to a com a forbidden place.
mission . off- line operation , in cryptography, process of
encipherment and transmission or of recep
officer of the day, officer acting directly under tion and decipherment by two separate
the commanding officer , who is responsible
operations involving a room circuit .
on a given day for the performance of the
guard, preserving order, protecting prop offset method , way of describing locations on
erty, enforcing inspection regulations, and a map by giving the distance from the
bottom of the map, and to the left or right
guarding prisoners in a post, camp, or
station . of a secretly designated north and south
line.
officer of the guard , officer acting under the
officer of the day, who is responsible for the offset plotting, method of plotting firing data
instruction , discipline , and performance of when different ranges and azimuths must
duty of the guard in a post, camp, or be sent to each gun of a battery.
station . offshore procurement, the purchase by mili
tary authorities in countries outside of the
officers' call, 1. bugle call to summon all off United States possessio
and its ns and
cers to a meeting or assembly place ; 2 .
Canada with FOA or Regular Army funds
meeting or assembly of all officers.
of items for FOA program with delivery
Officers' Information Program , a program de to recipient countries or for United States
signed to keep the officer corps abreast of forces wherever stationed .
significant military, national, and interna - Logive, curved forward part up to, and includ
tional matters .
ing, the pointed end of a projectile . Also
Officers' mess, 1 . an association or confedera - | called head .
tion of commissioned officers and warrant oil buffer, a mechanism on certain types of
officers of an installation or command for automatic weapons, especially the .50 cali
the primary purpose of providing food ber guns, for absorbing the shock of recoil
service ( dining hall) activities for its and regulating the speed of firing.
members and their families. · May or may loil dent, cartridge defect consisting of a
not provide recreation and entertainment smooth hollow in the case, caused by using
features. Organized as a sundry fund ; 2 . too much oil in the tapering process.
the building or room occupied by the mess.
oil gear, an electro -mechanical device utiliz
officers pay data card, form upon which is ing hydraulic principles to convert elec
entered all essential current information trical data signals into power drive.
about the pay and allowances due to the
officer to whom it is issued , and the record
old case, medical case previously reported
and completed ; ordinarily synonymous
or partial payments received .
with readmission .
official correspondence, correspondence on old guard, group of soldiers who have been
properly authorized military matters or
business. It may be legally sent through
on guard duty during the preceding 24
the mails in official envelopes without pay hours, and are being relieved by the new
guard .
ment of postage.
olive drab, standard brownish green color in
official credit, a credit on the books of the
general use for Army uniforms.
Treasurer of the United States for an ac
countable disbursing officer against which on , element of a tank fire command, direct
checks may be issued by him . ing the gunner to halt the traverse of the
turret ; usually preceded by steady. See
official credit deposit , a deposit which in steady -on .
creases the balance of the accountable dis
bursing officer' s checking account on the on -board spares, first echelon spare parts car
books of the Treasurer of the Unitedl ried on board a ship .
States, but does not decrease the officer 's on call. See call mission .
accountability and is not reflected on the on -carriage equipment, items of supply which ,
face of the account current. although not part of the cannon carriage
official envelope , envelope used to mail official proper, are mounted on the carriage and
matter without postage, but carrying a remain in their respective mounts, brack
penalty if used for private correspondence. ets, or containers on the carriage when it is
Also called penalty envelope. being towed . These items are required for
SR 320– 5 – 1
onc 198
organizational maintenance and to provide or other technical service vehicles. They
the fire control necessary for laying the are required for vehicular maintenance ,
piece. Examples : rammer staves, hand armament, fire protection , communications,
spikes. etc ., and to complete the major combina
on - carriage fire control, process of controlling tion . Examples : guns, gun mounts, ra
fire on a target with the aid of a sighting dios, flashlights, fire extinguishers, sight
device mounted directly on the weapon . ing and fire control equipment, specified
on -carriage fire control equipment, fire control vehicular spare parts and tools for mainte
items, such as remote control systems, tele nance of the vehicle and weapons.
hare built into the can
scope mounts , which are built into the can . 0 - 0 line, a line for the coordination of field
non carriage or mount, or which are car artillery observation , designated by the
ried on the carriage or mount in the travel corps artillery commander , dividing pri
ing position, mary responsibility for observation be
on hand, supplies and equipment available for tween the corps artillery and the division
artillery .
issue in depots, supply points, and other
supply installations. open allotment, allotment which designates a
one hundred percent rectangle, area which in specific appropriation and project account
cludes practically all the shots fired by without limiting the amount that may be
obligated .
an artillery gun or battery at a target.
on - line operation , in crypto-communication , open ammunition space, ground area prepared
simultaneous encipherment and transmis or improvised for storage of ammunition
sion of reception and decipherment. in open areas to supplement magazine
space.
one-part code, code in which the plain text
elements are arranged in alphabetical or open code, cryptographic system using ex
numerical order accompanied by their code ternal text which has meaning, to dis
groups arranged in alphabetical, numer 1 guise hidden meaning.
ical or other systematic order, See two- open column, a motor column in which dis
part code. tance between vehicles is increased to ac
one-time pad, in cryptography, form of key complish greater dispersion .
book used in a one -time system permitting open -end contract, agreement for the supply
the destruction of part of the keybook as of goods or services which contains no or
soon as it is used . varying limits of time and quantity and
one-time system , a system of encipherment in which usually involves recurring orders
which a nonrepeating key is used . and charges in varying degree .
on guard , 1. ready to defend or protect : 2. | open fire, begin firing a gun or battery.
watching, as a guard or a member of a open flank, flank of a unit in combat that is
guard ; 3 . first position of readiness in bay: not protected by another unit or by terrain
onet exercises. features, and that is exposed to attack .
on - line operation , in cryptography, simultane- | open formation , arrangement ofmen , aircraft,
ous encipherment and transmission or re or mechanized units with space enough
ception and decipherment. between them to allow some freedom of
on station , type of air support starting with a action or to lessen the effect of air or
specified number of planes in the air over artillery attack .
the objective area , armed and ready to opening shock , the force applied to the para
attack targets designated by control agen chutist or aerial delivery container as a
cies . result of the initial opening of the para
chute canopy.
on -the- job training , 1. method of instruction
whereby individuals are trained by per- open position , place that gives no cover or
formance of assigned operational duty rep - 1 concealment except what can be provided
resenting the requirements for the military by camouflage .
occupational specialty for the individual ; open ranks, 1. arrangement of ranks in close
2 . method of instruction whereby units are order drill in which the normal distance
trained by performance, of assigned oper between ranks is increased by the length
ational duty representing the primary mis- of a full step ; 2. preparatory command to
sion of the unit. take this position .
on the way, message from the fire direction
ection open route, roadway over which a minimum of
center or ship to the obserjer indicating supervision is exercised . Supervision or
that the unit has fired . dinarily is limited to control of traffic at
on -vehicle materiel, items of supply which , intersections and is analogous to civilian
although not part of the vehicle proper, control over rural roads carrying a small
are issued with and carried on ordnance ! traffic volume.
 SR 320–5 – 1
199 ope

open sheaf, 1. the lateral distribution of the reliably when in continuous use ; 2. speed
fire of two or more pieces so that adjoin sometimes designated at which vehicles
ing points of impact or points of burst are will be operated ; 3 . revolutions per minute
separated by the maximum effective width prescribed for certain types of engines.
of burst of the type shell being used ; 2 . | operation , military action , for the carrying out
term used in a fire message to indicate of a military mission , to include : strategic ,
that the observer desires a wider sheaf tactical, service, training , or administra
than the one being employed . See close tive missions ; the process of carryng on
sheaf.
combat on land , on sea, or in the air , in
open sight, rear sight that has a curved notch cluding movement, supply, attack , defense,
instead of a peephole or a telescope. and maneuvers needed to gain the objec
open storage space, ground area designated tives of any battle or campaign .
for storage. operational, 1. term indicating that the activ
ity is in operation : 2 . when used in con
open traverse, in surveying a set of connected
lines with length and direction measured , nection with equipment such as aircraft ,
in which the final line does not come back vehicles, etc ., indicates the equipment is in
to the starting place or to a point of known such a state of repair as to be immediately
location, as it does in a closed traverse. usable .
operating agency. an organizational unit of operational chain of command , chain of com
the Department of the Army to which mand established for a particular operation
funds are allocated . or series of operations.
operating beds, those medical
medical treatment
treatment facile
facil operational control, 1. operational control
ity beds that are currently set up and in comprises those functions of command in
all respects ready for the care of patients. volving the composition of subordinate
forces , the assignment of tasks, the desig
The facility is staffed and equipped to
operate. nation of objectives, and the authoritative
operating beds available , number of operating direction necessary to accomplish the mis
beds in a medical treatment facility that sion . It does not include such matters as
administration , discipline, internal organ
are not currently assigned to patients. ization and unit training , except when a
operating ceiling, greatest altitude at which subordinate commander requests assist
the specific aircraft normally operates. ance ; 2. a comander of a joint (operating )
operating handle, handle or bar with which (task ) force exercises logistic coordination
the operating lever of a gun is operated to or control only to the extent necessary to
open and close the breech of the gun. meet those logistic needs of the subordi
operating lever, lever device on a gun with nate commanders which are essential to
which the breech of the gun is opened and the success of his missions, and to meet
closed . any request of the subordinate commander
for logistic support.
operating maintenance, service and repair to
vehicles and other equipment. Operating operational line, any communication line used
maintenance differs from scheduled main - mainly for sending firing data , battle or
tenance, which consists of the regular serv - l ders, and messages about tactical activ
ities.
icing and repair of equipment according to
a time schedule or on a mileage basis. operational message, message which effects or
Also called march maintenance. may effect movements of ships, aircraft ,
operating personnel, military personnal au - or ground forces within 48 hours of time
thorized by Department of the
it of Army per
the Army per- of origin .
sonnel allotment vouchers for overhead or operational mile , that amount of gasoline, oil,
functional duties ; organized into TD units, and lubricants required to move all trans
except when specifically authorized as portation in a unit one mile .
TO & E units by Department of the Army
letter authority. operational priority . See message precedence.
operating slide, mechanism in a Browning operational reserve , emergency reserve of men
machine gun that permits opening the or of supplies and equipment for the sup
- breech for loading , unloading, and clearing port of specific operations.
out stoppages, and closing the breech for operational supplies, those supplies, over and
firing . above the normal allowances of an oversea
operating speed , 1 . speed of an aircraft in level theater , which are required to support
flight at the altitude for which the aircraft logistic and operational plans of the the
is designed to give maximum efficiency, and ater.
not more than 75 percent of the engine operation , duplex, the operational characteris
• speed at which the aircraft can function tics of a circuit which permit communica
SR 320 –5 – 1
оре 200
tion between stations in both directions | operator procedure regulations, that part of
simultaneously . communications traffic security which deals
no the
operation map , map showing the location and
location and with the formulation and enforcement of
strength of friendly forces involved in an regulations concerning operator procedure .
operation . It may indicate predicted opportunity fire, fire delivered upon a target
movements and location of enemy forces. of opportunity. See target of opportunity .
It is usually an essential part of an oper opposite numbers, American and foreign mili
ation order. tary officers having corresponding assign
operation order, orders given by a comman ments within their respective military es
der setting forth the situation , the mis tablishments .
sion , his decision and plan of action , and | optical gas mask, gas mask with special face
such details as to method of execution piece embodying diaphragm for voice trans
as will ensure coordinated action by the mission and flat adjustable eyepieces for
whole command .
use of optical instruments.
operation overlay, overlay showing the loca optical instrument, measuring sighting, indi
tion and strength of friendly forces in cating, or computing device, the operation
volved in an operation . It may indicate | of which is based upon the properties of
predicated movements and location of en light. Examples : telescope, microscope ,
emy forces. It is usually substituted for
transit, spectroscope, sextant, range finder.
an operation map at the lower echelons as
an essential part of an operation order . | optical
opt sight, sight with lenses, prisms, or mir
See operation map . rors that is used in laying weapons for
aerial bombing, or for surveying.
operation plan , a plan for a miiltary operation
normally forming a portion of a military optimum
op gun ring , an imaginary line around
campaign . It may cover a single operation a vulnerable area or point which deline
or a series of connected operations to be ates the best distance outward from the
carried out simultaneously or in succes center of the objective to emplace an anti
sion . It implements initial operations de aircraft fire unit in order to obtain the best
rived from the campaign plan. defense under the conditions stated .
operations and training officer, officer in charge optics, 1 . glass parts of optical instruments :
of the operations and training section of a 2 . science of light transmission thru re
unit ; officer who plans and lays out policies fracting material, and related phenomena.
for organization and training in units. oral trade test, oral examination to rate a per
Generally known as S - 3 officer. son 's knowledge in some type of work or
operations and training section , subdivision of trade.
a staff that plans and lays out the policies order, communication , written or oral, which
for organization , training, and combat op - conveys instructions from a superior to a
erations ; operations section . Also known subordinate. In a broad sense the terms
as 8 - 3 Section . order and command are synonymous.
operations board, 1. space for posting data , on order and shipping time, the time elapsing be
which information is recorded as it comes tween the initiation of stock replenishment
in . It may show firing data , aircraft traf action for a specific activity and the re
fic data, radio bearings , etc ., which are to ceipt by that activity of the materiel
be used as a basis for adjusting or continu resulting from such action . Order and
ing an activity ; 2 . large, detailed military shipping timeis applicable only to materiel
map mounted on a table, used for keeping within the supply system .
track of an operation ; especially , the map
order arms, 1. position in the manual of the
on which full details of the operations of rifle in which a rifle is held at the right
friendly and enemy aircraft are studied .
side, with the rifle butt touching the
operations research , scientific , qualitative, and ground while the soldier stands at the po
quantitative study of warfare by military sition of attention ; 2 . command to take
agencies with the objective of improving this position . When given following in
the weapons, tactics, and strategy of fu spection arms it is also the command for
ture operations through analysis and eval men armed with the automatic rifle or
uation of past operations and maneuvers , carbine to resume sling arms and for men
and operations trials . Also known as op armed with the pistol to return the pistol
erational research , operations analysis , to its holster ; at all other times, men so
and operations evaluations. armed remain at attention at this com
mand .
operations schedule, schedule prescribing the
sequence of various events of an operation order into active military service , a command
and the hour of their execution . placing a unit or member of the National
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
201 org

Guard of the United States, Army Re- | ordnance troops, technically trained troopsas
serve, etc. in active duty. signed or attached to a tactical unit to
orderly, 1. soldier who assists an officer, usu provide ordnance maintenance, supply, or
technical service. They also give instruc
ally by carrying messages and orders and
by performing routine duties ; 2 . attendant tion in the use, maintenance, and adjust
in a mess, hospital, etc. ment of ordnance materiel.
orderly room , office of a company in which organic, assigned to , and forming an essen
- the business of the company is done. tial part of, a military organization . Or
order of battle, the manner in which military ganic parts of a unit are those listed in its
forces are organized and disposed . Order table of organization and equipment.
of battle intelligence includes data on the organic transportation , means of transporta
strength , equipment, location , disposition , | tion regularly assigned to a military unit
organization , identity, tactical doctrines as opposed to that temporarily furnished
and methods, combat value, and movement by other units .
of enemy forces, together with records of organization , 1. any military unit ; specifi
performance of identified units and with cally , a larger command composed of two
personal data on the commanders. or more smaller units. In this meaning a
ordnance, military materiel, such as combat military element of a command is an or
weapons of all kinds, with ammunition and ganization in relation to its components
equipment for their use, vehicles , and re and a unit in relation to higher commands ;
pair tools and machinery. 2 . the definite structure of a military
element prescribed by a competent author
ordnance depot, a depot which contains re ity such as a table of organization . See
serve stocks of arms, ammunition , and unit .
equipment furnished by the Ordnance
Corps. organizational, having to do with a military
organization ; belonging to a military or
ordnance officer, 1 . officer who is a member of ganization .
the Ordnance Corps ; 2. special staff of
ficer who advises his commander on tech organizational equipment. See equipment.
nical matters of ordnance. In this mean organizational maintenance. See maintenance
ing, also called Ordnance Staff officer ; 3. category.
officer having responsibilities dealing with organizational spare parts, parts which are
ordnance maintenance, ammunition , and authorized to an organization for its own
general supply , including that of placing use.
captured enemy materiel into usable con
dition . organization chart, diagram showing the or
ganization of units, offices , activities, or
ordnance plan, detailed statement on ordnance installations.
operations prepared for a commander, usu
ally by his ordnance officer. An ordnance organization equipment file , Department of the
plan includes specific instructions for the Army form , consisting of a jacket or en
use of ordnance units . It deals with ord velope , for filing essential forms and rec
nance maintenance, ammunition , and gen ords on equipment. This jacket is kept
eral supply , and the putting of captured in possession of second echelon mainte
materiel into usable condition. nance personnel and accompanies the
equipment on transfer or on evacuation to
ordnance service, all activities necessary to
a higher maintenance echelon .
maintain the ordnance equipment of a com
mand in usable condition and such other organization maintenance, that maintenance
equipment as directed by proper authority . authorized for, performed by , and the re
sponsibility of a using organization on its
ordnance staff officer. See ordnance officer. own equipment. This maintenance con
ordnance stores, all commodities and materials sists normally of inspection , cleaning, serv
used by the Ordnance Corps in the de icing , preserving lubrication , and adjust
sign, manufacture, testing, preservation, ment as required and may also consist of
and overhaul of ordnance property or sup minor parts replacement not requiring
plies. highly technical skill.
ordnance supplies, all military supplies as organization of the ground , development of a
signed to the Ordnance Corps for storage , defensive position by strengthening the
issue, and maintenance. Ordnance sup natural defenses of the terrain and by as.
plies consist of all raw materials , com signment of the occupying troops to specific
pletely manufactured articles, and parts localities ; organization of a position .
of such articles assigned to the Ordnance organize, to bring a unit into physical exist
Corps . ence by assigning to personnel or personnel
SR 320–5 – 1°
org 202
and equipment. A unit may be organized , drafter , person who actually composes the
even though not constituted . message for release by the originator or
organized position , area in which troops and the releasing officer.
weapons have been put in position for releasing officer, properly designated indi
future action , and in which field fortifica vidual who may authorize the sending
tions have been constructed . of a message for and in the name of the
organized strength , actual, authorized , or pro originator.
grammed strength of all table of organi- | originator 's reference number, message refer
zation and equipment and table of distribu ence number included in the text of a mes
tion units of the Army, or subdivision sage for the purpose of reference between
thereof. the originator and the addressee.
organized unit, an Army Reserve unit re- origin carrier, commercial carrier which re
quired satisfactorily to participate in a ceipts for a shipment at the point from
minimum of scheduled drills , or training which the shipment originates.
periods, or days of active Federal service, | origin of the trajectory, center of the muzzle
or any combination thereof, per year. of a gun at the instant when the projectile
orient, 1. find the direction of ; find one's leaves it.
location by using a compass or map ; 2 . orthogonal, property of being at right angles,
place in the right position ; place a map so or more generally , independent. Exam
that the arrow on it showing direction ples : the X , Y , and Z direction , or the
points in that direction , or so the meridian R , Ø and Ø directions in polar coordinates
lines of a map point north ; 3 . set the are orthogonal Functions represented by
azimuth adjustments for a weapon or in the electric intensities of two radio signals ,
strument so that they read correctly for the ratio of whose frequencies is irrational,
that location and for the direction the are orthogonal.
weapon or instrument is pointing . For
oscillogram , recorded trace or permanent rec
some weapons and instruments the eleva
ord produced by an oscillograph . Such a
tion adjustment is included in this cate record of sound waves is studied to deter
gory ; 4. place a photograph so that the mine the location of enemy weapons.
light strikes the photograph from the same
direction as the light came when the place oscillograph , electrical instrument for pro
ducing a graphic record representing the
or object was photographed ; 5 . to pass on
information relative to the situation , ter instantaneous values of a rapidly varying
rain , etc. ; brief. electric quantity. One of the uses is in
sound ranging to locate enemy weapons.
orienting line, line of known direction estab
lished on the ground, which is used as a oscilloscope, electrical instrument for showing
reference line in surveying, aiming artil visually on the fluorescent screen of a
lery pieces, etc. cathode ray tube the waveform of a rapidly
varying quantity such as an alternating
orienting point, distant object sighted on in voltage. An oscilloscope is used in radio ,
aligning a director or other instrument sound ranging devices, radars, and as test
with a gun.
equipment.
orienting station , a point on the orienting line osnaburg . strong. unbleached cotton fabric
near the gun position from which the bat used as a substitute for burlap, as target
tery may be layed . cloth , and for camouflage purposes.
origin , 1 . fixed point of reference on a graph , 1 outer harbor area, waters extending seaward
map or chart ; 2 . the center of the muzzle from the outer ends of the entrance chan .
of the gun at the instant of firing . nels of a fortified harbor, but lying within
original package, in storage operations, pack range of the harbor defense batteries.
age containing the number of pieces di outfit, 1. articles of equipment needed for car
rected to be packed together by procure rying out any task , such as a chaplain ' s
ment specifications or other packing outfit or an aviator's outfit ; 2. furnish
schedules. A legend must show on the
with equipment.
outside indicating the quantity and de
scription of the contents and designation outflank , 1. pass around or turn the enemy' s
flank ; 2 . extend the front to the right and
of the producer , and the original seals
must be unbroken . left beyond the flanks of the enemy's line.
originator, the command by whose authority outflanking maneuver , movements of troops
a message is sent. The responsibility of for the purpose of passing around, or of
attacking. the enemy' s flanks.
the originator includes the responsibility
for the functions of the drafter and releas- outguard, one of the groups which form the
ing officer as defined below . line of observation of an outpost.
 SR 320 –5 – 1
203 ove

outline plan , 1 . type of plan is normally a outrigger trench , special excavations required
preliminary step in the preparation of an for the outriggers of antiaircraft guns and
operations plan . It includes the mission , a automatic weapons.
strategic concept and basic undertakings, l outworks, minor defenses constructed outside
plus the scope of initial and subsequent the main fortification limits.
operations. This type of plan may be com
over , the sensing of a round which strikes or
bined , joint or service . When these plans
bursts beyond the target . See short .
are prepared by the services to set forth
their mission under combined or joint over age in grade, beyond the age limit set for
plans, they are commonly called support combat or service duty in a given commis
ing plans ; 2 . a preliminary or general sion grade.
sketch or indication portraying salient fea - overfreight, freight separated from its way .
tures or general principles. Hence , a short bill and bearing no identifying marks.
summary or compendium of a plan often overhaul, restore an item to a completely
in the form of heads and subheads. The serviceable condition by disassembling its
term is used to indicate the degree of com assemblies and subassemblies, by inspect
pleteness of a plan rather than the echelon ing, replacing parts, and necessary boring ,
of command to which it applies ; hence, an grinding or machining operations, followed
outline war plan , an outline campaign by reassembly and final inspection .
plan , an outline operation plan , an outline
overhead , that personnel (unit ) headed for
base-development plan . Usually follows
administrative and supervisory duties of a
the form of the type plan which it sum
marizes ; is more comprehensive than a
unit (units) .
simple format and less comprehensive than overhead costs, the general administrative ex
a completed plan . Is most frequently used penses incurred in connection with the
by commanders or their staffs to delineate operation and maintenance of division and
a planning concept in rough form prelim district engineer offices. This is a portion
inary to the initiation of detailed planning. of government cost on construction .

outmaneuver, move one's forces in such a way overhead fire, fire that is delivered over the
heads of friendly troops.
that advantage is gained over the enemy.
overhead personnel. See overhead.
out of ranks, not in a formation ; present at
an official function but not standing in overhead target, air target which passes over,
or nearly over, a gunner.
ranks.
overlap, common area shown in two aerial
outpatient service , medical and dental care
photographs taken successively along a
furnished military personnel and author line of flight. See sidelap .
ized civilians at a medical treatment fa
cility when hospitalization is not required. overlap area, 1. area 20 miles wide, outside
the limits of the area covered by a particu
outport, any port used by the Department of lar aircraft warning unit ; 2. shaded area
the Army, except a port or subport of on an aircraft warning service plotting
embarkation or debarkation ; not neces board , on which information from adjoin
sarily a primary port. ing filter or radar boards is plotted .
outpost, security detachment distributed at overlapping aerial photographs, two or more
some distance from the main body of aerial photographs to which a portion of
troops, while at halt , in camp or bivouac, the total area projected thereon is com
or in battle position to protect it from mon . Such photographs are used for ster
observation and surprise by the enemy. eoscopic studies, for building mosaics, and
outpost area, area in front of the main line of in the case of gridded obliques, for fire
control.
resistance. Outpost positions are located
in the outpost area. overlay, 1 . transparent sheet giving special
military information not ordinarily shown
outpost line. See outpost line of resistance. on maps. When the overlay is laid over
outpost line of resistance , line selected for ef the map on which it is based , its details
fective joining of outpost fire and the fire will supplement the map ; 2 . tracing of a
of supporting guns ; line selected to be photograph , mosaic , or map to present the
held , in case of attack , until the main body interpreted features and the pertinent de
can prepare for action ; outpost line. tail, or to facilitate plotting.
outpost position, organized or partially organ overprint, new material printedshow or stamped
data of
upon a map or a chart to
ized position which will be occupied by importance or special use, in addition to
elements of an outpost for delaying and
disorganizing action in case of enemy that originally printed .
attack , . . I oversea cap. See garrison cap.
SR 320– 5 – 1
ove 204
oversea command , any theater, base, or other movement directive differs from a move .
separate command located outside the con ment order in that the latter includes the
tinental United States. date and other pertinent details regarding
oversea command excess personal property , per the actual movement.
sonal property which has been determined oversea pack , package or method of packing
to be excess to the needs of the individuals designed to withstand rough handling of
in a major oversea command . military transportation and distribution
overseas.
oversea expedition , major tactical undertaking
involving transport of troops and equip - overseas, all areas not included in the forty
ment by sea , usually with the aid of the eight States and the District of Columbia .
Navy and other military services. Oversea Service Bar, horizontal gold -colored
oversea levels of supply , quantities of supplies cloth bar device noting six months foreign
which are required in oversea commands to service between 1941 and 1946. See War
ensure the success of their assigned mis Service Chevron .
sions. These supplies include quantities oversea shipment, shipments through ports or
necessary to effect distribution and to en airports to oversea commands.
sure continuity of supply within the com oversea staging area. See staging area.
mand ; quantities necessary to sustain the
command during periods of isolation or overshoot, 1. shoot over or beyond a target ;
when the normal flow of supplies from the 2 . fly beyond a designated mark or area
continental United States may be tempo while attempting to land an aircraft.
rarily interrupted by enemy action ; and overt propaganda (white), propaganda dis
quantities required to provide a working seminated and acknowledged by a govern
stock actually on hand in the command ment or an accredited agency thereof and
and necessary to maintain the command issued from a stated source .
between sustaining shipments. oxygen mask , face covering , usually of rubber,
oversea movement directive, directive in which designed to facilitate the breathing of oxy
the Chief of Staff directs the movement gen by flyers.
overseas of designated units or of units oxygen regulator, mechanical device which
by type and indicates the readiness dates controls the delivery of oxygen from con
established for the units . The overseas tainers to the oxygen mask .

pace, 1 . step of 30 inches ; the length of the package number, in storage operations, num
full step in quick time ; 2. rate of move- ber applied where required to each part of
ment or marching . a separate shipment or transportation unit
pack , 1. bag or bags designed to enable a and to the corresponding shipping papers.
soldier to carry individual equipment and packaged petroleum , liquid petroleum in con
supplies on his back . In this meaning, tainers of 55 -gallon capacity or less ; or
called field pack. The field pack consists semi-solid or solid petroleum in containers
of two bags, the combat pack and the cargo of 400 pound capacity or less.
pack which may be carried separately or
may be joined and carried as one ; 2 . bun packaging , in storage operations, cleaning,
dle or roll of equipment carried by a pack preserving, wrapping, water-proofing, and
animal ; 3 . load an animal with a pack : identifying one or more identical items as
4 . part of a parachute assembly in which a unit .
the canopy and shroud lines are folded pack artillery, artillery weapons designed for
and carried . In this meaning, also called transport in sections by animals or deliv
pack assembly ; 5 . provide protection for ery by parachute. The weapon and car
an article or group of articles against riage are partially disassembled for trans
physical damage during shipment. Pack port and reassembled for firing from
ing is accomplished by placing articles in ground positions. When equipped with
a shipping container, and blocking, brac wheels, pack artillery may be used as
ing and cushioning them when necessary, towed artillery .
or by strapping the articles or containers
on a pallet or skid. See amphibious pack pack assembly . See pack .
and oversea pack . pack carrier, detachable part of the haversack ,
package car, a car loaded with several less in which the roll is inclosed .
than -carload shipments destined for dis | packing, 1. filling an exterior shipping con
tant points and moving in through fast tainer with individual items or interior
freight trains. 1 packages for shipment ; 2. material
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
205 par

wrapped around barrel of water cooled , parachute, umbrella -like device whose air re
machine guns to prevent leakage of water. sistance retards the speed of a falling
packing list, list of the contents of a particu body. It is used to enable men to descend,
lar package or container. or supplies to be dropped , without injury.
A parachute consists mainly of a canopy
packmaster. See cargador. and shroud lines , the pack in which they
pack radio set, radio transmitting station that are folded and carried, a harness, and a
is transported by pack animals. It has a rip cord .
limited range and gets its power from a
hand generator . parachute assembly, canopy and shroud lines,
the pack in which they are carried , and
packsaddle , special saddle for carrying a load harness of a parachute.
on a pack animal. parachute drop zone, locality selected and des
pack train , column of pack animals with all ignated in advance for the landings of
necessary personnel and equipment. parachutists or parachuted supplies in a
pack transportation, 1. personnel, animals, maneuver or combat operation .
and equipment used in carrying loads on | parachute dummy, weight attached to a para
the backs of animals ; 2 . transportation of chute that approximates the weight of a
loads on the backs of animals . living man, in tests of equipment.
padding , in cryptography, words or phrases, parachute duty , military service in which
unrelated to the text of a message, added parachute jumping is an essential part.
prior to encryption and deleted upon de parachute flare, pyrotechnic device attached
cryption .
to a parachute and designed to provide
pallet, portable platform upon which con intense illumination for a short period.
tainers are loaded and stacked so that Used for such purposes as lighting of tar
they must be transported and stored by a gets for night bombing, for reconnaissance ,
forklift or pallet truck . or for furnishing light for aircraft emer
palletized unit load , quantity of any item , gency landings.
packaged or unpackaged, which is ar parachute pay, additional pay awarded mem
ranged on a pallet in a specified manner
bers of airborne units whose primary duty
and securely strapped or fastened thereto requires them to make parachute jumps
so that the whole is handled as a unit. and who have been or are being trained for
palm . See Medal of Freedom . entry into combat by parachute.
panel, a large cloth strip used by group parachute record , card giving history of the
troops for visual signaling . See code maintenance , repair , inspection , and use
panel ; 2 . an electrical switchboard or in - of a parachute. A parachute record is
strument board . kept for each parachute.
panel code. See air-ground liaison code. parachute rigger, individual whose primary
panel display ground , space where signal function is the repair , maintenance, and
panels may be displayed for communica packing of parachutes and parachute
tion with aircraft. A panel display equipment.
ground is usually located near a radio parachute target, range target representing a
station . descending parachutist. A parachute tar
panoramic sight. See panoramic telescope. get is operated by pulleys.
panoramic sketch , hand -drawn picture of an parachute tower, high structure used in train
area that gives the effect of distance, as it | ing men in parachute jumping.
would appear to the eye of an observer. parachute troops, troops moved by air trans
panoramic telescope, telescope sight for artil- port and landed by parachutes ; para
lery pieces that gives the gunner a wide troops.
field of view . It may be rotated so as to parachutist, an individual trained to move by
permit sighting in any direction without air transport and land by parachute .
requiring the observer to change his posi
tion . parachutist badge, metallic badge denoting a
para -bomb, specially prepared equipment con
combat jump into enemy territory or com
tainer with a parachute which is capable pletion of prescribed tests by airborne per
sonnel.
of opening automatically after a delayed
drop . paracrate, rigid equipment container for
paracaisson , small, two-wheeled , hand-drawndropping specialized equipment from an
vehicle the body of which forms an aerial airplane by parachute.
delivery container for artillery ammuni- parade, 1. ceremonial marching in review of
tion and which , upon being assembled , be troops, before public officials or high ofi
comes a utility cart. cers, to display their skill in marching,
SR 320–5 – 1
par 206

condition of equipment, etc. ; 2. march in another individual who is an expert ;

review . apprentice training.
parade ground, field on which military re- parallel trench , trench running parallel to the
views are held . A parade ground may also front, used for sideways communication
be used for other formation , and for drill and for fire purposes.
and other kinds of training . parapet, elevation of earth or other material
parade rest, 1. position of a soldier in which thrown up in front of a trench or emplace
the left foot is 12 inches to the left of the ment to protect the occupants from fire
right foot, legs are straight, and hands are and observation , and over which fire may
clasped behind the back . While at parade be delivered . See breastwork.
rest, the soldier remains motionless and paraphrase , change the phraseology of a mes
silent. When a soldier has a rifle , parade sage without changing its meaning usually
rest is taken with the feet in this position , for security reasons.
with the butt of the rifle on the ground paravane, protective underwater device which ,
with the trigger to the front and the muz when towed with a wire rope from a fitting
zle of the rifle in his right hand, extended on the bow of a ship , rides out from the
forward , and with his left hand behind ship ' s side and cuts the cables of anchored
his back ; 2 . command to take this position . mines. The mines will then rise to the
parados, bank behind a trench that protects surface , where they can be seen and
men from fire and from being seen against destroyed .
the skyline. parent station, station designated to supply
parallax, 1. apparent differences in the posi the units, organizations or activities at a
tion of an object viewed from two different satellite station with specified types of
points, especially from a gun position andsupply .
a directing point. In this meaning, also parent unit, organization to which a smaller
called azimuth difference ; 2 . apparent unit, or individual, belongs. The smaller
motion of the cross wire in a telescope unit or individual may be on special duty
across the image of the object as the eye or detached service with another organiza
is moved from side to side across the eye tion and still belong to the parent unit .
piece . Such parallax is caused by im A parent unit may furnish important or
proper focusing of the objective lens ; 3 . in key personnel for the organization of a
antiaircraft artillery sound ranging, appar new unit .
ent but false position of a target caused by park , open area used for servicing, maintain
the difference in position between the ing , or storing vehicles or artillery.
sound locator and the searchlight ; 4 . angle parka , an outer garment of variable design
contained between the two straight lines with attached hood intended for wear in
joining a heavenly body with two different cold or extremely cold climates.
points on earth .
parlementaire, agent employed by a com
parallax correction , allowance to be made for mander of belligerent forces in the field to
difference in position of a target as meas go in person within the enemy lines for
ured from the gun and as measured from the purpose of communicating or negotiat
the observer's position . ing openly and directly with the enemy
parallax error, 1 . error in an observation commander .
caused by making the observation from a parley, informal conference between enemies
position different from the normal one or under truce, to discuss terms, conditions of
from the one where the firing data are surrender, etc.
used ; 2 . error made by reading the dial of parole, a form of release from confinement
an instrument from a slant rather than under supervision granted to carefully
directly from the front. selected military prisoners who have served
parallel, 1. one of a series of imaginary circles | a portion of their sentences to confinement
on the surface of the earth , parallel to the and whose release under supervision will
equator, marking the latitude ; also the be in the best interests of the prisoners,
representation of such a line on a map ; | the Army, and society . (Disciplinary
parallel of latitude ; 2 . lying evenly in the barracks usage. )
same direction ; in all parts equally distant. parole advisor, a guidance counselor to a pris
parallel sheaf, lateral distribution of the fire oner on parole .
of two or more pieces so that their planes parole agreement, a written agreement of the
of fire are parallel. conditions of parole signed by a prisoner
parallel training, method of instruction in prior to release on parole .
which an individual is given technical parolee, prisoner on conditional release from
training , either basic or advanced, by confinement.
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
207 pat

parole officer, disciplinary barracks officer 2 . written authority for such an absence ;
whose duties are to investigate applica 3 . narrow passage or gap through ridges,
tions for and to conduct the necessary hills or mountains ; 4 . short tactical run or
correspondence relating to home parole. dive by an airplane over an aerial target ;
parole violator term , the unexpired term of the single sweep through an enemy formation .
sentence to be served by a prisoner who passage of lines, relief of a front line unit by
violated parole . a rear unit which moves forward through
parry, 1. defense movement in bayonet prac an already established line. In a passage
tice or bayonet combat, 2 . ward off an of lines, the unit passed through may
opponent's bayonet . remain in place or move to the rear.
part, an item designed for use in , or in con - pass in review , 1. march in front of a review
nection with , an end item . A part may be ing officer, during a ceremony ; 2. com
a single piece item or a complex item , such mand given to start this movement.
as an assembly, accessory , or attachment. passive air defense, all measures, other than
partial mobilization , mobilization that does active defense , taken to minimize the
not require the maximum national capa effects of hostile air action . These include
bility . the use of cover, concealment, camouflage,
and dispersion .
partial penetration, penetration obtained when
a projectile strikes, but fails to pass passive defense , measures designed to mini
through the target far enough that either mize the effect of an enemy attack . De.
the projectile itself or light from its pene fense of a place without the employment
tration may be seen from the back of the of active weapons and without the expecta
target ; Army partial penetration . tion of taking the initiative. Defense is
partisan , a civilian who engages in partisan based on protection, deception , dispersion ,
warfare. and concealment.

partisan warfare, activity carried on against | passive method (of construction ), method of
construction in which the thermal regime
an enemy by organized groups of civilians of the frozen ground at and near the
who are devoted adherents to a cause, but
structure is maintained .
who are not members of recognized mili
tary forces . Partisans may employ guer password, secret word or distinctive sound
rilla warfare. The term , partisan warfare, used as an answer to a challenge to iden
is generally applied to groups of hostile tify the person or party desiring to pass .
civilians operating against our own or See countersign .
allied forces . passive protection. See passive defense.
part program , the document directing distri- paster, paper, sticker used in firing practice,
bution , shipping, control, and reporting for to cover shot holes previously made on a
the supplies (or services ) for an individual target.
portion of a section of the program for pathfinders, 1 . (aircraft) experienced airplane
civilian supply . crews who lead a formation to the drop
parts , essential elements , components or sub zone, release point, or target ; 2 . teams
assemblies of an item of equipment. Parts dropped at an objective to establish and
are held in reserve to replace worn , dam operate signal devices for the purpose of
aged , lost or destroyed elements of equip : guiding aircraft to drop and landing zones,
ment in order to restore the item to sound or experienced airplane crews who lead a
condition . formation to the drop zone ; 3. ( radar )
radar device installed in an airplane used
parts common , part which because of its con
for navigating or homing to an objective
ventional design and standard physical
when visibility precludes accurate visual
characteristics has a wide range of adapt
navigation ,
ability in the manufacture and mainte
nance of equipment ; common part. patients, a category of personnel who are
parts peculiar, a part for which ( a ) the design receiving medical care and treatment
is controlled by a single manufacturer ; ambulant patient, patient who is not con
and (b ) the use is restricted to items pro fined to bed but who still requires de
duced by a single manufacturer. finitive medical treatment daily.
party line, wire communications circuit in bed patient, patient who is confined to bed
which the telephones are connected in or who , by nature of his disability , must
parallel. take exercises in bed .
pass, 1 . authorized absence from military duty convalescent patient, a patient who is in the
for officers and for enlisted personnel dur stage of recovery from disease or injury .
ing which no ration allowance accrues. A patrol, detachment sent out by a larger unit
pass may not exceed 3 days in duration ; | for the purpose of gathering information
SR 320–5 – 1
pat 208
or carrying out some harrassing , destruc- peak strength , highest strength of the Army,
tive, mopping -up, or security mission . or subdivision thereof, attained during a
patrol aircraft, are Navy shore or tender specific time period ( fiscal year, calendar
year, month or operation ) and required to
based aircraft specially designed and used
for reconnaissance operations and against
maintain the desired “ organized strength .”
submarines and shipping. See maritime Peaking is occasioned when actual condi
tions depart from the assumptions on
aircraft.
which “ programmed strength " was com
patrol boat, small watercraft used in patrol
puted .
ling harbors and coastal waters.
pedestal, base or support of a gun mount or
of | pedestal,
pattern , in field artillery, the distribution of
other equipment about which the gun or
of guns
a series of shotsunder from one as
fired conditions or a
gunnearly equipment can be pivoted in traversing .
battery
identical as possible , the points of impact pedestal mount, fixed mount for a small .
of the projectiles being dispersed about a caliber or medium -caliber gun .
point called the center of impact. Also peep sight, rear sight attached near the
called dispersion pattern . breech of a firearm , with a small hole to
pattern bombing , systematic covering of a look through in aiming the gun .
target area with aerial bombs , according
pegboard financial statement, pro forma
to a plan. Pattern bombing differs from printed financial statement used in expedit
area bombing , which is bombing of a gen ing the consolidation of similar financial
eral area according to no special plan , and data. The forms are so constructed that
from precision bombing , which is bombing any number of like statements (of Army
at a specific target. Exchanges ) can be cross-added without re
pattern painting , type of camouflage in which copying the figures.
the surface of a building, bridge, materiel, pelorus, simple mechanical or optical instru
etc., is covered by several colors of paint ment used to obtain the positions of ob
put on in an irregular but carefully jects on the earth or of celestial bodies.
worked -out design .
paulin . long sheet of olive-drab canvas, usu - | penalty envelope. See official envelope.
ally treated to make it resistant to mois penetration , 1. a form of offensive maneuver
ture and chemicals, used as a protective which directs the main effort through some
covering ; tarpaulin . portion of thearea occupied by the enemy's
main force and against an objective in
pay, regular compensation for Army services his rear. Secondary efforts are directed
including increases for length of service, against areas where a rupture is not con
but not including allowances, mileages, templated and are designed to contain the
rations, or the like. enemy and to prevent him from moving
pay grade, category in which an officer or his reserves against the main effort ; 2. dis
enlisted person is classified for basic pay. tance to which a projectile sinks into the
pay load , the sum of the weight of fuel and target.
cargo that an aircraft can carry , expressed penitentiary, designation of a civilian place of
in pounds. As the distance to be flown is confinement, discipline, and correction ,
increased , the fuel required is increased , usually used to describe a civil penal insti
and the allowable cargo load decreases. tution designated as the place of confine
pay patient, a patient who is furnished in ment for older and less tractable prisoners
patient or out-patient care or physical convicted of felonies.
examination by an Army medical facility peptized fuel thickened flame thrower fuel to
with full reimbursement to the Depart which water or other chemical is added
ment of the Army for the cost thereof, in before mixing to reduce mixing time and
accordance with Department of the Army increase storage stability.
directives. percentage corrector, mechanical device for
pay period , one of six classifications of length correcting the range of a gun and for
of service and grade which determine the determining the corrected elevation,
base pay of officers below the grade of | percent of slope, angle of ascent or descent
brigadier general. expressed as a percent ; the number of
payroll money list. See money list . units a slope rises or falls vertically in a
pay-service creditable, that military service horizontal distance of 100 like units.
which may be used for the purpose of percussion . 1. sharp light blow , especially one
increasing basic pay of a service member . for setting off an explosive ; 2. command to
pay status, condition of being entitled to set the time fuze of a projectile or bomb
payment for Army service. in a nonoperating position , to allow the
 SR 320 - 5 - 1
209 per

projectile or bomb to be set off by the blow | perishable supplies , supplies which spoil or
of impact. deteriorate rapidly if not properly treateil,
percussion charge, small high explosive charge protected , or refrigerated .
that is set off by the blow of the firing pin. permafrost (permanently frozen ground ) , a
A percussion charge is used to ignite the thickness of soil or other surficial deposit
primer charge in order to fire the propel or even of bedrock at a variable depth
ling charge in a gun . beneath the surface of the earth in which
percussion composition , high explosive powder a temperature below freezing has existed
that is ignited in some types of firearms by continuously for a long time (from two to
the blow of the firing pin against the tens of thousands of years.)
primer cap. permanent appointment, appointment or pro
percussion fire, fire with fuzes set to burst on motion of an officer in the Regular Army,
impact. National Guard , or Army Reserve, as con
percussion fuze. See impact fuze. trasted with a temporary appointment of
an officer in the United States Army in
percussion hammer. See hammer . time of war or national emergency. An
percussion mechanism , device that contains officer may have a permanent appointment
the firing pin assembly. The percussion in a grade in the Regular Army, National
mechanism slides in the center bore of the Guard, or Army Reserve, and a temporary
breechblock of a gun. appointment in a lower or higher grade in
percussion primer , cap or cylinder containing the United States Army.
a small charge of high explosive that may permanent appropriation , one which , when
be set off by a blow . A percussion primer once established , is automatically renewed
is used in all fixed and semi- fixed ammu without further congressional action , pe
nition , and in certain types of separate riod after period , until altered or revoked .
loading ammunition to ignite the main permanent change of station , 1 . reassignment
propelling charge. of military personnel from one permanent
per diem allowance, daily money allowance station to another. This includes the
given to personnel on detached duty away change from home to first station when
from their home station to defray neces . called to active duty , or the change from
sary living expenses. last station to home, in connection with
perelotok , an isolated layer of frozen ground retirement, or relief from active duty ; 2 .
transfer of a unit from one permanent
between the thawed part of the active
layer and a talik , usually lasting only a station to another.
season or two and formed whenever, owing permanent duty station . See permanent sta
to excessive winter cold or to subnormal tion .
summer temperatures , the summer thaw permanent emplacement, fixed setting for a
does not completely melt the active layer. I gun. A permanent emplacement is usu
perforation , 1. passage of a missile completely ally made of reinforced concrete, with
through an object ; 2 . any hole made by the base plate and base ring set in the
boring, punching or piercing. concrete and bolted down . Also called
performance, effective working capacity of fixed emplacement.
any machine or device , expressed in figures. | permanent food handler, military or civilian
person who is permanently assigned to a
perimeter defense, defense with no exposed
duty that requires him to be present in
flank , characterized by the siting and em
kitchens and mess halls, and to handle
placement of weapons and positions along
food , drink, or mess equipment. Mess
the outer boundary of any defended area .
stewards and cooks are classified as per
period, 1. in cryptanalysis , interval ; specifi manent food handlers.
cally , any interval between the beginning
of a key sequence and the beginning of a permanent grade, grade held by an enlisted
man or an officer in the Regular Army,
repetition thereof ; 2 . See cryptoperiod, pay National Guard , or Army Reserve, as con
period .
trasted with the temporary grade of an
periodicity , quality or state of having recur enlisted man or an officer in the United
rent cryptographic characteristics. States Army. Also called permanent rank .
periscopic sight, gun sight made in the form permanent library, a library established at a
of a periscope, that permits a gunner to post, camp, station , hospital, school or
see over an obstacle . other type of installation or facility on a
perishable cargo, subsistence, drugs, ice, or permanent basis.
other materials which will deteriorate ex- permanent partial disability, complete loss of
cept under controlled conditions of tem any member or part of the body or perma
perature, humidity, etc. nent impairment of any function of the
277763° / 53 — 414
SR 320 –5 – 1
per 210
body, other than that producing permanent , personal credit deposit, a deposit which results
total disability , which results from injury in the relinquishment of all control over
(occupational or otherwise ) as from the money by the accountable disbursing
disease or battle casualty. officer by turning it over to the Treasurer
permanent party, those personnel assigned to of the United States and thereby reduces
an organization for the purpose of perform such disbursing officer's accountability .
ing duty in the furtherance of the mission personal deposit fund , a fund established at
of the organization and who are properly each confinement facility designed to ac
chargeable against the personnel authori. cept and safeguard personal funds of
zation of tables of organization or distri prisoners.
bution . This includes personnel assigned personal property, all property other than real
for this purpose whose number exceeds the estate .
number authorized in such tables .
personal responsibility , responsibility of an in
permanent post, permanent military station
established by authority of Congress. A
dividual for property issued to him for his
own use and habitually under his own
permanent post is officially called a fort, care ; type of direct responsibility, the
to distinguish it from a temporary station other being supervisory responsibility .
for troops, which is called a camp.
See responsibility.
permanent property, machinery , appliances, personal salute, honor in the form of cannon
apparatus, etc., that are permanently in salutes authorized to be given to certain
stalled and intended for lasting use at a distinguished visitors at a military estab
military establishment. lishment.
permanent rank. See permanent grade. personal staff, such staff officers as the com
permanent station , post or station to which mander elects to coordinate and adminis
an officer or enlisted man is assigned to ter directly , instead of through the chief
duty under orders which do not provide of staff . The commander's aides are mem
for the termination of the assignment. bers of his personal staff.
permanent total disability, condition which personnel authorization , directive issued by a
permanently and totally incapacitates the commander to his subordinate commander
person from following any gainful occupa establishing a top limit on the number of
tion , and which resulted from disease, in persons whom the subordinate commander
jury (occupational or otherwise ) or battle may employ as operating personnel in the
casualty . accomplishment of his mission .
permeable protective clothing, clothing (usu - personnel carrier, motor vehicle , sometimes
ally special clothing), which has been im armored , used for the transportation of
pregnated with certain chemicals to pro - | troops and their equipment.
tect against the vapors and fine spray of personnel ceiling, a limitation on authorized
blister gases by neutralization . personnel based on requirements and other
permutation table, a table designed for the factors .
systematic construction of code groups. personnel center, group of personnel activities
It may also be used to correct garbles in located at an installation consisting of at
groups of code text. least two or more of the following units :
persistency, length of time a war gas nor Armed Forces induction station , reception
mally remains effective ( capable of produc center , special training unit , reception sta
ing casualties among unprotected person tion , separation center
nel) in the open at the point of dispersion . personnel classification , process of evaluating
persistent war gas, war gas which is normally and continuously reevaluating the indi
effective in the open at the point of dis vidual' s mental and physical abilities, in
persion more than 10 minutes , used against terests, education , aptitudes, physical
troop concentrations for casualty effect or assignment limitations, occupational his
on materiel and terrain to restrict use tory, and military experience , in order
through threat of casualties. A moder that he may be assigned progressively to
ately persistent war gas is one which is those positions in the career program
normally effective in the open at the point which utilize his qualifications to the
of dispersion from 10 minutes to 12 hours. maximum extent.
personal credit, a term used to describe the personnel decontamination station , installation
release of an accountable disbursing officer intended for decontamination of personnel.
from his accountability as a result of the It is located as far forward as the tactical
proper disposition of moneys received or situation permits, near a medical aid sta
collected by him . tion , and where water for bathing is avail
 SR 320– 5– 1
211 pho
able. The contaminated clothing is re- | phase line, line utilized for control and coordi
placed with clean clothing. nation , usually a terrain feature extending
personnel error , small, unavoidable error due across the zone of action.
to the particular reaction of an individual phase of the attack , distinct stage of an at
or to his imperfect training. tack . The phases of an attack usually
personnel mine. See antipersonnel mine. include the approach march , deployment,
personnel officer, officer in charge of the keep fire fight, assault, reorganization , and
ing of records pertaining to the personnel exploitation .
of an organization . The assistant adju - | phasing, the bringing in , by a schedule , of
tant of a unit is often the personnel officer. troops, equipment, and supplies, to an area
personnel procurement, activities concerned of operations, at the time and place they
will be needed and can function . Principal
with the administration of a program to
usage is in planning for and conducting
obtain personnel for the Army.
amphibious and airborne operations.
personnel readiness date. See readiness date . Philippine Campaign Medal, service medal
personnel roster, list of all individuals as denoting service in the Philippine Islands
signed or attached to an organization . The between 1899 and 1913 .
personnel roster shows names, ranks, Philippine Congressional Medal, service medal
serial numbers and present status. denoting certain service in the Philippine
personnel section , that subdivision of the staff Islands between 1898 and 1902 .
of a unit concerned with matters relating | Philippine Defense Ribbon , ribbon bar denoting
to personnel as individuals . service in the Philippine Islands between
personnel shelter, structure designed to pro- | 1941 and 1942.
tect personnel against enemy attack , in - Philippine Independence Ribbon , ribbon bar de
cluding chemical, biological, and radiologi noting service in the Philippine Islands
cal attack . on 4 July 1946 .
perspective spatial model, optical reconstruc- Philippine Liberation Ribbon , ribbon bar de
tion of an area of terrain showing depth noting service in the Philippine Islands
by viewing a pair of aerial photographs between 1944 and 1945 .
through a stereoscope. phonetic alphabet, list of standard words used
petroleum port terminal, an area adjacent to to identify letters in a message, such as
deep water having facilities for discharge, | Baker for B or King for K .
storage , and loading of bulk liquid petro - | phosgene, colorless choking gas having an
leum products . odor of new -mown hay or fresh corn ;
phantom circuit, telephone or telegraph cir I causes choking and coughing and injuries
cuit obtained by super-imposing an addi to the lungs.
tional circuit on two existing physical | phosphate finish , black finish applied to small
circuits by means of repeating coils . arms, artillery or automotive components
phase , 1 . a distinct period or subdivision of an to provide resistance to erosion .
activity or operation at the end of which photo - charting, process ofmaking photocharts
the nature or character of the action or photomaps from aerial photographs.
changes and another type of action is ini
tiated . Phases are generally established photoflash bomb, pyrotechnic dropped from an
on the basis of time, place, or function , or aircraft. It produces a flash of intense
a combination thereof ; 2 . in cryptography, light of split second duration by which
a period or interval. aerial photographs can be made at night.
phased concept of operations, outline in as- | photogrammetry, 1. mathematical process or
signed general time phases of the plan of science of preparing charts and maps from
military action to be followed in the imple aerial photographs, e. g ., contouring , spot
mentation of the basic undertakings. heights, etc. ; 2 . the science and art of
obtaining reliable measurements from
phase difference, difference in time between photographs.
the perception of a sound by the two ears .
The ability to distinguish the direction photographic aviation , aviation units whose
of a sound source is dependent upon phase primary functions include aerial photog
difference, since one ear generally hears raphy.
a sound a fraction of a second before the photographic control, orientation of photo
other ear. Binaural balance, that is, hear graphs from data in the photographs with
ing a sound at the same time with both out the aid of ground control ; identifica
ears , is arrived at by turning the head tion and matching of points on an aerial
so that the phase difference is reduced to photograph with corresponding points on
zero. a second , overlapping aerial photograph .
SR 320 -5 - 1
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photographic dosimetry, determination of per- , physical inspection , 1 . physical check made by

sonnel radiation dosage by use of photo direct observation and , when indicated , a
graphic film . See dosage; film badge. partial examination to ascertain the pres
photographic interpretation , study, analysis, ence of any acute or chronic communica
and comparison of military photographs, ble disease, vermin infestation or any gross
especially aerial photographs, to secure deterioration of physical status ; 2. phys
information of value in planning and exe ical check as to property to ascertain
cuting military operations. amounts on hand , status of supply, etc .
photographic officer, officer having technical physical medicine, a consultative, diagnostic,
training and experience in the supervision , and therapeutic service coordinating and
direction , laboratory processing, distribu integrating the employment of physical
tion , etc., of still pictures or motion therapy, occupational therapy , and phys
pictures. ical reconditioning on the professional
photographic reconnaissance, military aerial management of the diseased and injured .
photography for purposes other than the physical motor pool, group of vehicles assem
making of maps, charts, or mosaics. Pho- | bled in one place and available for use as
tographic reconnaissance is carried on to needed by different organizations or indi
obtain information on the results of bomb viduals of the Army ; motor pool. .
ing or on enemy movements, concentra physical profile serial, estimate of over -all
tions, activities , and forces. ability of an individual to perform mili
photographic strip , series of successive over tary duties by consideration of his physical
lapping photographs made from an aircraft and mental condition . Six factors , desig
flying a selected course or direction . nated PULHES , are expressed numerically .
photo map, reproduction of an aerial photo These factors are : P -physical capacity or
graph or mosaic on which additional data stamina ; U -upper extremities ; L -lower ex
such as place names , grid lines , and mar tremities ; H -hearing (including ear de
ginal data have been placed . fects ) ; E -eyes, S -neuropsychiatric.
photomapping, the preparation of a map from physical reconditioning, 1. section of physical
aerial photographs and other source mate medicine service ; 2. treatment phase aimed
rial. at restoring and /or maintaining physical
and psychological fitness of hospital pa
phototopography, process of making topo tients through participation in progres
graphic maps, charts, photomaps, or mo
sively graded activities during their
saics from aerial photographs. hospitalization .
physical examination , mental and physical in
vestigation with view to determining an in physical therapist , officer in the Women 's
dividual' s physical status. A final type ex Medical Specialist Corps who is profes
amination consists of a complete physical sionally trained in the utilization of phys
and neuropsychiatric examination , includ ical agents for therapeutic purposes.
ing a detailed medical history , chest X -ray, physical security , that component of communi
serological test for syphilis , urinalysis ( in cation security which results from all
cluding microscopic ) , other tests as indi measures necessary to safeguard classified
cated and pelvic examination in women ex communication equipment and material
aminees. Preliminary physical examina from access thereto by unauthorized per
tion , is a final type examination accom sons.
plished to give advanced information re
garding the physical status of an individ physical therapy , treatment of disease and in
jury by physicalmeans such as light, heat,
ual. Approval of an individual physical
status based on a preliminary examination cold , water, electricity, massage, and ex
is not binding. A screening physical ex ercise, performed by trained personnel
amination includes a brief medical history under the prescription of a physician .
and physical examination and appropriate pibal, 1. wind observations made by following
X -ray or other laboratory procedures of a pilot balloon with a theodolite ; 2. report
any particular system of the body sus on the upper winds based on observations
pected or found to be abnormal or defec of a pilot balloon . See rabal.
tive. A supplemental physical examina
tion consists of a reexamination of any picket, stake of wood , wrought iron , or steel,
commonly used in constructing revetments,
part of a final type, special tests, or special
examination of any particular system of wire obstacles, or fences.
the body. It is performed when indicated pickup field , open area where aircraft in flight
and usually accomplished by a specialist may approach the ground to snatch mes
in some particular field of medicine or sages, other aircraft, personnel, or supplies
surgery . into the air.
 SR 320 - 5 - 1
213
pickup message, message picked up from the pilot- line production. See pilot-line operation .
ground by a cable trailing from a low - flying pilot model, the first working model, usually
aircraft .
hand made, the primary purpose of which
pickup point, a point on a trajectory visible to 1 is to determine the suitability of an item
a radar to which data has been obtained from an engineering standpoint.
by computation or radar observation . pilot parachute , small parachute which exerts
picric acid , high explosive, more powerful
drag to cause the deployment of a larger
than trinitrotoluene, used widely in the parachute. See deployment.
form of mixtures with other nitro com
pounds ; trinitrophenol. pinpoint photograph, vertical aerial photo
graph of a predetermined point at a pre
picture point, easily identified terrain featuredetermined altitude.
on an aerial photograph marked with a
neiled ring or cross for quick reference. pintle , 1. vertical bearing about which a gun
A picture point is usually a location used carriage revolves ; pin used as a hinge or
as a control point in making a photo axis ; 2. hook , with a latch , on the rear of
graphic map. a towing vehicle , to which a gun or trailer
piece, any firearm . An artillery weapon , a is attached by means of the lunette.
machine gun , or a rifle is called a piece. pioneer, person trained and equipped for
piece mark , identification number for an indi rough and hasty engineering work in the
vidual part, subassembly, or assembly . field , including demolition , to facilitate
the movement of friendly troops or to im
piecemeal attack , offensive action in which the pede the movement of hostile troops.
various units are employed as they become
available, or wherein the timing of a pip , figure presented on the oscilloscope of a
planned action breaks down and the action radar caused by the echo from an aircraft
is reduced to phases with which the enemy or other reflecting object. Also called
may deal in detail. blip and break .
piece part, smallest element or segment of pipehead, supply point at which petroleum
which an operable equipment is composed . products are taken from a pipe line for
Screws, resistors, metal punchings are ex - l storage, distribution , or forwarding by
amples of piece parts. another means of transportation .
pier mount, tripod head set in concrete or pipeline, 1 . channel through which personnel
steel as a permanent holder for an angle or materiel flows from source of procure
measuring instrument. ment to point of use. 2. a line of pipe
pike, staff supporting the color, standard , or with pumping machinery and apparatus
guidon carried on parade or march . Also for conveying liquids, usually petroleum
called lance. products.
pillbox, small, low fortification that houses | pip matching , the operation of positioning a
machine guns, antitank weapons, etc. A radar antenna so that alternate echo pips
pillbox is usually made of concrete, steel, of elevation or azimuth resulting from
or filled sandbags. offset lobe patterns will be equal in height
pilot balloon , small rubber balloon which , or amplitude.
when inflated with hydrogen and released pistol, 1. short barreled firearm held and fired
and observed with a theodolite , during its with one hand, especially a semiautomatic
ascent furnishes data which may be used hand weapon that uses the force of recoil
in calculating the direction and speed of to throw out the empty shell and to pre
the wind at all levels from the surface to pare a fresh round for firing ; 2 . gun held
the end of its flight. Usually referred to in one hand for firing pyrotechnics ; 3 .
as pibal. part of the firing mechanism of a depth
pilotless aircraft, aircraft which is equipped charge.
to function without aa human
numan pilot
pilot aboard
aboard .. pistol
nistol be
belt, wide belt to which a holster is
pilot- line operation , minimum production of all attached for holding a pistol or revolver.
military item in order to preserve or de Pistol Clasp , metallic bar device denoting
par
velop the art of its production . Items
ticipation in pistol match in national or
selected for pilot- line operation are gen
area match . See Excellence in Competition
erally either those of the highest advanced
type or those which require long periods Badge.
for resumption of manufacture when once pit, 1, individual fire trench ; small hole to
terminated and for which there is no cur afford shelter from fire ; 2 . shelter for per
rent procurement objective but a known or sonnel operating the targets at an open -air
reasonably possible future procurement target range ; 3 . sunken emplacement for
objective. artillery .
SR 320– 5 – 1
pit 214
pit detail, officer or noncommissioned officer, I rotated on a tripod support. It permits
together with necessary assistants , in lines and points laid off on the ground to
charge of the target pits on a firing range. be directly sighted and drawn on a chart.
pit record, official scores of all targets kept by plane-table map , large-scale map showing ob -.
the pit officer during a practice period . jects and their distances from each other
pit shed, small house or shed built near a horizontally and vertically ; map made
target pit for storing target equipment. without considering the effect of the cury
pitted , marked with small indentations or ature of the earth . It differs from a
holes caused by rust, acid erosion , or other planimetric sketch because it shows relief.
planetary gear
causes. Any metal part of a gun may planetary gear train
tr , a gear train consisting
become pitted if moisture remains on it. of an internal gear (internal teeth ) , sun
gear , and planet pinions connected with a
pivot, soldier or element upon which a line of
carrier arm . It permits the attainment,
troops turns in marching, changing front,
or executing a tactical maneuver. by manipulation , of many gear ratios.
planimetric map , map representing only the
pivot of maneuver, 1. element so disposed as
to be the center about which the main body horizontal position of features. Some
turns in movement or action ; 2 . part of an times called line map .
attacking force which engages and at- planimetric sketch , sketch showing objects
tempts to stop the enemy while another and their distances from each other hori.
part strikes a decisive blow . zontally without regard to their elevation .
plain code, unenciphered or deciphered code. planimetry , parts of a map which represent
everything except relief, that is, works of
plain component, that sequence of a cipher
man , and natural features such as woods
alphabet containing the plain symbols . and water .
plain coordinates, in cryptography, sequence
of plain digits or letters appearing as one planned obligated space, vacant space that is
planned for occupancy by specific materials
of the two sets of coordinates of a con
version square in enciphering form .
within a period of 6 months.
plaindress, type of message in which the com planning chart, chart of world scope, usually
plete address is contained in the heading., with a scale of 1 : 5 ,000 ,000 , used for route
See codress. planning and the control of tactical move
ments and developments. A planning
plain language. See plain text. chart is one kind of aeronautical chart.
plain text (clear text) , a message text which
plan of attack, detailed dispositions for an
conveys an intelligible meaning in the
attack including objectives to be attained ,
language in which written , with no hidden
direction of the main effort, distribution
meaning ; the intelligible text derived from of troops, use of fire support elements,
a cryptogram . security and reconnaissance measures. A
plan , a method or scheme for a military plan of attack includes a plan of fire and
action ; a way proposed to carry out a a plan of maneuver .
decision or project of a military com
mander . It may be written or oral as the plan of defense, proposed detailed dispositions
situation warrants. A plan normally in and maneuvers required to provide the
cludes consideration of general situation , defense of a position or area in the face of
mission , tasks for subordinate units, enemy attack . These plans made by the
administrative and logistical matters, and commander include distribution of troops,
command and signal matters. establishment of security, coordination of
fires, details of counterattacks, etc.
plane of departure, vertical plane containing
the path of a projectile as it leaves the plan position indicator, radar oscilloscope on
muzzle of the gun . which the sweep is a radius of the tube
face and moves through 360 degrees, giv
plane of fire, vertical plane containing the
axis of the bore of a gun when it is ready ing a plan view or map -like representation
to be fired. of the area scanned by the radar beam .
Azimuth is given by the direction of the
plane of position , vertical plane containing radial sweep line and range by distance of
the gun and the target ; vertical plane the signal from the center of the screen ,
containing a line of site.
plant protection , that portion of industrial
plane of site, plane made by two lines, one
from the muzzle of the gun to the target, security which concerns the safeguarding
of industrial installations, resources , utili
the other line horizontalbut perpendicular
ties and materials physical
by measures
to the first line at the muzzle of the gun .
such as guards, fences, lighting designation
plane table, surveying instrument - composed of restricted areas, and other similar
of a drawing board that can be leveled and ! means.
 SR 320 - 5 - 1
215 poi

plastic explosive, explosive which , within nor - | plunging fire, gunfire that strikes the earth 's
mal ranges of temperature , is capable of surface at a high angle .
being molded into desired shapes. point, 1. patrol or reconnaissance unit that
platform , 1. temporary or permanent solid bed goes ahead of the advance party of an
on which artillery pieces are supported to advance guard , or follows the rear party
give greater stability ; 2 . metal stand at of the rear guard ; 2 . clearly defined object
the base of some types of guns upon which on the ground that serves as a reference
the gun crew stands while serving the gun . mark in orienting maps ; 3 . one of the 32
platform truck , solid or pneumatic -tired , principal directions marked on a compass ;
power-driven vehicle designed to transport 4 . tip of a projectile ; 5 . aim a gun at a
supplies. A lift platform truck may also target ; lay a gun on a target.
stack supplies. point-blank range, distance to a target that
plating, coating with metal by an electrolytic is so short that the trajectory of a bullet
process to provide corrosion and abrasion or projectile is practically a straight,
resistance. rather than a curved line. Point blank
range is one for which no elevation is
platoon , basic tacticalunit of the Army ; sub needed .
division of a company , battery , or troop .
A platoon is composed of two or more | point
P control system , traffic control system in
squads or sections. which traffic posts are stationed at inter
sections of main roads or of other roads
platoon column, tactical formation of squads that are being used for troop movements ;
in a column. point system , Patrols control traffic be
playfair cipher, type of digraphic substitution tween the traffic posts .
using a single twenty -five cell square to
construct plain - cipher equivalents of dia
point designation grid , a system of lines, hav
ing no relation to the actual scale or
graphs. orientation , drawn on a map , chart , or
play, mechanical, to move or function freely aerial photograph , dividing it into squares
within prescribed limits, or out of pre so that points can be more readily located.
scribed limits . For a scale of 1 / 25 ,000 in meters, the spac
plimsoll mark , mark placed on the side of a ing of the lines is 1 .575 inches ; and when
ship to indicate the limit of safe loading . graduated in yards the spacing is 1.44
The ship may be loaded until the waterline inches. In either case the 1 / 25 ,000 plot
coincides with the plimsoll mark. ting scale or coordinate scale can be used

plot, 1 . map, chart, or graph representing for determining or plotting coordinates.

data of any sort ; 2 . make such a chart ; point detonating fuze, fuze located in the nose
draw to scale ; 3 . represent on a diagram or I of a projectile , which is initiated upon
chart the position or course of a target in impact.
terms of angles and distances from known point fire. See concentrated fire.
positions ; locate a position on a map or point of aim . See aiming point.
chart. point of burst, point at which a projectile
plot map , diagrammatic layout plan of a ceme bursts .
tery , indicating grave location .
point of departure, in air navigation , the posi
plotting and relocating board ; plotting board , tion from which the course of an aircraft
device consisting of a board on which the is considered to start.
field of fire of a battery is represented to
scale ; plotting and relocating board. On a point of fall, point in the curved path of a
plotting board the observation stations, falling projectile that is level with the
the base line, and the directing point or muzzle of the gun. Also called level point.
base piece are located to scale, and are in point of impact, point at which a projectile or
their proper relation to one another. The bomb strikes ; objective point.
plotting board is used to locate observed | point of origin , 1 . point at either end of a
positions of the target and to make pre scouting line at the start of an aerial
dictions so that necessary firing data can scouting operation ; 2. location from which
be computed . manufactured supplies are shipped to
plotting room . See fire direction center. Army stock .
plotting scale, rule that is marked off in sev- point target, target which is a particular
eral different graduations and is used in object or structure requiring the accurate
measuring distances on maps. placement of bombs, or fire.
plumb point, point on the ground vertically point-to -point, 1. pertaining to communica
below the lens of the camera at the mo tions from a fixed station to another such
ment of exposure. station on a fixed channel ; 2 . pertaining
SR 320– 5 – 1
poi 216
to a radio station operated by a commu - | polyalphabetic substitution , type of substitu
nications agency for the transmission of tion in which the plain -text elements,
public correspondence, whether govern usually single letters, are enciphered suc
ment messages, press dispatches, commer cessively by a series of different alphabets
cial traffic or personal messages. which may be used more than once and
pol, a term signifying petroleum and/ or which are used in a given order.
petroleum products. polyconic projection , conic map projection in
polar coordinate, method of point location by which the cone is either tangent to a given
its distance and direction from a known parallel or intersects two parallels, the cen
tral meridian being a straight line and all
or given reference point. other meridians curved and the radii of the
polar stereographic grid , military grid system parallels decrease as the cotangent of the
in which a grid network is applied to the latitude .
polar stereographic projector of zones of
the earth 's surface in the polar regions polygonal soil, more or less regular sided
higher than 79 degrees 30 minutes pro ground surface patterns created by frost
viding an overlap of 30 minutes with the action , by thawing or ground ice wedges,
higher limits of the universal transverse or both . A widespread phenomena over
mercator grid. the permafrost area indicating poor drain
age .
pole charge, number of blocks of explosive
tied together, capped , fuzed , mounted on polygraphic substitution , substitution in which
the end of a pole , and ready to be fired . combinations of successive letters of the
The minimum weight of charge is usually plain text, considered as indivisible com
about 15 pounds. A pole charge may be pounds, constitute the units for treatment
placed in a positon out of handreach . in encipherment.
police, 1. keeping an area , building, equip polynia , an enclosed area of water (other
ment, etc., clean and in order ; 2. clean an than a crack or lead ) among fields and
area , building, equipment, etc ., or keep it floes of pack ice.
e .

clean and in order . polypartite alphabet, alphabet in which each

police call, regular assembly of personnel letter of plain text is represented by a
called to clear up an area. cipher unit for more than one character.
poncho, large piece of waterproof cloth with
police jurisdiction , authority of Federal Gov . Po
ernment to govern , legislate, and exercise a slit in the middle for the head to go
authority or control over federal real prop through . A poncho is used as a rain cape.
erty pursuant to Article 1, Section 8, ponton , light boat or float used as one of the
Clause 17 of the Constitution of the floating supports for a temporary military
United States. bridge, or as a raft to ferry things over
police officer, officer appointed by the com water. Sometimes called a pontoon .
manding officer to keep a post, camp, or ponton ferry, ferry consisting of one or more
station clean and in order. ponton units , generally with a platform or
floor set upon them . It is used to trans
policy, course of plan of action or a system port personnel and equipment over a
of administration .
stream or river.
policy book. See policy file .
ponton raft ferry . See ponton ferry.
policy file , a summary of the current policies pool, 1. activity which maintains and controls
of the commander and of higher headquar
a supply of resources or personnel upon
ters , and of basic operating principles for
which other activities may draw . Primary
the staff section maintaining the file . purposes of a pool are to promote maxi
political intelligence, that component of stra mum efficiency of use of the pooled re
tegic intelligence which deals with the sources or personnel. Examples are a
domestic and foreign relations of govern petroleum pool, or labor and equipment
mental organizations. pool ; 2. any combination of resources
political warfare, framing of national policy which serve a common purpose.
to assist propaganda on military opera - pool equipment, special items of equipment
tions, whether with respect to the direct which , due to their specialized nature or
political relations of governments with one inherent characteristics, are not adapted
another or in relation to groups of people to normal issue and whose use is deter
possessing a political character. mined by normal conditions in a theater
polyalphabeticity, total of the characteristics of operations rather than by the mission
of frequency exhibited by text enciphered of a type organization .
by polyalphabetic substitution . | pool item . See pool equipment.
 SR 320 –5 – 1
217 Por

port, 1. harbor with its facilities , for ex- port extract requisition , requisition for oversea
ample, a port of embarkation or debarka supplies referred to an initial source of
tion ; 2. slit or hole in an armored vehicle supply by a port of embarkation .
or fortification through which guns are port of aerial debarkation , Air Force agency
fired ; 3. small opening in some automatic at which troops, supplies and equipment
guns through which the gas from the bore
arrive overseas by air from the Continental
can escape. The escaping gas actuates a United States.
piston whose action prepares the gun for
the next shot ; 4. See port arms. port of aerial embarkation , Air Force agency
portable bridge, bridge that can be taken down through which troops, supplies and equip
and moved from one place to another ; ment proceed overseas by air.
bridge made in sections that are taken to port of debarkation , port established by De
the bridge site, assembled , and fixed into partment of the Army orders, or other
position . competent authority , primarily for debark
port agency, a field agency of the zone trans ing of troops and shipment of supplies of
portation office which expedites import and the Army and such other agencies as au
export shipments of supplies and equip thorized by the Department of the Army
ment which fall in the category of foreign or the Department of Defense from oversea
aid or reciprocal air shipments. It acts destinations. Ports of debarkation oper
on matters pertaining to shipments for ate also as ports of embarkation when
which the Department of the Army has embarking troops and supplies.
been designated responsible for transpor - port of embarkation , port established by De
tation . partment of the Army orders, or other
port and beach clearance, the removal of sup competent authority , primarily for the em
plies from the port or beach area so as to barkation of troops and the shipment of
supplies of the Army and such other agen
prevent congestion and consequent delay of
ocean traffic and to disperse and expedite cies as authorized by the Department of
the flow of supplies. the Army or the Department of Defense to
port arms, 1 . position in the manuals of the oversea destinations. This term will in
rifle and carbine, in which the weapon is clude all component parts of the port such
held with the barrel up diagonally across as personnel centers, ammunition backup
the body, along a line from the left shoul storage points, detention camps, animal
der to the right hip ; 2 . command to take depots, etc. A port of embarkation may
this position . also act as a port of debarkation when
debarking troops and supplies.
port call, request from the port transporta
tion officer for shipments nts :; includes the port of embarkation casual detachment, mili
includes the
time and place at which the movement is tary personnel unable to accompany over
desired to reach the port. seas the shipment for which designated ,
port capacity , a planning factor used in deter who are delivered to a port of embarkation
mining the amount of tonnage and / or num . and are held at the port for assignment to
bers of personnel that a port can unload a subsequent shipment. See port pool.
(debark ) and clear through a port in one port officer, officer detailed by a supply sery
day. Normally , the factor to be used will ice, such as The Quartermaster Corps, to
represent port reception capacity, port represent it at a Department of the Army
clearance capacity , or port storage ca port. The port officer supervises all mat
pacity, whichever is the smallest. ters affecting the service he represents.
port clearance capacity, the amount of cargo port, oversea , port established by Department
and number of personnel than can be of the Army orders, or other competent
moved daily from the port area . authority, primarily for debarking of
port discharge capacity , the tonnage that troops and shipment of supplies of the
can be discharged and the personnel Army and such other agencies as author
that can be debarked daily from ships . ized by the Department of Defense from
port reception capacity, the capacity of the oversea points . Oversea ports of debarka
port to receive and harbor ships. tion operate also as ports of embarkation
port storage capacity , the amount of cargo when embarking troops and supplies.
that can be stored in covered or uncoy- | port pool. See port of embarkation casual
ered storage space and the number of detachment.
personnel that can be accommodated port serial number, identification number as
within the port area awaiting clearance. signed by ports of embarkation to all ves
port company, Transportation Corps organiza sels transporting U . S . Army troops or
tion operating as stevedores and longshore cargo . A new number is assigned for each
men for the Army. complete voyage prior to the commence
SR 320– 5 – 1
por 218
ment of the voyage from a U . S . port of tion , especially when the course of an ac
embarkation . tion is too uncertain to justify throwing
port transportation officer , an officer responsi them into action at once.
ble for transportation arrangements for position light, light or flare used to signal or
all movements, passenger and freight, I show position , direction of movement, etc.,
through the port area , from the port area of an aircraft, ground troops, etc.
to initial staging areas or supply dumps , position of resistance, position chosen by a
and from the latter to the piers, and super eommander as the point at which to stop
vision of operation of all port rail and and defeat the enemy ; especially , a pre
highway transportation . pared position to which a retreating force
position , 1. area or locality occupied by com withdraws.
bat elements, especially for defense ; 2 . position warfare, warfare in which the de
location of a gun, unit , or individual from fensive is confined mainly to fixed posi
which fire is delivered upon a given tar tions, as contrasted with war of move
get. For supporting weapons in combat, ment, which involves the use of maneuver.
the firing positions are known as primary The defense is aimed chiefly atkeeping the
firing position, alternate firing position , enemy out of strategic areas and forcing
and supplementary firing position . In this him to exhaust his combat power in as
meaning , also called fire position and firing saults against well -established positions.
position ; 3. manner in which a weapon is Also called war of position .
held , as prescribed in the manual of arms ;
4 . any of the standard postures taken by post, 1. military installation or location at
which troops are stationed . A post may
a soldier when firing a rifle or other
weapon . be a camp, depot, fort, hospital, proving
ground , station , arsenal, air base, air field ,
position angle. See angle of site. etc. In this meaning, also called garri
position area survey, the determination by sur son ; 2 . area for which a guard or sentry
veying , of the relative horizontal and verti is responsible ; location of a soldier while
cal locations of artillery batteries, the es on active duty ; 3 . assign to a duty sta
tablishment of the orienting line or lines , tion ; set a guard , sentry , etc.
on the ground , and the determination of postal concentration center, post office or
their direction . agency of the Post Office Department at
position classification , isolating, describing , which all mail for designated military
and coding the group of closely related forces is brought together for sorting and
duties, tasks and responsibilities which delivery to military postal authorities.
normally constitute the primary duty as - I postal officer. officer who has direct supervi
signment of one individual in terms of sion of all postal activities within his
his mental ability , skill, knowledge, apti organization .
tude, occupational and military experience, post engineer, officer responsible for direction
etc., required for adequate performance. and supervision of repairs and utilities ac
position correction , correction applied to fir tivities at posts , camps, stations, depots or
ing data to compensate for difference in other military installations.
location of individual pieces in a battery. post flag , national flag used at posts and na
position correction grid , transparent templet tional cemeteries and flown in fair weather
superimposed on a large scale plot of a except when the garrison flag is pre
battery position used to determine indi scribed . The post flag is 19 feet fly by 10
vidual range and deflection corrections feet hoist.
within the battery in order to obtain the posthumous award , award made in case the
type of sheaf desired . recipient dies between the date of having
position defilade, position of a gun from which distinguished himself and the date of mak
the gun crew can see the target, but which ing the award .
is hidden from enemy observation by an post property , real property , such as land and
obstacle, such as the crest of a hill. buildings, and supplies provided for use
position finder, optical or electrical instru in garrison as listed in the tables of allow
ment used in finding the range and posi ances for posts, camps, and stations.
tion of a target. potable water, water which is safe to drink.
positioning band , a metal band on some recoil
potential vacant space, that portion of net
less ammunition , placed to insure the usable space which is temporarily not
proper positioning of the round inside the available for storage because of repairs or
chamber and tube. alterations to the storage area, because of
position in readiness, position in which com certain weather conditions which preclude
bat troops are held ready for instant ac storage operations during certain periods,
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
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or that space which can be made available | power approach , type of descent used to land
by rewarehousing or utilization of maxi light aircraft in short fields and over ob
mum heights in stacking . stacles, whereby the aircraft is slowed to a
pot-type burner , oil-burning, gravity feed -type speed slightly above stalling , and with the
heating unit, used in field bake ovens, and application of power , is descended to the
other items of field equipment. desired point of landing.
pouch kit , pouch or cloth bag that holds the
power factor, ratio of kilowatts to kilovolt
medical kit issued to members of the Army | amperes.
Medical Service for use in the field. A power traverse , turning of a gun to change
pouch kit is carried by a strap which is the direction of fire by means of a power
slung over the shoulder. driven mechanism , as in a tank , aircraft ,
powder, explosive compound or mixture that or ship turret.
IS used as a propelling charge or bursting | power traverse mechanism . mechanism that is
charge in propectiles, bombs, mines, etc. driven by power and used in turning a gun
There are two general types, black powder to change the direction of fire, especially
and smokeless powder. in a tank , aircraft, or ship turret.
powder bag , fabric container that holds the power turret, turret or enclosed gun mount
powder charge for separate-loading or that is turned by a power -driven mecha
semifixed ammunition . A powder bag is nism , especially in tanks, aircraft, ships,
usually made of special fabric that burns etc. The guns in the power turret move
without leaving any ashes. with it.
powder blast, rush of hot air and gases that practice ammunition , ammunition used for
bursts from the muzzle of a gun as the target practice ; ammunition with a pro
projectile leaves it. Usually called muzzle pelling charge, but with either an inert
blast . filler or a low explosive filler to serve as a
powder chamber , section of the bore of a gun spotting charge .
in which the propelling charge of separate practice fire, target practice with live ammu
loading ammunition is placed and set off. nition .
powder charge, explosive or propelling charge practice grenade, 1. hand grenade with a re
used in separate loading and semifixed am duced charge, used in practice throwing ;
munition . 2. dummy hand grenade containing no ex
powder fouling , bits of unburned or partially plosive or chemical agent. In this mean
burned powder left in the bore after firing. ing, sometimes called training grenade.
powder ring , cloth bag in the shape of a ring practice mine, imitation land mine used in
that holds a section of the propelling training . A practice mine may contain a
charge in some types of ammunition . smoke-producing agent for maneuvers or
The number of powder rings used controls for practice in observing the effects of
the strength of the charge and the range mines against vehicles , or it may be simply
of the projectile . a round block of wood , metal, or concrete
powder silk , special silk fabric used to hold for practice in laying mine fields.
the explosive charge for large guns. Pow - preactivation period , timéprior to the first day
der silk leaves no ash when the explosive of a unit's official existence.
is fired .
preactivation training, individual training
powder tag, linen tag attached to a powder | given to enlisted personnel prior to assign
bag. On it are written details about the ment to a Table of Organization unit upon
powder, such as the name of the loading | its activation .
plant, the date of loading, and the caliber preamble, 1. in United States Army practice,
and model of the gun for which it was that part of a heading which contains the
made. station series numbers precedence , and
powder train , 1. train , usually of compressed transmission instructions ; 2 . in intercept
black powder, used to obtain time action messages, the heading actually transmitted
in older fuze types ; 2. train of explosives by the original station ; 3. loosely, the
laid out for destruction by burning. heading of a message ; 4 . clause at the be
power, 1. degree to which a lens, mirror, or ginning of a constitution or statute ex
any optical instrument magnifies ; usually planatory of the reasons for its enactment
refers to number of diameters ofmagnifica and the objects sought to be accomplished .
tion of the instrument ; 2. ability of a low prearranged fire, supporting fire for which the
explosive to displace , rather than shatter, fire data are prepared in advance and
the surrounding medium due to its lower which is delivered on a time schedule or on
deflagration rate. call from the supported troops .
SR 320 –5 – 1
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prearranged -mecsage code, code adapted to the time between the last observation and the
use of units which require special or tech moment of firing. It should not be con
nical vocabulary and composed almost ex fused with the set-forward point, the pre
clusively of groups representing complete dicted position of the target at the moment
or nearly complete messages. of impact.
precedence , 1 . the act or state of going before , | predicted position , that position at which it is
adjustment of place. Precedence is based expected a moving target will arrive at the
especially on military grade, and also on end of the time of flight of a projectile.
position , date of appointment, etc ; 2 . indi | predicted position device, scale ruler, chart, or
cation of the speed in handling a message predictor used in calculating rapidly the
necessary to effect delivery of that message probable position of a moving target at a
within the time required. The degree of future instant.
precedence is assigned to a message by the predicting dead time, the time allowed for
originator. Precedence of official messages
is as follows : Flash , Emergency , Opera calculation and applying firing data , from
the time of observation to the instant of
tional Immediate, Priority , Routine, and firing .
Deferred ; 3 . prescribed order in which
medals and service ribbons are worn . predicting interval, the time interval between
successive predictions of future positions
precedence designation , letter or letters, placed
by the originator at the beginning of mes of the target .
sages , designating the degree of urgency prediction, determining what the probable
and thus the order in which the messages future position of a moving target will be
are to he handled . Messages having the at a given time.
same precedence designation are handled prediction mechanism , instrument used in con
in order of receipt in the message center. nection with a plotting board in determin
precedent file. See policy file . ing the probable future location of a mov
precision adjustment, a deliberate adjustment ing target in terms of direction and eleva
of the fire of one weapon for the purpose tion from a given position . Also called
of placing the center of impact accurately predictor.
on the target. prediction scale, accurately graduated scale or
precision bombing, bombing directed at a rule used to measure the actual speed of a
specific point target. moving target. A prediction scale is used
precision fire , fire in which the center of im together with a set-forward rule or chart
to locate on the plotting board the point
pact is accurately placed on a limited
at which the target will be when the gun
target ; fire based on precision adjustment. is fired .
Usually precision fire is used to destroy
enemy installations, such as gun emplace - predictor , 1 . instrument used in connection
ments , structures , and supply points . Pre with a plotting board in determining the
cision fire differs from area fire, which is probable future location of a moving tar
directed against a general area rather than get in terms of direction and elevation
against a given objective in the area . from a given position . Also called pre
diction mechanism ; 2 . device used with a
precision sweep, in radar, a small portion of a
plotting board to tell just when a controlled
normal sweep , usually 2 ,000 yards, selectedunderwater mine ought to be fired . Such a
and expanded over the entire radar screen predictor indicates the exact moment when
in order to permit precise range measure
the target is over the mine.
ments.
preengraved rotating band, rotating band on a
preclusive buying, purchase in the neutral projectile which has been machine cut
market, regardless of price, of vitally im during manufacture so that the grooves
portant materials to prevent them from
and lands on the band exactly match the
falling into the hands of the enemy. lands and grooves in the barrel of the
predicted concentration , step by step pointing. weapon .
A series of successive concentrations fired
preflight training , ground instruction ; in
at the same target.
struction in aviation before actual flying
predicted firing , firing at the point at which a is attempted.
moving target is expected to be when the preliminary contractual agreement, temporary
projectile reaches it, according to predic contractual instrument to enable contrac
tions based on observation . tors to start work immediately upon war
predicted point, position at which it is ex contracts prior to the time when informa
pected a moving target will arrive at the tion is available upon which a definitive
instant of firing ; point, a moving target is contract can be negotiated and without the
expected to reach at the end of the dead | delay incident to contract negotiation .
 SR 320–5 – 1
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Such contractual instruments include let- | ecute the hand salute ; 3. take the position
ters of intent, letter contracts, letter or of present arms.
ders and letter purchase orders. presentation (intelligence) , selection of the
preliminary firing , training and practice in medium of conveyance and arrangement of
firing a gun , often for the purpose of intelligence into the most suitable form
finding out which men have the greatest for clear and full understanding. It may
skill in shooting. Preliminary firing takes take the form of oral, graphic, or written
place before record firing, in which the media or combinations thereof.
selected men are given additional training present position , position of a moving target
and in which a record is kept of their at the instant of firing .
performance .
preservation , 1. the result of packing and / or
preparation , that heavy volume of prear the application of preservatives ; 2 . that
ranged ground , air and /or naval fire de work performed on materiel to prevent
livered to destroy, disrupt, disorganize deterioration and to correct minor defects
and neutralize the enemy's positions, ma not requiring major repair , rebuild , reno
teriel, observation , communications, and vation or major modification .
command, and to demoralize and destroy
the defending forces prior to the initia
preservatives , material used to protect an
item against corrosion , deterioration , dis
tion of the attack by the assault echelon .
Preparatory bombardment ( fire) . integration , and physical damage.
preparation fire, fire delivered on a target or Presidential Accolade. See Accolade.
Presidential
predetermined point preparatory to an as- | Pre call, official order of the President
sault on the target. It may be naval, of the United States bringing all or a part
ground, or air. of the National Guard into the service of
preparatory bombardment ( fire) . See prepara the United States , in time of war or
tion . national emergency .
Presidential order, official order of the Presi
preparatory command, part of a drill com dent of the United States , such as that
mand which states the movement or for
mation that is to be carried out. A bringing the National Guard of the United
States, as a part of the United States
preparatory command is followed by the Army, into active Federal service after
command of execution, which orders the
Congress has declared a state of national
movement to be carried out. In the com
mand " Forward , MARCH , " " Forward ” is emergency and has authorized its use.
the preparatory command and “ MARCH ” Presidential salute, twenty -one gun salute
is the command of execution . given a President or ex -President of the
United States when he visits a military
prepare for action , 1. put a gun into position establishment.
for firing ; 2 . command to put a gun in
position for firing ; 3 . put an armored ve Presidential Testimonial, written testimonial
hicle in readiness for action ; 4 . command by the President in appreciation of honor
to put an armored vehicle in readiness for able service between 1940 and 1946 .
action . Presidential Unit Citation . See Distinguished
preplanned mission , air support mission Unit Citation .
planned well in advance of the time of prespotting , the application of soaps or chem
execution and in which all target details icals to spots and stains before or during
necessary for briefing are available. the cleaning operation , prior to taking the

prescribed load , specified quantity of each | garment into the spotting department.
type of supplies to be carried by that unit press censorship, field , the review under mili
both by its personnel and its transporta tary authority in combat areas of news
tion . The establishment of this load is a material to prevent the disclosure of
command decision and is dependent upon information of value to the enemy.
the tactical situation as well as upon the pressure firing device , one of four types of
capacity of unit transportation . firing devices used to initiate land mines,
present arms, 1. position in the manual of the booby traps, etc., by pressure or weight
rifle in which the gun is held straight up exerted on a contrivance . Essentially , it
and down, in front of the body, with the is composed of firing pin with cocked
muzzle up and the trigger side of the trigger mechanism to which is attached a
weapon forward . It is used as a salute ; blasting cap for initiation of the main
2 . command to take this position . At this charge. See firing device.
command men in formation without arms, pressure gage, cylindrical measuring device
men with the weapon slung, and men placed in the powder chamber of a gun , in
equipped with a weapon for which no order to determine the amount of compres
salute with the weapon is prescribed , ex-l sion exerted by its firing .
SR 320 –5 – 1
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press traffic, news material transmitted in consideration to the recency of perform

writing or by means of telecommunications ance and the technical skills required .
to newspapers , periodicals and broadcast - primary port, Department of the Army port
ing organizations. of embarkation having the primary re
prestowage, loading of commodities aboard a sponsibility for logistic support of an
vessel in separate lots, each type blocked oversea command ( s ) .
off from the other . primary position , position , assigned to å unit
preventive maintenance , care and servicing by or weapon , chosen as the best available
using personnel for the purpose of main position from which the most important
taining equipment in satisfactory operat- fire mission can be carried out.
ing condition by providing for the system - primary firing position . See alternate position .
atic inspection , detection and correction of
incipient failures either before they occur
primary program , one of several specifically
designated major programs of the Army,
or before they develop into major defects. for which a program director is assigned
preventive medicine company , unit designed to responsibility .
control rodents and insect vectors and to
supervise hygiene and sanitation in armies,
primary station , observation post nearest to
divisions, or other installations as deemed
the directing point or to the base piece.
necessary by the surgeon . It consists of primary weapon , weapon that is the principal
survey , control, and sanitation platoons arm of a combat unit. The rifle is the pri
varying in number according to the re mary or basic weapon for an infantry rifle
quirements of the situation . company, as compared with grenades or
chemical projectiles, which are secondary
preventive medicine officer, medical officer who
or auxiliary weapons in such an organiza
is attached to a military command to
supervise the sanitary arrangements of the tion .
command and the measures es that
that are
are taken
taken prime contract , a contract , agreement, or pur
to prevent the spread of disease. He is chase order entered into by a contractor
an assistant to the surgeon of the com with the United States Government.
mand ; formerly called medical inspector. prime contractor, a contractor holding a prime
primacord, flexible fabric tube containing a contract .
filler of high explosive PETN (pentaery- | prime mover, a motor vehicle possessing mili
thritetetranitrate ) that is used to trans tary characteristics, designed primarily for
mit a detonation from a detonator to a towing a trailer or heavy wheeled weapons
booster or bursting charge. Primacord is and frequently providing facilities for the
the trade name for the type of detonating transportation of the crew of, and ammu
cord currently in use. nition for, the weapon .
primacord net. See detonating net. primer, device used to initiate the functioning
primary armament. See primary weapon . of an explosive or igniter train . It may be
actuated by friction , blow , pressure or elec
primary cognizance , 1. this term is used to
tricity .
indicate that a strategic planning team is
responsible for preparation of certain types primer-detonator, assembly consisting of a
of plans, i. e ., a strategic planning team primer and a detonator. It may also in
will have “ primary cognizance' with re clude a delay element.
spect to certain types of plans ; 2 . as primer leak , defect in a cartridge or shell
applied to research and development, the which allows partial escape of the hot
responsibility for general management of propelling gases in a primer , caused by
the program in a research and develop faulty construction or an excessive charge.
ment field . primer pouch , container that holds the
primary fire position . See primary position . | primers used in firing with separate- load
primary fire sector, principal area to be cov ing ammunition .
ered by the gunfire of an individual or unit. I primer seat, chamber in the breech mechanism
primary gun , principal or main gun , especially of a gun that uses separate - loading ammu
of a tank or other armored vehicle . nition , into which the primer is set.
primary mission, principal purpose which an primer setback , defect in the firing of a round
organization is designed to accomplish . of fixed ammunition , in which the explo
sion of the propelling charge forces the
primary MOS, that military occupational spe
cialty representing the highest level of primer against the face of the bolt. Primer
skill which the individual can best per setback is due to a faulty bolt or a defec
form in that field of specialties in which he tive cartridge or to excessive pressure.
is most interested and normally had the principal item , item which , because of its
longest training and experience with duel major importance, requires detailed analy
 SR 320–5 – 1
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sis and examination of all factors affecting prisoner-of-war cage, a facility of temporary
its supply and demand , as well as an un | construction and nature to which prisoners
usual degree of supervision by the Assist- I are evacuated for interrogation and de
ant.Chief of Staff , G - 4 , GSUSA . Its selec tention pending further evacuation .
tion is based upon such criteria as stra prisoner-of-war camp, facilities established at
tegic importance, high monetary value, un an installation to house prisoners of war.
usual complexity of issue, and procurement Prisoners-of-war camps are either base
difficulties. See secondary item . camps or branch camps.
principal line, line on a photograph connect- | prisoner-of-war collecting point, place near the
ing the collimating marks. front where prisoners of war are gathered
principal point, 1. the intersection of principal and held until they are examined and sent
lines on a photograph ; 2 . optical center of to the rear.
a photograph. prisoner-of-war processing company, military
police unit which records data concerning
principal supply road , main axis of supply prisoners captured by the United States
from front to rear ; main supply road . Army. Data recorded include name, pris
printing, applies, except to office duplicating oner -of-war serialnumber, photograph , fin
processes and equipment, to the operations, gerprints, inventory of personal effects,
the equipment required , and the material etc.
produced in all common processes of re prisoner-of-war processing station , installation
production such as relief, intaglio , or established for the temporary detention of
planographic including silk screen process prisoners of war pending assignment to
(when used as a substitute for conven base camps.
tional printing methods), composition (in
prison officer, officer, appointed by the com
cluding the preparation of final copy for
offset processing (other than direct im manding officer at post, camps, and sta
tions, who is responsible for the custody ,
age ) ) , and the binding work and equipment
control, and training of military prisoners
to complete manufacture. committed to his charge.
priorities , rulings which establish precedence . I private code, code constructed for the exclu
( They do not establish mutually exclusive sive use in correspondence of a group of
eligibilities for available means.) individuals or an industrial firm .
priority message, message which has the right probability factor, factor used as an argu
of way over routine messages , but which ment in entering probability tables. It is
has to give way to operational messages. equal to the error not to be exceeded , di
See message precedence. vided by probable error.
Prismatic Compass, magnetic compass com - probable courses of action , of the courses of
bined with a sighting device , used to meas action open to a nation , some are more
ure angles. It is equipped with a prism likely to be followed in any given set of
to assist in reading the scale while sight circumstances.
ing. Itmay be equipped with a clinometer probable error, measure of the impact dis
for measuring vertical angles. tribution in the dispersion pattern around
prisoner, 1. one who is deprived of his liberty ; the center of impact ; dimensionally ex
one who is against his will kept in con pressed in firing tables as one interval of
finement or custody. The two classifica the dispersion ladder. See range probable
tions of military prisoner are general priso error.
ner, and garrison prisoner ; 2. a category probable line of deployment, in night attack a
of personnel transferred or dropped from line previously selected by a commander to
the rolls of their permanent organization which he desired to advance before effec
but carried in a disciplinary or prisoner tive enemy opposition is met and prior to
status . making final deployment for the assault of
prisoner guard, soldier or group of soldiers the objective.
detailed to guard prisoners at work or at probably destroyed (plane) , enemy plane seen
any time they are allowed outside the to break off combat under circumstances
prison or guardhouse. The prisoner guard which lead to the conclusion that it must
is a subdivision of the interior guard of be a loss although it is not actually seen
a command , the others being the main to crash .
guard and the special guard. probationer, prisoner assigned to a military
prisoner of war, with certain exceptions pro training company .
vided by international law or agreements, procedure, manner of proceeding or acting .
every person captured or interned by a bel Procedures are the methods or forms of
ligerent power because of the war. conducting operations.
SR 320 –5 – 1
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procedure analysis , that component of trans- | procurement funds, funds available for the
mission security which determines trends
in security and procedure violations, main
tains a continual check on such occur
rences, and initiates remedial and correc
tive measures when and where necessary.
procedure message, short message concerning
the handling of message traffic or message
station operation , used in radiotelegraph
and radiotelephone communication .
procedure phrase, phrase used to convey stere
otyped radio - or wire-operating data in
abbreviated form .
procedure sign , single letter or character, or
combination thereof, used to facilitate
communication by conveying, in a con
densed standard form , certain frequently
used orders, instructions, requests, and in
formation related to communication . The
word prosign is a shortened form of pro
cedure sign .
processing, 1 . series of related steps taken in
the segregation , identification , classifica
tion and preparation of records of person
nel property
ment or correspondence
of materiel ; 2 prevent
or equipment to . treat
its deterioration , including cleaning, dry
ing, applying paint or preservative com -
pounds, sealing and packaging ; 3 . impreg
nation of clothing with certain chemicals procuring activity, procurement agency re
to protect against vapors and small drop
lets of war gases and certain biological
agents.
processing center , installation to which are
sent absentees and deserters from units
which were moved overseas, or personnel
production , process of making raw materials
who have absented themselves en route to
oversea replacement depots or ports of
embarkation for shipment overseas. Proc
essing centers take necessary disciplinary
action and expedite shipment overseas.
procurement, process of obtaining personnel,
services, supplies ( including construction ) ,
and equipment, including , as they relate to
the above, design , specification , standard
ization , conservation , selection of con
tractors , contract forms, pricing, renego
tiation , financing, contract termination ,
and similar functions .
procurement authority , authority to
to enter
enter into
into
procurement contracts on behalf of the
United States Government.
procurement authorization, the document au
thorizing procurement of supplies from
commercial sources by Army agencies di
rectly or from or through other govern
mental agencies.
procurement directive, term applied to a docu
ment (form ) issued by a technical service
or higher authority directing the purchase
of items for Army supply .
224
procurement and production of materiel,
equipment, and supplies, for administrative
and productive equipment and for con
struction of facilities. See nonprocurement
funds.
procurement lead time, the time elapsing be
tween initiation of procurement action and
the receipt and acceptance into the system
of materiel obtained as a result of such
action . Procurement lead time is applica
ble in materiel obtained from any source
outside the procuring agency or by manu
facture within the agency.
procurement objective, 1 . quantity approved in
writing and regarded as the amount re
quired during a calendar year as receipts
from procurement ready for issue and
assembly of components, on the basis of
firmly established trends ; 2 . Department
of the Army authority under which indi
viduals are procured in specified numbers
and grades.
procurement procedures. See Army Procure
ment Procedure.
procurement rate, number of units of an item
procured within a definite timeperiod.
procurement regulations. See Armed Forces
Procurement Regulation .
sponsible for supervision of the purchasing
of supplies or services , including the tech
nical services , the army areas, the National
Guard Bureau, the Military District of
Washington , and the oversea commands.
available and converting them by fabrica
tion into required components and end
items, including production functions of
scheduling, inspection , inventory control,
and so forth .
production line maintenance , system organized
on a production line basis for accomplish
ing maintenance of motor vehicle equip
ment. Under this system vehicles are
moved from point to point along the line
where mechanics at each point perform
maintenance services on specific parts of
the vehicle.
,production loss appraisal, estimate of damage
inflicted on an industry in terms of quan
tities of finished products denied the
enemy from the moment of attack , through
the period of reconstruction , and to the
point when full production is resumed .
production requirements , the sum of author
ized stock levels and pipeline needs less
stocks expected to becomeavailable , stocks
on hand , stocks due in , returned stocks,
and stocks from salvage, reclamation , re
build , and other sources .
 SR 320 _ 5 _ 1
225 pro

professional service unit, mobile unit of the complete set for the system are employed
· Army Medical Service composed of a num one after the other successively in the
ber of professional teams and the neces encipherment of a message until the last
sary service elements. alphabet of the series has been used, when
professor of military science and tactics , senior the encipherment begins over again with
officer detailed by the Department of the the first alphabet.
Army for duty with a civilian educational progress payments, payments made to a con
institution for the purpose of supervising tractor as work progresses on the end
instruction in authorized military subjects. items. These payments are based on the
profile , cross section of a portion of the actual expenditures made and work per
earth 's surface formed by the intersection formed at the various stages of completion .
of the earth ' s surface with an imaginary project, a specifically defined task within a
vertical plane. research and development field , which is
profile loading plan , schematic profile view established to meet a single military re
of a loaded vessel, with the itemized list quirement, either stated or anticipated ,
of materiel stowed in the holds indicated for research data, an end item of materiel
in the proper hold spaces. See stowage a major component, or a technique.
plan . project account classification , system of clas
proforma, 1. message, the nature of the suc sifying actual or contemplated expendi
cessive elements of which is understood tures and the available funds in terms of
by prearrangement ; 2. standard form . the functions or activities furthered.
program , a scheme of administrative action projectile, object, such as a bullet, shell, or
devised for the accomplishment of a defi grenade, that is propelled from a weapon
nite objective. A program is specific as to by an explosive propelling charge.
the time phasing of the work to be done projection , 1. any one of a number of systems
and the means allocated for its accom of parallels and meridians upon which a
plishment, that is, men , money, materiel, map can be drawn ; method by which the
and facilities. . earth is represented on a plane surface ;
2 . act or process of throwing an image on
program management, the judicious use of re
a screen .
sources, processes, and time in planning,
executing, and appraising the results of a projector, 1. smooth bore type barrel or other
scheme of administrative action designed unrifled weapon from which pyrotechnic
to accomplish a definite objective. The signals , grenades, and certan mortar shell
term program management includes pro are fired ; a rack for launching target
gram development, program execution , and rockets ; 2 . an optical instrument for pro
jecting an image upon a screen .
program review and analysis , as well as
program control. prolonge, rope, with a hook or loop at one
programmed strength , strength authorized for end, with which soldiers can move a vehicle
a given planning date or period , to man or gun carriage into position .
the Army at a given structure and pre- promotable status, an individual will be con
scribed degree of operational readiness. sidered in this status when he is carried in
This authorized strength and structure is appropriate morning report as present for
as established for and / or included in the duty, present not for duty when sick in
Troop Program and Troop List. Included quarters, absent sick , absent with leave, or
is “ organized strength " plus enlistees and absent on temporary duty.
inductees, students, trainees , transients promotion list, lists , provided by statute, of
and patients required to be in the Army officers of the Regulary Army below the
for maintenance of the “ organized permanent grade of brigadier general, in
strength .” the order of standing for promotion .
program review and analysis, the appraisal of prone position , posture of the body for firing
the effectiveness of program execution . from the ground . The stomach is flat
This term is also used in testing the fea3 against the ground, legs are spread , and
ibility, adequacy, and completeness of a the insides of the feet are flat on the
program after it has been developed , but ground , but the head and shoulders are
before the execution of the program begins. raised and supported by the elbows, thus
program section , that part of a program per leaving the hands free to operate the gun .
taining to supplies or services of one of the prone shelter, trench that is deep enough to
technical services of the United States
protect a man lying flat on it from small
Army. arms fire and from ground burst bombs and
progressive alphabet system , system in which artillery shell. A prone shelter gives little
all the cipher alphabets comprising the l or no protection against fire from over
277763° — 53 — 15
SR 320 – 5 –1
pro 226
head , including air burst shell, or against | protected person , 1 . a noncombatant who , at
the crushing action of tanks. any moment and in any manner finds him
propaganda , any organized or concerted self in case of conflict or occupation , in
group , effort or movement to spread a par the hands of a party to the conflict or an
ticular doctrine or system of doctrines or occupying power of which he is not a na
principles. See combat propaganda ; con tional. 2 . member of a civil population ,
solidation propaganda ; counterpropaganda ; as distinguished from an armed force or
grey propaganda ; overt propaganda (white) ; agent thereof who, in the course of war
strategic propaganda ; covert propaganda or occupation , is entitled to receive pref
(black ) . erential care and treatment at the hands
propelling charge, powder charge that is set
of representatives of a country of which
he is not a national.
off in a weapon to propel a projectile
from it ; propellant. Burning of the con protected personnel, civilian or military per
fined propelling charge produces gases sons entitled to benefits under any con
which force the projectile out. vention or treaty relating to the conduct
of hostilities to which the United States
property, supplies, equipment, buildings, is a party .
grounds, etc. ; classified as real property ,
installed property, equipment and sup protection complete penetration , penetration in
plies . which a fragment or fragments of either
the impacting projectile or the plate are
property accountability. See accountability. thrown to the rear of the plate with suffi
property book , record book kept in a company cient energy to perforate a .020 -inch alu
or similar unit, in which are listed the minum -alloy , 24ST, sheet, or its equiva
quantities and classifications of its equip lent, when placed so as to receive those
ment, with the exception of the individual fragments passing from the rear of the
clothing and equipment of enlisted men . plate. When it is possible to observe that
property custodian , officer who acts as the these conditions are being met without the
agent of a military training institution for use of the sheet, as in heavier plate test
procuring , storing , issuing, and accounting ing, the sheet is omitted .
for property belonging to , or issued to , the protection partial penetration , penetration
command . which approaches but does not fulfill the
property disposal officer , the individual at an requirements for protection complete pene
installation charged with the receipt, care, tration .
and authorized disposal of personal prop - protective apron , rubber apron worn as addi
erty. He is in charge of all salvage andtional protection against liquid war gases
disposal activities at an installation and and other corrosive chemical agents.
formerly was known as the " salvage protective clothing , especially constructed
officer . "
and / or chemically treated clothing to pro
property exchange, replacing any item of prop tect individuals against liquid blister gas
erty given to a unit by another unit . and blister gas vapor and against certain
property voucher, any document that supports biological agents . It includes permeable
the transfer of property from or to a stock protective clothing and impermeable pro
record account. tective clothing. See special clothing .
prophylactic station . See Army control facili- protective concealment, disguising a place,
ties . thing , or person to mislead or deceive the
prophylaxis , 1 . prevention of disease. 2 . enemy. By protective concealment, the
measures taken to prevent disease, espe existence , nature, or location of buildings,
cially typhoid , malaria , or venereal dis military equipment, or troops can be con
eases. 3 . measures taken to prevent or cealed . Usually called camouflage.
reduce the harmful effects of chemical protective cover, plastic protective bag de
agents . signed to unfold quickly to cover an indi.
proportional control, control in which the ac vidual and protect him against war gas
spray .
tion to correct an error is made propor
tional to that error. protective fire, fire delivered by supporting
guns and directed against the enemy to
proprietary article, article manufactured and hinder his fire or movement against
marketed under patent that is obtainable friendly forces .
only from a single source of supply.
protective ointment, substance used by the in
propulsion . See bi-fuel propulsion ; jet propul dividual soldier for protection against
sion ; mono- fuel propulsion ; reaction propul blister gas burns, for limited personal
sion ; rocket propulsion. decontamination , and for emergency de
prosign. See procedure sign . contamination of equipment.
 SR 320–5 – 1
227 psy

protective mask (field ), individual protective | provost guard , men on special duty, under the
equipment consisting of facepiece with provost marshal, to keep order among sol
canister attached, and carrier. Mask pro diers when they are outside the territory
tects the wearer against inhaling war under the control of the interior guard .
gases, screening smokes, biological agents, The provost guard usually serves when
and radiological agents. Does not furnish military police are not available, and usu
oxygen . See gas mask . ally works in cooperation with nearby
protective wire, wire entanglement set up to civil authorities.
prevent surprise or attack by the enemy, provost marshal, staff officer who supervises
or to halt or slow up his advance. all activities of military police of a com
mand below Department of the Army, de
protectoscope, device in a tank , etc., similar
to the periscope of a submarine. It en partment or theater level, and who advises
ables a soldier to see around a shield with the commander on military police matters.
out exposing himself to enemy gunfire | provost marshal general, theater, officer on the
directed at the ports of the tank or ar staff of the commanding general of a thea
mored car. ter who has charge of all military police
matters including the collection and guard
protractor, instrument for measuring angles.
A protractor is usually made in the shape ing of prisoners of war.
of a half circle, around the rim of which provost sergeant, noncommissioned officer who
the angles from the center of the base are directs a group of military policemen in
marked off from 0 degrees to 180 degrees. the performance of their duties and assists
A protractor is used in finding or plotting the prison officer in the management of
directions from a given point or line on a the organization prison. A provost ser
map. The protractors most commonly geant supervises prisoners, instructs and
used in the Army are marked off in mils . supervises the military police unit , and
keeps the records of the unit.
proving ground , testing ground ; place or area
at which articles of materiel and equip - proword , a word or phrase limited to radio
ment, especially ammunition , artillery , telephone procedure and used in lieu of a
tanks, and motor vehicles , are developed prosign .
and scientifically tested to ascertain their proximate analysis , in the case of coal and
degree of development or serviceability. coke, the determination , by prescribed
provisional guardhouse, a confinement facility , methods, of moisture, volatile matter, fixed
authorized by a commanding officer exer carbon (by difference ) , and ash .
cising general court-martial jurisdiction , proximity fuze, fuze designed to detonate a
which is used for the detention of prisoners projectile, bomb, mine or charge when acti
pending transfer to other confinement fa - vated by external influence in the close
cilities or return to their home station . vicinity of a target.
provisional map, hastily made line map based | pychological operations, the planned use of
on aerial photographs, used as a map sub propaganda and related measures designed
stitute. to influence the opinions, emotions, atti
provisional pass , temporary pass issued by tudes, and behavior of enemy, neutral, or
military police to permit a soldier to re friendly foreign groups in such a way as
turn to his post unescorted . A provisional to support the accomplishment of our na
pass is issued when a soldier loses his tional policies and aims.
pass or is absent without leave for a short psychological warfare, the planned use, by a
period of time and proves he intended to nation or group of nations, of propaganda
return to his post. and related informational measures di
provisional unit, unit which is not constituted rected toward enemy, neutral, or friendly
and the recognition of which will not groups, to influence opinions, emotions,
extend beyond the jurisdiction of the attitudes, and behavior in such a manner
command by which it is organized . A as to support the policies and aims of the
provisional unit is composed of military using nation or group of nations. See
personnel on detached service from units consolidation psychological warfare ; strate
formally constituted by the Department gic psychological warfare ; tactical psycholog
of the Army or from overhead allotment ical warfare.
personnel assigned to an overhead installa psychological warfare objective, a statement
tion . of the policy of a nation or a group of
nations expressed as an objective of psy
provost court, military tribunal of limited
jurisdiction convened in occupied terri chological warfare.
tory under military government and usu - psychological warfare task , a psychological
ally composed of one officer. warfare project whose accomplishment
SR 320– 5 – 1
psy 228
will contribute to the achievement of psy - pulse, a radar transmission signal of very
chological warfare objectives. short duration , from 1 to 50 microseconds.
psychological warfare theme, the subject or Its transmission is accurately timed at in
topic for use as a means of accomplishing tervals , ranging from 1 / 60 to 1 /4000 sec
a psychological warfare task . ond, which will permit correlation of the
transmitted pulse with the image on the
psychomotor test, apparatus test usually ne
oscilloscope representing the reflection of
cessitating some form of muscular coor
dination , speed of reaction and often re the same pulse.
quiring certain perceptual abilities, as con - | pulse-jet, compressorless jet propulsion device
trasted with the ordinary paper and pencil which produces thrust intermittently .
tests. (Example : German V - 1 .)
publication , nonregistered , a publication which punishment book , record book kept by a com
bears no register number and for which pany or similar unit commander, in which
routine accounting to the office of record is an account is given of all minor offenses
not required . committed by soldiers and the punishment
awarded under the Uniform Code of Mili
publication , registered . See registered matter .
tary Justice, Article 15 , in each case.
public information , factual information con punitive articles, those Articles of the Uni
cerning the Army released to the public form Code of Military Justice in which
by the Army. military crimes and offenses are enumer
public information activities, those activities ated .
which cover preparation of material for | purchase , acquiring of title to , or property
in ,
newspapers, periodicals , and other non anything for a price, including interchange
Federal publications ; distributing press re ofmaterials .
leases and interviewing representatives of collaborative, term describing purchase
the press ; preparation of material for functions whereby the buyers of similar
broadcasting purposes, and contacts with
broadcasting representatives ; preparation or related commodities for two or more
of advertisements, whether paid of the Military Departments occupying
or free,
offices in the same area interchange in
except advertising relating to the acquisi
tion or disposal of Government property ;
formation prior to making separate pur
preparation , installation , and circulation chase contracts.
of exhibits ; production of motion pictures single department, term describing pur
and film strips, except those for internal chase functions whereby one Department
use of the Government ; and preparation of buys a particular commodity for the
publications neither required by law nor three Military Departments. Sometimes
issued primarily for internal use of the also called cross purchase.
Government. joint, term describing purchase functions
whereby a jointly staffed and financed
public information agency, press association ,
news or pictorial feature service, news activity buys a particular commodity for
the three Military Departments.
paper, periodical, radio or television broad
casting organization , or news reel company | purchase control, term applied to a document
regularly engaged in the collection and ( form ) issued by a technical service, di
dissemination of news to the public . recting the purchase of common items for
services, agencies, and purposes other than
public information media , the several instru technical Army supply.
ments and techniques employed in our
society for the dissemination of informa purchase request , document prepared by the
tion , to include the press, daily and weekly , stock control division of a depot and for
throughout the country ; the magazine in warded to the procurement division of that
dustry in all its forms ; the broadcasting depot or to a technical service procure
industry in both its news reporting and ment office , requesting procurement of sup
entertainment activities ; the motion pic plies requisitioned but not available from
ture industry in its documentary and depot stock .
entertainment aspects : and the television purchase responsibility , that function of pro
industry, combining aspects of both broad curement which consists of contracting for
casting and motion picture activities. and may include final acceptance of a given
item or class of items or manufacturing
public information officer, the staff officer re
sponsible for the conduct of public infor items in Government-owned establish
ments.
mation activities of a command.
| purchasing office, central office or a technical
public relations. See public information . service whose primary function is to con
public vessel, Government-owned or possessed tract for commodities and direct their ship
vessel operated for Government purposes. I ment to agencies requiring them ,
 SR 320 – 5 - 1
229 qua

Purple Heart, decoration denoting the award | content than guncotton ; single base pow
of a citation certificate or wound chevron d er .
in World War I or in World War II Pyrotechnic Code,meaning that is given to the
awarded for wounds received in action various colors and arrangements of fire
against an enemy or as a direct result of works signal light or signal smokes used
an act of the enemy : decoration prece for communication between units or be
dence number 11. tween ground and air .
pursuit, offensive action against a retreating
enemy force ; may consist entirely of direct
pyrotechnic pistol, pistol from which fireworks
signals and flares are fired .
pressure or a combination of direct pres
sure and encircling movement. See direct pyrotechnic projector. See ground signal pro
pressure and exploitation . jector.
pyrocellulose, nitrocellulose having a lower ni- pyrotechnics, ammunition containing chemi
tration than guncotton , used in smokeless cals that produce a smoke or brilliant light
powder propellants . in burning, used for signalling or for light
pyrocotton . See pyrocellulose, ing up an area at night.
pyro powder , straight nitrocellulose powder ; pyrotechnic signal, fireworks designed to be
smokeless propelling charge consisting of a dropped from an airplane or projected
nitrocellulose. that has a smaller nitrogen from the ground to give a signal.

quadrant, 1. one of the four parts into which
a plane is divided by vertical and hori-
zontal axis ; 2 . instrument with a gradu - | qualification in arms, degree of skill shown in
ated scale used in laying the piece for ele
vation . Also called gunner' s quadrant.
quadrant angle of departure, angle between the
horizontal and the line along which a pro
jectile leaves the gun .
quadrant angle of elevation . See quadrant ele
vation .
quadrant angle of fall, the vertical acute angle
at the level point, between the horizontal
and the line of fall of a projectile. ( Same
as angle of fall for extremely long angles. )
quadrant elevation , vertical angle between
horizontal and axis of bore of gun which
exits just prior to firing. See angle of de
parture .
quadrant mount, device on a gun that holds
the gunner's quadrant while the gun is be
ing laid in elevation ; quadrant seat.
quadrant sight, sighting instrument on a gun
that is used in laying the gun in eleva
tion . The quadrant sight is used in con
junction with a telescope that is used for
laying the gun for direction . quality control, the complete system of assur
qualification, fitness, especially the rating
earned by anyone in a test.
qualification badge. See marksmanship badge,
Motor Vehicle Driver Badge, and Motor
Vehicle Mechanic Badge.
qualification course, 1. record practice firing | plosives that can be stored and the
given to find out the degree of skill a sol
dier has in the use of a weapon. His rat
ing or qualification in arms depends on the
score he makes in a qualification course ; 2 .
area containing obstacles , dummies repre
senting the enemy, etc. Soldiers are re
quired to run the qualification course for
training in handling the rifle and in use
of the bayonet.
practice firing on a target range in which
the marksmanship of the soldier is tested .
Depending upon the skill he shows, the
soldier may be given a rating such as
expert, sharpshooter , marksman , or remain
unqualified .
qualified, having an approved degree of skill
in some duty or position , or in handling
a weapon , a machine, or device. A soldier
given a rating in arms such as expert or
sharpshooter or as a rated pilot or ob
server is said to be qualified .
qualifying period , period of time afforded an
individual between a lateral transfer and
a proficiency examination to acquire the
proficiency for a particular MoS .
qualitative distribution of manpower, distribu
bution cstablished by the Department of
Defense of manpower procured by the
Armed Forces equally among the various
services based on Armed Forces Qualifi
cation Test scores of enlistee.
ing the supplies accepted are in accordance
with requirements, including inspection
and test procedures, acceptance criteria,
etc.
quantity -distance tables , the regulation per
taining to the amounts and kinds of ex
proximity of such storage to buildings,
highways, railways, magazines, or other
installations.
quarantine, limitation of freedom of move
ment of such susceptible persons or ani
mals as have been exposed to a commu
nicable disease for a period of time equal
SR 320– 5 – 1
qua 230
to the longest usual incubation period of structure used for the housing of military
the disease to which they have been ex personnel and dependents.
posed . See absolute quarantine ; working quarters allowance, money allowance for lodg
quarantine; isolation . ing paid to military personnel who are not
quartering, providing shelter for troops, head- furnished quarters in kind.
quarters, establishments, and supplies . quarters and subsistence allowance. See basic
quartering party , detail formed for the pur allowance for quarters ; basic allowance for
pose of procuring and arranging shelter subsistence .
for a command or an installation , quarters in kind, lodging provided by the Gov
quartering wind , wind other than wind paral- ernment without cost to military personnel.
lel to or perpendicular to observer - target quay, a wharf parallel with the shoreline of
line ; sometimes called oblique wind. a basin or harbor with water and accom
quartermaster, officer, usually of the Quar- | modations for ships on one side only.
termaster Corps, who serves as a staff quick fire, small arms fire delivered as soon
officer of a unit or post and has charge of as possible after the appearance of a fleet
subsistence, clothing, and other quarter ing target ; it may be a single round or
master supply and services. several rounds fired at a very fast rate.
quartermaster depot, establishment for receiv - quick hook -up, system by which a tow plane
ing, storing , issuing , and, in certain in - and its glider or gliders are fastened to
stances, procuring quartermaster supplies. gether in successive order of take-off.
quartermaster field maintenance offices, the quickmatch , fast-burning fuze made from a
combined offices of the quartermaster field cord impregnated with black powder, used
maintenance offices and quartermaster in flares.
field reclamation offices, with responsibil- quick time, rate of marching at 120 steps,
ity for maintenance and repair of mechan each 30 inches in length , a minute. It is
ical and nonmechanical quartermaster the normal cadence for drills and cere
items. monies.
quarters, 1. place or structure in which mili- quonset hut, dome-shaped shelter similar to
tary personnel are housed ; 2 . building or the Nissen hut.
R

rabal, determination of varying atmospheric | radar clutter , visual evidence on the radar
conditions by use of a radiosonde balloon . indicator screen of sea return , or ground
Rabals are reports obtained in this manner. | return , which if not of particular interest,
See radio meteorograph ; pibal. tends to obscure the target indication .
racer, turntable on which a heavy gun is radar deception . See electronic deception .
turned to left or right. radar fire control, technical control of some
rack, 1. device for carrying bombs or aerial types of gunfire using radar to track the
delivery containers in or on an aircraft ; 2 . target.
any grating or framework on which things radar horizon , the effective surface detection
may be stacked , especially in storage, such range of a radar.
as a gun rack ; 3 . straight or curved bar radar picket, any ship stationed at a distance
with teeth on one face to lock with a worm from the force protected , for the purpose
or with teeth on a gear wheel or pinion . of increasing the radar detection range.
Guns usually are elevated and traversed by radar reconnaissance, use of radar (and radar
such rack mechanism . scope photos ) based on planes, naval ves
radar, 1. principle of locating reflective tar sels and vehicles to procure information
gets or objects by the measurement of the concerning the location , disposition and
reflected pulses of radio frequency energy ; strength of enemy air and sea units and
2 . term applied to devices which make use terrain .
of the radar principle . The word was radar report, information about the position
derived from a contraction of the phrase of friendly or enemy aircraft, obtained
radio detection and ranging . with radar apparatus. A radar report
radar altitude. See absolute altitude. usually is sent to an aircraft warning
radar beacon , a combined radar receiver and system filter center or information center .
transmitter which when used in conjunc- | radar search . See radar reconnaissance.
tion with other suitable equipment enables radar silence, period during which all sched
the determination of bearing , range, or uled and other radar operations of a radar
bearing and range. station are prohibited .
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
231 rad
radar station , installation that locates mobile | mine existence , source, and pertinent char
targets by the use of radar apparatus. acteristics. See radio countermeasures .
Radiac, a term analogous to such expressions radio day, the 24 -hour period from midnight
as SONAR , RADAR, LORAN , etc., includes to midnight covered by a complete set of
all the equipment used to detect, measure radio station records.
and indicate radio activity. The letters radio deception , employment of radio to de
in the term RADIAC represent the expres ceive the enemy. Radio deception includes
sion ; radio activity, detection , indication sending false dispatches , using deceptive
and computation. headings, employing enemy call signs, etc.
radial, line or direction from the radial cen See electronic deception .
ter to any point on a photograph . The radio direction finder, radio receiving equip
radial center for truly vertical photographs
ment incorporating an azimuth scale and a
is the principal point. directional antenna system . It is em
radial line control, orientation and matching ployed to determine the azimuth of incom
of aerial photographs by locating the posi ing radio waves.
tions of the intersection of corresponding
direction finder station , installation em
radial lines drawn from the centers of radio
ploying a radio direction finder to aid air
the photographs. Radial line control is craft and ships in determining their posi
used as a control for checking the scale tions or to determine the approximate
and accurate matching of photographs in azimuth of an airborne or ground radio
constructing mosaics .
transmitter.
radial line method , method of constructing a radio direction finding, method of determining
mosaic of overlapping aerial photographs the direction in which a radio transmitter
by finding the intersection of lines radi lies.
ating from the centers. The radial line
method is based on the theory that all radio discipline, exact obedience to the rules
angular measurements around the center for use of radio.
of a vertical photograph are correct, re- radio facility charts, are graphical representa
gardless of the scale of the photograph tions of charted airways. Each chart cov
radial line plot, method of plotting in the con ers a specific section ( generally several
struction of maps, in which the geographi States ) of the country . Radio stations are
cal positions of points appearing on aerial represented in their proper geographical
photographs are determined by lines radi locations and on a scale large enough to
ating from the centers of the photographs show the degrees of the legs of the range.
to the points. radio fix, 1 . the location of a friendly or enemy
radiation dosage, quantity of radiation ab radio transmitter determined by finding
sorbed by exposed personnel ; it is the prod the direction of the radio transmitter from
uct of radiation intensity and time and two or more listening stations ; 2 . the loca
is measured in roentgens. See median tion of a ship or aircraft by determining
lethal radiation dosage. the direction of radio signals coming to the
radiation intensity , the rate at which radia ship or aircraft from two or more sending
tion is being received at a given point ; stations, the locations of which are known .
commonly measured in roentgens per hour. radio frequency, any frequency of electrical
radio altitude. See absolute altitude. energy capable of being propagated into
space. Radio frequencies normally are
radio beacon , a radio transmitter which emits | much higher than sound -wave frequencies.
a distinctive or characteristic signal for
the determination of bearings, courses , or radiogoniometry, science of locating a radio
locations. transmitter by means of taking bearings
on the radio waves emitted by such a trans
radio countermeasures, electrical or other tech mitter .
niques depriving the enemy of benefits
which would ordinarily accrue to him | radio guard , ship or radio station designated
through the use of any technique employ to listen for and record transmissions, and
to handle traffic on a designated frequency
ing the radiation of radio waves. It in
cludes benefits derived from radar and for a certain unit or units.
intercept services. radio intercept, copying of hostile or neutral
radio countermeasures deception , radiation or radio transmissions for analysis to obtain
reradiation of radio waves in a manner signal intelligence. It does not include
intended to deceive the enemy. monitoring of friendly transmissions.
radio countermeasures search or reconnaissance. | radio intercept stations. See intercept station .
search for enemy radio waves to deter- | radio jamming. See electronic jamming .
SR 320 – 5_ 1
nad 232

radio log , a chronological record of station or air units alone, for command, liaison ,
events (i. e ., entries relating to message observation , or other purposes.
handling, equipment difficulties, personnel, radio position finding, process of locating a
etc. ) . radio transmitter by plotting the intersec
radiological agent, any of a family of sub tion of its azimuths as determined by two
stances that produce casualties by emitting or more radio direction finders.
radiation . radio procedure, standardized methods of
radiological defense, the methods, plans, and transmission used by radio operators to
procedures involved in establishing and save time and prevent confusion . By in
exercising defensive measures against the suring uniformity, radio procedure in
radiation effects of an attack by atomic creases security .
weapons or radiological warfare agents. It radio range, the radio range station and its
encompasses both the training and the im - 1 system of marker beacons or other radio
plementation of these methods, plans, and directive devices utilized as an aid to air
procedures . Because of the close associa navigation .
tion of the other effects of atomic weapons radio range station , station located on an air
with the radiological effects, the term way to guide aircraft by radio signals .
often connotes " atomic weapons defense." radio relay system , signal communication sys
See radiological safety. tem using very -high frequency and line-of
radiological safety, the methods, plans, and sight radio transmitters and receivers in
procedures involved in establishing and lieu of trunk wire circuits. This system ,
exercising personnel protective measures when used in conjunction with carrier
against radiation hazards . The radiation equipment, will provide channels for both
hazards may result from various types of voice and teletype operations.
exposure, such as those associated with an radio silence, a period during which all or
atomic explosion , handling or being in the certain radio equipment capable of elec
vicinity of radioactive material, or moni tromagnetic radiation is kept inoperative.
toring in a contaminated area . See radi See listening silence ; radar silence,
ological defense. radiosonde, a meterological instrument, car
radiological survey instrument, apparatus for ried aloft, which automatically transmits
measuring radiological contamination in temperature, pressure, and relative humid
an area . See Geiger-Mueller counter ; ion ity readings.
chamber . radio sono-buoy, instrument designed to re
radiological warfare, tactics and techniques of ceive underwater sonic noises and retrans
conducting warfare by use of radioactive mit them for radio reception .
materials or by methods which result in radiotelegraphy, telegraphy by radio ; radio
the production of radioactivity. communication by means of a code, usually
radio meteorograph , instrument that automat the International Morse Code, as con
ically records weather conditions in the trasted with voice communication .
upper atmosphere and transmits the rec- radiotelephone, radio transmitter using voice
ord to earth by radio ; radiosonde. The communication ,
radio meteorograph is carried up by a
small balloon , and brought back to earth radiotelephony, radio communication by means
of voice signals.
by a parachute after the balloon bursts .
radius of action , maximum distance a ship,
radio navigation , the art of using signals sent
airplane, or vehicle can travel away from
out by a radio station transmitting a direc its base along a given course with normal
tional beam , which enables the navigator combat load and return without refueling ,
to follow the beam to his destination , from
allowing for all safety and operating fac
the point of departure, by flying his air tors.
plane within the confines of the signal
transmitted either to the pilot's earphones radius of rupture, greatest distance from the
or to a visual type indicator located on center of an underground explosive charge
the instrument panel. The determination at which
at watch the explosion
explosion will be destructive.
of the position of an aircraft by means of radius of visibility , greatest distance in every
an observed radio bearing. direction that an observer at a given point
radio net, system of radio stations operating | can see, especially the distance an observer
with one another. A military radio net | in a plane can see.
usually includes the radio station of a su - raid , 1. sudden attack , usually by a small
perior unit and those of all subordinate force having no intention of holding the
or supporting units . A radio net may con territory invaded . A raid is often made
nect ground stations, ground and air units , by aircraft, fast naval vessels , mobile
 SR 320 –5 - 1
233 rai
ground forces, or amphibious forces ; 2. | the line, availability of equipment, and
make such an attack . operating personnel.
raid clerk , person at information center of railway classification yard , a railway yard de
aircraft warning service who assigns num signed and used to classify loaded cars
bers to flights entering his region and according to their lading and destination .
maintains a raid assignment sheet for iden - | railway division , a geographic segment of a
tification of such flights. In an antiair railroad in a theater of operations which
craft operations room also called raid is operated and maintained by the railway
orderly. operations superintendent, commanding
raiding party, troops that make a sudden officer of the railway operating battalion .
quick attack on the enemy. Raiding par railway grand division , 1 . an administrative
ties may be sent out to take prisoners, unit for the supervision of subordinate
get information , or harass the enemy. Transportation Corps railway operating
rail adhesion , the ability of the drive wheels and maintenance units ; it normally con
of the locomotive to adhere to the rail trols two or more railway shop battalions ;
without slipping. Rail adhesion of 25 per 2 . railways of two or more railway divi
cent is considered normal. sions that are managed by such a unit.
railhead , supply transfer point on a rail line railway, military, includes all railways and
at which supplies are unloaded and for railway facilities, standard gauge, or other
warded or distributed usually by other wise, which are operated , maintained and /
means of transportation or distributed to or controlled as a common service by and
or by a supply activity at that location , for the use of the military, whether by
Comparable installations are : truckheads, military personnel or by civilian personnel
navigationheads, aerial ports. under military direction .
railhead distribution , supply point distribu : railway, military supervised, includes such pri
tion in which supplies are issued at a rail vately or nationally owned and operated
head . common carrier railways seized , operated
railhead officer, officer in command at a rail and controlled by the Government of the
head. A railhead officer supervises un United States and supervised by the mili
loading and distributing of supplies and tary at the direction of the President.
keeps records. railway, military utility, includes all railway
and railway facilities, standard gauge and
railing , in electronics, radar pulse-jamming at
high recurrence rates (50 to 150 kilo otherwise, which are operated , maintained
cycles ) resulting in an image on a radar in and / or constructed for a designated mili
dicator resembling fence railings. tary installation (such as posts, camps,
or stations ) , by military personnel or by
rail loading, the loading of landing craft civilian personnel under military jurisdic
while they are held in davits before being tion .
· lowered to the water. Also called davits railway operating battalion, Transportation
loading . Corps organization made up of military
railroad ground storage yard, a storage activ personnel trained in the operations and
ity, operated by a rail carrier where maintenance of military railway equip
freight en route in transit to ports for ment and facilities necessary for the oper
oversea shipment is stored in cars or in ating of railways.
the open . railway potential capability, as distinguished
railroad running gear, wheels, axles, brakes, from railway actual capability, is the ca
brake rigging , and allied gear below the pability of a railway based on its physical
· body underframe of a railway car. characteristics to handle traffic.
railroad transportation officer, military station railway prison car, tourist sleeper-type rail
agent at a railhead who assists the rail way car, purchased by the Department of
head officer in moving, releasing , and re the Army, and converted and secured for
turning all railway rolling stock ; railway transporting groups of prisoners by rail.
transportation officer . railway repair shop depot, installation where
rail traffic regulation, planning and directing depot maintenance is performed on Depart
the actual use of railways to utilize rail ment of the Army-owned or - controlled
facilities and equipment most effectively , railway equipment.
in accordance with assigned tasks received | railway roundhouse, installation where organ
from movements control. izational and field maintenance is per
railway actual capability , the maximum daily formed .
net tonnage that can be moved over a rail railway service, military and operating agency
division based upon the characteristics of of the Military Transportation Service
SR 320– 5 – 1
rai 234

established in the theater of operations in shooting at targets. In this meaning,

comprised of Transportation Corps railway also called target range ; 4 . the maximum
supervisory , operating and maintenance distance that an airplane can safely travel
units. It is an intersectional service. without refueling. Operations under range
railway shop battalion , organization of Trans conditions are those in which the aircraft
portation Corps personnel trained to oper fly to a destination at which they must be
ate railway shops (depot) . Executes depot refueled before further flight can be made.
heavy repair of railway equipment ; nor- | range adjustment, correction of firing data so
mally one railway shop battalion can serve I that the impact or burst will be on the
two to three railway operating battalions. target with respect to range.
railway transportation officer. See railroad range angle ,angle between the aircraft-target
transportation officer. line and the vertical line from the aircraft
to the ground at the instant a bomb is
raise pistol, 1 . prescribed movement in the released . Also called dropping angle.
manual of the pistol that includes taking
the pistol out of the holster and raising it range board . See range correction board.
as high as, and 6 inches in front of, the range calibration , adjustment of a radar set
right shoulder ; 2. perform this movement ; so that when “ on target” the radar set will
3 . command to carry out this movement. indicate the correct range.
rallying point, an area (usually predesig range card, 1. small chart on which ranges
nated ) where members of a unit who have and directions to various targets and other
become separated or dispersed reassemble . important points in the region under fire
are recorded ; 2 . small chart showing the
ram , 1. push into position ; seat a projectile proper amount of charge to use for various
in the bore of a gun ; 2 . command to seat ranges within the limits of the weapon .
a projectile in the bore of a gun ; 3 . run
into something head on ; as, to ram a sub range correction , changes of firing data neces
marine. sary to allow for deviations of range due
ram - jet, compressorless jet propulsion device
to weather, materiel, or ammunition .
which depends for its operation on the air range correction board , device with which the
compression accomplished by the forward correction to be applied to a gun is com
motion of the unit. puted mechanically. The correction that
is obtained allows for all nonstandard con
rammer, 1. device for driving a projectile into ditions, such as variations in weather and
position in a gun . It may be hand-oper ammunition , and it is known as the ballis
ated or a part of the receiver mechanism ;
tic correction .
2 . tool used to remove live projectiles from
the bore of a gun . range corrector setting , degree to which the
range scale of a position - finding apparatus
ramp, 1. inclined way which connects differ
must be adjusted before use .
ent levels . Ramps are used for the ground
movement of aircraft from one level to and range -deflection fan , system of graduated lines
other where the difference in elevation is on a chart, or on a transparent protractor,
too great to permit aircraft to move under used in measuring deflection angles and
their own power. The approach to landing ranges.
platforms in warehouses is usually by range determination , process of finding the
ramps, and ramps usually lead from story distance between a gun and a target, usu
to story in multi-story storage buildings ; ally by firing the gun , by estimating with
2 . part of a landing craft or ship , usually the eye, by the use of a range finding in
in the bow , which is used to form a runway strument, or by plotting.
for vehicles and personnel from the craft
or ship to the beach .
range deviation , distance by which a projectile
strikes beyond , or short of, the target. It
ramp sight, type of metallic sight in which is the distance as measured along the gun
the aperture is raised or lowered by mov target line or along a line parallel to the
ing it forward or backward on an inclined gun-target line.
ramp.
range difference, difference between the ranges
random -mixed alphabet, alphabet in which the from any two points to a third point ; es
cipher componen t is constructe d by mixing pecially , the difference between the ranges
the letters at random .
of a target from two different guns.
range, 1 . the horizontal distance between any range disk , graduated disk , used for range
point and a target ; 2 . extent or distance setting, connected mechanically with the
limiting the operation or action of some elevating mechanism of a gun. A range
thing , such as the range of a gun or of a disk usually is graduated in yards of
searchlight ; 3 . area equipped for practice ! range and degrees of elevation .

235
range dispersion diagram , chart indicating the | Ranger , soldier specially trained to make sur
expected percentage of shots fired with the
same data which will fall into each of
eight areas within the dispersion pattern
for ranges .
range drum , graduated indicator of cylinder
type, connected mechanically with the ele
vating mechanism of a gun , used for range
setting .
range error, difference between the range to
the point of impact of a particular projec
tile and the range to the center of impact
of a group of shots fired with the same
data .
range estimation , rough estimate of the dis
tance to a target or other object.
range finder, optical instrument for finding
the distance from a gun to a target . Stere
oscopic and coincidence range finders are
two common types.
range flag , red flag displayed on or near a
target range during firing practice as a
• warning that firing is being conducted .
range guard , guard posted to keep people
away from a target range while firing is
going on .
range house , building with a storeroom , and
sometimes offices, on a target range.
range indicator, card showing the distance in
yards from the firing point to the target ,
used in target practice . Range indicators
are attached to the parts of a landscape
target to show the distances of points from
the firer.
range ladder , a naval term used to describe a
method of adjusting gunfire by firing suc
cessive volleys ; starting with a range
which is assuredly over or short and ap -
plying small uniform range corrections
to the successive volleys until the target
is crossed .
range officer, 1. officer in charge of the prepa
ration and maintenance of a target range
and its equipment ; 2 . artillery officer in
charge both of the equipment and person -
nel for position finding and of the range
section of a battery ; gunnery officer.
range pole, graduated pole used by surveyors
to mark a point for observation from an
other point some distance away.
range practice, actual shooting practice on a
range, as distinguished from preparatory
training for marksmanship .
range probable error, error in range that a
gun may be expected to exceed as often
as not. Range probable error is given in
the firing tables for the gun , and may be
taken as an index of accuracy of the piece. rapid fire, rate of firing small arms or auto
range quadrant, instrument used to measure
elevation in laying a gun .
SR 320 –5 – 1
rap
prise attacks on enemy territory . Rangers
act in small groups, making rapid at
tacks and withdrawing . The name Ranger
is used by the Americans ; the correspond
ing British term for soldiers of this kind
is Commando.
range rake, T-shaped device with pegs set in
the cross . The distance between pegs sub
tends a definite angle at the base of the T .
By sighting with a range rake a flank ob
server can get a quick angular measure
ment of range deviation .
range scale , 1. scale on the arm of a plotting
board where the observed range of a mov
ing target is recorded in finding firing
data ; 2 . graduated scale on the sight or
mount of a gun used to show the elevation
of the gun ; 3. table of firing data giving
elevation settings corresponding to vari
ous ranges for the standard charges.
range section , personnel of a battery whose
duty is observation range finding, and the
plotting of firing data for the guns.
| range sensing, observing the location of the
striking or bursting point of a projectile
with respect to range, and reporting it as
a hit , over , short, lost , doubtful, etc.
Range sensing does not include accurate
determination of distances .
range spotting, watching the burst or impact
of shots to note their deviation beyond ,
or short of the target .
range spread, the arbitrarily selected differ
ence in elevation settings of the batteries
of a battalion firing at a single target, for
the purposes of securing deeper coverage
of the target.
range table, prepared table that gives eleva
tions corresponding to ranges for a gun ,
under various conditions. A range table
is part of a firing table.
range wind , horizontal component of true
wind in the vertical plane through the line
of fire.
| ranging , 1 . wide-scale scouting , especially by
aircraft, designed to search an area sys
tematically ; 2 . locating an enemy gun by
watching its flash, listening to its report,
or other similar means.
ranging pole. See range pole .
rank , 1. that character or quality (degree )
of precedence bestowed on military per
sons which marks their station and confers
eligibility to exercise command or author
ity in the military service within the lim
its prescribed by regulation and law ; 2 . for
decorations, the order of precedence of the
award .
matic weapons, faster than slow fire, but
slower than quick fire.
SR 320 _ 5 _ 1
rat 236
rate of fire, number of shots per minute. | ration articles, classification of the basic pre
rate of march , average marching speed in scribed foods of the Army ration , and
miles per hour, including short periodic proper substitutes for them , as listed in
halts. Army Regulations.
rate of pay, money paid for a definite service. ration cycle , time covering one day's ration or
The rate of pay depends upon grade and three meals. It may begin with any meal.
upon the length and type of service. It in - rationed item , item so designated by the chief
cludes base pay, longevity pay, specialist of technical service due to the fact that de
pay, and additional pay for awards, but mand will exceed supply for a prescribed
does not include allowances for such mat future period . Requisitioned quantities
ters as rations and quarters. are supplied in accordance with a prede
rating, specialist grade held by officer or en termined formula in order to allocate avail
listed personnel, such as pilot, parachutist, able quantities to essential users in accord
gunner , etc. ance with the priority of their demand .
ratioing, reducing or enlarging photographs ration factor, average daily rate of issue per
for use in a mosiac map so that they all man of a subsistence item over a given
have the same scale. period of time ; usually expressed in pounds
ratio method , method of determining the per 1, 000 rations.
amount of reduction or enlargement needed ration interval, the time between submission
to bring an aerial photograph to the scale of a Field Ration Request and the con
of a mosiac map in which it is to be used . sumption of the food .
ration , the allowance of food for the sub ration return , requisition on the quartermas
sistence of one person for one day. ter for rations, submitted by the officer
emergency rations, special type rations de under whom the persons entitled to them
are serving .
signed for troops temporarily cut off
from their normal source of supply under ration savings, difference between the money
combat conditions. allotted for food and the money spent for
field ration , food issued only in actual ar food . Ration savings become part of the
ticles, not in money , and authorized for mess fund and can be spent on extra food
troops in the field . The field ration in items.
cludes the type A ration , the type B ration scale, subsistence requirement ex
ration and the emergency rations. pressed as ration factors of a command for
garrison ration , food allowance for one per a given period of time.
son for one day prescribed for all per- rations in kind , actual food items issued for
sons entitled to a ration in peacetime. consumption ; items may be either cooked
It is issued in the form of a money or uncooked .
allowance .
ration, small detachment, packaged precooked
troop train ration , ration issued for person or prepared foods which may be eaten hot
nel directed to travel by troop train or cold . The principal purpose of this type
(other than hospital train ) where ration is to provide subsistence for troops
kitchen facilities are provided. Troop in combat when cooking facilities are not
train rations are issued in kind (actual available .
food is issued ) based on the allowance
of one ration per person per day. The
ration strength , 1 . for the field ration , actual
cost of the ration , including paper sup number of persons present for meals ; 2.
plies, will not exceed the value of the for the garrison ration , number of persons
garrison ration plus five cents . To pro present for duty who are entitled to a
ration .
vide for unforeseen delays enroute, sales
officers at points of origin will issue an ration supplements , designed to supplement
additional one-third day' s nonperishable the ration , field A , and ration , operational,
troop train ration for each person for B . It is for the use in the field to provide
each day of the scheduled journey, pro essential articles, tobacco , and confections
vided the extra allowance does not ex prior to the establishment of adequate
ceed one full ration . See special purpose Army exchange or comparable sales facil
rations. ities.
ration allowances, money paid instead of au- | rawin , winds aloft observation made by bal
thorized food rations issued in kind. loon and electronic methods without opti
cal aid .
ration and savings account, account, for each
unit, of the kind and value of rations is - rawinsonde, observation of temperature, pres
sued for a given period and the balance due sure, humidity, and winds aloft, made by
the unit or due the Government. electronic means.
 SR 320– 5 - 1
237 rec

raw score, a score obtained on a test as deter- | rear, 1. the direction away from the enemy
mined by the performance itself , to which regardless of the direction of movement ;
no correction or modification of any kind 2 . part of a command farthest behind in
has been applied other than the possible a movement or farthest from the enemy
addition or subtraction of a constant score. in combat.
reaction propulsion , propulsion system in rear area , general term designating the area
which a forward motion or thrust is pro in the rear of the combat and forward
duced by the expulsion of propellent gases areas. For more specific delineation , See
through nozzles or venturi, generally army service area and communications zone.
longitudinally opposed to the intended line rear echelon , that part of a headquarters en
of travel. See jet propulsion ; rocket pro gaged in administrative and supply duties
pulsion . and located a considerable distance behind
readability, ability to be understood , as, the the front lines . The forward echelon in
readability of signals sent by a telegraph cludes the staff agencies and command
or a radio station . facilities that a commander needs in tacti
readiness date, date by which the personnel cal operations.
and impedimenta of a unit are to be pre rear guard, security detachment that protects
pared for movement from the home station the rear of a column from hostile forces.
to a port of embarkation . When impedi During a withdrawal it delays the enemy
menta are to precede personnel, a separate by armed resistance, destroying bridges,
impedimenta readiness date and personnel and blocking roads.
readiness date is announced . The impedi rear party, part of a rear guard that protects
menta readiness date is sometimes referred the support and covers the withdrawal of
to as the equipment readiness date. the rear point. A rear party corresponds
ready position , standard position in which a to the advance party of an advance guard.
rifle or carbine is held just before aiming . I rear point, group of soldiers in a rear guard
In ready position , the right hand grasps farthest to the rear that observes enemy
the small of the stock , the left hand the movements and discourages pursuit by
balance , with the rifle held to the front using harassing fire against the enemy.
and sloping upwards at an angle of about
45°. rear sight, sight nearest the breech of a gun.
It is used in aiming, usually by being put
ready rack , rack for ammunition, available in line with a front sight and the target.
for immediate use.
reassignment, relief of officer or enlisted per
real account, an account in the general ledger sonnel from assignment to a unit or sta
used to record assets, liabilities, or net tion and their permanent assignment to
worth . The balance sheet accounts .
another unit or station .
real estate, lands and interests therein , lease rebuild , to restore to a condition comparable
holds, buildings, improvements and appur to new by disassembling the item to deter
tenances, owned by the United States and mine the condition of each of its compo
under control of the Department of the nent parts, and reassembling it, using serv
Army, real property . It also includes iceable, rebuilt , or new assemblies, sub
piers, docks , warehouses, rights -of-way and assemblies, and parts . Synonymous with
ea sements, whether temporary or perma " overhaul and rebuild ," and " recondition."
nent, and improvements permanently at
tached and ordinarily considered real es recall, 1. bugle call or other signal sounded to
tate. It does not include machinery , call soldiers back to ranks or camp. Recall
equipment or tools which have not been usually signifies the end of a drill or work
affixed to, have been removed from land period ; 2 . cause to come back ; as, to recall
or buildings or may be removed without troops from the front.
destroying the usefulness of the structure. receding log, that portion of the target's
real estate program , acquisition and disposal course line in which the slant range in
of real property or interests therein for creases for successive target positions.
the Department of the Army. Acquisition receipt, money or property received from any
is accomplished by obtaining fee title by source. A written acknowledgement of the
purchase , condemnation , transfer , or dona receiving or taking of goods or money .
tion , and leasehold interests are obtained receiver, 1. receiving instrument for radio ,
through voluntary lease, donation or con telephone, or telegraph messages, in con
demnation . Disposal is accomplished by trast with a transmitter for sending them ;
sale , transfer to other agencies or cancel 2 . part of a gun which takes the charge
lation of leasehold interests. from the magazine and holds it until it is
real property. See real estate . seated in the breech .
SR 320 – 5 – 1
rec
receiving and shipping space, gross space des -
ignated as a work area for receipt and
shipment of supplies.
receiving hospital, naval hospital that serves
as a focal point for receiving patients
from areas overseas, evaluates their con - reclassification , 1. process of reviewing the
dition , and distributes them among the
naval and special hospitals throughout the
United States.
receiving officer, the individual charged with
the custody or storage of property
ceived by means of a shipment is referred
to as a receiving officer, as distinguished
from the consignee on the bill of lading,
since the consignee on the bill of lading is recognition , visual determination through ap
usually the transportation officer. Usu
ally, the receiving officer is an accountable
officer at the station or destination .
238
tion , and returning such items to supply
channels ; 2. government requirement that
a contractor make payment of money or
replacement in kind for losses due to dam
age or spoiling of stores through his fault.
qualifications of military personnel with
the objective of better utilization of cur
rently existing qualifications ; 2 . for civil.
ian personnel subject to the Classification
re Act of 1949, the process of changing the
allocation of a position based on a review
of its duties , showing material changes
in duties and responsibilities.
pearance or behavior of the hostile or
friendly nature of objects or persons. See
identification .

receptacle box , central electrical distribution recognition and identification system , system
box mounted on a gun carriage. A recepta whereby friendly forces on land, sea, or air
cle box serves as a distributor of the fire may recognize each other within or be
control data from a director to the azi tween the land, sea or air . See identifica
muth , elevation , and fuze setter. tion , friend or foe.
reception, 1 . all activities connected with clas. recognition signal, any signal arranged before
sifying and caring for personnel until they hand by which members of a patrol or
are assigned to organizations. Reception other unit may identify each other ,
includes completion of records, immuniza recoil, 1. violent backward movement of a
tion , supplying of clothing and equipment, gun after being fired , caused by a reaction
classification of skills, and assignment to to the forward motion of the projectile and
units ; 2 . quality of receiving as in radio , hot gases ; 2. move backwards under the
etc . force of a propelling explosion . In both
reception period , the initial portion of con - meanings, also called kick .
finement devoted to the indoctrination and recoil booster , component of machine gun
integration of newly arrived prisoners at which traps some of the gas from the bar
correction installations. This period is rel and acts to insure positive recoil action
also used for determining whether newly when the gun is fired at angles other than
arrived prisoners have a contagious dis the usual horizontal.
ease. ( Disciplinary barracks usage.) recoil cylinder, fixed cylinder through which
reception station , place at which recruits and a piston attached to the gun is forced by
newly inducted personnel are examined , the backward motion of the gun on firing .
classified , equipped , immunized and for Recoil is cushioned by springs or by the
warded to their assigned organization . slow passage of air or a fluid through
rechamber, rechambering is normally done by holes in the piston . See hydrospring and
reboring , which is actually the process of hydropneumatic.
altering the chamber rather than providing recoilless, term applied to certain weapons
a new one. employing high velocity gas ports (jets )
reciprocal alphabet , cryptographic alphabet in to counteract recoil, as opposed to absorp
which either of the two sequences may tion of recoil by springs and /or oil flowing
serve as plain or cipher since the equiva through variable orifices.
lents are reversible . recoilless rifle , projectile - firing weapon in
reciprocal laying, method of making the which the rearward movement resulting
11 .
planes of fire of two guns parallel by
1
from firing is essentially eliminated .
pointing the guns in parallel direction . recoil mechanism , mechanism designed to ab
In reciprocal laying, the two guns sight sorb the energy of recoil gradually and so
on each other, than swing out through avoid violent movement of the gun car
supplementary angles to produce equal de riage. The recoil mechanism is usually a
flections from the base line connecting the hydraulic, pneumatic, or spring type shock
two pieces. absorber that permits the barrel assembly
reclamation , 1 . process of restoring to useful to move to the rear while resistance is
ness condemned , discarded , abandoned , or progressively built up.
damaged materiel, or parts or components recoil-operated , operated by the energy of
thereof hy repair, refabrication , or renova- l recoil. The ejecting and loading mecha
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
239 rec

nisms are actuated and the firing mecha - | by army, corps, divisions, and any other
nism is positioned by the force of the bar- interested party .
rel moving to the rear under pressure of reconnaissance by fire, method of reconnais
the powder gases. Recoil-operated weap sance in which fire is placed on a suspected
ons are classified as long recoil when the enemy position to cause the enemy to dis
barrel and breechblock or bolt recoil the en close his presence by movement or by re
tire distance together , and as short recoil turning the fire .
when the breechblock or bolt is unlocked reconnaissance camera , oblique or vertical
and the barrel is stopped after only a short aerial camera used in making photographs
distance of recoil together . -
for reconnaissance purposes .
recoil pit, pit dug near the breech of a gun to reconnaissance flare, parachute flare used in
provide space for the breech when it moves air recoanaissance to light up the ground.
backward during recoil.
reconnaissance in force , attack by a consider
recoil system . See recoilmechanism . able force of troops used to discover and
recondition , renovate, repair , overhaul, re test the enemy's position and strength .
build or take any combination of these reconnaissance mission , any specifically as
actions in order to return an item to a signed task in scouting a particular area .
state of serviceability . The flight of an airplane to take photo
reconnaissance, directed effort in the field to graphs of an objective and to observe the
gather information of the enemy, terrain , enemy is a reconnaissance mission .
or resources which is undertaken by an reconnaissance net, any system of radio sta
appropriate element of the armed forces. tions used in reconnaissance.
· Not to be confused with espionage. reconnaissance officer, officer who conducts re
battle reconnaissance , continual observa connaissance for the command. His duties
tion made, under combat conditions, of include reconnaissance and observation
the terrrain , disposition of the enemy, and surveys of routes and positions.
etc. It is made during or immediately reconnaissance of position , detailed examina
before battle , when in close contact with tion of terrain as a basis for the selection
the enemy. of advantageous locations for guns and
close reconnaissance, reconnaissance of a troops.
region near at hand. Close reconnais- reconnaissance party, any group sent out to
sance furnishes the commander with tac reconnoiter ; a group sent to make a de
tical decisions. tailed study of a particular locality.
combat reconnaissance, reconnaissance of reconnaissance patrol, patrol sent out to ob
the enemy in immediate contact with tain information , to maintain contact with
one's own forces, preliminary to , or dur the enemy, to capture prisoners for ques
ing , combat. tioning, or to observe a particular area .
distant reconnaissance, exploration of objec reconnaissance photography, taking pictures
tives that lie outside immediate striking from aircraft, and analyzing and interpret
range of a force, but about which de ing them to obtain information of ground
tailed information is essential for mili activities, installations, or terrain . Also
tary planning. called intelligence photography.
strategic reconnaissance, search woonwide
over wide reconnaissance radar. See radar reconnais
sance .
areas, usually by air, to gain information
of enemy concentrations or movements reconnaissance scout, scout sent out to recon
that would aid in making strategic or noiter. A reconnaissance scout takes full
large-scale decisions. advantage of cover and concealment in
order to gather useful information without
reconnaissance aviation , aviation of any type
whose primary duty is the gathering of
being seen or fired upon by the enemy.
information . See photographic reconnais - | reconnaissance strip, series of overlapping
sance aerial photographs which , when joined to
gether, will provide a rough continuous
reconnaissance boat, boat used for reconnais picture of the area photographed . A re
sance of rivers and other bodies of water . connaissance strip is generally used in
It may be made of rubberized fabric and studying a long narrow piece of terrain
blown up with air for use . such as a river or a road .
reconnaissance broadcast, radio broadcast op
| reconnoiter, make a thorough search for use
erated by the ground liaison officer with a
reconnaissance unit to disseminate the re ful information in the field ; conduct a
sults of visual, photographic or radar re reconnaissance.
connaissance. This broadcast is monitored I reconsignment. See diversion .
SR 320– 5 – 1
rec 240
reconsignment point, place for the distribu retirement of all noncurrent files accumu
tion of aviation gasoline when it cannot be lated within an office, command or installa
handled through the established regulating ation , to prepare disposal schedules on
stations, records not covered by published disposal
reconstitute, 1. replace on the rolls of the standards and to exercise staff supervision
army in an inactive status a table of or- || over all filing policies and practices within
ganization and equipment unit which has an office, command, or installation .
previously been disbanded . This can be records administrators, individuals designated
done only by authority of the Secretary of by heads or commanders of administrative
the Army ; 2, restoring water to dehydrated and technical services and zone of interior
foods ; 3. to reform or remake, such as to and oversea commands who serve in a tech
reconstitute a reserve . nical staff relationship to The Adjutant
recoopering , the repair of casks, cases, hogs General on all matters relating to records
heads and packaging which has been dam - 1 management.
aged . recoupment, repayment, or recovery ofmoney.
record book, book in which is kept a detailed Recoupment is usually a payment to an
record of all information of importance individual for expenses , but may be a pay
about a gun battery , mine group , or similar ment to the government by an individual
unit. for losses that are his fault or are due to
recorder, 1. member of the crew of a gun , mine 1 his carelessness.
planter, plotting station , radar system , or recover, 1. go back to a position just held in
the like, whose duty is to make a record of drill or practice ; 2 . command to go back to
all fire control information , reports, com any such position ; 3. solve or reconstruct
mands, messages, times of fire, targets, cryptographic data or plain text ; 4 . return
etc. ; 2 . member of a board of officers who of damaged , unserviceable , or abandoned
is responsible for the preparation of the materiel to supply or maintenance chan
record of the board 's proceedings. nels. Usually applicable to combat zone
record firing, target practice in which a record only ; 5 . See recoverable item .
is kept. For small arms, this record is the recoverable item , article considered by the cog
basis of a soldier' s classification in marks nizant Technical Service to be worth being
manship . repaired and used again .
recording (intelligence), the arrangement of recovery party , 1. group sent to locate and
information in a systematic manner to bring back damaged materiel that can be
facilitate its being processed into intelli repaired and used again ; 2. surveying
gence . party sent to locate identifiable features
recording target , target in the back of a score of terrain and to mark them on aerial
book on which shots are plotted to preserve photographs of an area , for use as controls
a record of the firing . in map making .
record material, all books, papers, maps, recovery vehicle, special purpose vehicle
photographs, or other documentary mate equipped with winch , hoist, or boom for
rials , regardless of physical form or char recovery of vehicles. See rescue vehicle.
acteristics , made or received by the mili- | recreation center, a hotel or other improved
tary establishment in pursuance of Fed facility offering billeting and messing ac
eral law or in connection with the trans commodations for military personnel on
action of public business and preserved or leave or pass. Usually provides, in addi
appropriate for preservation by that tion , recreational, social and entertain
agency or its legitimate successor as evi ment programs.
dence of the organization , function , poli
cies, decisions, procedures, operations, or recreation fund , unit fund maintained and
other activities of the Government or administered for the welfare, pleasure, and
because of the informational value of the improvement of morale of the members of
data . the command to which the fund belongs.
record of events, morning report entry which recreation officer, a commissioned officer ,
consists of basic data from which the his trained in military recreation who is re
tory of an organization is compiled . All sponsible for the development and opera
changes affecting an organization are re tion of voluntary free -time activities for
corded as they occur. In the event no military personnel such as crafts, libraries,
changes occur, entry will be made on the music, service clubs, soldier shows, sports ,
10th , 20th , and last day of the month , and motion pictures.
recording , “ usual organizationalduties.” recreative sports, refers to comprehensive
records officers, individuals designated to as sports program , supervised by the Special
sume responsibility for the destruction and Services officer, which is participated in
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
241 ree

· on a voluntary basis for recreational theater to another theater, or to another

purposes . location within the theater, or to the con
recruit, ask persons to join a military organ tinental United States for the purpose of
ization , further employment.
recruiting district , geographical subdivision of redeployment training, training for individ
an army area in continental United States uals and units being reassigned to another
established for the purpose of administer - theater of operations .
ing recruiting activities. redesignate , to change the official name and /
recruiting main station , installation estab or number of a unit. The redesignation
lished as required under each recruiting of a unit has the effect of removing the
district for the purpose of processing original designation from current records
enlistees. and substituting the new designation .
recruiting officer, officer assigned to operate redistribution station , installation at which
military personnel who have been returned
recruiting and induction stations in cities
and towns of a district. from theaters of operations are assembled
for processing prior to assignment in the
recruiting service, the field service force which
United States or return to oversea duty .
operates the recruiting program for the
Processing normally includes occupational
United States Army and United States Air and physical classification , mental and
Force . physical reconditioning , orientation , rein
recruiting station , installation established un doctrination , reconditioning of records and
der each recruiting main station , at which appropriate assignment.
prospective recruits are contacted and redout, reddening of the vision as a result of
preliminarily screened for enlistment.
deceleration.
recruitment, act or process of obtaining per | reduce, 1. neutralize an enemy position ; 2 .
sonnel for a military organization ,
clear a stoppage in a weapon ; 3. lower
rectangle of dispersion , area , assumed to be the rank or grade of an individual in ac
rectangular, in which the projectiles of a cordance with Army Regulations.
piece will fall when the piece is fired with
reduced charge, ammunition propelling charge
the same firing data under apparently iden that is less than a normal charge.
tical conditions.
reduced strength column , a column in a T / 0 & E
rectangular coordinates , system of lines drawn which adapts the table to the lesser re
parallel to two fixed lines of reference as quirements for personnel and equipment
known distances from them . A point may during prolonged noncombat periods and
be located in such a system by the inter
section of two such lines drawn parallel
for a limited period of combat.
to, and at known distances from , thee two
two | reduced strength unit, a unit organized at the
minimum organizational strength consist
known perpendicular reference lines.
ent with the demands of a long noncombat
rectification, 1. correction by optical or draft period and a limited period of combat.
ing methods for tilt in an aerial photo reduction , 1 . destruction of an enemy posi
graph ; rectifying. Rectification does not tion ; 2 . clearance of a stoppage in a
correct for the distortion , due to differ weapon ; 3 . reduction of a person in grade
ences of altitude in the terrain covered by
the photograph ; 2 . in electricity , changing or rank by proper authority .
an alternating or oscillating current to an reduction coefficient, ratio of observer-target
undirectional current ; 3. in chemistry, re distance to gun -target distance . Reduc
fining or purifying such as to rectify used tion coefficient is the number by which an
oil, observed deviation is multiplied in order
to correct firing data at the guns.
recuperator. See counterrecoil mechanism .
reduction table. See reduced strength column.
recuperator mechanism . See counterrecoil
mechanism . reefer, a refrigerated vehicle , freight car, or
ship.
Red Cross, civilian welfare agency organized ,
in several countries to give aid and relief re-encipher , to encipher the plain text or
paraphrased version thereof or code text
in time of war or other national emer
more than once ; opposed to superencipher
gency . The various national agencies,
such as the American National Red Cross, ment in which cipher text is enciphered .
are coordinated in their international ac- re-encode, encode the same plain text or para
tivities under the International Red Cross phrased version thereof more than once.
Committee .
re- encrypt, encrypt the plain text or para
redeployment, transfer of a unit, an individ - phrased version thereof or code text more
ual or supplies deployed in an oversea than once.
277763° — 53 — 16
SR 320–5 – 1
ree
reenlistment bonus, bonus paid to enlisted
member (who reenlists within three
months from date of honorable discharge )
for service which is to be performed , as
distinguished from enlistment allowance
which is paid for past service in other
cases.
reentrant, wedge-shaped dent driven into a
front line by enemy action . The corre bling place for civilians being removed
sponding dent, or depression in the oppos from combat areas.
ing line is called a salient. regiment, administrative and tactical unit , on
refer , 1 . bring the gun sights on a chosen
aiming point without moving an artillery
piece which has been laid for direction ; 2 .
command for this adjustment.
reference. See reference point.
reference datum , arbitrary plane (established
by design ) at or near the nose of an air
craft, perpendicular to its longitudinal regimental mail clerk, enlisted person detailed
axis from which distances are measured , by commanders of regiments , groups, and
usually in inches, to the various station
numbers in the aircraft . .
reference line, any line to which directions or
azimuths are referred . The zero azimuth
line from which other azimuths are meas
ured is a reference line.
reference number , one of a series of numbers
chosen to represent the actual values of
units of measure, especially in fire control,
to avoid the use of plus, minus, up, down,
right, and left.
reference piece, one gun of a battery selected
as the standard with which to compare the
firing of the other guns. Each of the other
guns is called a test piece .
reference point, prominent, easily located
point in a terrain ; reference. The location
of a target or other point is expressed in
angular difference from the reference
point.
referring point, new aiming point on which
gunners are to refer an artillery piece
that has been laid for direction .
refile , the reprocessing of messages into ap-
propriate procedure for transfer outside of
the net.
reflecting projector , device which throws an
enlarged image of a photograph on a draw
ing board. A reflecting projector is used
in working out control points, radial lines,
etc.
reflex sight, on -carriage aiming device which
projects an image of a recticle into the field region commander, officer in charge of air
of view of the gun pointer as he looks at
the target through an inclined glass reflec
tor plate.
reflight, another flight over the same course
to secure photographs to fill in for those
missing or defective in a mosaic .
refresher instruction , review , or additional
training, given to personnel who have al
242
ready had training in a skill, task , or
subject of study .
refugee , civilian within the national bounda
ries of his country who by reason of war
is either temporarily homeless or volun
tarily removed or distant from his home.
See displaced person.
refugee evacuation center, temporary assem
a command level below a division or bri
gade and above a battalion , the entire or
ganization of which is prescribed by Table
of Organization . The commanding officer
of a regiment is usually a colonel.
regimental combat team . See combat team
( regimental) .
comparable organizations to operate the
mail service ; organizational mail clerk .
regimental order, any directive issued by a
regimental headquarters , such as the order
organizing and assigning officers and men
to a newly formed company .
regimental reserve position , position behind a
regimental reserve line in which the re
serve units of a regiment are disposed in
readiness for combat.
regimental train . See unit train .
region , division of an air defense area .
regional chart, one of a series of maps cover
ing the entire area of the United States
at a scale of 1 : 1 ,000,000 and using the
Lambert projection , Regional charts are
particularly used in air navigation .
regional control board, board of officers of the
aircraft warning service which oversees
the plotting and filtering of information
received from radar units and observation
posts in a particular region .
regional purchase, standard items or classes
of items specifically assigned by Army Reg
ulations, Special Regulations, supply bul
letins, or by instructions of the Office of
The Quartermaster General to be regu
larly purchased by depots to supply the
normal requirements of subinstallations or
posts, camps, or stations located within the
designated area of distribution .
defense in a particular locality.
register, 1 . adjust fire on a visible point,
called a check point, and compute accurate
adjusted data so that firing data for later
targets may be computed with reference
to that check point ; 2. adjust fire on sev
eral selected points in order that they may
serve later as auxiliary targets.

243
registered matter , any classified document or
device which bears a register number, and
for which routine accounting to the office
of record is required.
register number , number assigned to regis
tered matter for accounting purpose.
registrar, officer in charge of all records and
reports of patients in a military hospital.
registration fire, that fire delivered to obtain
corrections for increasing the accuracy of
subsequent artillery fires.
registration number, specific number or sym
bol of a series, assigned to an individual
item when it is registered. See serial non
ber.
registration point, terrain feature or other |
designated point on which fire is adjusted
and firing data are computed .
Regular Army, permanent Army maintained
in peace as well as in war ; standing Army ;
one of the major components of the United
States Army.
Regular Army Reserve, Reserve component of
the Regular Army, consisting of honorably
discharged members available on call for
military service.
regular sheaf, sheaf in which the bursts or reimbursable personnel, there are two classi
impacts are approximately on a line and
are equally spaced laterally .
regulated item , any item over which it is
desired by proper authority to exercise
close supervision of distribution to indi
vidual units or commands because the item
is scarce, costly, or of a highly technical or
hazardous nature.
regulating officer, officer in command of a reg
ulating station responsible for the smooth ,
orderly movement of troops and materiel
within the area controlled .
regulating station , a transportation agency
established to control all movements of
personnel and supplies into , within , and
out of a given area .
regulating unit, unit within a marching col
umn that sets the pace for the rest of the
column. The rate of march of the column
is controlled by the regulating unit.
regulation , 1. any of the official policies and
rules for the governing and training any
branch of the Army, e. g. the Army Regu
lations ; 2. authorized ; according to , or
required by, regulation .
rehabilitation , 1. processing, usually in a rela
tively quiet area , of units or individuals
recently withdrawn from combat or ardu | reinforcing field artillery fires, the support
ous duty, during which units recondition given the infantry and / or artillery when
equipmentand are rested , furnished special medium and heavy antiaircraft artillery
recreation facilities, filled up with replace
ments , issued replacement supplies and
equipment, given training , and generally
made ready for employment in future oper-
SR 320– 5 – 1
rel
a tions. Also applies to the action taken
to return immobilized individuals such as
military prisoners and hospital patients
to military duty ; 2 . action taken by a mili
tary commander, generally subsequent to
hostilities, as a result of policy or inter
national law to improve the physical, men
tal, or moral status of a civil population
or to promote eventual strength and sta
bility of the government or economy of
the area of his operations.
rehabilitation area, locality to which forces
and their organic equipment are withdrawn
upon completion of an operation , or series
of operations, for reorganization , refitting ,
recuperation , reconditioning , maintenance,
and training preparatory to recommitment.
rehabilitation center, Army correctional in
stallation used in periods of national emer
gency as a vehicle for rehabilitating and
restoring prisoners to duty . Oversea de
tention and rehabilitation centers, disci
plinary training centers, and disciplinary
training companies are included .
rehearsal, an exercise which rehearses actual
plans prepared for a specific assigned com
bat mission ,
fications of reimbursables ; these are : all
military personnel authorized to , and per
forming duty with , a governmental agency
other than those of the Department of
Defense for whose services the Depart
ment of the Army receives reimbursement
from the using agency ; personnel fur
nished by the Department of the Army to
activities classified as Civil Functions of
the Department. See noneffective.
reinforce, to strengthen by the addition of
personnel or military equipment.
reinforcements, 1. troops and equipment used
to strengthen another force , especially for
combat purposes ; replacements ; 2. See
Army Reserve reinforcements as used in the
Army Reserve program .
reinforcing artillery fire, artillery fire deliv
ered on call from the reinforced unit by
an artillery unit assigned a reinforcing
mission .
reinforcing artillery mission , an artillery tac
tical mission requiring one artillery unit
to augment the fires of another artillery
unit upon call. It may be either a primary
or secondary mission for the reinforcing
unit.
pieces are used to supplement the normal
field artillery weapons.
relative rank, 1. comparative rank or position
of authority among officers holding the
SR 320 – 5 – 1
rel 244

same grade ; 2 . corresponding rank in ani or unit that takes over or gives aid . The
other service. An admiral and a general man who takes a sentinel' s place is called
have the same relative rank . his relief.
relay, the moving of the same load ( troops relief map, 1. map that shows the different
or supplies ) in a continuous direction , by heights of a surface by using shading,
different vehicles or units for each leg of colors, tints, etc. See layer tints ; 2 . three
the trip . dimensional topographic model of small
re- lay, 1. lay a gun for firing again ; point a scale .
gun for firing again when at the moment relieve, 1 . release an individual or organiza
the signal to fire is given it becomes appar tion from a duty or assignment ; 2 . replace
ent that the gun will not be pointed in an officer or enlisted man , or a unit , in an
time; 2 . command to lay a gun again . assignment ; 3 . bring aid to a military
relay message, message which reaches its des force .
tination by passing through one or more religious fund. See chaplains fund.
intermediate stations. relocation , 1. determining the range and azi.
relay point, station or installation at which muth from one station to a target when
supplies are transferred from one carrier the range and azimuth from another sta
to another , or at which radio messages are tion to the target are known ; 2 . determin
picked up and rebroadcast for forwarding ing the range and azimuth of a future posi
to another relay point or to their final tion of a moving target.
destination . relocation clock , circular diagram used in fire
relay post, point in an ambulance shuttle adjustment to show accurately the posi
system where empty ambulances are held tions of a moving target and the deviations
ready to be sent to replace an ambulance of shots as reported by observers .
which has left the next post forward in the remaining velocity , speed of a projectile at any
system . point along its path of fire. Remaining
relay station . See relay point. velocity is usually measured in feet per
release, 1. let go ; let loose ; as, to release a second .
man from active duty ; 2 . let troops or remission of sentence, lessening the punish
equipment go to another organization ; ment imposed upon an individual who has
3 . document freeing a man or organization been tried and convicted by court-martial.
from further responsibility over some. remote control, control from a distance. Guns
thing ; 4 . act of dropping a bomb or cargo are often laid for firing by remote control
from an aircraft ; 5 . drop a bomb or cargo through a data transmission system .
from an aircraft .
remote control system , method of control from
release altitude (troop carrier aviation ) , alti a distance ; mechanical, electrical and
tude or aircraft above the ground at time hydraulic system that transmits firing data
of glider release. from a distant director to a gun . The data
release fire, normal antiaircraft action status are applied to the gun either by hand or
under which antiaircraft artillery units automatically.
· will enage aircraft according to the rules remote gun control, pointing a gun in azimuth
for engagement. and elevation by means of a remote control
release of back order. See release of due out. system , which automatically keeps the gun
release of due out, discharge of an installa pointed according to the firing data .
tion ' s responsibility to furnish supplies by removal liner, 1. rifled inner cylinder of a gun
shipment, cancellation , or extraction to tube, made so it can be taken out and re
other source of supply. See due out. placed when it becomes worn ; 2. inner
release point, a location at which specified liner to metal helmet .
elements of a column or convoy revert to removal of surplus property , act of effecting
control of their respective commanders . shipment of surplus property to purchasers
releasing officer, properly designated individ or to disposal agencies' storage facilities
ual who may authorize the sending of a from Department of the Army installa
message for and in the name of the origi tions, upon receipt of disposition instruc
nator. tions from disposal agencies.
relief, 1. representation on a map of ground | rendezvous, 1 . designated meeting point, espe
forms, such as ridges, valleys, mountains, cially for mobilizing or assembly after a
etc. ; 2 . release from a particular duty or march ; 2 . bring together, or gather, at a
assignment ; 3. replacement of a unit by given assembly point.
another unit ; 4. change of soldiers on duty , rendezvous area, area in which the boats ren
particularly interior guard duty ; 5 . person dezvous after being loaded prior to move
 SR 320 _ 5 _ 1
245 rep

ment to the line of departure in an am - | repairs and utilities, those activities relating
phibious operation . to the repair , rehabilitation and mainte
rendezvous point, 1. predetermined point at nance of buildings, structures, grounds,
which naval aircraft and /or ships rendez utility systems and other real property ;
vous before or after an operation ; 2 . fire protective measures therefor ; the con
struction of alterations, additions and er
point where fighter escort joins to protect
troop carrier aircraft en route ; 3 . in spe tensions to such existing facilities ; opera
cial operations, point at which naval ships tion of utilities ; and performance of in
or submarines establish contact in enemy seet, rodent, and pest control measures.
controlled territory with partisans or repatriate, 1 . a person being returned to his
special operations personnel for the deliv native country ; 2. to send a person to his
ery of supplies , or pickup or discharge of homeland .
personnel. repatriation , 1. return or being returned to
renegotiation , proceeding under the Renego one's own country ; return of refugees to
tiation Act to determine the existence of their own locality ; 2. return of sick and
and secure the repayment to the govern wounded enemy prisoners of war to the
ment of excessive profits, if any, for a country they were serving at the time of
fiscal year or other period, received or their capture or to a neutral country prior
accrued under contracts and subcontracts to the cessation of hostilities ; 3 . return of
subject to statutory renegotiation . enemy prisoners of war , after the conclu
sion of peace to the country they were
renegotiation agreement, voluntary agreement serving at the time of their capture, or to
resulting from renegotiation , which pro the country of their allegience ; 4. return
vides for the repayment of that portion of of the bodies of deceased personnel from
the profits found to be excessive, or for theaters of operations to the United States.
price reductions, or both .
repeating -key method ,method of encipherment
renovation , 1 . process of restoring materiel to , using a plurality of alphabets and a key
or nearly to , its original condition by clean which repeats to indicate the number, iden
ing , painting or similar methods ; 2 . resto tity, and sequence of the cipher alphabets
ration of ammunition to serviceable condi employed .
tion by operations more extensive or haz
repeat range, command given by an observer
ardous than reconditioning, normally by
in conducting fire to obtain fire at the
the replacement of components . same range as previous rounds.
rental allowance , authorized money allowance | replacement , individual assigned or destined
made when living quarters are not supplied for assignment to fill a vacancy in an
in kind. organization . The term includes hospi
reorder point, arbitrary level of stock on talized personnel, previously dropped from
hand plus dues- in , at or below which rou the rolls of organizations, when discharged
tinę requisitions for replenishment pur from a hospital for return to duty. See
poses are submitted . The requisition is filler .
normally submitted on the next scheduled replacement company, a company in the in
requisitioning date. fantry, armored , and airborne divisions
reorganize, 1 . restore order in a unit after where replacements are received , adminis
combat, by replacing casualties, reassign tered , and trained pending assignment to
ing men if necessary, replenishing the am units of the division .
munition supply and performing whatever | replacement depot, military establishment,
other actions are necessary or possible in usually located in the theater of opera
order to prepare the unit for further attack tions, where replacements are assembled
or pursuit of the enemy ; 2 . change from and then distributed to fill vacancies in
one type of unit to another within an arm organizations.
or service, or to change personnel and replacement factor, a number , expressed as a
equipment within a unit in accordance decimal, which when multiplied by the
with newly published or revised tables of total projected quantity of an item in use ,
organization which supersede previously gives the quantity of that item required to
published tables.
be replaced during a given period of time.
repair, to restore that which is unserviceable replacement issues, that portion of issues
to a serviceable condition by adjusting or made to using agencies which replace
replacing damaged or unserviceable parts, equipment previously supplied in order
components, or assemblies . that standards of efficiency and quantity
repair forecast, the quantity of items esti as prescribed by equipment authorization
mated to be repaired or rebuilt for issue documents will be maintained . Such
during a stated future period . issues constitute replacement of losses due
ŠR 320–5 – 1
rep 246
to wearing out beyond economical repair , | report of survey, official report used to record
abandonment, destruction , enemy action , the circumstances concerning the loss , un
and pilferage. The following issues do not serviceability, or destruction of property ,
constitute replacement issues : in transit and serves as, or supports , a voucher for
losses attributable to ship sinkings, losses droppage of items from the property rec
of certain items of clothing incident to the ords on which they are listed . It also
separation of personnel from the service, serves to determine all question of respon
issues such as interdepot transfers, re sibility (pecuniary or otherwise ) for the
placement of unserviceable but economi absence or condition of the articles.
cally repairable equipment, and issues to Reports, Control Symbol (RCS ) , a symbol of
an organization to replace serviceable identification assigned to a report by a
equipment withdrawn from that organiza reports control office to indicate approval
tion . in accordance with AR 335 – 15 and to
replacement pool, reservoir of personnel who authorize initiation and preparation of the
are available for assignment to fill vacan report.
cies ; pool. representative fraction , the relationship be
replacement training center , military establish tween map distance and ground distance
ment where replacements are trained prior expressed as a ratio ; for example 1 : 25 ,000
to being assigned permanent stations ; or 1 / 25 ,000 (one inch on map equals
replacement center. 25 ,000 inches on ground ) . Also called
replenishment requisition , requisition sub map scale .
mitted on the dates prescribed by the sup - reprisal, an otherwise unlawful act of war
plying depots to replenish station stocks up used by a commander as a last resort to
to the authorized station control level. force obedience to the rules of warfare by
replenishment spare parts, spare parts pro the opposing force . Used in retaliation
cured to make up deficiencies , replace
for an unlawful act committed by the
issues, and provide continued maintenance opposing force.
parts beyond those furnished by first year required date, the date indicated on each
initial concurrent spare parts for all mate requisition , by which the requisitioned
rial in service . items will be needed by the requisitioner
to maintain prescribed stock levels or meet
replenishment supplies, supplies required peri
special or emergency requirements.
odically to reconstitute stocks which have
been depleted by issue or loss during a required supply rate, amount of ammunition
period. for each type weapon , expressed in rounds
per weapon per day, required to sustain
reply (after challenging ), secret word or dis operations of any designated force without
tinctive sound used by a challenger in iden restriction .
tifying himself to a challenged person or
party after receiving a password . See requirement plan, type of plan based on de
challenge and reply . sired forces and resources, and depends
upon a favorable budget and mobilization
report, 1 . official statement of facts, written
plan before it can be realized . Neverthe
or oral ; 2. make such a statement ; 3. com less, this type of plan is vital to national
mand to give the attendance of a unit ; security since it projects the aims and
4 . present oneself ; appear for duty ; 5 . dis commitments into the future, thereby pro
close a crime, misdemeanor, or offense ; viding a basis for meeting serious contin
6 . sharp explosive sound of a shot, burst gencies that might develop . It is com
ing shell, or bomb .
monly called a future plan .
reporting period, time between successive off requirements, need or demand for personnel,
cial reports on ammunition. The period is equipment and supplies, other materiel, re
set, by administrative orders, according to sources, facilities , or services by specific
the situation .
periods of time or at specified times . More
report of change, official report prepared by specifically, this need or demand is that of
the custodian of officers' qualification rec a definite organization or group of individ
ords whenever an entry is accomplished on uals in order to perform a definite mission ,
the organizational copy in order to main e . g ., carry out a definite plan .
tain copies of the qualification records in mobilization requirements , as opposed to
certain higher echelons. current requirements, are those require .
report of separation , report made whenever a ments which are estimated in peacetime
commissioned officer, Army nurse, war to support mobilization of the national
rant officer , or contract surgeon is sepa economy in war. Specifically , they are
rated from active service by discharge, the requirements to support a definite
retirement, resignation , or dismissal. war plan and other official comple
 SR 320– 5 – 1
247 res

mentary and subsidiary plans for speci- | requiring department, department originating
fied periods. Mobilization requirements a requisition or procurement request for
include requirements for munitions and supplies or services to be purchased by
military manpower , and contributory re another department.
quirements for indirect purposes . requisition , 1 . authoritative demand or re
quantitative requirements, the number or quest, especially for personnel, supplies or
quantity of materials, supplies and services authorized but not made available
equipment items needed to fulfill antici without specific request ; 2. to make such a
pated demand. demand or request ; 3. to demand or re
requirements, materiel : quire services from an invaded or con
quered nation ,
mobilization materiel requirement, total
quantity required to support completely requisition editing, examination of requisi
the approved joint mobilization plan tions and issue slips to determine that
from M -day to a specified date . items are within authorized allowances,
mobilization materiel procurement capability , are correctly computed , are available , are
estimated total quantity which can be properly identified , and are checked for
acquired from M -day to a specified date. proper shipping date.
M -day materiel requirement, quantity re- requisitioning objective, quantity of supply
quired to be in existence on M -day to computed for each individual item which
support completely the joint mobiliza is authorized to be on hand in or on order
tion plan until acquisitions after M -day to a theater of operations. It includes the
are adequate. minimum level of supply, operating range
peace time force materiel requirement, gross of supply and the order and shipping time
quantity required to equip and train quantity.
planned peacetime forces, Regular and requisition line item , unit of work measure
Reserve, and support scheduled estab ment in supply operations based on one
lishment through normal appropriations line entry on a requisition , shipping order ,
and procurement lead-time periods ( cur or other related document.
rent and two succeeding fiscal years ). | rerailer, device used to enable a locomotive
mobilization reserve materiel requirement,
to replace derailed rolling stock on the
quantity required to be stocked , in ad rails without using lifting gear. A de
dition to peacetime force material re railed steam locomotive can often rerail
quirement to support completely the ap
itself using this device.
proved joint mobilization plan until ac
quisitions after M -day are sufficient. rescind, in connection with published direc
peace time operating stock , portion desig tives to denote cancellation in whole or in
nated to meet peacetime force materiel part as of announced date and not other
wise retroactive. Replacement of can
requirement.
celled portions may or may not be made.
mobilization reserve stock , portion of total
quantity designated to meet the mobiliza rescue vehicle, vehicle used to bring in dam
tion reserve materiel requirement. aged vehicles for repair.
mobilization reserve materiel procurement ob research, continuous process of scientific in
jectives , quantity required to be procured in vestigation to discover and establish new
peacetime, in addition to the peacetime scientific facts, techniques, and physical
force materiel procurement objective, to laws. It is not usually related to specific
support the mobilization plan . types of materiel ; however, impetus may
be provided , or direction received from
peacetime force materiel procurement objec demonstrated or suspected possibilities for
tives, quantity required to be procured in
new types of materiel or techniques .
peacetime to balance peacetime operating
stock with peacetime force materiel re resection
ting
, method of locating a point by plot
the intersection of rays obtained from
quirement.
sights taken to two or more points , whose
requirements responsibility, responsibility con locations are already known.
nected with procurement which involves
the determination by a technical service reservation bureau, a field agency of the zone
of the requirements of the using arms and transportation office which obtains air ,
services for items for which the service is railroad , bus, or hotel reservations for
responsible under existing Army Regula qualified military and civilian personnel,
tions. When only one service is indicated traveling individually or in groups of 14
or less.
as having responsibility for determinaton
of requirements for an item , that service is reserve, 1 . portion of a body of troops which
responsible for consolidating the require- is kept to the rear, or withheld from action
ments of all arms and services. at the beginning of an engagement, avail
SR 320–5– 1
res 248
able for a decisive movement. See general Reserve Officers ' Training Corps, military
reserve ; operational reserve ; reserve force ; training organization at a civilian educa
theater (or area ) reserve ; floating reserve ; 2. tional institution . The Reserve Officers '
members of the Department of Defense Training Corps is established to give mili
who are not in active service but who are tary training and to qualify selected stu
subject to call to active duty ; 3. portion of dents for appointments as Reserve officers .
an appropriation or contract authoriza - | reserve parachute, second parachute used in
tion held or set aside for future operations the event the main parachute fails to func
or contingencies and in respect to which tion properly .
administrative authorization to incur com reserve requirements, supplies and equipment
mitments or obligations has been with necessary to meet emergency situations
held ; 4. see reserve supplies . that may be expected in a campaign .
reserve command, major tactical unit of com reserves. See reserve supplies and reserve.
bined arms within an armored division ,
reserve supplies, supplies accumulated in ex
consisting of a headquarters and headquar cess of immediate needs to meet antic
ters company and a variable number of
ipated demands which cannot be accu
attached units or elements. rately determined in advance .
reserve components, a term used when re- ! battle reserves , reserves accumulated by an
ferring collectively to the components of army, detached corps, or detached divi
the United States Army other than the sion in the vicinity of the battlefield , in
Regular Army. It consists of the Na addition to unit and individual reserves,
tional Guard of the United States and the to meet special contingencies.
Army Reserve. beach reserves, in an amphibious operation ,
reserved area , area on the surface of the land an accumulation of supplies of all
or water designed and set apart by Execu classes established in dumps on the
tive Order of the President for purposes beach to meet unexpected contingencies
of national defense , admittance to which is of the operation .
either prohibited or restricted . unit reserves, prescribed quantity of sup
plies carried by a unit as a reserve to
reserved road , road reserved for certain units
cover emergencies.
or vehicles or for one class of traffic only . war reserves, that quantity of supplies, ma
reserved route, route set aside for the ex teriel, and equipment prescribed at the
clusive use of a particular unit or organiza Department of the Army level which is
tion , a specified type of traffic, or for some retained for use in the event of mobiliza
other specific purpose. In addition to or tion for war. See theater (or area ) re
ganizational control it requires adequate serve; operational reserve.
military police traffic control to deny entry
resign , voluntarily leave the Army in accord .
on the route to unauthorized traffic . It ance with Army Regulations.
may or may not be operated as a dispatch
route. resignation , 1. giving up of a commission ;
leaving the Army at one's own request,
reserved space , storage space earmarked by subject to restrictions imposed by Army
depot authority for the storage of supplies Regulations ; 2. written statement giving
due in .
notice that one resigns.
Reserve duty, military duty , other than ac- resolution in azimuth , the angle by which two
tive Federal duty, which is performed by targets must be separated in azimuth in
Army Reserve personnel. order to be distinguished by a radar set,
Reserve duty training , all training received by when the targets are at the same range .
a Reservist while not on active duty . resolution in range, distance by which two
targets must be separated in range in order
reserve echelon , units forming the reserve of to be distinguished by a radar set when
any force. the targets are on the same azimuth line .
reserve force, in an oversea operation , a sub - respirator, 1. device for regulating a counter
ordinate task organization of a joint ex recoil mechanism ; 2 . See dust respirator.
peditionary force consisting of the ships responsibility, 1 . obligation to carry forward
carrying the reserve troops, which are
an assigned task to a successful conclu
usually formed into a landing force capable
of being landed in accordance with the sion . With responsibility goes authority
to direct and take the necessary action to
general scheme of maneuver or as the tac insure success ; 2 . obligation of an individ
tical situation dictates.
ual for the proper custody, care and safe
Reserve officer, a duly commissioned male or keeping of property or funds entrusted to
female officer or warrant officer of the his possession or under his supervision ; it
Army Reserve. includes a pecuniary liability for any loss
 SR 320– 5 – 1
249 ret

which might occur because of failure to restriction , punitive restraint imposed on a

exercise this obligation . See accountabil person subject to military law by non
ity. judicial punishment or a military court
responsible , 1. to be charged with accomplish which restricts the person to limits pre
ment of a task , 2 . in army usage, to be scribed in the order. See administrative
liable for the protection and preservation restriction .
of property and funds and for the payment restrictive assignment, generally pertains to
for neglectful loss of, or damage to, prop individuals who once properly classified to
erty and funds that have been entrusted to a career field will, as normal assignment
one. See accountable. policy , be thereafter restrictively assigned
responsible officer , officer answerable by law only to MOS falling within that career
or regulations for the discharge of a duty . field .
He may or may not be accountable in the resupply capacity, carrying capacity of a unit
supply sense. See accountable officer. that is normally rereleased and sent to the
rest, 1. mechanical support for a gun in aim rear for ammunition and supplies during
ing and firing ; 2. limited freedom to move, combat.
talk , or smoke while in ranks. At the retail stock supplies carried
command rest, men are required to keep , for ready issue
one foot in place ; 3 . command allowing in small quantities.
men to move, talk , or smoke while in ranks , retardation , loss of 'velocity of a projectile as
but requiring them to keep one foot in it travels along its trajectory.
place. retentions, ships assigned to the control of a
rest area, locality where units from the front theater commander for the movement of
line may be brought for rest, reequipment, cargo from point to point within the thea
and replacement of lost personnel. ter or between theaters. Retentions in
rest camp, facilities generally located in the clude local fleet retentions, assigned for
combat zone to provide rest and recupera an indefinite period, and rotational reten
tion for battle-tired personnel. Usually tions which include all other retentions.
set up in division rear areas . reticle , measuring scale or marks placed in
restitution , 1. restoring a portion of an aerial the focus of an optical instrument, used
photograph to the correct scale ; 2. process to determine the size, distance, direction ,
of transferring points from one aerial pho or position of objects. Generally , the reti
tograph or chart to another , cles are etched on glass and the whole
disk is spoken of as the reticle. Reticles
restorable prisoner, prisoner deemed suitable
are used on sighting telescopes and other
for return to honorable duty status in the
fire control instruments.
Army.
restoration, return to honorable duty status retire, 1 . withdraw or fall back from a posi
in the Army. tion according to plan , and without pres
sure from the enemy ; 2 . be released from
restricted. See classified matter. active duty because of age, disability, or
restricted area , any area from which person some other cause in accordance with Army
nel and vehicles are excluded for reasons Regulations and applicable laws.
of safety or secrecy . retired list, list of officers and enlisted persons
restricted area (air defense) , an area or air who have been released from active serv
space in which there are special restrictive ice in a military force because of age,
measures employed to prevent or minimize disability, or other cause but who receive
interference between friendly forces . retired pay.
restricted diet, meals given prisoners as a retirement, 1. orderly withdrawal of troops
· disciplinary measure and under medical according to their own plan and without
supervision which consist of not less than pressure by the enemy ; 2 . release from
2 , 100 calories daily , including portions of active service of an individual because of
all components of daily ration , less meat, age, disability , or other cause, in accord
butter , eggs, sweets , desserts , and condi ance with Army regulations and applicable
ments . laws.
restricted traffic, limited traffic ; traffic over a retracting mechanism , any mechanism that
route controlled by regulations limiting draws an assembly , back into position ,
speeds, types of vehicles permitted , maxi retransmission , employment of a radio com
mum weights allowed , and hours at which munication set for the purpose of rebroad
the route is open to different types of casting a message on a different frequency
traffic.
simultaneously with the original broadcast
restricting plug . See choke ring. by means of an electrically operated link
SR 320 - 5 - 1
ret 250

age device between the receiver and trans- | the day at a post or camp ; 2 . first sched
mitter of the set. uled formation of the day.
retreat, 1. a forced withdrawal of enemy reveille gun , gun fired at the first note of
forces ; 2. make such a withdrawal ; 3. flag reveille or at sunrise . Also called morning
lowering ceremony held at sunset at a gun .
military post ; 4 . bugle call sounded , with reversed standard alphabet, in cryptography,
or without beat of drums, at the beginning alphabet in which the cipher component is
of the flag lowering ceremony at sunset . in the normal sequence but reversed in
retreat gun , firing of a gun as a signal for the direction from the plain component, also
lowering of the flag at retreat. The gun in the normal sequence.
is fired after the sounding of the last note reverse slope, any slope which descends away
of the bugle call at retreat. Also called from the enemy, particularly the rear
evening gun . slope of a position masked by a ridge or
hill.
retrograde defensive , defensive withdrawal in
which decisive battle is avoided until prep reverse slope defense, a defense area organized
arations are complete for taking the offen on any slope which descends away from
sive with reasonable chances of success. the enemy.
It delays the enemy, draws him farther revet, face a wall, embankment, or trench
from his major supply bases, and elongates with masonry, sandbags, or other material
his lines of communication . in order to add strength and support.
retrograde movement, any movement of a com - revetment, 1. retaining wall or facing, con
mand to the rear, or away from the enemy. structed from sandbags, boards, brush , or
It may be forced by the enemy or may be other material, which holds earth slopes at
made voluntarily . Such movements may steeper angles than they normally would
be classified as withdrawal, retirement, or maintain without caving or sliding ; 2 .
delaying action . wall, embankment, or similar device de
signed to protect planes, weapons, emplace
return , 1 . official report made to higher au
ments, vehicles, or storage facilities from
thority , especially in accounting for troops,
the effect of fire, bombs, strafing, and
property , or supplies ; 2. flight of an aerial
shellfire .
bombing mission back to its airdromes
after an assault ; 3. in underground min review , 1 . formal inspection of an organiza
ing, a gallery starting out from the side of tion ; 2 . ceremony to honor some official or
another gallery. dignitary or to present decorations to
military personnel.
returnable container, specific type of container
which may be collapsed when the item en reviewing authority, 1 . person or appellate
closed is withdrawn in order that the con agency who must approve and affirm the
findings and sentence of a court-martial
tainer may be returned to point of origin
in knocked - down condition . before sentence may be carried out ; 2 .
office authorized to take final action on
returned personnel, oversea personnel re Reports of Survey by authority of the
turned to the United States for reassign Secretary of the Army.
ment, including those returned for hos reviewing ground, any field or ground where a
pitalization , discharge, emergency reasons, review is held , usually the parade ground.
for redistribution of qualified and experi
enced personnel and for other reasons au- reviewing party, 1. those in whose honor a
thorized by the Department of the Army. review , or formal inspection , is being held ;
2 . commander and his staff who observe a
returned stock, quantities of supplies pre review to judge proficiency of the units
viously issued which are returned to the involved .
control of the chief of the technical service. revision , a rewritten publication to include
returnee, officer or enlisted personnel who all amendments, changes, additions, and
have served overseas and who have been deletions, reprinted to supersede the basic
returned to the Continental United States publication .
for furlough , leave, temporary duty or revoke, in connection with published direc
reassignment disposition. tives to denote repeal or cancellation from
return pistol, command to put a pistol back the beginning in whole or in part, pro
in the holster. Return pistol is a pre ducing effect of never having existed .
scribed command in the manual of the revolver, pistol with a revolving cylinder that
pistol. holds a number of cartridges. Before each
reveille, 1. bugle call, the first note of which shot, the cylinder is turned to bring a car
usually coincides with the firing of a gun , tridge in line with the barrel. By this
used as a signal for the first formation of means a number of shots can be fired with
 SR 320 –5 – 1
251 rig

out reloading. A revolver is different from weight recoilless weapon , often shoulder
an automatic pistol, in which the car . fired ; 4 . cut spiral grooves in the bore of
tridges from a stationary magazine are a gun in order to give a spin to the pro
inserted in turn into the chamber . jectile so that it will have greater accuracy
revolving fund, a fund established to finance of fire and longer range.
a cycle of operations to which reimburse- rifle bracket, metal clamp for holding the rifle
ments and collections are returned for in easy accessibility, usually on a motor
reuse ; e. g., working capital funds, man vehicle .
agement funds, industrial funds, and loan Rifle Clasp, metallic bar device denoting par
funds. ticipation in rifle match in national or
revolving grille, type of cryptographic grille area match . See Excellence in Competition
in which the apertures are so distributed Badge.
that when the grille is turned successively rifle exercise, setting -up exercise done with a
through angles of 90 degrees and set in rifle. The weight of the gun increases the
position on the grid all the cells on the grid
muscular effort in rifle exercise.
are disclosed in turn . A revolving grille
may also be reversible, so constructed as to rifle grenade, grenade or small bomb, designed
have two operating faces, an obverse and to be projected from a special launcher
device attached to the muzzle of a rifle or
a reverse face, with a total of eight posi carbine. It is propelled by a special blank
tions possible.
cartridge fired in the rifle or carbine.
ribbon , distinctively colored cloth bar or strip There are essentially three types of rifle
device forming a part of or denoting the grenades : fragmentation , antitank , and
award of a decoration , service medal, cita smoke.
tion or badge. See service ribbon and sus
pension ribbon . rifleman , soldier armed with a rifle as his
principal weapon .
rib rifling , rifling of the bore of a gun in
which the lands and grooves are of equal rifle range, place for practice in shooting with
width . a rifle.
rich fuel mixture, an air-fuel mixture contain rifle salute, salute defined in the manual of
ing less air ( lower ratio than 15 to 1 ) arms, in which the rifle is held at right
than desirable. shoulder arms or order arms position , and
the left hand is carried smartly across the
ricochet, 1. glancing rebound of a projectile body to the rifle, forearm horizontal, palm
after impact ; 2. projectile which bounds down, fingers together and extended .
along the ground in approximately its
usual direction ; 3. rebound or bound along rifle scabbard, sheath or holster for holding a
the ground as described above. rifle , often carried at the side of a saddle
or vehicle . See rifle bracket.
ricochet burst, burst of a high explosive shell
in the air after the projectile has hit and rifling , spiral grooves in the bore of a weapon
bounced. A ricochet burst is used effec designed to give a spin to the projectile
tively against enemy personnel, instead of for greater accuracy and carrying power .
the common air burst secured by a time Rifling includes both the grooves and the
fuze before the projectile strikes. ridges between, called lands.
ricochet fire, fire in which the projectile rigger, individual trained to pack and main
glances from a surface after impact ; some tain parachutes and related items.
times used in artillery to obtain air bursts right face, 1. in close order drill, the move
after initial impact. ment from the halted position of attention
ride the gun , bear down incorrectly on the in which the soldier turns on the heel of
breech of a machine gun so that the muzzle the right foot and the ball of the left so
rises. as to face 90 degrees to the right of the
ride the target, follow a moving target so original position ; 2 . command to execute
this movement .
slowly that an aim with the proper lead
is not arrived at before the target is out right flank , 1. entire right side of a command
of effective range. from the leading element to the rearmost
ridge pole, horizontal supporting pole along element as it faces the enemy ; 2. by the
the top of the roof of a tent. right flank is a preparatory command to
have every soldier in a formation change
rifle , 1. any firearm that has rilling in the direction 90 degrees to the right of the
bore designed to give a spin to the pro original direction of march . All men in
jectile for greater accuracy of fire and the formation turn at the same time.
longer range ; 2. shoulder weapon with
rifling in the bore . A rifle is one of the right ( left) . See left (right) .
important kinds of small arms ; 3. light- I right (left) bank . See left (right) bank .
SR 320 – 5 – 1
rig 252
right shoulder arms, 1. movement in the man - , road net, system of roads available within a
ual of the rifle in which the rifle is placed particular locality or area.
on the right shoulder, barrel up, and in - | road screen , anything which is used to conceal
clined at an angle of 45 degrees ; 2 . com movement along a road from enemy obser
mand to perform this movement. vation, especially artificial concealment or
right trail, right hand part of a split type gun camouflage .
trail. road space, total length of roadway allotted
rigidity of the trajectory, the assumption that to or used by a column, or element thereof
the trajectory may be tilted up or down including any space, within or in addition
through small angles of site without ma to the normal length of the column , which
terially affecting its shape. may be required as a safety factor or to
ring and bead sight, type of gun sight in maintain flexibility .
which the front sight is a bead or post and road time. See road clearance time.
the rear sight a ring. rocker, movable, built- in support in a field
ring sight, any gun sight having a ring gun carriage, between the trail and the
through which one looks. Ring sights are cradle , that allows changes in elevation to
usually used as rear sights. be made without disturbing the angle of
riot gun , any shotgun with a short barrel, position setting.
especially a short-barreled shotgun used in rocket, a thrust producing system or a com
guard duty or to scatter rioters. A riot plete missile which derives its thrust from
gun usually has a 20 -inch cylinder barrel. ejection of hot gases generated from mate
rip cord, 1. control cord that releases a para rial carried in the system , not requiring
chute from its container . A parachute intake of air or water.
jumper pulls the rip cord when he wants rocket head, projectile propelled by a rocket
the parachute to open ; 2. control cord that motor. It may be explosive, chemical
tears a piece from the envelope of a bal filled , or inert loaded ; sometimes used to
loon or nonrigid airship in order to deflate carry instruments.
the balloon rapidly . rocket igniter, device , usually containing black
risers , main lift webbing of the parachute powder, to ignite a rocket propellant. See
harness to which the parachute canopy is igniter.
attached .
rocket launcher, device such as a tube, rail or
river line, 1. water 's edge on the defender's platform from which rockets are projected .
side of a stream ; 2 . any tactical line A rocket launcher may be mobile or fixed .
marked by a stream .
rocket motor, chamber in which the rocket
R method , method of transmitting a message propellant is burned to provide propelling
in which the receiving station is required force .
to give a receipt. rocket propulsion , reaction propulsion where
road block , a defensive position established in both the fuel and the oxidizer , generat
to prevent or hinder movement past a ing the hot gases expended through a
point or area along a road . It usually nozzle, are carried as part of the rocket
incorporates obstacles covered by fire. engine. Specifically , rocket propulsion
road capacity. See highway capacity . differs from jet propulsion in that jet pro
pulsion utilizes air as an oxidizer whereas
road clearance distance, the total distance the rocket propulsion utilizes nitric acid or a
head of a motor column must travel for similar compound as an oxidizer. See jet
the entire column to clear a given section propulsion and reaction propulsion .
of a road.
roentgen , radiation dosage equivalent to that
road clearance time, the total time the head of which would be received in 1 hour at a
a motor column must travel for the entire distance of 1 yard from an unshielded
column to clear a given section of a road. 1 -gram sample of radium .
road crater, hole in a road made by a bursting roger, word used to indicate that a voice mes
projectile, mine, bomb, etc. ; any hole sage has been received . It is the equiva
blown in a road to make a road block at a lent of the letter " R ," standing for .
point that cannot be easily detoured . received .
road discipline, orderly systematic movement | roll, 1. list of the names of all members of an
of troops, vehicles, and mounts using a organization ; 2. long beat of a drum ;
road. Road discipline prevents confusion 3 . blankets rolled into a form easy for
and delay .
carrying on a saddle or in a pack ; 4. acro
road distance, the distance from point to point batic flight maneuver in which an aircraft
by road, usually expressed in miles. rotates about its longitudinal axis while
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
253 rou

in roughly horizontal flight ; 5. make such
a fight maneuver.
rollcall, calling off a list of names of the
members of an organization .
rolling recoil, system of absorbing the recoil
of a railway gun . With the brakes set, the
entire car is allowed to roll back when the
gun is fired .
rolling reserve, reserve supplies held close to
troop units. When equipment is available ,
these supplies are kept stored in railroad
cars or in trucks ready for immediate
transportation .
roll-up , process for orderly dismantling of
base facilities no longer required in support
of operations and available for transfer to
other areas.
| rout, 1. flight of a defeated army in disorder ;
room circuit, in crypto -operations, circuit
which has no connection with outside sta route column, 1. close order formation of
tions and which is used for encipherment troops, suitable for marching ; 2 . a flexible
and decipherment in off-line operation . formation adopted during contact remote
rope (electronics) , electromagnetic wave re
flectors consisting of long strips of metal
foil. A small parachute or other device
may be attached to each strip to reduce
rate of fall. See window .
rosette, cloth hexagonal lapel button device
denoting the award of the Medal of Honor,
Legion of Merit or Medal for Merit.
roster, 1. list of personnel ; 2. list of officers
and personnel available for a specific duty
with a record of the duty each has per
formed .
rota , list of items such as names, call signs,
addresses, etc., used in cyclic order.
rotating band, soft metal band around a pro
jectile near its base. The rotating band
makes the projectile fit tightly in the bore routes of communication , network of roads,
by centering the projectile, thus prevent
ing the escape of gas, and giving the pro
jectile its spin .
rotating crank , crank used to turn the breech
mechanism of a large gun .
rotation , process of mutually exchanging per
sonnel undergoing enervating employment
or environment with personnel in less se
vere surroundings or occupations in the
interest of manpower conservation .
rotational personnel, military personnel
shipped to or from oversea theaters under
the rotation policy .
rotation coefficients, factors employed in com
puting the effects on range and deflection
which are caused by the rotation of the
earth . They are published only in firing
tables involving comparatively long ranges.
round , 1. all the parts that make up the am
munition necessary in firing one shot. A
round consists mainly of a primer, a pro - routine order, order covering matters not con
pelling charge, and a projectile . In fixed
ammunition , these three parts of a round
are held together with a shell case. In
small -arms ammunition , the projectile is
called a bullet and the complete round is
called a cartridge ; 2 . one shot fired by a
weapon . See complete round ; round of
ammunition .
round of ammunition , projectile with all the
components necessary to propel it from
the piece and burst it at the desired point.
In general these components are the
primer , the propelling charge, the con
tainer for the propelling charge (cartridge
case or bags ) , a projectile ( either armor
piercing or filled with explosive ), the
booster, and the fuze. .
2 . put to flight by overwhelming defeat.
phase of movement to contact. During
this phase troops need not be tactically
grouped and may move by various means
of transportation and by different routes.
route map , map showing roads to be followed
and nearby points of military importance.
route march , march in which the troops are
allowed to break step , talk , or sing .
route order, manner in which a route march
is made when mounted on horseback or
traveling in vehicles. Talking, smoking,
and relaxing are permitted , provided that
there is no straggling or loss of relative
positions.
route reconnaissance , careful survey of a route
for military purposes, often by aircraft.
etc., over which supplies are carried and
combat movements are made. Routes of
communication include navigable waters ,
and airplane landing and rail facilities.
route step, 1. way of marching in which the
troops are allowed to break step , talk , or
sing, and carry their guns as they please ;
2 . preparatory command to march in this
manner.
route transposition , cryptographic system in
which the transposition is accomplished
by following, within the matrix , a pre
arranged route connecting adjacent letters.
routine ammunition maintenance , maintenance
operations not involving disassembly of
ammunition or replacement of components ,
and comprising chiefly cleaning and pro
tecting exterior surfaces of individual
items, packages of ammunition , ammuni
tion components and explosives.
routine message. See message precedence.
nected with , or affected by, operations in
SR 320 - 5 - 1
rou 254

the field . Routine orders include general | by a theater or task force commander, and
and special orders, court-martial orders, are incorporated into the standing operat
bulletins, circulars, or memoranda . ing procedure of all affected units.
routing , 1. planning of movements over desig - run , 1. most rapid pace of personnel on foot,
nated roads ; 2. See routing through chan faster than the double. A run is used only
nels . under combat conditions ; 2 . steady, level
routing indicator, a group of letters engi flight of an aircraft across a target to
neered and assigned to indicate the gen enable bombs to be dropped accurately in
eral location of a tape relay or tributary horizontal bombing ; 3. passing of a moving
station to facilitate the routing of traffic target once across the range ; 4. test opera
tion of any mechanism , especially the trial
over the tape relay networks.
of a ship .
routing slip, slip attached to incoming papers
to show where they are to go and in what | runaway gun , automatic weapon that con
order . tinues firing after the trigger is released .
A runaway gun is caused by a defect in
routing through channels , routing of a com some part of its mechanism .
munication through all intermediate com
manders and offices expected to exercise running ilight, battle which continues while
control or to be concerned . one side retreats and the other pursues.
roving artillery, artillery withdrawn from its running -key system , 1 . cipher system in which
regular position and assigned to special previously agreed upon plain text or book
serves as the source for successive key
missions. Roving artillery is usually
letters for encipherment ; 2 . cipher system
moved about and fired from different posi
using a long keying sequence which is not
tions to deceive the enemy as to position
repeated within a given message.
and strength .
running spare, spare part which is packaged
roving gun , gun that is moved about and and shipped with an operable set of equip
fired from different positions to mislead
ment in addition to the parts needed for
or harass the enemy. Generally used for
initial operation , in order to care for re
registration when the location of the bat placements as they become necessary : for
tery position must remain secret. example, vacuum tubes , dry batteries and
row , 1 . in cryptography, horizontal sequence brushes .
of symbols or groups thereof ; line ; 2 . in runway , stabilized , paved , or surface strip
storage operations, line of columns. See along the center of a landing strip on
column .
which planes normally land or take off.
row coordinate. See line coordinate . rupture, 1 . complete or partial circular break
row indicator. See line coordinate . in the metal of a fired cartridge case. A
rupture causes loss of power and difficult
row stack, stack supplies in rows from wall extraction or jamming ; 2. breaking of
or imaginary wall line to aisle . earth or other substance by the explosion
row -stacking , system of storing supplies in of a projectile or other charge below the
rows built outward from wall or imaginary surface.
wall line to aisle . rush , 1. quick short run of foot troops in an
rucksack , canvas or leather bag with a shoul advance under effective rifle fire ; 2 . make
der harness, used for carrying clothes and such a quick short run .
equipment on the back . It is a type of russet , reddish brown color adopted as official
knapsack used by some mountain and ski for leather articles.
troops .
rust inhibitor, compound, usually added to
ruffles, low , steady beating of a drum , not so lubricants, which prevents or deters cor
loud as a roll. rosion of metals.
rules for engagement, rules which govern the rust preventive, preventive compound which
fire of antiaircraft artillery at aerial tar- may be applied to metallic surfaces to pro
gets. Such rules are normally prescribed ' tect them from rusting or corroding.
s

sabot, 1 . lightweight carrier in which a sub
caliber projectile is centered to permit fir
ing the projectile in the larger caliber
weapon . The carrier fills the bore of the
weapon from which the projectile is fired ;
it is normally discarded a short distance
from the muzzle ; 2. aluminum body of a
high velocity armor-piercing tracer pro
jectile having a tungsten carbide core ; in
this case, the core may be considered as
the subcaliber projectile .
sabotage, action by enemy agents or sympa
thizers with intent to stop or otherwise
' hinder a nation 's war effort or to interfere
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
255
with or obstruct the defense effort of a accidental release of the parachute har
nation . ness .
saboteur , enemy agent or sympathizer who safety fuze. See time fuze.
destroys or injures property with intent
safety lever, 1. lever that prevents accidental
to stop or hinder a nation 's war effort or to
interfere with or obstruct the defense ef firing of a grenade so long as it remains
fort of a nation . locked in position . Its function is the
same as that of the safety pin and safety
safe conduct, document similar to a passport , fork in projectiles, bombs, and mines ; 2.
issued by a military authority , which a lever that sets the safety mechanism on
person must have if he wishes to enter certain types of automatic weapons.
or remain in a restricted area . A safe
conduct may also enable the holder to move safety limit, 1. line marking off a zone or area
goods to or from places within the area and in front of friendly troops, over whose
to engag e in trade, which would otherwise heads gunfire is delivered . Shots must
clear this zone if the troops are not to be
be forbidden .
safeguard , 1. written order issued by a com endangered ; 2. bounds set around the tar
mander for the protection of persons or get area on a firing range , within which
there is danger from shell fragments or
property from molestation by troops. A ricocheting shells , if not from direct fire ;
safeguard may be issued for reasons of 3 . greatest angle to the right or left that
military discipline, personal considera a gun is allowed to fire in artillery practice.
tions, public policy, humanity, etc . Forc These safety limits are set to protect peo
ing a safeguard is disregarding and violat
ple, buildings, towing vessels, etc.
ing such an order , and in time of war is
punishable by death : 2 . soldier or detach - safety lock , locking device that prevents a
ment that is detailed to protect people , gun from being fired accidentally.
places, or property ; 3. lock on a door or safety officer, officer who supervises field prac
gate for the same purpose. tice in gunnery to make sure that persons
safety, a locking or cut-off device that pre and property will not be endangered. He
vents a weapon or any missile from being is the assistant to the officer in charge of
fired accidentally . firing .
safety angle , minimum permissible angular safety pin , pin that fits the mechanism of a
clearance , at the gun , of the path of a pro- fuze and makes it impossible to set off the
jectile above friendly troops. The safety fuze accidentally .
angle is the angle of clearance increased safety pointing observer , officer or noncom
enough to insure the safety of the troops. missioned officer who acts as assistant to
safety belt , strong belt that is used in air the safety officer and sees that fire is kept
craft, tanks, or other vehicles , to prevent within the prescribed safety limits . He
the wearer from being thrown from his checks the range and direction setting of
seat during swift maneuvering or sudden the gun to which he is assigned , and does
turns.
not allow the gun to be fired if the setting
safety card, a card issued for a particular is outside the safety limits .
battery position for a particular time pre safety shoes, special shoes without exposed
scribing the area into which firemay safely metal nails or plates , worn by men working
be placed both laterally and in depth . in powder rooms so as to avoid causing ex
safety device. See safety . plosions. Different types of shoes, some
safety diagram , a graphic representation , with rubber soles, some with leather soles,
usually an overlay , depicting the areas into are worn , depending on conditions .
which fire may safely be placed . safety stake, one of the stakes set in the
safety factor , 1 . increase in range or eleva ground to mark the right or left limit of
tion that must be set on a gun so that safe fire of a gun . A safety stake is usually
friendly troops, over whose heads fire is placed about 100 yards in front of the
to be delivered , will not be endangered ; 2. gun , and, at the proper distance to the
overload factor in design to insure safe side.
operation ; 3 . See factor of safety , safety wire, wire set into the body of a fuze
safety fork , 1. metal clip that fits over the to lock all movable parts into safe posi
collar of the fuze in a mine and prevents tions so that the fuze will not be set off
the mine from being set off accidentally . accidentally. It is pulled out just before
Its function is the same as that of a safety firing .
pin or safety lever in a grenade, bomb, or safe working load, weight which a piece of
projectile ; 2. metal clip , part of the quick equipment, such as a boom , block , chain ,
parachute release assembly , which prevents wire, or rope , will support .
SR 320_ 5 – 1
sal 256
sales article , article authorized for sale insalvage dump, place in the combat zone where
sales commissaries and mobile sales stores. unusable, abandoned , or captured equip
sales commissary, store at a post, camp, or ment and supplies are collected and classi
station that issues and sells authorized fied as suitable to be returned to the field
articles to messes , members of the com for use, needing repairs, or fit for scrapping
mand , or other authorized persons. at a salvage depot.
sales officer, officer in charge of a sales com - salvage officer, officer in an organization or at
missary . He is accountable and responsi a post, etc ., who has charge of receiving,
ble for all the stores that are handled by inspecting, and classifying unusable , aban
doned , or captured equipment and supplies .
the commissary .
by the
sales store, shop operatedI by commissary | salvage service, units engaged in collecting,
the commissary
at an installation . Purchases may be made sorting, and disposing of abandoned , cap
at the sales store by members of the com tured , or unusuable equipment and
mand and other authorized persons. supplies.
salient, part of a battle line or fortification salvo bombing, method of bombing in which
which extends sharply to the front of the the release mechanisms are operated to
general line. The corresponding depres drop all bombs carried simultaneously.
sion , or dent, in the opposing line is called salvo fire, that method of fire in which
a reentrant. weapons are discharged one after the
sally , 1. sudden attack made from a defensive other, usually at intervals of two seconds.
position . In this meaning , also called Not to be confused with Navy usage,
sortie ; 2. go suddenly from a defensive wherein salvo is the equivalent of an
position to attack an enemy. artillery volley.
sally port, large gate or passage in a fortified salvo point, target of known range and direc
tion at which the fire of one or more gun
place.
batteries can be directed .
salute, 1. formal mark of honor, respect, or
salvo right (left) , portion of a fire message to
courtesy to a person of higher rank, to a
obtain battery (platoon ) salvos beginning
flag , to a high official, etc. It may take the
form of a hand salute, dipping standards, with the right (left) piece.
color, sails , or wings, by firing a number sand table , table , with a shallow boxlike top ,
of rounds from a cannon , and other ways filled with sand , on which ground areas
as prescribed ; 2. position of the hand or of are reproduced in scale models. Sand
a flag in saluting ; 3 . give a salute. tables are used for instruction purposes.
saluting distance, distance, generally between sanitary area , section in a theater of opera
6 and 30 paces, at which salutes are given . tions in charge of a medical officer for the
As recognition of insignia is not difficult purpose of regulating sanitation in the
area ,
up to 30 paces, 30 is set as the maximum
distance. sanitary order, order issued by the headquar
ters of a command, setting down the sani
saluting gun , cannon used for firing salutes .
tary measures to be carried out within the
salvage, 1. property that is in such worn , command . It is a general order and ap
damaged , deteriorated , or incomplete con plies to the whole command.
dition , or is of such a specialized nature sanitary report, report of the medical inspec
that it has no reasonable prospect for sale
tor or surgeon of a unit to the commanding
as a unit, or is not usable as a unit with
officer regarding the health and sanitation
out major repairs or alterations. Salvage of the command .
has some value in excess of its basic mate
rial content because it may contain sery sanitary survey, study of health conditions in
iceable components or may have value to a an area occupied by troops, for the purpose
purchaser who may make major repairs or of taking measures that will prevent dis
alterations. Salvage property is composed ease or its spread .
of condemned , discarded , abandoned , or satchel charge, number of blocks of explosive
captured property including scrap and taped to a board fitted with a rope or wire
waste material, nonrepairable property , loop for carrying and attaching. The min
and abandoned private property ; 2. the imum weight of the charge is usually about
saving or rescuing of condemned , discarded , 15 pounds. Also incorrectly called satchel
or abandoned property and of materials bomb.
contained therein for re-use, refabrication , | satellite station , installation at which are
or scrapping. located one or more units , organizations,
salvage depot, place where unusable aban or activities that are based , for specified
doned , or captured equipment and supplies types of supply , or other services, on an
are brought for repair or scrapping . other installation ,
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
257 scr

saturation bombing, maximum bombing effort ule may be on call. For identication pur.
against a limited area which it is desired poses, schedules may be referred to by a
to obliterate. . code name or other designation .
scabbard, sheath or case ; holder for a sword , scheduling . See traffic scheduling.
bayonet , rifle, carbine, or other shoulder | scheme of command . plan for the control of
weapon . all elements of a command during a mili
scabbing, 1. breaking off of fragments in the tary operation including provision for com
inside of a wall of hard material due to munication , observation , and the location
the impact or explosion of a projectile on of the command post.
the outside ; 2 . dunnage used to fill excess scheme of fire, part of a military plan that
space along the length of railway freight deals with the arrangements for the loca
cars or ammunition cars. tions and missions of the different weap
scale , 1. relationship between map distances ons and for the control of their fire in
and ground distances expressed either in either defense or attack .
words and figures or as a representative scheme of maneuver, 1. detailed plan covering
fraction or graphic scale ; 2 . series of the placement and movement of subordi.
marks along a line at unit intervals, used nate units in carrying out the mission of
in measuring. a unit as a whole ; 2 . in amphibious opera
scale factor, value by which an actual ground tions, a scheme of maneuver ashore is the
distance is multiplied in order to compen tactical plan of maneuver for ground
sate for map distortion when determining operations.
the ground distance as represented on a scientific intelligence, that component of stra
map . tegic intelligence which deals with the
scanning, process of directing the radio -fre I progress of research and development as
quency energy propagated by a radar an it affects the economic or military poten
tenna successively over all points in a tial of nations.
given region or area . scout, 1. person who gathers information in
scarp , steep slope cut into a course sand beach the field ; trained observer who recon
or on either side of a river mouth , usually noiters a region to obtain information
by large swells or heavy surf. Scarps about the enemy ; 2 . airplane engaged in
often reach heights of three to six feet. an aerial search , or used to reconnoiter
SCARWAF, special category of Army person enemy positions and territory by direct
nel with Air Force Department of the observation or by photography . In this
meaning, also called scout airplane ; 3 .
Army personnel and units assigned for
duty with organizations ( T / O & E or T / D ) reconnoiter a region to obtain military in
or commands of the United States Air formation regarding the enemy.
Force for the performance of solely Air scouting course, course followed by a scouting
Force functions. ( They constitute al airplane while searching an area ,
charge to Air Force command strength . ) scouting distance, interval in miles separating
scatter bomb, bomb with a light case, filled neighboring aircraft on a scouting line.
with incendiary material and with a burst- scouting front, width of an area that can be
ing charge that is set off when the bomb covered by a line of scouting aircraft . A
strikes anything. The explosion of the scouting front is measured from the farth
charge bursts the case and spreads the est point visible to an observer at one end
chemicals over a wide area . of the line to the farthest point visible to
schedule control system , system of traffic con an observer at the opposite end .
trol in which truck column and troops are scouting interval, distance in miles between
dispatched over fixed routes at given rates two scouting airplanes that are patrolling
of speed , according to a time schedule. the same line, measured along this line.
scheduled fires , 1. prearranged fires which are This term is used only in certain methods
to be executed at a specified time or upon of search .
occurrence of a specified event in the ac- scouting line, line along which scouting air
tion ; 2 . in an amphibious operation , fires planes are located in a formation suitable
arranged in advance according to a specific for conducting a scouting operation accord
time schedule . ing to a definite plan .
scheduled maintenance. See operating mainte - scramble, in cryptography, mix in random
nance. or quasi-random fashion .
schedules of fire. a number of concentrations. scrap, property that has no value except
groups of fire, or series of fires fired in all for its basic material content.
definite sequence according to a definite screen , 1. dispersed units interposed between
program . The time of starting the sched - the force screened and the enemy for the
277763° - 53 — 17
SR 320 – 5 – 1
scr 258
purpose of shielding the operations in prog- its beam is swept back and forth within
ress from hostile interference or observa certain limits.
tion ; 2. camouflage, a body of troops, a searching fire, fire distributed in depth by
curtain of smoke, or a natural feature of successive changes in the elevation of the
the ground that protects a force from en gun . It is the opposite of traversing fire,
emy ground reconnaissance or observation , which is distributed in width by moving the
and sometimes from enemy fire ; 3 . to pro gun gradually to the right or left.
tect from enemy interference, a reconnais searching light, light used to search an area
sance, or observation ; 4. to examine a or to work in coordination with a radio
requisition to determine its justification locator system to pick up targets .
and necessity, and to determine whether
it can be filled from local sources ; 5. to searching sector, area assigned to be covered
eliminate undesirable fixed echoes or clut by a searchlight or radar for the purpose
ter from a radar set, normally accom of detecting enemy land , sea, or air targets.
plished by sighting the radar in shallow search sector , area in the sky or on the surface
defilade. assigned to be covered by a searchlight,
screening. See physical examination . radar, or other detecting device, for the
purpose of detecting and locating targets.
screening agency. See screening smoke.
sea return , indication on a radar indicator
screening elevation , the elevation angle from caused by radio waves being reflected back
a radar antenna to the crest that screens
the radar . by the surface of the sea .
seat, 1. support or holder for a mechanism ,
screening force, a covering force such as or for a part of one ; 2. fit correctly in or
mechanized units, body of troops, or air
on a holder, or prepared position ; as, to
plane formation that protect a command seat a fuze in a bomb, a projectile in the
from enemy observation . See covering bore of a gun , or a cartridge in a chamber .
force.
sea tail, that part of an airborne or air
screening smoke, chemical agent which , when transported unit which is not committed
burned , hydrolyzed , or atomized , produces to combat by air and will join the organ
an obscuring smoke ; used to deny observa ization by sea travel.
tion and reduce effectiveness of aimed fire.
seat pack parachute , parachute whose pack is
screw picket, metal post with a spiral point slung over the back of the wearer so that
resembling a corkscrew . It is used as a it can serve as a seat cushion when he sits
support for a wire entanglement or as an down .
anchor for a cable. . secondary armament. See secondary weapon .
sea frontier, naval command of a costal fron
secondary attack , any attack whose impor
tier including the coastal zone in addition tance is secondary to that of the main ef
to the land area of the coastal frontier . fort. It is usually characterized by lack
sea ice, either stationary or drifting frozen of depth , reduction of reserves to the mini
sea water of variable salinity. mum , maximum fire power in the attacking
sealed orders , secret or confidential orders in echelon , wide zones of action , and usually
a sealed envelope, given to a commander of limited objectives.
troops or of a ship , with instructions not secondary fire sector, areas not properly in a
to open them until a given time, or on fire sector, but which can be swept by fire
arrival at a specified designation . if necessary . Such areas are located close
sea marker, powder dye which when thrown in on the flanks, in the fire sectors of ad
on water surfaces makes a bright colored | jacent units.
area which can be easily seen from the air, secondary item , any item , including end items,
thus facilitating rescue operations. components, and spare parts, which has
sear, lock or catch in a gun that holds the not been classified as a principal item .
firing pin or hammer back until released by secondary landing, landing usually made out
the trigger mechanism . side the designated landing area effected
search , 1. operation to locate an enemy force to support the main landing directly or
known or believed to be at sea ; 2. syste indirectly .
matic reconnaissance of a defined area , secondary road , road supplementing a main
such that all parts of the area have passed road , usually wide enough and suitable for
within visibility ; 3. to distribute gunfire two -way all-weather traffic at moderate or
over an area in depth by successive slow speeds.
changes in gun elevation . secondary source of supply , any source of sup
searching control, mechanism that changes the ply upon which an extract requisition,
azimuth and elevation settings on a search shipping order, or purchase order is placed
light automatically and constantly , so that by an initial source of supply.
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
259 sec

secondary station , 1. observation post at the section of wire line, that portion of a wire line
end of a base line farthest from the gun or which begins and terminates at successive
directing point ; 2. any station in a radio centrals , at test stations, or ( in the case of
· net other than the net control station , I long locals ) at a telephone.
secondary target, target against which fire is sector, l. clearly defined area which a given
directed when the main fire mission has unit, weapon , or individual protects or
been accomplished , or when it has become covers ; part of a front held by a unit.
impossible or impracticable for the gun or Sometimes only the sections held by regi
battery to carry out the main fire mission. ments or larger units are called sectors ;
secondary target area, target area against those held by battalions and smaller units
which fire is directed when the main fire may be called areas ; 2. subdivision of a
mission has been accomplished , or when it coastal frontier command .
has become impossible or impracticable for sector controller, officer in charge of the sec
the gun or battery to carry out the main tor control post in a sector, who is respon
fire mission . sible to the area damage control center.
secondary weapon , supporting or auxiliary sector of fire, section of terrain , designated by
weapon of a unit, vehicle, position , or air- boundaries, assigned to a unit or to a
craft. It is generally a gun of smaller weapon to cover by fire.
caliber than the primary weapon, and its sector scanning , the oscillating motion of a
purpose is to protect or supplement the radar antenna assembly through a limited
fire of the primary weapon . angle in contrast to continuous 360 de
second class gunner, 1 . lowest classification gree rotation .
given for skill in the use of guns and secure, 1. to gain possession of a position or
machine guns. The other ratings are, in terrain feature, with or without force, and
order, first class gunner, and expert. The make such dispositions as preclude any
grade of second class gunner corresponds danger of its destruction, obstruction , or
to that of marksman ; 2. soldier who has . loss ; 2. to shield or protect a unit or posi
this classification . tion from hostile interference : 3 . to make
secret. See classified matter. fast (as a line) ; 4 . to make safe (as cargo ).
Secretary of Defense , head of the Department security , 1. measures taken by a command to
of Defense. protect itself from espionage, observation ,
Secretary of the Army, the head of the Depart sabotage, annoyance, or surprise ; 2. pro
ment of the Army, who administers that tection that results from any of the fore
department as an individual executive de going measures. See communication sech
partment within the Department of De rity ; crypto-security .
fense, and who retains all powers and security detachment, unit that protects or
duties relating to such Department not covers a command against surprise, ground
specifically conferred upon the Secretary observation , or interference by the enemy ;
of Defense as head of the Department of security echelon ; security force. A secu
Defense . rity detachment may be an advance guard ,
Secret Service, Federal detective service that rear guard , flank guard, combat patrol,
operates under the Treasury Department covering detachment, scout, or outpost,
in peacetime. It aids the Department of according to its mission .
the Army in wartime by obtaining infor security echelon , those forces forward of the
mation about enemy activities. It is not battle position having a security mission .
to be confused with the Federal Bureau of The security echelon may include aviation ,
Investigation , which is under the Depart covering force, general outpost, combat
ment of Justice. outpost, and local security .
security guard, supervises and performs se
secret writing, invisible writing. curity guard duty in and around military
section , 1. subdivision of an office, installa installations to prevent pilferage, unau
tion , territory , works, or organization ; thorized entry , damage from natural haz
especially a major subdivision of a staff ; ards, and similar threats to security.
2. unit of the army in the field . A section
security mission , task or duty of protecting
is smaller than a platoon or division and
larger than a squad or branch . In some and screening friendly forces against
organizations the section , rather than the enemy attack or observation.
squad or branch is the basic unit ; 3. sub - | security monitoring. See monitoring.
division of the Army Reserve representing security on the march , measures taken to pro
arm or service. See basic branch . tect a marching column from enemy obser
section column, formation with sections placed vation or surprise attack . These include
in column, one behind the other. precautio ns against chemical or air attack ,
SR 320 – 5 – 1
sec 260
the posting of guards and patrols, and self- contained range finder, instrument used
adequate reconnaissance. for measuring range by direct observation ,
security patrol, patrol that protects the main without using a base line. The two types
body of troops from enemy observation or are the coincidence range finder and the
surprise attack . stereoscopic range finder.
sedition , willful making or conveying of re- self- energizing , term applied to a mechanical
ports or statements with the intent to unit which has the ability to utilize itself
interfere with the operation or the success to increase effectiveness ; for example , the
ces or
of the United States Armed Forces or to
to rotation of a brake drum to increase brak
promote the success of its enemies ; the ing effectiveness.
willful causing of insubordination , dis- self- inflicted wounds. See nonbattle casualties.
loyalty , mutiny, or refusal of duty in the self-loading, that which loads by its own
Armed Forces, or willful obstruction of action ; as applied to a gun , using the
recruiting or enlistment service of the force of recoil or of gas pressure to throw
United States . out the empty cartridge case and to place
seen fire, fire which is continuously aimed at a fresh cartridge in the chamber ready for
the future position of an aircraft, the aim firing.
being derived from visual observation . self-propelled artillery , artillery weapons per
See unseen fire. manently installed on vehicles which pro
segregation , vide motive power for the piece. These
disciplinary — the close confinement of pris weapons are fired from the vehicle.
oners as a disciplinary measure imposed self-propelled mount, motor vehicle on which
in accordance with regulations. an artillery weapon is mounted .
administrative the close confinement of
selsyn. See synchro.
prisoners separate from the main pris
oner group for purposes of control, safe semaphore, 1 . method of signaling with flags ,
keeping , prevention of injuries to the in which the signalman holds a flag in
prisoners, or to other administrative each hand and signals by holding them in
purposes. . different positions, according to a code
system ; 2 . signal by such a system .
selective loading , loading of supplies and
equipment in a cargo vessel in such a man - | semiarmor-piercing bomb, type of high explo
ner that specific items can be discharged sive bomb in a specially designed hardened
on call. metal case used for penetration of light
armor, concrete fortifications, and other
selected mine, controlled submarine mine medium resistant targets .
which has been connected , through the
selector assembly, to the control equip semiautomatic, partly self -acting ; as applied
ment at the shore station . A selected to a gun, self-loading but not self- firing .
· mine is exclusive of all other mines in its A semiautomatic gun throws out the empty
group and may be fired , tested , or disarmed case and puts in a new cartridge by its
independently of the remainder of the own recoil action or gas pressure, but a
group . separate pull of the trigger is needed for
each shot. Semiautomatic means partly
selectee , person inducted into military sery
self -acting, as distinguished from auto
ice under the provisions of the Selective
matic, which means completely self-acting.
Service Act.
semiautomatic fire, fire delivered from a self
selective audit, audit based on the principle loading weapon , with a separate trigger
of judging the veracity of a property ac pull for each shot fired. It differs from
count on the examination of a represent automatic fire, in which the gun continues
ative number of transactions within the to fire until the pressure on the trigger is
accounts. released .
Selective Service, selection of persons from semiautomatic supply, system by which cer
the total manpower of a country for com tain specified items of supplies needed by
pulsory military service. Also called units, activities, or forces are shipped by
draft .
the agencies responsible for supply on the
selectivity, ability to discriminate between basis of periodic reports of the status of
radio waves of different frequencies. stocks on hand and en route to the using
self-chambering, ability of a weapon to agency . All other supplies are furnished
on the basis of requisitions initiated by the
chamber rounds without manual aid .
using agency . See automatic supply .
self- contained base- line system , system of tar
get location whereby the target is located semiautomatic weapon . See semiautomatic .
in azimuth and range using a self -con - semicontrolled map , map constructed without
· tained range finder. accurate horizontal and vertical ground
 SR 320- 5 - 1
261 sep

control. Although the representative frac- l Department of Defense , who in addition

tion may not be exact, the scale is the to his duties as attaché for his own service
same throughout the area covered. Once is the principal representative of the De
the scale constant and azimuth have been partment of Defense on the official staff
accurately determined , the map may be of an ambassador or minister to a foreign
considered reliable . country .
semifixed ammunition , ammunition in which sensing , the direction of a point of burst or
the cartridge case is not fixed to the pro impact, or centers of burst or impact with
jectile , so that the zoned charge within the respect to the target ; such as over, short,
cartridge case can be adjusted to obtain air or graze.
the desired range ; loaded into the weapon sensitive area , specific location which has
as a unit . become a center of activity of intelligence
semi-improved area, partially prepared open interest,
storage area which is graded and prepared sensitive item , items of property having a
with topping of some suitable materialbut ready sale in illicit markets and especially
· not hard -surfaced. likely to be pilfered .
semimobile , partly equipped with vehicles. A sentenced prisoner, a prisoner whose sentence
semimobile unit does not have enough ve to confinement has been ordered into execu
hicles of its own to transport the whole tion .
organization at the same time. sentinel . See sentry and gas sentinel.
semimobile artillery, artillery weapons de
signed for movement but which require sentry , soldier assigned to duty as a member
partial disassembly to place in firing posi of a guard , to keep watch , maintain order,
protect persons or places against surprise ,
tion . Wheels or other suspension devices
are removed from the mount to permit its or warn of enemy attack ; sentinel. All
resting on the ground. Examples : 90 -mm sentries are gas sentries .
and 120 -mm antiaircraft weapons , 8 - inch sentry squad , squad posted on sentry or guard
gun, 240 -mm howitzer. duty . Some of the men go on duty while
semimobile evacuation hospital, medical instal the others rest, but the latter stay on call ,
lation of the combat zone and in as close | in case of emergency or to relieve the men
support of the division as the tactical on guard when their tour of duty is over .
situation permits, which receives all separate, pertains to an activity which is
classes of cases and prepares them for fur financed and operated entirely within a
ther evacuation . It may be used for defin Department and without any formal co
itive hospitalization in emergency . ordination with any other Department.
semimobile unit, a unit with insufficient separate battalion , battalion that does not
organic vehicles to transport all of the form part of a regiment, and that operates
assigned personnel and equipment from as an independent unit in the field . It is
one point to another in one trip . See an administrative as well as tactical unit.
mobile ; fixed unit. separate battery , artillery battery that does
semiskilled , having training and experience not form part of a regiment or battalion ,
that are sufficient to qualify a person as an and that operates as an independent unit
assistant to a skilled specialist, but not in the field .
sufficient for him to be left to do skilled separate company, company that does not
work without supervision , form part of a regiment or battalion , and
to
semiskilled rating, rating given to an enlisted that operates as an independent unit in
man who has had some training and expe ne the field .
rience in a skilled trade or profession and separatee , officer or enlisted personnel in proc
who has qualified as an assistant to a ess of separation from the service.
skilled specialist. . separate- loading ammunition , ammunition in
semitrailer, vehicle designed to be towed by which the projectile, propelling charge, and
and attached to a tractor truck by means primer are not held together in a shell
of a fifth wheel device, a portion of its case, as in fixed ammunition , but are
weight being carried by the tractor truck . loaded into a gun separately.
It is equipped with retractable gear to sup
sear to sup - separate regiment, regiment that does not
port the front end when detached . form part of a division or brigade and that
semitrailer bus, a towed vehicle designed for operates as an independent unit in the
the transportation of 12 or more pas field .
· sengers. . . . i separate shipments , single shipment of equip - '
senior military attaché, the senior service ment and supplies, other than organiza
attaché, by rank or as designated by the tional impedimenta , which is under a
SR 320 – 5– 1
sep 262
single shipping document. A shipment of ber or symbol of a series assigned to an
organizational impedimenta moved under individual item of materiel for identifica
the control of an organization is not a tion . See registration number.
separate shipment. A shipment of short series of fires , number of groups of fires or
ages of organizational equipment from a concentrations planned to support a ma
depot is a separate shipment. A separate neuver phase.
shipment is the equivalent of a transporta
serve, 1. be in service ; perform a duty or
tion unit except in the case of assemblages. carry out an assignment ; 2 . operate a gun
separation , leaving the military service by res or battery ; keep a gun or battery in action
ignation , dismissal, discharge , relief from by supplying projectiles, powder, etc. .
active Federal service, or transfer to inac service, 1. branch of the Army primarily con
tive status. cerned with providing combat service sup
separation counselor, qualified enlisted and offi port and /or administration to the Army
cer personnel who through individual con as a whole as opposed to arm , the primary
tact, group orientation , and preparation of mission of which is combat and combat
records assist military personnel in sepa support. Some of the branches have pri
ration from the service. mary missions in both fields. Branches
separation qualification record, official record having missions in the service field are
prepared for military personnel at the time grouped as follows :
of separation from the Army providing an administrative services : Adjutant General's
accurate summary of civilian and military
occupational and educational experience.
Corps, Chaplains, and Military Police
Corps.
The record may include, where appropri technical services : Chemical Corps, Corps
ate, a translation of military specialties of Engineers, Quartermaster Corps,
into related civilian skills . Ordnance Corps, Signal Corps, Army
sequence , in cryptography, ordered arrange Medical Service , and Transportation
ment of symbols (letters, digits, etc . ) hay Corps.
ing continuity. Specifically, the members 2 . of or pertaining to a branch of the
of a component of a cipher alphabet in Army or an organization the primary
order ; the symbols in a row , column, or function of which is to render noncom
diagonal of a cipher square in order ; key bat support to other organizations
letters or key figures in order . rather than to engage in combat; 3 . all
sergeant major, chief administrative clerk in activities of a unit or command other
á battalion or higher unit ; he usually holds than combat activities ; 4 . one of the
the grade of master sergeant or sergeant, components of the Armed Forces ( Army,
first class . He is the chief assistant to Navy , or Air Force ) ; 5 . in communica
the unit adjutant. tion , the notes covering routing instruc
tions, time of delivery or receipt, radio
sergeant of the guard, title given to the senior
frequency used , the operator's identify
noncommissioned officer of an interior ing sign , or similar information written
guard, no matter what his grade may be. on a message blank by the sending and
serial, 1. one element, or a group of elements , receiving operators ; 6 . See service of the
usually a battalion , regiment, or larger piece , and military service .
unit within a series which is given aå serviceability standards, standards which ma
numerical or alphabetical designation for teriel must meet prior to issue.
convenience in planning, scheduling, or
control of movements by land , water , or
serviceable property, property which is in
air ; 2 . a compact formation of aircraft, condition for use.
under control of the formation commander , serviceable supplies, supplies other than scrap
separated from other formations by time or waste which are suitable for issue and
and space ; 3 . a troop unit or integral part use in their existing condition .
thereof, with accompanying equipment service ammunition , ammunition intended for
which is assigned a numerical designation combat, rather than for training purposes .
for convenience of scheduling or control service area, area in which the administrative
of the ship to shore movement in amphibi services of a major military organization ,
ous operations. such as an army or an air force , are lo
serial number, 1. number assigned to a docu cated . The communications zone is the
ment by the originating office for the pur service area for a theater of operations.
pose of counting the copies prepared and service bar. See Oversea Service Bar and
of controlling their distribution . It differs | service ribbon .
from a register number in that the latter service board , organization set up by the chief
is used for accounting purposes ; 2 . number of each technical service to service test
of a message in a series ; 3 . specific num - 1 items of material.

263
service calls, regular calls given by bugle, 1
drum , or other means, to assemble men
for formations or routine duties. It is the service number, combination of numbers or
largest classification of bugle calls , includ
ing all not classed as warning calls , forma
tion calls , or alarm calls.
service cap , a fur felt , tropical worsted , or
khaki cap with leather visor. Usually
worn with the dress uniform .
service ceiling , height above sea level under
standard air conditions at which a given
airplane is unable to climb faster than a
small, specified rate ( one hundred feet per
minute in the United States and England ) ,
This specified rate may differ in different
countries .
service chevron . See war service chevron .
service clasp, metallic bar device denoting cer
tain service, other than combat, in World
War I. See service star ; World War I Vic
tory Medal.
service club , club in which facilities are pro- | service record , booklet on which is entered the
vided for recreational and social activities
for enlisted personnel and members of their
families at a military post, etc. It is
supervised by an Army recreational direc
tor and is under the control of the post
commander .
service club director, a civilian with profes
sional training and experience in recrea
tion employed by Special Services, who is
charged with the administrative details
and operation of the program in a service
club .
service credit , credit, used in computation of
the adjusted service rating, resulting from
weighting the number of months in the
Army since 16 September 1940 by the
multiple announced by the Department of
the Army.
service echelon , subdivision of a military com service star, metallic star device denoting
mand that is responsible for the supply,
evacuation , maintenance, and administra
tion of the command.
service element. See service echelon .
service gas mask, any of several standard
types of gas masks issued to Army per
sonnel for use in the field as protection
against toxic agents. See gas mask ; pro
tective mask .
service marking , symbols, numerals, or letters
that are painted , stenciled , or stamped on
supplies or ammunition to give informa
tion needed for proper handling, storage, service support.
and use.
service medal, round disk shaped medal, an
award senoting performance of specified
military service, normally in time of war
or national emergency . See award .
service message, a message between communi. I
cations personnel pertaining to any phase '
SR 320_5_ 1
ser
of traffic handling, communication facil
ities, or circuit conditions.
letters and numbers assigned to each in
dividual in the military service as a means
of positive personal identification .
service of the piece, operation and mainte
nance of a gun or other equipment by its
crew .
service operations, activities of a service unit
or element.
service park , location in the forward area of a
combat zone where maintenance elements
are grouped , and where the servicing and
repair of vehicles and equipment of a com
bat unit are carried out.
service practice , part of the training program
for artillery units, consisting primarily of
practical problems in the preparation , exe
cution and conduct of fire with service or
target practice ammunition .'
military record of an enlisted person . It
is begun at the time they enter the service
and is kept up -to -date as long as they
remain in the service. When their period
of service is concluded the record is sent to
the Department of the Army and becomes
a permanent record .
service ribbon , a strip of ribbon 36 inch in
length identical to the suspension ribbon
of a decoration of service medal, and worn
in lieu of a decoration or service medal.
service specialist, civilian technical expert,
representing a commercial firm , who ac
companies troops in the field for the pur
pose of assisting in maintenance and re
pair of specfic mechanical equipment or
armament.
possession
of a certain clasp or participa
tion in a campaign , one bronze service star
for each clasp or campaign . See silver
service star .
service stock , predetermined list of items and
specific quantities needed for the normal
operation of a given subordinate or off
station supply activity.
service stripe, stripe worn on the left sleeve
of the shirt or coat of an enlisted person ,
one for each three-year period of military
service.
See service troops.
service test. See user test.
service troops, all troops not assigned to com
bat or combat support duty and not classi
fied as combat troops. They provide sup
ply , transportation , communication , evac
uation , maintenance, construction , and
other services for all type units .
SR 320 – 5 – 1
ser 264
service type, (adj) term used to describe degrees can still engage and deliver effec
equipment, troops or units utilized pri- tive fire on the final bomb release line.
marily in the communication zone to assist severance allowance, allowance to provide for
field type units in the accomplishment of issues of individual clothing or equipment
their combat mission . to enlisted personnel separated from the
service uniform , uniform prescribed by Army service .
Regulations for wear by Army personnel on S-factor, the deflection change in mils re
routine duty, as distinguished from dress, quired to keep the burst on the observer
full dress, or work uniforms. target line when the range is changed 100
service unit (or element), unit or organiza yards along that line.
tion designed primarily to render noncom shaft, vertical openings of limited cross sec
bat support to other units or for the thea tion used for ventilating underground shel
ter as a whole , to insure the continuity ofI ters and as an emergency exit.
operations. shaft cases, standard size frameworks used to
service with troops, classification of officers I line a shaft.
who are assigned to duty with soldiers in shaft frames , frameworks holding in place
the field . sheeting used to line a shaft.
servicing, work on motor vehicles consisting shaped charge, an explosive charge shaped so
of cleaning , lubricating, replenishment of the explosive energy is focussed and con
fuel, lubricant, cooling agent, and air for centrated to move in one direction . This
tires to insure proper operation . gives the charge greater penetration .
servo , power-amplifying device in which small
sharpshooter , 1. classification given for skill
electrical impulses are amplified to pro in the use of small arms, that rates next
duce mechanical motion .
below expert and next above that of marks
servo gain , state of responsiveness of a servo man . The grade of sharpshooter qualifi
system to a voltage change. cations corresponds to that of first class
servo system , complete electromechanical, gunner ; 2 . soldier having this classifica
electrohydraulic , or other system for trans tion .
mitting and amplifying accurate mechani Sharpshooter Badge. See basic qualification
cal position from one point to another by badge.
electrical means.
sheaf, 1. planes of fire of two or more pieces
setback , rearward jerk , caused by inertia , of of a battery ; 2 . (width of) term meaning
free-moving parts in a projectile when it the lateral interval between flank bursts.
is fired . This force is used to push back
a spring or plunger in a time fuze and shed , building normally without side or end
start the operation of the fuze. walls .
setting. the arrangement and alinement of sheeting , planks used to line a gallery or
the variable elements of a cryptographic shaft .
device or machine. shell, 1. hollow projectile filled with explo
getting ring. part of a mechanical fuze setter sive, chemical or other material as opposed
that takes hold of a fixed ring on the fuze to shot, which is a solid projectile ; - 2 .
of a projectile . It then rotates the entire shotgun cartridge ; 3. bombard ; fire a num .
projectile except a small ring , or setting ber of rounds at a target.
element, in the fuze. This setting element | shell crater, bowl-shaped hole left in the earth
is kept from turning by the adjusting ring by the explosion of a projectile ; shell hole .
in the fuze setter just long enough to make shell-destroying tracer, igniter element, placed
the desired change in the setting of the between the explosive in an antiaircraft
fuze .
projectile and the tracer element, that is
settlement, the act by which parties who have designed to permit activation of the ex
been dealing together arrange their ac plosive by the tracer after the projectile
counts and strike a balance. has passed the target point but is still
settlement account, a clearing and control ac high enough to be harmless to ground
count reflecting required adjustments be troops.
tween department's available cash and the shell fragments , jagged pieces of shell scat
individual appropriations and funds. tered by the burst of a shell. High explo
seventy - five degree line, imaginary line be sive shells, with the inside of the case
tween the final bomb release line and the scored so as to give high fragmentation ,
for pur
have largely replaced shrapnel
vulnerable area upon which antiaircraft
artillery guns are located . From such poses requiring a burst in the air.
positions the guns at an elevation of 75 l shell hole. See shell crater.
 SR 320 _ 5 _ 1
265 sho

shelling report, any report of enemy shelling | ' ships in certain established trade routes.
containing information on caliber, direc - ( Formerly called space charter . )
tion , time, density, and area shelled . Nor - l shipping designator. code word assigned to a
mally transmitted to the appropriate particular overseas theater, base , port, or
artillery commander. area , for specific use as an address on ship
shellproof, capable of resisting bombs or pro ments to the overseas location concerned .
jectiles. The code word is usually four letters and
shell wave. See ballistic wave. · may be followed by a two- figure number to
shelter, any natural or artificial cover, which indicate a particular addressee.
protects troops, ammunition , or supplies shipping document. See Department of the
from gunfire, gas, or aerial bombs. Shel Army shipping document ; Army and Air
ters are classified according to depth as Force Exchange Service shipping document ;
surface, cut-and -cover , and cave shelters, materiel inspection and receiving report ;
and according to resistance to fire as splin - 1 United States Government bill of lading.
terproof, light shellproof, and heavy shell- shipping officer, the individual who ships
proof. . • property for which he is responsible or
shelter area, any locality in a theater of op accountable , as distinguished from the offi .
erations. where troops are sheltered in : cer who prepares the bill of lading. Nor
billets, or in a bivouac, camp, or canton mally, a shipping officer is an accountable
ment. property officer who ships property to an
shelter half , one half of a small two-man tent. officer who has requisitioned the article . .
Each man carries his half as a part of his , shipping ticket, form accompanying a ship
field equipment. ment of supplies . It serves as both an
shelter tent, small tent capable of providing invoice and a receipt. Its principal func
tion is to transfer accountability for the
shelter for two men . It is made of two
halves, one of which is carried by each : supplies from one accountable officer to
another .
man as part of his field equipment.
ship ton . See measurement ton .
shield , 1. armor plate mounted on a gun car
riage to protect the operating mechanism ship -to -shore movement, act of debarking
and gun crew from enemy fire ; 2 . metal troops, their armament, equipment and
insignia worn on the uniform , such as the supplies from assault shipping as required
shield worn on the service cap ; 3 . protect into landing craft, landing ships, and am
from danger ; screen from enemy observa phibian vehicles , and the movement from
tion . the rendezvous or transport area to the
assigned landing area .
shift, 1. the transfer of fire from one target
to another : 2 . to transfer fire from one tar - | shock action , method of attack by mobile
get to another ; 3 . the deflection difference units in which the suddenness, violence ,
from one designated point to another ; used and massed weight of the first impact pro
when opening or closing the sheaf of artil-, duce themain effect . Tank attacks usually
lery or mortar units . rely on shock action .
shipment identifier. group of letters used to shock power, ability to deliver sudden , violent
identify certain individuals or groups who attacks with weight and striking power.
travel wholly by air under oversea travel Armored units have shock power.
orders which employ this method . shock troops, troops especially organized,
shipment number, code number of three, four trained , and equipped for assault and
or five digits, to which additions of letter hand- to-hand fighting.
or number symbols are made in certain Shoran, electronic navigational or surveying
cases, used to identify the shipment of systems.
personnel or supplies and equipment. shore fire control party , specially trained unit
shipment order, written request or demand , of naval gunnery, artillery , and communi
originated by higher authority , directing cations personnel for control of naval gun
shipment of supplies or equipment from fire in support of troops ashore. A shore
one activity to another . fire control party is made up of a naval
shipment request, written request or demand | gunfire spotter team including naval gun
for supplies or property made on another fire liaison team in charge of a naval
supply activity . gunfire liaison officer (naval officer ) who,
shipping contract, contract between an appro by a radio team , supervises the shore fire
priate government agency and a commer control party as á whole .
cial operator providing for the shipment shore party , task organization formed for the
of cargo at special rates per cubic foot of purpose of providing logistic support
cargo on regularly scheduled commercial ! within the beach support area to landing
277763° — 53 — 18
SR 320 - 5 - 1
sho 266
force units during the early phases of an | short recoil. See recoil-operated .
amphibious operation . Its basic mission short round , defective cartridge in which the
is to unload supplies and equipment ; pro- |
bullet has been seated too deeply.
vide services and facilities ashore ; receive,
segregate, and safeguard this materiel ; short shipment, shipment of a quantity less
than that requisitioned .
maintain security of the beach support
area ;' evacuate wounded and prisoners of short supply, an item is in short supply when
war ; and re- embark other personnel as total stock on hand and on order is less
directed . than the total estimated demand for any
shore party group , in Marine Corps usage, the
given period .
shore party organization basically organ - short term of sentence, the full term of sen
ized to support a regimental combat team tence as reduced by credit for abatements .
in an amphibious operation normally in - | short term release date, the day preceding the
cludes three shore party teams. date arrived at by adding the term of the
shore party team , in Marine Corps usage, the sentence as reduced by abatements to the
shore party organization basically organ : beginning date of the sentence.
ized to support a battalion landing team short thrust, bayonet thrust in which the arm
in an amphibious operation . The shore is extended and the body thrown forward ,
party team is the basic unit of a shore with the weight shifted to the leading
party . foot ; short lunge. It is delivered at a dis
shore- to -shore operation , amphibious operation tance of about 3 feet.
in which the bulk of the landing force short title. See title.
with supplies and equipment is transported short wheel base. See wheel base.
in landing ships, craft or vehicles from a
short, 1, a solid projectile ; 2 . pellets, small
shore base directly to a landing beach balls or slugs used in shotgun shells , canis
without transshipment. ters, and some other types of ammunition ;
short, shot which strikes or bursts between 3. single discharge of a firearm of any
the gun and the target ; shot fired without type ; 4 . See armor-piercing .
sufficient range to reach the target.
shot group , 1 . design made on a surface by all
Shorts and overs are observed in sensing .
the impacts of a series of shots fired under
shortage report, report, transmitted by a similar conditions. In this meaning, also
source of supply, listing items which can called shot pattern ; 2. pattern made on a
not be delivered by the required date. surface by a series of pencil marks that
These reports are transmitted to a tech test the ability of a soldier to sight a gun
nical service stock control point for deter properly. The soldier directs a small disk
mination of a secondary source of supply target to be moved until it is alined with
or other appropriate supply action . the sights of a gun in a fixed position . The
short-base method. See computed intersection . position of the disk is marked by a pencil
dot made through the hole in the disk .
short delay fuze. See delay fuze. Three such dots make up a shot group . In
short guard , 1 . prescribed guard position in this meaning , also called aiming group .
bayonet drill , in which the point of the
shot pattern , design made on a surface by all
bayonet is directed at the opponent' s stom the impacts of a series of shots fired under
ach , and the right hand holds the small similar conditions. Also called shot group .
of the stock near the right hip ; 2 . com
mand to take this position . shot tongs, device used to lift and convey
heavy projectiles in a horizontal position .
short life items, items which have an esti
mated average service life of less than five shot truck , small truck or cart on which heavy
years. projectiles are loaded to be run up to the
breech , in loading heavy artillery. It is
short lot, in storage operations, item of small adjusted to the height of the breech so that
quantity stored in short rows, usually no the projectile can be rammed into the
more than one or two pallet loads or con breech ,
tainers in depth .
shoulder, 1. edge of the grading of a road*; 2 .
short lunge. See short thrust. part of a shell or cartridge case where the
short range disk . See marking disk. larger diameter of the powder chamber is
short-range radar, equipment whose maximum tapered in to the smaller diameter of the
range on a reflecting target of one square projectile,
meter normal to the signal path exceeds shoulder guard , any shield over the firing
50 miles , but is less than 150 miles, pro mechanism of a gun designed to protect
vided line of sight exists between the tar the gunner from contact ; particularly ,
get and the radar. such a shield on cannon mounted in tapkę,
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
267 sig

armored vehicles, and other cramped , shuttling , 1. transporting troops, equipment,

quarters. and supplies by a series of round trips of
shoulder loop, loop of cloth sewn perpendic the same vehicles. It may be done by haul
ular to the shoulder seam of service coats, ing a load the entire distance and then re
shirts, and overcoats and fastened under turning for another load ; or it may be
the edge of the collar. done by carrying successive portions of the
marching force for short distances while
· shoulder patch. See shoulder sleeve insignia . the remaining portions continue on foot ; 2 .
shoulder sleeve insignia , cloth insignia indicat in tractor-semitrailer and trucktrailer op
ing division , etc., worn on the upper sleeve, erations, the repeated trips of tractors or
one-half inch below the shoulder seam on trucks to move semitrailers or trailers be
the service coat or shirt ; formerly called tween various points .
shoulder patch . sick book. See daily sick report .
shoulder strap, strap showing grade, worn by sick call, 1 . daily assembly when all sick and
officers on dress uniforms ; it is worn injured , other than those in the hospital,
parallel to the shoulder seam . report to a medical officer for examination .
shoulder weapon . any weapon designed to be 2 . bugle call or signal for this assembly .
fired while held in the hands, braced sick leave, leave granted military personnel
against or upon the shoulder . The rifle , for absence because of illness upon recom
carbine, shotgun , automatic rifle, rocket mendation of surgeon . Sick leave is not
launcher, and 57 -mm recoilless rifle are chargeable as leave.
examples of shoulder weapons. sick report. See daily sick report .
showdown inspection , inspection of all indi- side arms, weapons that are worn at the side
vidual clothing and equipment or organi or in the belt when not in use . The bayo
zational equipment to insure its complete net, automatic pistol, revolver, etc., are
ness and serviceability. side arms.
showdown shortage report, report prepared by side car, small vehicular body, one side of
the unit commander to report the unit 's which is borne on its single wheel and the
showdown shortages to the station com other side of which is attached to a motor
mander on preparation for oversea move cycle.
ment.
sidelap, area common to two aerial photo
showdown shortages, shortages of clothing and graphs on adjacent lines of flight ; nor
equipment of a unit as determined by the mally 30 percent. See overlap.
unit's showdown inspection on preparation side lobe, a lobe of energy emanating from a
for oversea movement. The shortages are radar antenna that is not parallel to or co
reported to the station commander on incident with the main lobe. See lobe.
showdown shortage reports. side spray , fragments of a bursting shell that
shrapnel, artillery projectile which contains are thrown sidewise from the line of flight,
small lead balls that are propelled by a in contrast with base spray, thrown to the
powder charge in the base, set off by a time rear, and nose spray, thrown to the front.
fuze. Although still in service, shrapnel side stop , single step 12 inches to the right or
has been replaced almost entirely by high left of a given standing position .
explosive shells . Wounds called shrapnel
wounds usually are due to shell fragments
| sidetone, audible sound produced in a tele
rather than to shrapnel. phone receiver when the transmitter of the
same telephone set is actuated by sound
shuttle, any system of transport in which a waves.
unit operates back and forth between two
siege warfare , type of warfare that develops
points to give almost continuous service . when an attacking force wholly or partly
Ambulance shuttle is a method of operat
surrounds a strongly defended position and
ing ambulance service, consisting of one or attempts to wear it down by blockade,
more ambulance loading posts , one or more
bombardment, and small, systematic ad
ambulance relay posts, and a basic relay vances.
post. An advanced shuttle is a shuttle
operated between an advanced ambulance sight, 1 . mechanical or optical device for aim
loading post (usually forward of a collect ing a firearm or for laying a gun in posi
ing station ) and a clearing station . tion . It is based on the principle that two
points in fixed relation to each other may
shuttle marching, alternate riding and march be brought in line with a third . Sights are
ing in a troop movement, usually because classified as fixed or adjustable depending
of insufficient vehicles to carry the entire on the provision made for setting windage
unit. and range, and also according to type.
shuttle movement. See shuttling . Glass sights comprise all sights which in
SR 320 –5 – 1
g 268
clude an optical element, such as a colli- | signal, 1. any transmitted electrical impulse ;
mator, telescope, periscope, etc. Iron 2. type of message, the text of which con
sights are classified as either open or aper sists of one or more letters, characters,
ture. Aperture sights are those that are signal flags, visual displays, or special
sighted through , such as peep , ring, etc. sounds, with prearranged meanings.
Open sights are all those that are sighted signal center. See communication center.
over or at, such as post, bead , notch , etc. signal communication
Leaf sights are those which can be folded , any means of transmit.
down for protection ; 2. aim at a target or ting messages in plain or encrypted text
aiming point ; 3 . look through a sighting other than by direct conversation or mail.
device to determine the angular direction signal communication agency , includes all per
of a point, either horizontal or vertical, in sonnel and equipment necessary to operate
surveying or navigation , especially the a signal communication installation. An
angular position of the sun, a star, or a agency may include one or more means of
planet in navigation . signal communication . A message center
sight base, mount for a gun sight. is an example of an agency of signal com
munication .
sight blade, thin , flat, metal post used as the
front sight on some firearms. signal flag, flag used in signaling by a code
sightbracket, clamp used to hold a detachable system of wigwag or semaphore.
sight in position when mounted on a gun . signal flare, any pyrotechnic signal, fired from
sight cover, protective metallic cover fas the ground or from aircraft, that has dis
tened about a sight to guard it from being tinctive color or characteristics which give
moved out of adjustment by jars or blows. it meaning in an established code system .
sight defilade, 1. position which is shielded signaling panel, strip of cloth used in sending
from enemy ground observation by an in code signals between ground and aircraft
tervening obstacle ; 2 . gun position in in flight.
which all parts of the gun below the line of signaling smoke, any type of smoke but usu
sighting are masked from observation ; 3. ally colored smoke from a hand or rifie
vertical distance by which an object or grenade or from a pyrotechnic signal, used
position is hidden from enemy observation for conveying a message.
by an obstacle , such as a hill .
signal intelligence, those portions of technical
sight extension , any device which raises the and scientific intelligence which are con
normal base , or mount ; of a sight to pro cerned with signal and electronic equip
vide improved or unobstructed sighting. ment, systems, installations and associ
sighting bar, wooden device with enlarged ated activities, both civil and military.
front and rear sights , eyepiece and a mov Not to be confused with communication
able target. It is used to train men in the intelligence.
proper method of aiming a small arms signal lamp, light used to signal by flashing,
weapon . The eyepiece forces the student
to hold his eye in proper position . Be
according to a code.
cause of the size of the sights, errors of signal officer, staff officer of a large unit (divi
aiming are very apparent. sion or higher ) specializing in signal com
munications.
sighting disk , cardboard or metal disk with a
small bullseye painted thereon and on at- | signal operation instructions, a series of orders
tached handle. With a gun in fixed posi. issued for technical control and coordina
tion , a sighting disk is used in aiming tion of the signal communications activi
practice . The instructor moves the disk ties of a command .
across a sheet of paper as the student signal pistol, pistol from which pyrotechnic
directs , until the student believes it is in signals , especially flares, are fired . Also
the line with the sights. He then marks called pyrotechnic pistol.
the position . Three such marks make up signal recognition , any prearranged signal by
a shot group or aiming group . which individuals or units may identify
sighting shot, trial shot fired from a gun to each other.
find out whether the sights are properly signal rocket, rocket that gives off some char
adjusted . acteristic color or display which has a
sight leaf, movable hinged part of a rear sight meaning according to an established code.
of a gun that can be raised and set to a It is usually fired from a signal pistol or a
desired range, or snapped down when not ground signal projector.
in use .
signal service, organization , installation, and
sight radius, distance between the front and operation of the signal communications of
rear sights on a weapon . a unit .
 SR 320 – 5 –1
269 ski

signal system , any apparatus for signal com - | single station method, method of locating a
munication , such as that for sending fire target in which both direction and distance
control data from an observation station to the target are determined from only one
to a gun . station . See horizontal base line method .
signal troops, troops of the Signal Corps ; single transposition , in cryptography, trans
especially , those who are assigned to divi- position in which only one inscription and
sions, corps, etc., to maintain and operate one transcription are effected .
its communications systems. site, 1 . position of anything, for example, the
sign off , prosign denoting the termination of position of a gun emplacement ; 2 . vertical
a transmission . angle between the horizontal and a line
silhouette target, 1 . target whose shape is out joining the target and the muzzle of a
lined against a light background although weapon . In this meaning, usually called
its body features cannot be clearly seen ; angle of site ; 3 . command to place a set
2 . practice target consisting of the dark ting on the site scale of materiel so
image of a person or object outlined equipped .
against a light background. site defilade. See position defilade.
silver oak-leaf cluster, device worn in lieu of site scale, instrument for setting off site in
each five bronze oak- leaf clusters. See laying a gun .
oak - leaf cluster. sitting position , one of the standard postures
Silver Palm . See Medal of Freedom . used in firing a rifle . The shooter sits
silver service star, device worn in lieu of each half faced to the right, with legs apart,
five bronze service stars. See service star. heels well braced into the ground, and
Silver Star, decoration denoting gallantry in body bent forward , while supporting the
action in World War I or distinguished gal weight of the rifle with the elbows resting
lantry in action in World War II. The inside the legs.
degree of heroism required is of a lesser situation, all the conditions and circum
degree than that required for the Medal of stances which affect a unit or command
Honor or Distinguis hed Service Cross : at any given time.
decoration precedence number 4 . situation map, map showing the tactical or
simple box trail. See box trail. the administrative situation at a particu
simplex, the operational characteristics of a lar time, used for staff study or as an
circuit which permit communications in addition to staff reports.
only one direction at a time; half duplex. six by four, as applied to motor vehicles, six
simplex circuit, circuit, normally ground re wheels of which four are driving wheels,
considered
dual wheels being one wheel.
as
turn , superimposed on an existing metallic
circuit to provide an additional channel It is usually written 6 x 4 .
for telephone, telegraph , or teletype. six by six, as applied to motor vehicles, six
simulated mustard , a harmless substance com wheels of which six are driving wheels ,
posed of molasses residuum used in train dual wheels being considered as one wheel.
ing to simulate persistent chemical agents. It is usually written 6 x 6 .
single-base powder. See pyro powder . skate mount, mounting of a machine gun that
permits it to travel on a continuous track
single department procurement, purchases by extending around the inside of the body of
· one department of certain supplies or sery
ices for another department.
a vehicle. The gun can be locked in any
position for use.
single envelopment, maneuver made against
one flank, or around one flank against the skeet gun , classification of shotguns which in
cludes those with 26 -inch improved cyl
rear, of the initial dispositions of the
enemy. See double envelopment. inder barrels . Other classifications are
single loader. See single-shot weapon . riot gun and sporting gun .
-single section charge, propelling charge in skeleton crew , smallest number of men that
separate-loading ammunition that is loaded can operate and care for equipment.
into a single bag . A single section charge )| sketch . See military sketch .
cannot be reduced or increased for changes skim mine sweeping, mine sweeping in com
of range, as a multisection charge can be. paratively shallow waters or in localities
single shot, 1. loaded by hand for each shot ; where underwater obstructions or pinna
2 . semiautomatic operation of an automatic cles exist.
gun , in which the trigger must be pulled
the trigger must be pulled | skip bombing , method of aerial bombing in
for each shot fired .
which the bomb is released from such a
single-shot weapon , gun , such as an old -style low altitude that it slides or glances along
rifle, that is loaded by hand for each shot. ! the surface of the water or ground and
SR 320 - 5 - 1
270
strikes the target at or above water level proportionate shares of the total corps,
or ground level. See minimum altitude army, army group and communications
zone troop . e
bombing .
slide, 1. inner role of a slide rule or graphie
skip
skirmish , 1. See
zone. dead
relati velyspace.
light engagement be frizz table : 2 . sliding part of the receiver
tween small bodies of troops ; 2 . take part 1 of certain automatie Weapons ; sliding
eatch on the breech mechanism of certain
in a skirmish . guns ; 4 . a transparent material on which
skirmisher , dismounted soldier in a line of appears a picture or drawing to be pro
troopa in extended order during maneuver jected .
or attack . slide rule, caleulating device used to solve
skirmish line, lipe of troops in extended or mathematical problems.
der during a tactical exercise or attack . sliding strip , in cryptography , strip of eard
ski troops, any troops especially infantry , board or similar material which bears a
trained and equipped to maneuver and sequence and which can be slid against
fight on skis. other such strips to various juxtapositions.
sky glow , illum inati on cause by a weap0 on sliding -strip device, cryptographic device con
d
firing from a defladed position . sisting of a metal, plastic , or wooden base
sky map, the mirroring of land, water, snow , containing a series of channels into which
etc ., in the clouds. A sky map approaches strips may be inserted and slid .
perfection as the clouds on an overcast sling, 1. loop of rope, chains , cable , or the
day approach uniformity . like, used to hold an article while it is
slack , looseness or play, especially the play being hoisted ; 2 . strap attached to a rifle
in the trigger of a small-arms weapon . or carbine to be placed over a man ' s
klant plane, in antiaircraft artillery the plane shoulder to sustain the weight of the fire
containing the target course line and the arm on the march and to hold it steady
when being fired. In this meaning, usually
pintle
klant cente
range, r ofnce
dista the inguna .straight line from called gun sling ; 3. strap attached to a
a gun , point of observation , or radar set mortar or other weapon to be placed over
to a target, especially an aerial target . a man 's shoulder to sustain the weight of
the weapon ,
h , cutt
vlasfrom a ing ionoke
str
posit theone
whicha bay
in with t , usua
rifle lly sling arms, place a rifle or other weapon in
is held
horizontal above the left shoulder, with position with its sling over the shoulder .
slip, 1. small sideslip made by an aircraft to
sleeve forwamrd, . cloth insignia worn on the
butt emble lose altitude rapidly in approaching a land
ing ; 2 . technique of making limited changes
sleeve to indicate the wearer 's status . Ci
in the direction of drift of the parachute
vilian employees and civilian members of or increasing the rate of descent by manip
military missions wear sleeve emblems.
ulation of the risers.
sleeve targeder
See shoul sleeve
t, tubul open ia
ar insign .
- ended bag which slippage , condition which exists when the
0118 with air and bellies out when towed frictional contact of a clutch is inadequate
by an aircraft in flight. It is used as a to transmit the desired torque, or when
target . Also called towed sleeve target. the traction of tires or tracks is inadequate
to move the vehicle ,
sleigh , part of a gun carriage which
the recoil mechanism and barrelsuppo
rts
of the slit trench , personnel shelter roughly rectan
gun, and slides with the gun on recoil, gular in shape, dug in ground . See foxhole.
kulding it in runways in the cradle. I slope, measure of an incline, wall, or ramp in
slew , swing a gun sidewise ; traverse a gun . terms of the ratio of vertical rise to hori
slewing mechanism , device which permits zontal distance ,
rapid traverse or change in elevation of a slope of fall, ratio between the drop of a
weapon or instrument. projectile and its horizontal movement ;
slice , planning factor , obtained by dividing | tangent of the angle of fall.
slow fire, type of firing used in instructing
the total strength of a force or theater by
the number of basic combat elements. A beginners and in record practice , in which
slice generally consists of the total no time limit for completing a score is set.
strength of the basic combatant element, See deliberate fire.
plus its proportionate share of all sup sludge, residue of dirt, metal chips, etc., in
porting and higher headquarters , person motor crank case after oil is drained . ,
nel, and is norma lly expre ssed to the near
est thousand . The theater division slices slurry, mixture of a solid and a liquid that
Includes the strength of the division plus ! will flow easily ; especially a mixture of
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
271 802

water with bleaching material, used as a cealed from enemy observation by an inter
decontaminant for war gases . vening obstacle, such as a hill ; 2. vertical
slush, clean the rilling of a gun with a com distance by which the smoke of a gun is
pound, or oil its bore with lubricating oil. concealed from enemy observation .
slush brush , cylindrical piece of wood , fas- smoke generator. See mechanical smoke gen
tened to a long rod and covered with al erator.
wool or carpet pad, used to coat the inner smoke haze, light concentration of smoke
surface of a gun bore with oil or cleaning placed over friendly installations to re
compound. strict accurate enemy observation and fire
small arms, firearms of small caliber, includ but not dense enough to hamper friendly
ing pistols, rifles, machine guns, and shot operations. Density of haze is equivalent
guns. The maximum caliber for small to that of light fog.
arms is set variously in different branches smokeless powder, propellent explosive from
of the service, commonly either .60 caliber which there is little or no visible smoke on
or one inch . firing .
small -arms ammunition , ammunition used in smoke operations, the action of using smoke
small arms ; rounds having a bullet diame- to prevent observation of activities or loca
ter of one inch or less. tion of vital areas.
small-bore practice, practice in firing with smoke pot, an expendable, bucket- or pot-like
small arms using .22 caliber ammunition I ammunition that produces a dense smoke
instead of the standard service rounds. L. by burning a smoke mixture. See smoke
small objective defense, the active antiaircraft candle.
defense of a vulnerable area 2 ,000 yards or smoke projectile, any projectile containing a
less in diameter. smoke-producing chemical agent that is
small of the stock , part of the stock of a released on impact or burst. Also called
small-arms weapon ordinarily gripped by smoke shell.
the right hand ; part of the stock immedi- smoke screen , cloud of smoke used to mask
ately behind the receiver and trigger as either friendly or enemy installations or
sembly ; pistol grip in some styles of maneuvers ; may be a smoke blanket ,
stocks . smoke haze, smoke curtain , or blinding
small scale map , map having a scale smoke.
1 : 1,000,000 to 1 : 00 . smooth -bore, having a bore that is smooth and
smoke, 1. suspension of small liquid or solid without riflling. Shotguns and mortars
particles in air ; 2, filling for smoke muni are commonly smooth -bore .
tions such as bombs, shell, and grenades ; snake, specially constructed explosive charge
3 . to produce signaling or screening smoke used for clearing paths through mine fields
with any munition . or for denudation. It is so constructed
smoke and flash defilade, 1 . condition in which that it may be pulled near the obstacle ,
the smoke and flash of a gun are concealed then finally pushed into place by a tank.
from enemy observation by an intervening
obstacle , such as a hill or •ravine ; 2. ver sniff set. See gas
identification set.
tical distance by which the smoke and sniper, an especially skilled rifleman , usually
flash of a gun are concealed from enemy having special equipment, whose mission is
observation . to kill key enemy personnel.
smoke blanket, dense concentration of smoke sniperscope, device combining a snooperscope
established over and around friendly areas and a carbine or other firearm , which en
to protect them from aerial visual observa ables the operator to see and shoot at
tion and visual precision bombing attack targets in the dark .
or established over enemy areas to protect sniper's post. See sniping post.
attacking aircraft from antiaircraft fire.
Blankets can also be used at night to pre sniping, fire delivered by a sniper. See sniper .
vent enemy observed aerial attack by flare sniping post, concealed , generally isolated
light. position for a rifleman who is detailed to
smoke candle,munition which produces smoke ! pick off key enemy individuals ; sniper's
by vaporizing fog oil. See smoke pot. post.
smoke curtain , vertical smoke screen placed snooperscope, hand-carried device combining
between friendly and hostile troops or in a source of infrared rays, with a viewer ,
stallations to prevent enemy ground to enable the operator to see in the dark .
observation .
soakage pit, pit or trench into which sewage
smoke defilade, 1. condition in which the and liquid refuse are drained . Also called
smoke of firing at a gun position is con sullage pit .
SR 320– 5 – 1
soc 272
sociological intelligence , that component of | sonne photography , continuous strip photog
strategic intelligence which deals with the raphy. A photograph of a strip of terrain
demographic and psychological aspects of in which the image remains unbroken
groups of people. throughout its entire length , being pro
sodium hypochlorite, household bleaching solu duced by a moving film passing an aperture
tion used for decontamination of some war of extremely narrow width and synchro
nized with the speed of the aircraft. If
gases. dual, offset lenses and apertures are used ,
sodium sulfide, chemical used in solution with
the resulting strip photograph can be
methyl alcohol to neutralize or destroy viewed stereoscopically .
nitroglycerine.
sodium sulfite, chemical decontaminant for sono-buoy. See radio sono-buoy.
chloropicrin . sorption , process of taking up and holding
gas, liquid , or solid particles by absorption
soldier, any member of the Army.
( internal solution ) and / or by adsorption
Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act, federal (surface adhesion ) ; specifically , the action
statute enacted to give civil and legal pro
tection to members of the armed forces by
of activated charcoal on war gas vapors.
suspending the enforcement of certain civil sortie, 1. sudden attack made from a defensive
liabilities ; Civil Relief Act. position . In this meaning it is sometimes
soldier's deposits, savings deposits of enlisted called sally ; 2. aircraft airborne on a mis
personnel made with disbursing officers sion against the enemy ; 3. set of photo
and ordinarily arranged through personnel graphs obtained on a photographic mis
sion .
officers.
Soldier's Medal, medal denoting heroism not sorting of casualties, determining of the dispo
in combat or aerial flight ; decoration sition to be made of the wounded , which
is a function of all medical installations
precedence number 7 . in the field , commencing at the front. Cas
Soldier's Qualification Card , basic classifica ualties are divided into ambulatory or
tion record of every enlisted man. It con walking wounded and stretcher cases. The
tains a summary of his personal history , stretcher cases are classified as transport
schooling, occupational and military ex able casualties (stretcher cases, which , in
perience, test scores, and other informa the opinion of a medical representative,
tion .
can safely tolerate transportation ) , and
sole storage and issue responsibility, complete nontransportable casualties (stretcher
responsibility for the storage and issue of cases requiring immediate medical or sur
an item for the entire Department of the gical attention ) . Casualties may also be
Army assigned to one technical service sorted for evacuation purposes according
which is responsible for supply of the item to anticipated length of hospitalization ,
for the Army at large. sound and flash (ranging ) , two distinct and
solid fuel, fuel of a solid nature, such as coal, separate but supplementary systems of lo
coke, charcoal, briquettes, dust fuels, fire cating enemy weapons and, secondarily, ad
wood , patent fuels composed thereof, etc. justing friendly counterfire by : observa
solifluction, a process of denudation consist tion by sonic devices on the sound pro
ing of a slow gravitational flowing on duced by the enemy weapon in firing or by
slopes of saturated soil masses which alter the friendly projectile in exploding or
nately freeze and thaw . visual observation of the flash produced or
solve, cryptanalyze ; find the plain text of en of the point of burst of the enemy weapon
crypted communications by cryptanalytic or friendly projectile .
processes ; recover the keys and the prin - sound discipline, observing the official restric
ciples of their application by analysis. tions on the sounds thatmay be made in a
sonde, in telemetering, the complete air -borne particular locality. It is often near a lis
telemetering system in the vehicle. tening or sound-locator post .
S - 1, 5 - 2, etc., designations in a unit staff at sound film strip , Department of the Army film
regimental, battalion or similar level. See strip with an accompanying recorded lec
general staff . ture.
sonic, pertaining to , or utilizing , sound waves. | sound lag , time necessary for a sound wave to
sub-sonic, at speeds less than that of sound. travel from its source to the point of
super-sonic, at speeds greater than that of reception,
sound . sound locator, instrument for locating the di
trans-sonic, at speeds within the zone of rection from which a sound comes, useful
maximum and minimum sound speeds in locating the position of unseen enemy
possible under varying conditions. weapons.
 SR 320– 5 – 1
273 spe

sound off, command given at parade and Spanish War Service Medal, service medal de
guard mount when the band is to play a | noting service between 1898 and 1899 by
short series of chords before beginning to persons not eligible for the Spanish Cam
play the march . paign Medal.
sound-powered telephone, a self- contained com - spanning tray, removable hollowed tray on
munication set providing two-way signal which the elements of separate-loading
ing and voice communication over limited ammunition slide when being inserted in
distances, and not requiring heavy or com the breech of a cannon .
plicated equipment or batteries. The spar bridge, expedient bridge built of round
sound -powered telephone may be, but is timbers lashed together.
generally not used through a switchboard . spare parts, individual parts, sub-assemblies,
sound ranging , method of locating the source and assemblies (components ) supplies for
of a sound , such as that of a gun report or themaintenance or repair of equipment.
a shell burst, by calculations based on the
spare parts list, list approved by designated
intervals between the reception of the
authorities, indicating the total quantities
sound at various previously oriented micro
phone stations. of spare parts , tools , and equipment nec
essary for the maintenance of a specified
. sound ranging adjustment, adjustment of the number of major items for a definite period
fire of a friendly gun or battery by sound of time.
ranging methods applied to the sound of spearhead , 1. the leading assault troops in an
its shell bursts.
attack ; 2 . holding the leading position in
sound ranging location , location of an enemy an assault or rapidly moving attack ; 3.
gun or battery by sound ranging methods ornament on the top of a staff or lance
applied to the sound produced by its fire . bearing the colors, standard, or guidon. '
sound ranging plotting board , standard plot. special area , vital area defended by antiair
ting board used in locating the source of a craft artillery over which friendly aircraft
sound from the data supplied by the vari. are prohibited from flying at all times.
ous microphone stations. special CBR sentinel, specially trained and
source, geographic origin of commodities . equipped sentry posted at protective shel
space. See spacing impulse. ter, contaminated area , or other critical
space charter, agreement made between the installation to enforce CBR discipline and
government and the owner of a vessel hence minimize effects of enemy CBR
which provides that a specified number of attack.
cubic feet of shipping space is allocated by special clothing , shirts and pants modified in
means of voyage commitment orders for I design to assist in protection against
use on specified voyages from and to desig blister gases by preventing free access of
nated ports. See shipping contract. blister gas vapors to the body wherever
spacing impulse, 1. one of two signal condi the clothing has openings. Special cloth
tions, the other of which is marking im ing is intended for impregnation to make
pulse. It is used in reference to alphabets it permeable protective clothing , but it
constructed of two types of signal ; 2 . onemay be worn without treatment in nongas
of the two types of impulses used in tele warfare.
typewriter transmission ; normally , that special corrections, 1 . term used in a fire mes
impulse during which no current flows. sage to indicate that an accurately com
through the teletypewriter receiving mag puted sheaf is desired ; 2. fire command
net. indicating that position corrections are to
spade, sharp part of a gun trail that is em be applied to form a regular sheaf.
bedded in the ground and restricts move- special court-martial, court-martial consisting
ment of the carriage during recoil. of at least three members, having jurisdic
tion to try any person subject to military
spade grip , D -shaped handle for pointing the
law for any crime or offense not capital,
gun , fastened on the rear of the receiver of
certain flexible automatic weapons. made punishable by the Uniform Code of
Military Justice. A special court -martial
spall, fragments torn from either surface of may impose sentences not in excess of
armor plate as the result of a complete 6 months confinement at hard labor and
penetration or a partial penetration , forfeitures of two-thirds pay per month for
span , 1. maximum distance, measured parallel a like period , except that a bad conduct
to the lateral axis, from tip to tip of an discharge may be imposed in addition to
airfoil ; 2 . horizontal distance between the the authorized punishments where ap
supports of a bridge ; the bridge itself . proved by the officer exercising general
Spanish Campaign Medal, service medal denot court-martial jurisdiction over the accused
ing service in the war with Spain in 1898. and subject to appellate review by the
SR 320– 5 – 1
spe 274
Judge Advocate General and appellate and equipment not covered by the other
agencies in his office. subdivisions of the interior guard of a
special duty, duty performed by an individual command , are assigned to the special
with an organization other than that to guard .
which he is assigned but located at the special inventory, the counting of selected
same station , as contrasted with detached items for a specific purpose.
service which is duty performed by an specialist school, a service school for officers
individual with an organization other than and / or enlisted men for training of a spe
that to which he is assigned and located at cialized nature and not restricted in its
another station . application to a particular arm or service.
special equipment vehicle, vehicle ofwhich the special operations, types of military opera
chassis, except for minor modification , is tions which require specialized troops ,
identical with that of a general purpose equipment, or techniques, such as river
vehicle , but which has a special body or crossings, combat in towns, etc. See spe
special equipment mounted thereon . cial forces operations.
special field exercise areas, terrain for practic special orders, orders normally used to pro
ing special combat operations to include mulgate directives affecting the status of
airborne, mountain , winter warfare, jungle , individuals, such as appointment, assign
amphibious, and other operations under ment, reassignment, detail, transfer, pro
other than normal climatic or weather motion , reduction , relief from active duty ,
conditions, or for special units using CBR discharge, retirement, and for appoint
or other very special types of equipment, ment of boards of officers, court-martial,
special forces operations, operations conducted and courts of inquiry,
within or behind the enemy lines for a special purpose rations, specified combinations
military purpose, with the primary objec of food , candy, etc ., developed for the sub
tive of fostering and organizing the in sistence of troops under unusual circum
digenous resistance potential behind the stances. Special purpose rations are not
enemy lines and exploiting this potential
to service our military objective. Such
issued as a meal. See ration .
operations include : organization and con - special purpose system , specific cryptographic
duct of guerilla warfare ; organization aids intended only for certain types of
and conduct of resistance movements ; messages . They include General Auxil .
political, economic and psychological oper iary Signal Books and Signal Vocabulary ,
ations conducted through special forces Authenticator Systems, Aircraft Codes,
operating behind the enemy lines ; under Fighter Director Vocabulary, etc.
ground and resistance movements ; subver - special purpose vehicle, a motor vehicle de
sion and sabotage ; the infiltration of signed and intended for a specialized re
agents into the enemy's sphere of influence quirement for which no general purpose
in support of actual and projected special vehicle can be adopted . This category
forces operations ; commando and ranger includes items that are specified from time
type operations ; evasion and escape ef to time by the technical services. All
fected through special forces units and tractors (except truck -tractors ) regardless
agencies ; antiguerilla warfare. of size or intended purpose, are classified
special fund, fund, restricted in use or ex as special purpose vehicles. See general
penditure to the purpose designated by purpose vehicle; special equipment vehicle .
law , into which are deposited receipts of special records depository, establishment for
the United States Government from spe the centralized storage, processing and ad
cific sources designated by law . . ministration of a specific type of noncur
special gas mask, gas mask that protects rent records.
wearer by means of special canisters special service school, a service school for off
against industrial gases such as ammonia , cers and / or enlisted men , at which is
oil vapors, and acid vapors . taught subjects necessary in the particular
special gas sentinel, specially trained and arm of service.
equipped sentry posted at gasproof shelter, special services company, technical troops pro
contaminated area , or other critical in vided for Special Services operations. The
stallation to enforce gas discipline and companies are separate , semimobile organ
· hence minimize effects of enemy gas attack. izations, trained and equipped to produce
special guard, soldier or group of soldiers de and provide the entertainment and recre
tailed for various guard duties which have ational facilities and activities for troops
not been assigned to the main guard or including motion pictures, libraries, sports,
the prisoner guard . Guards of honor, and live entertainment shows and novelty acts ,
other guards posted to protect personnell musical entertainment, and hobbies. . .
 SR 320 –5 – 1
275 spo

special services officer, a commissioned officer | speedometer multiplier, any number by which
engaged in over-all supervision of Special the speedometer reading in miles -per-hour
Services activities, including recreation , is multiplied to determine distance in yards
motion pictures, and exchange. between vehicles.
special solution , solution which depends on speed ring sight, reticular sight, which may be
unusual circumstances not normally to be metallic or an opti-prismatic apparatus ,
expected if the proper measures of physical with concentric ring elements by which
and cryptographic security have been the values for lead angles required for
maintained . certain target speeds can be determined .
special staff, all staff officers having duties at spelling group, cryptographic code group of
a headquarters and not included in the which the plain equivalent is a letter or
general ( coordinating ) staff group or in combination of letters used for spelling
the personal stafr group . words not included in the code vocabulary .
special tools, types of tools and tool equip- spelling table. See syllabary .
ment designed to perform a specific opera - | spider wire entanglement, irregular crisscross
tion on specific pieces of material. grouping of barbed -wire fences.
special training unit, organization to which spin -stabilization , method of stabilizing a pro
illiterate, non -English speaking, and Army jectile during flight by causing it to rotate
General Classification Test Grade V en about its own longitudinal axis . In rocket
listed men are initially assigned from re projectiles spin -stabilization is achieved by
ception centers. It provides preliminary offsetting the venturi so that the escaping
academic and military training for these gases impart a rotatory as well as a for
enlisted men to prepare them to undergo ward motion to the projectile. See fin
regular basic training . stabilization .
special troops, troops attached or assigned to spiral scanning, type of radar antenna rota
the headquarters of a division or larger tion in which a point on the radio -fre
unit. quency beam traces out a spiral. Only a
special unit, unit constituted and activated by small sector in the desired direction is
direction of the Department of the Army searched by the beam .
but organized under a special table of splash , 1. term used to indicate enemy air
organization and equipment. craft shot down, usually over water ; 2 .
specific allotment, allotment which designates word transmitted by a firing ship or artil
a specific appropriation and project ac lery fire direction center to the spotters
count and limits the amount which may be five seconds before the estimated time of
obligated thereunder. the impact of a salvo or round.
splash scale , device on an observing instru
specifications,
any clear and accurate descrip ment which shows the deviation of the
tion of the technical requirements for a
material, an item , or service , including the splash from the target.
procedure by which it can be determined splinterproof shelter, shelter which protects
that the requirements have been met. against rifle and machine-gun fire, splinters
of high explosives shell, and grenades , but
specification serial number , numerical code not against direct hits by 3 - inch shells, or
number assigned to a military occupation larger .
specialty for control, reporting, and requi
sitioning purposes . split trail, trail divided into two parts, used
on certain types of gun carriages.
specific cryptosystem , a particular set of
cryptoaids used in accordance with a spoken language manuals, education manuals
published by the Department of the Army,
specific set of rules.
containing basic and advanced study ma
specific key, element which may consist of a terial of various foreign languages with
letter, number , word , phrase, sentence, a emphasis on the spoken language.
special document, book or especially pre
pared tables, etc., usually 'of a variable sponson , hollow enlargement on the side of
the hull of a tank , used for storing ammu
nature and easily changeable at the will of
the correspondents , or prearranged for nition, or as a space for radio equipment
them or for their agents by higher author. or guns. .
ity . It is used with a specific crypto - sporting gun , classification of shot-guns which
graphic system to determine the encipher include those with 30 -inch full choke bar
ment of a message and includes both the rels . Other classifications are riot gun
message keying element and daily keying and skeet gun .
element, spot, 1. to place a vehicle where required for
speech scrambling. See ciphony. I loading or unloading ; 2 . to determine, by
SR 320– 5 – 1
spo 276
observation , deviations of gunfire from the three to six planes each ; 3 . a unit of the
target for the purpose of supplying neces fleet consisting of one or more divisions of
sary information for the adjustment of battleships , destroyers, or aircraft .
fire. squad room , room in a barracks in which a
spot check , 1 . inspection of a few out of a number of men sleep .
number of parts, items, articles of equip - square base, rear end of a projectile which is
ment or personnel as a guide in determin - 1 cylinder-shaped and does not taper off
ing the condition of the whole ; 2 . one-time from the rotating band to the end, as in a
review to compare the trend of work vol projectile having a boattail.
ume and number of personnel and work squib , small pyrotechnic device which may be
load between similar activities or installa used to fire the igniter in a rocket or for
tions. A spot check in this sense is nor some similar purpose. Not to be confused
mally used as a guide to point out condi with a detonator, which explodes. See
tions that require more intensive analysis ,
electric squib .
spot height, printed figure on a map which stability , balanced position ; tendency of a
designates the elevation of a point above vehicle, aircraft, projectile, or missile to
a datum plane; spot elevation . return to its level or balanced position .
spot jamming , jamming of a specific channel stabilization . See in -stabilization ; spin -sta
or frequency. See electronic jamming . bilization . "
spot requisition, items of civilian supply, es stabilized front, strong defense line in which
sential or supplemental, but not included the combat elements are distributed over a
in agreed plans, that are requisitioned by deep area and in which the flanks are cov
theater commanders. - ered or protected by other troops or by
spotter , small black metal disk attached to a strong barriers. · It is usually fortified
target in practice shooting to show the with trenches .
marksman exactly where he has hit. See . stabilized soil, soil hardened by addition of a
observer. binder such as cement.
spotting, process of determining, by visual or stabilized warfare, warfare in which there is
radar observation , deviations of artillery only limited maneuvering by either side.
fire from the target for the purpose of Trench warfare is a form of stabilized war
supplying necessary information for the fare .
adjustment or analysis of fire. See sens stabilizing fin, fin on the tail of some pro
ing . jectiles and bombs that helps to maintain
spotting board, device for determining the balance during flight so that the projectile
direction and size of deviations from the or bomb strikes nose first,
target. It converts the readings of spotters stabilizing sleeve, cloth tube attached
to an
into usable form for firing data. aircraft flare to hold it in proper position
spotting charge, charge of low explosive used while it is descending .
in practice ammunition to show the strik
stack , 1 . arrange supplies in an orderly and
ing point of a projectile or bomb. compact manner ; 2 . collection or accumu
spray attack , aerial release of liquid war gas lation of supplies, arranged in an orderly
for casualty or harassing effect. and compact manner.
spread , 1. widen the beam of a searchlight ; 2 . | stack arms, 1. put a number of rifles in a
extend and put in place the trail of a gun . group , upright, with their butts on the
spy, a person acting secretly for the purpose ground. Three of them are linked together
of collecting information , with the stacking swivels. Additional
squad , small tactical unit , on a command level rifles are stacked leaning against this
below the section or platoon , consisting of group ; 2. command to do this .
only as many men as a leader can direct stacked charge, powder charge in which the
easily in the field . powder grains lie end to end within the
squad column, extended order formation in powder bag .
which the men in a squad are arranged in stacker, mechanical, portable elevator for
an irregular column behind the leader, usu - L raising supplies from floor level so that
ally about five paces apart. they may be stacked by hand.
squad leader, noncommissioned officer in stacking swivel, hinged hook on the muzzle
end of the handguard of a rifle by means
charge of a squad .
of which several rifles can be fastened to
squadron , any body of men in regular forma gether to form a stack .
tion ; 1. a unit composed of a headquarters
and two or more troops of cavalry ; 2 . a stadia, instrument that mcasures distances by
unit consisting of three fights of from means of angles. It consists of lines or
 SR 320 _5 – 1
277 sta

cross hairs on the lens of a telescope or ning to estimate the amount and type of
transit . A graduated rod is held at the effort involved in a contemplated opera
point to which the distance is to be meas tion.
ured . The number of graduations that can staff ride, mounted exercise in which tactical
be seen between the cross hairs is converted staff problems in given military situations
into distance by a simple formula . are presented and solved on the ground.
staff, officers who are specifically ordered or No troops are actually involved in this
detailed to assist the commander in his exercise.
exercise of command . The staff provides staff section work sheet, indexed assembly of
information for the commander, makes a extracts from current orders , messages, di
continuing study of the situation for an rectives, and decisions used in the prepara
ticipatory planning, submits recommenda • tion of estimates , plans, orders, and peri
tions as to plans and orders on its own odic reports.
initiative or in response to directives,
staff supervision , the process of advising other
translates decisions of the commander into
staff officers and individuals subordinate
orders and provides for dissemination
thereof, and supervises as directed the to the commander of the commander's
execution of orders to insure adherence to plans and policies, interpreting those plans
and successful execution of the intentions
and policies, assisting such subordinates
and policies of the commander. See gen in carrying them out, determining the
eral staff, joint staff, special staff, personal extent to which they are being executed ,
stall . and advising the commander thereof.
Staff supervision does not include com
Staff and Administrative Reserve, section of mand .
the Army Reserve consisting of personnel
who serve in positions which are not pe staff walk , exercise , made on foot, in which
culiar to any particular branch of service tactical staff problems in given military
assignments and are trained in managing situations are presented and solved on the
military operations that are not strategic ground. No troops are actually involved
or tactical. in this exercise.
staff coordination , action required within a stage, to process, in a specified area , troops
staff to insure that the various staff of which are in transit from one locality to
ficers act in harmony or agreement in another . Staging may include provision
carrying out the plans of the commanders of shelter and messing facilities , inspec
and that conflicts and duplications are tion to determine fitness of troops and ade
avoided by making necessary adjustments quacy of supplies and equipment, issue of
in plans and policies prior to their im supplies to make up shortages, rehearsal,
plementation . See coordination . and issuance of final instruction relative to
movement.
staff division , organizational unit, usually
nonoperating, established to assist the com staggered formation , irregular formation of
manding general of a higher command in the troops, vehicles, or airplanes in a unit,
discharging his responsibilities. Personnel in which they are unevenly spaced as a
of staff divisions formulate plans, advise safety measure.
operating units about their work and fol staging area , amphibious or airborne, general
low through on the execution of approved locality, between the mounting area and
programs. the objective of an amphibious or airborne
staff duty, service on the staff of a com expedition , through which the expedition ,
mander . or parts thereof, pass after mounting for
refueling , regrouping of ships, and / or exer
staff intelligence, that intelligence prepared
by any department or agency through the cise, inspection and redistribution of
correlation and interpretation of all in troops. A staging area does not require
telligence materials available to it in order facilities on the same scale as for a mount
to meet its specific requirements and re ing area . Staging areas can be established
sponsibilities. in localities which , due to their size, can
not support a mounting area ; or which ,
Staff Officers Field Manuals, that series ( 101 due to their location and use, are not desir
series ) of Department of the Army Field able as mounting areas. Other move
Manuals which is published to present ments, general locality established for the
principles, procedures and information for concentration of troop units and tran
the guidance and training of General Staff sient personnel between movements over
omcers of divisions, corps, armies and lines of communication . (It includes a
higher levels . housing or camp area and may have medi
staff planning factor, properly selected multi cal facilities . Here the units or per
pller, based on experience, used in plan - ! Bonnel may be inspected , records checked ,
SR 320- 5 - 1
278
and deficiencies in personnel, supplies, and standard error , the square root of the average
equipment made up . ) of the squares of all the errors .

staging regulations, rules issued by the com - standard gage, distance between parallel rail
mander of a staging area for its manage tracks of 4 feet 844 inches. A great dis
ment and operations. They regulate the tance is broad gage ; a smaller distance is
steps that must be taken in preparation narrow gage.
for sending troops overseas, including standard inspection procedure, instructions
their physical examination, classification , furnished to a procurement inspector for
and outfitting. guidance in determining acceptability of
standard , 1 . flag carried by mounted or motor supplies.
ized units. To the standard is a bugle standard items, supplies which are approved
call sounded as a salute to the color, the as standard type.
President, the Vice President, an ex -Pres
standard muzzle velocity , speed at which a
ident, or a foreign chief magistrate. To given projectile is supposed to leave the
the standard is usually called to the color ; muzzle of a gun . The speed is calculated
2 . classification usually given to supplies on the basis of the particular gun , the
and equipment that are the most advanced propelling charge used , and the type of
and satisfactory that have been adopted
projectile fired from the gun. Firing
and are preferred for procurement ; usu
tables are based on standard muzzle
ally called standard type. Substitute
velocity .
standard type, item which is not as satis
factory as a standard type but is a usable standard nomenclature, system of uniform
substitue therefor, and may be procured to designation of items of Army materiel in
supplement the supply of standard type. which the designating noun or phrase is
Limited standard type, item which is not given first, followed by the modifiers in
as satisfactory as a standard type but is a reverse of the normal conversational or
usable substitute therefor , and is either in der . Tank , Medium , M46, is an example
use or available for issue to meet supply of standard nomenclature.
demands . standard nomenclature list, publication that
standard ballistic conditions, set of ballistic lists the official names for items of equip
ment.
conditions arbitrarlly assumed as standard
for the computation of firing tables. standard pack , quantity of items usually
standard bearer, soldier who carries a stand | packed in one container for shipment.
ard . standard package. See standard pack .
standard cargo, all items in their normal pack
ormar packo standard score , a score which permits com
ages, such as boxes, drums, cans, etc. parison between an individual's achieve
standard cipher alphabet, alphabet in which ment on a test in relation to a group taking
the sequence of letters in the cipher com the same test. Raw scores on all Army
ponent is the same as the normal, but tests are converted to standard scores
either shifted from its normal point of in order to make scores on a variety of
coincidence with the plain component, tests directly comparable . Army standard
reversed in direction , or a combination of scores range approximately from 40 to 160
both . with an average of 100 .
standard civil time, means solar time based
standard train , authorized type of railway
upon the transit of the sun over a certain train for a particular military use. Each
specified meridian , called the time merid type of standard train is made up of a
ian , and adopted for use over a consider given number of passenger cars, baggage
able area . With a few exceptions, stand cars (kitchen ) and of freight cars of vari
ard time is based upon some meridian
ous types.
which differs by a multiple of 15° from the
meridian of Greenwich . Civil time begins standard trajectory, path through the air that
at midnight. it is calculated a projectile will follow
standard commodity classification number, num under given conditions of weather, posi
tion , and materiel, including the particular
ber assigned to a specific item , commodity fuze, projectile, and propelling charge
or group of commodities in the Standard
Commodity Classification of the Govern that are used . Firing tables are based on
ment Printing Ofice, standard trajectories.
standard detention unit, standard 48 -cell unit standard trench , trench of uniform cross sec.
I
designed and approved for use in Armyl tion that can be used either as a fire or
prison installations for segregation of pris communication trench .
oners as a disciplinary or protective meas- standard vehicle , type of vehicle which has
ure ,
been adopted by the Department of the
 SR 320 –5 – 1
279 sta

Army and which is preferred for procure- , statement of charges, form listing the items
ment to meet supply demands. of property that have been issued to a
stand by, 1. command to troops to take posts military person , which he has lost, dam
without delay, ready for action ; 2. condi aged, or destroyed , and for which he must
tion in which electronic equipment, such repay the government. .
as radios, radars, and computers is kept statement of service, a letter-type brief of an
in readiness for instantaneous action to officer's official military service during his
overcome warm -up time required by most entire career. This letter is usually pre
vacuum tubes . pared for public relations , use or on re
standby or utility items, items of supply which quest of Federal, state, or local officials ,
are needed to safeguard health , to insure etc .
uninterrupted operation of station facili- statement of service ( 10 years ) , a form com
ties, and to prevent destruction of prop pleted for each officer of the Regular Army
erty . covering the period 1 January 1937
stand-by storage, storage classification for through 31 December 1946 , on which is
supplies and equipment intended for with recorded in condensed form all data perti
drawal after 90 days, but within 3 years. nent to the officer's military service.
stand clear, command used in artillery units, static employment, employment of antiair
craft artillery in defense of permanent or
directing the gunner to stand back from
semipermanent installations. See mobile
the gun .
employment.
stand fast , 1 . command used in artillery units,
static line, line attached to an aircraft and
directing all movements of men and mate
used to open a parachute after it has fallen
riel to stop ; 2. command given to prevent
movement of indicated units while others a safe distance from the plane.
move . static test, a test for the antiaircraft director
in which all normal computations are used
standing army. See Regular Army.
except rates and prediction .
standing corrections, algebraic sum of posi
tion and calibration corrections in mils
static weapon, chemical weapon , such as a
chemical cylinder , that is used to release
and tenths of seconds. chemical agents from the point where it is
standing operating procedure, a set of instruc placed .
tions giving the methods to be followed by
station , 1. general term meaning any military
a particular unit for the performance of
or naval activity at a fixed land location ;
those features of operations, both tactical
2 . particular kind of activity to which other
and administrative , which the commander
activities or individuals may come for a
desires to make routine.
specific service, often of a technical na
standing order, order of relative permanence . ture, as aid station ; 3 . assigned or pre
standing position , prescribed standing posture scribed position in a naval formation or
of a soldier for firing a rifle . He stands cruising disposition ; or an assigned area
half faced to the right, with his left elbow in an approach , contact , or battle disposi
well under the rifle, his left hand holding tion ; 4 . any place of duty or post or posi
it in front of the balance point, his right tion in the field , to which an individual
elbow high , and his cheek close to the or group of individuals or a unit may be
stock . assigned .

standing signal instructions, form of orderstationary screen , line of posts placed in front
containing the technical data necessary of a concentration of troops in order to
for the operation of communication equip protect it against enemy ground observa
ment and agencies and means of signal tion or surprise.
communication . station authentication , security measure de
star, pyrotechnic signal that burns as a sin signed to establish the authenticity of a
gle light. transmitting or receiving station .
star gage, instrument for measuring the di- station complement, operating personnel per
ameter of the bore of a gun . manently assigned to an installation to
perform all housekeeping and administra
star shell, projectile which contains a chemi tive duties required to maintain and oper
cal that is ignited when the projectile ate the physical facilities and to provide
bursts. The chemical burns with a bril
supplies and services for all other perma
liant flame and is used to illuminate tar
nently assigned personnel , as well as for
gets at night. See illuminating shell. the nonoperating personnel attached to the
starting point, a point chosen as the origin installation for training, processing, and
for a survey . the like .
SR 320- 5 - 1
sta
280
station control level. See station stock level. statutory renegotiation , a proceeding under
station designator, combination of two or
three call letters used to identify a radio
station .
station excess property, property which has
been determined to be excess to the needs
of the station (or installation ).
station hospital, fixed hospital established in
or near a post, station or military installa
tion to give medical and dental care to
military personnel.
station list, directory that gives the location
of the various headquarters and elements
of a command.
station log , diary kept by a radio operator ; steering brake, means of turning, stopping,
report of the stations with which the oper
ator has been in communication and of the step , 1 . pace in walking or marching.
messages he has handled .
station number, 1. fiscal station number as
listed in Department of the Army Fiscal
Code ; 2. number, representing some unit
of linear measure, used to designate the
position of cargo in aircraft. See datum
plane.
station requisition number, combination of the
state and station code ( established in the
Fiscal Code) and the requisition number,
station serial number, message reference num
ber assigned by a transmitting operator to
each message transmitted to another sta
tion in direct communication and carried
in the heading of the message. See chan
nel number .
station stock level, maximum quantity of sup
plies expressed in days of supply , permit
ted to be on hand or due in at any time
at a post, camp, or station . This level
is based on actual past issues and antici
pated demands. It represents the requisi stereoscope, optical instrument for assisting
tioning objective. the observer to view two properly prepared
station time, that time in an air operation by
which all personnel and materiel must be
loaded .
statoscope, instrument that registers very
small variations in air pressure.
sure. 1 is
It 18
commonly used to detect and register the
rise or fall of an aircraft, especially of a
balloon.
status board , blackboard or other chart, used
at command posts and operations rooms,
on which is posted information showing
the operating status of all units of the
command .
status card , informal record of the military
The status card
personnel of a command .
is kept in a file by the adjutant or person
nel officer, to make readily available cur
rent information about the military per
sonnel of the unit. The file is of great
value in selecting military personnel for stereo -triplet, three vertical aerial photo
special duties.
applicable law and regulations, involving
a review , normally on an overall fiscal
year basis , of a contractor's renegotiable
receipts or accruals and costs applicable
thereto , leading to a determination , based
on statutory factors, as to the existence
of excessive profits , and the elimination
of any such excessive profits pursuant to
appropriate bilateral agreement or uni
lateral order.
steady-on, element of a tank fire command ,
directing the gunner to traverse the tank
slowly until ON , which is a command to
stop traversing, is given . See on.
or holding a tracked vehicle.
A full
step is 30 inches, a half step 15 inches in
quick -timemarching ; 2 . break , resembling
a step on a staircase, that is built into
the bottom of the float or hull of a sea
plane or flying boat to reduce resistance ,
lessen suction , and make the plane easier
to control on the water, especially in tak
ing off.
stereocomparagraph , stereoscopic instrument
used for the preparation of topographic
maps to determine ground elevations by
measuring the displacement of their images
on aerial photographs.
stereo-pair. See overlapping aerial photo
graphs.
stereoplanigraph, a very accurate stereoscopic
photogrammetric mapping instrument with
mechanical drafting attachment, capable
of providing a stereoscopic picture from
overlapping photographs, regardless of
angle at which they were taken .
photographs or diagrams to obtain the
mental impression of a three dimensional
model.
stereoscopic observer, operator of a stereo
scopic range finder .
stereoscopic pair. See overlapping aerial
photographs.
stereoscopic range finder, telescopic instru
ment that gives correct ranges when the
object sighted on appears at the same dis
tance or depth as an image or cross hair
marked on its lens ; stereo range finder ;
stereoscopic height finder.
stereoscopic trainer, stereoscope used to train
and test observers in the use of a stereo
scope. Its lenses are marked off with a
scale by which the ability of the observer
can be checked .
graphs taken in such a way that the middle
 SR 320 _ 5 _ 1
281 sto

picture is completely overlapped by the tribution can be effected with a minimum

other two. It is used in the same way as amount of supplies and equipment in the
a stereoscopic pair. distribution system . Accurate stock con
stereotype, a word, phrase, number, abbrevi. trol is essential to effective supply control.
ation , etc., which as a result of frequent stock level. See level of supply .
use may be suspected of appearing in a l stock level for the technical service, anantities
particular encrypted message. of supplies necessary to be on hand ready
stereotyped beginning or ending, stereotype for issue to meet unpredictable fluctuations
which occurs at the beginning or ending in issues, unforeseen special supply condi
of a message. tions and interruption of receipts. The
sterilizer (mine) , device incorporated in a stock level is an objective quantity around
mine to detonate or make the mine inac which actual stock on hand ready for issue
tive after a certain preset number of days. fluctuates. See theater stock levels .
stereophotogrammetry, photogrammetry, with stock management, direction and supervision
the aid of stereoscopic equipment and of stock distribution from the time it be
methods. comes available until it is expended , de
clared surplus, or sent to salvage.
stevedore, a firm or individual who contracts
to load or discharge vessels . stock number , number assigned by a technical
service to an item , principally to identify
stick , 1. lever or wheel of an airplane which that item for storage and issue purposes .
operates the ailerons and elevators gov
See item number.
erning the vertical movement of the air
craft and in coordination with the rudder stock picker, warehouse employee who selects
pedals governs turns of the aircraft ; 2. supplies for shipment.
variable number of parachutists making an stock pile, 1. stock of materials (strategic or
exit from one door of an aircraft in flight critical) stored and maintained for use in
in one pass over a parachute drop zone ; 3 . times of emergency ; 2. quantities of sup
variable number of bombs released from plies and equipment authorized to be pro
one aircraft on a target at the same cured for current operations. Stock piles
instant. are established , in lieu of, or in addition to ,
sticky charge, improvised explosive charge, normal levels of supply, usually because
covered with heavy grease, tar, or other procurement economies , procurement diffi
adhesive material, thrown against or stuck culties , or unpredictable issue demands
on an object by hand. Also incorrectly such action .
called sticky bomb. stock rack truck , truck designed for the trans
portation of animals and their forage, also
stipulation , agreement between the defense,
accused, and the trial judge advocate as suitable for light, but bulky cargo.
to the admission of facts, testimony, and stock record account, record kept by an ac
the substance of documents all of which countable officer listing all property on
are susceptible of proof. hand, received , and issued .
stock , 1. supply of articles of property or stop, device on a mechanism , especially on
equipment on hand ; 2. wooden piece in guns such as the automatic pistol, that
rifles , shotguns, pistols , etc., to which the checks the action of a moving part or that
acts as a lock to prevent it from moving .
barrel and receiver assembly are attached.
stock accounting , the establishment and main stoppage, accidental stopping of fire in a gun ,
tenance of formal records of materiel in caused by the faulty action of the gun or
stock reflecting such information as quan -.|| of the ammunition ; jam .
tities, values, condition , or other informa- stoppage of pay, retention of an individual's
tion as required . pay , in whole or in part, in certain cases
stockade, a confinement facility usually of indicated by law .
temporary construction . storage and issue responsibility , designation of
responsibility to a technical service or com
stock control, process by which , through a
mand to receive, store and issue a given
system of records and reports, pertinent
data are maintained on the quantity , loca item or items or supply.
tion , and condition of supplies and equip storage building, any building constructed or
ment due- in , on hand, and due-out. The acquired for the storage of supplies, even
function of stock control is to determine though some part of it has been diverted
the quantities of supplies and equipment to and is used for office, depot utility
available for issue and to maintain exact storage, repair shops, etc.
records of the locations of those items. storage capacity , evaluation of the physical
The objective of stock control is the man - 1 capacity of an activity or area, normally
agement of supply operations so that dis - expressed in measurement (or weight )
277763° — 53 — 19
SR 320 _ 5 _ 1
sto 282
tons, cubic feet, square feet, gallons, or transport loads of supplies such as lumber,
barrels. See clearance capacity ; port pipe and rails.
capacity . straddling , sensing applied to deflection only
storage in transit, arrangement to permit stop when both rights and lefts (overs and
ping of goods at an intermediate point and shorts ) result in any proportion in a group
reshipping to final destination at the of shots fired at the same deflection
through rate instead of the higher com setting. .
bination of local rates to and from the strafing, firing at ground targets or vessels
transit point. by aircraft at close range.
storagé maintenance, prevention of deteriora - straggle, fall out of ranks or wander off from
• tion of material or equipment in storage one's unit without permission , during a
due to all causes except obsolesence . march or maneuver.
storage park , area where vehicles are put straggler, soldier who falls out of ranks or
away when they are not in daily use. wanders away from his unit without per
storage space, any space without regard to mission , especially during a combat march
type of construction, used for storage. or maneuver .
May be classified according to construc- straggler collecting point, station at which
tional characteristics and purposes (e. g., stragglers are assembled before they are
8e6 covered storage space ; bulk liquid stor returned to their proper organizations.
age space ; transit shed ) or according to straggler line, line or route patrolled by mili
utilization and control ( e. g ., see non - | tary police for the purpose of collecting
storage space ; net usuable space ; bin storage stragglers moving to the rear .
space ; actual obligated space) . straggler post, post, established on a straggler
storekeeper, supervisory warehouse employee line, from which military police patrols
responsible for the work in a given storage operate and to which they bring stragglers
area . when they have picked them up .
storm , make a strong assault on a defended strapping, 1. an operation by which supply
enemy position . containers, such as cartons or boxes, are
storm boat, small, light, very rugged , assault reinforced by metal straps, bands, or wire
craft equipped with a highpowered out. placed at specified intervals around them ,
board motor, designed to transport and drawn taut and then sealed or clamped
beach personnel in forced crossings of wide by a machine ; 2. also measurement of the
streams when secrecy can be sacrificed for circumference and height of storage tanks
speed . to determine in bulk liquid storage
capacity.
storm flag, national flag used at posts and
national cemeteries and flown in lieu of strategic, of or pertaining to strategy ; of
the post flag in inclement weather. Flag value or importance in strategy .
used to drape the casket of the honored strategic air intelligence , intelligence synthe
dead in a military funeral. The storm sized specifically to appraise such elements
flag is 942 feet fly by 5 feet hoist. of enemy capabilities, and vulnerabilities
stowage, 1. method of placing cargo in a as are necessary to the establishment of
vessel to prevent damage, shifting , etc. ; 2. national policy and counsel on air pre
method of placing equipment and supplies paredness and air operations.
in a vehicle to provide availability and strategic air operations, air operations con
operating room ; 3 . such equipment when tributing to the conduct of strategic air
stowed . warfare.
stowage factor, number of cubic feet occupied strategic air warfare, air combat and sup
by a one long ton of cargo . Commodities porting operations designed to effect,
which have a stowage factor or less than
through the systematic application of
40 cubic feet per long ton are known as force to a selected series of vital targets,
deadweight cargo and commodities with a the progressive destruction and disinte
stowage factor of 40 or more cubic feet gration of the enemy's war-making capac
per long ton are called measurement cargo . ity to a point where he no longer retains
stowage plan , a diagram of the vessel showing the ability or the will to wage war. Vital
cargo stowage by type, tonnage, and by targets may include key manufacturing
loading and discharging ports. systems, sources of raw material, critical
material, stock piles, power systems, trans
straddle trench , trench used at a latrine dur portation systems, communication facili
ing field operations and combat. ties, concentrations of uncommitted ele
straddle truck , four-wheeled , power-drive ve- ments of enemy armed forces, key agricul- -
hicle designed to bestride,' pick up and tural areas, and other such target systems.
 SR 320 - 5 - 1
283 str

strategic concentration , assembly of designated emanates from high levels and is directed
forces in areas from which it is intended at forces, peoples, or areas in their
that operations of the assembled force entirety.
shall begin so that they are best disposed strategic psychological warfare, psychological
to initiate the plan of campaign . warfare employed as an integral and coor
strategic concept, decision reached as the re dinated element of strategy.
sult of the strategic estimate of the situ- strategic psychological warfare intelligence, in
ation . It is a statement of what is to be telligence pertaining to capabilities, vul
done expressed in broad terms sufficiently nerabilities and probable courses of action
flexible to permit its use in framing the of foreign nations, and the attitudes and
basic undertaking which stem from it. predispositions of political, social economic
strategic defensive, large-scale defensive ac and military groups within such nations,
tion of a nation at war, as opposed to particularly their will to resist, for the
tactical defensive , which refers to a par use of high level commanders charged with
ticular operation . the planning and execution of strategic
strategic estimate of the situation. See esti psychological warfare.
mate of the situation . strategic reconnaissance, search over wide
strategic intelligence, intelligence pertaining areas, usually by air , to gain information
to the capabilities, vulnerabilities, and of enemy concentrations or movements that
probable courses of action of foreign na would aid in making strategic or large
tions for use of high level military com scale decisions.
manders charged with the planning and strategic withdrawal, withdrawal for causes
execution of national security measures of strategic importance ; withdrawal de
in time of peace and with the conduct of signed to improve the strategic situation .
military operations in time of war. strategy, art and science of developing and
strategic level of supply . See level of supply . using the political, economic , phychologi
strategic map, map of medium scale used for cal, and armed forces of a nation , during
planning operations including the move peace and during war, to afford the maxi
ment, concentration , and supply of troops. mum support to national policies, in order
strategic materials , those materials vital to to increase the probabilities and favorable
the security of a nation which must be consequences of victory and to lessen the
procured entirely or to ' a substantial de chances of defeat.
gree from sources outside the continental strength , 1. number of persons belonging to a
limits of that nation because the available military organization ; 2. number of indi
production will not be sufficient in quan - viduals present at a certain time or during
tity or quality to meet requirements in a certain period .
time of national emergency. See critical strength accountability, function of a com
materials. : mand comprising accountability to compe
strategic military psychological warfare, mili tent higher authority for the strength of
tary psychological warfare employed as military personnel under the commander 's
an integral and coordinated element of assignment jurisdiction , and for the
military strategy . strength of units attached thereto , when
strategic offensive, large-scale offensive action conditions make it impracticable for units
of a nation at war, as opposed to tactical to forward morning reports to the com
offensive, which refers to a particular mand of assignment for processing .
operation . strength for duty, number of individuals avail
strategic plans, plans for the conduct of war. able for duty in an organization . The
They may be : 1. Combined — involving two morning report reflects the strength for
or more nations ; 2. Joint - involving two duty .
or more services ; 3 . Service - prepared by strength for rations, number of individuals for
one of the armed services, but including whom an organization must provide
the participation of the other services. In rations.
relation to purpose for which it is in strength report. See daily strength report.
tended , a strategic plan may be further
defined as : a basic war plan , an outline strength return , report showing the strength
plan , or an operation plan . With respect of a headquarters, organization , or instal
to possible time of execution , a strategic lation .
plan may be of two types : a capability or stretcher, sandbag laid with its long dimen
short range plan ; or a requirement, or long | Sion parallel to the face of a wall. . See
range plan. header .
strategic propaganda, propaganda designed to strike, 1. take down, remove, or prepare for
further broad or long-term aims ; it usually transfer, especially a flag, tent, camp, etc. ;
SR 320_5 – 1
str 284
2 . concerted air attack on a single objec- | strut, 1. part of the lock mechanism in auto -
tive .
strike camp, break camp.
striker, part of the firing mechanism of a gun,
mine, mortar, etc., that hits the primer ;
hammer or firing pin of a gun.
strike tents, command for men to take down
their tents .
striking power, combat power that an attack
ing unit can throw against an enemy at
close range.
striking velocity , speed of a projectile at the subaqueous ranging, detecting and locating
point of impact .
string, 1. series of radio messages sent from
one station to another. The receiving sta
tion does not signal receipt of each one
individually , but waits until the whole
series is given to acknowledge receipt ;
2 . given number of shots fired within a
certain time interval.
strip , 1 . take a weapon apart ; break a gun or
other mechanism down into parts ; 2 . See
landing strip ; strip mosaic ; reconnaissance subarea command , a command composed of
strip .
strip -cipher device , sliding -strip device em
ployed in certain cryptographic systems
for enciphering and deciphering .
strip map, sketch of a route of march which
may or may not be drawn to scale , but
should include identifying landmarks, 1. e.,
towns , bridges, outstanding buildings ,
crossroads, etc.
strip mosaic , mosaic consisting of one strip of
aerial photographs taken on a single flight.
strippable filming, preparation of materiel for subbase , 1 . secondary base to which a base
storage in a plastic water vapor barrier.
The barrier is applied by air spray gun
and may be removed readily by stripping
off . The interior of the barrier is desi
coated to maintain low relative humidity .
stripped center of impact , center of the zone
that would have been covered by a series
of shots if no allowance had been made for
adjustment correction or human error .
,
matic pistols and revolvers that puts pres
sure on the hammer ; 2. brace or support
ing piece, especially in an aircraft and an
artillery piece .
suballotment, 1. authorization from allotted
funds making a designated portion avail .
able for obligation and in respect to which
fiscal accounting records are required to be
maintained and fiscal reports rendered by
the recipient ; 2 . transfer of personnel or
property to a subordinate command .
invisible marine targets, such as enemy
vessels at night, or enemy submarines, by
means of sound detectors placed below the
surface of the water . These instruments
pick up sound vibrations and automatically
register the distance and direction from
which they come.
subarea , subdivision of an area , such as a field
of fire. It helps to identify the sector for
which a given unit is responsible .
two or more military districts established
immediately below the Area Command
level.
subarctic, a region of variable width immedi
ately south of the arctic . Within this
area the mean temperature of the warm
est four-month period is less than 50
degrees Fahrenheit.
subassembly, group of two or more parts that
function together to form a portion of an
assembly .
commander delegates various administra
tive functions and assigns troops ; 2. part
of a base line between any two given
points , for example , the part of a base line
between any two adjacent microphones in
a sound ranging system .
subcaliber, of a caliber smaller than standard
for the gun on which practice is being
given .

stripped deviation , distance by which a shot subcaliber ammunition , practice ammunition

would have missed the target if there had
been no adjustment correction or human
error.
stripping , process of eliminating from firing
data the corrections which had been ap
plied and errors which had occurred in
firing . Used in the analysis of any firing
to determine the actual performance of subcaliber
any weapon with any particular lot of
ammunition , and to determine distances
and direction from accurate plotting on
firing charts .
structural loss, gross space lost for storage subcaliber firing, practice firing of subcallber
purposes because of construction features.
of a caliber smaller than standard for the
gun on which practice is being given .
Subcaliber ammunition is economical and
may be fired in relatively crowded areas.
It is therefore used with special subcaliber
equipment to simulate firing conditions
with standard ammunition .
equipment, items of equipment,
such as small guns, adapters, tubes, and
accessories, used for firing subcaliber
ammunition in practice drills with larger
guns.
ammunition , in connection with drills in
 SR 320– 5 – 1
285 Suc

elevating, traversing, or aiming guns of means available these operations may take
larger caliber. place concurrently with the initial opera
subcaliber gun , gun mounted on the outside tions. In case of conflicting requirements
and above the tube of a larger gun . It is subsequent operations must be assigned a
used in practice firing of subcaliber am priority lower than that assigned to the
munition , in connection with aiming drills initial operations.
with the larger gun . subsidiary account, one of a group of related
subcaliber mount, special mount in or on the accounts the aggregate balances of which
tube of a gun, upon which a gun of smaller may be shown to equal the balance in a
caliber can be attached for practice firing . related control account and which support
in detail the accounting transactions
* subcaliber projectile. See subcaliber ammuni
tion . posted in summary to the control account.
subcaliber range, firing range that is used for subsistence,
su food for and provisions to be
practice firing with subcaliber ammuni used in feeding military personnel and
tion . Since subcaliber ammunition can animals .
not be used for long distances, a subcaliber subsistence allowance. See basic allowance for
range may be equipped with landscape tar - subsistence.
gets and other devices which offer prob - subsistence charge, amount that an Army off
lems similar to those of normal fire. cer or a dependent of an Army person is
subcaliber tube. See subcaliber gun . charged at an Army hospital for necessary
subcontract, a contract made with a third living expenses, such as board, while a
party by one who has contracted to per patient.
form work or service , for whole or part subsistence stores, all articles that are needed .
performance of that work or service. or are suitable, for the ordinary support
subcontractor, one who has entered into a of an individual, such as food , candy,
toilet articles, and tableware. They are
contract for performance of part of the act
sold at a sales store connected with a
or services to be performed under a prime commissary at a post, camp, or station ,
contract.
They are classified as ration articles, sales
subcourse, a nonresident course of military articles, and exceptional articles. .
instruction pertaining to one subject. substitute item , an item authorized for issue
subdepot, subsidiary supply subinstallation in lieu of a standard item of like nature
operating under the jurisdiction of a depot and quality ,
and performing those functions specified substitute standard , substitute standard type,
by the depot.
designates an item which is not as satis
subdistrict headquarters, a headquarters es factory as a standard type, but is a usable
tablished within the military district to substitute therefor , and may be procured
assist in decentralizing the duties of the to supplement the supply of a standard
district commander . type.
subinstallation , real estate and the installa substitution cipher , cipher system in which
tions thereon which is attached to an in
the text is encrypted by a substitution
stallation for command and administration system .
purposes although located separately .
They generally include the following : substitution system , system in which the ele
subinstallations of ports of embarkation ; ments of the plain or code text retain their
original positions or sequences but are
harbor defense subposts, subdepots.
replaced by other elements with different
subject schedule, detailed instruction for con values.
duct of training in a particular subject.
subtractor, number or series of numbers or
submachine gun, lightweight automatic or alphabetical intervals from which code,
semi-automatic gun , designed to be fired cipher, or plain text is subtracted to en
from the shoulder or hip. It is air -cooled cipher it.
and usually blowback -operated . successive attack, attack delivered in a series
subpool. See motor pool. of thrusts in which the various elements
subport, port that is used to handle some of of the combat force engage in action , one
the traffic that would otherwise have to go after the other.
through a main port. Its operation is successive concentrations, massing of artillery
controlled by the main port. fire on one area after another , beginning
subsequent operations, tasks which are under - 1 with the nearest target.
taken as soon as means become available successive formation , formation in which the
after the requirements for the initial oper- various units move into their positions,
tions have been satisfied. With adequatel one after another.
 SR 320– 5 – 1
suc 286
successive objectives, objectives in sequence | superquick fuze, fuze that functions immedi.
where one objective is initially assaulted ately upon impact of the missile with the
by a portion of the main force supported target. Action of this type of fuze is the
by the remainder. As soon as the com quickest possible — the firing pin is driven
mander is assured the assaulting force into the primer immediately upon first
can mop up the initial objective , other contact of the missile with the target,
portions of the command attack the next hence the missile functions at the surface
objective. This process can be continued of the target. Also called instantaneous
until the final objective is reached ; usually fuze .
applies to armored units. See intermediate superseded , in connection with published di
objective. rectives to denote replacement of the orig
sullage pit. See soakage pit. inal in whole or in part with a new direc
summary court officer, officer appointed to per tive. .
form the duties of a summary court -mar- | supersensitive fuze , fuze that will set off a
tial and to administer oaths under the projectile quickly when it strikes even a
Uniform Code of Military Justice, article very light target , such as an airplane wing .
136 .
supersession date, in cryptography, date on
summary court-martial, court-martial com which a change in cryptographic proce
posed of one officer . It may impose pun dure, keys, codes , etc., takes place.
ishment of confinement up to one month ,
hard labor without confinement up to 45
supertropical bleach , a stabilized material
days, restriction up to 2 months, and for which is the standard decontaminating
feitures up to two- thirds of 1 month ' s pay. bleach . See bleaching material.
summer draft, load line (depth ) to which ves supervised route, road over which limited con
sel may be safely loaded in the summer trol is exercised and normally is confined
season . to organizational control and Military Po
summit of trajectory , highest point that a pro lice traffic control. Control on a super
vised route is analogous to the civilian
jectile reaches in its flight from the gun to
control normally exercised over primary
the target. highways .
sump, 1. pit in the bottom of an excavation to
collect drain water so it can be pumped or supervisor of prisoners, an officer on the staff
bailed out ; 2. a reservoir from which oil is of a disciplinary barracks responsible for
pumped to lubricate an internal combus the care, custody, control, and discipline
tion engine, and to which oil returns for of prisoners.
circulation ; 3 . reservoir in which an excess supervisory responsibility, responsibility of an
supply of fluid is stored , from which fluid individual for property entrusted to his
is supplied to add to the fluid in a hy care and preservation in a depot, ware
draulic system . house or supply office, or the responsibility
superencipher, subject a cipher text to a of a company or detachment commander
further process of encipherment. with respect to property pertaining to his
superencipherment, result of subjecting cipher command ; type of direct responsibility ,
the other being personal responsibility .
text to a further process of encipherment.
See responsibility and accountability .
superencrypt, subject an encrypted text to a
further process of encryptment. supplemental agreement, any amendments or
super-heavy tank, heaviest type tank for mili changes in the original terms of a con
tract which are not authorized under spe
tary use ; tank weighing over 75 tons. See cific provisions thereof but are found to be
tank. desirable or necessary during the life of the
superimpose, write cryptographic text so that contract.
textual units enciphered by the same key
ing element will fall in the same column. supplemental charge, cylindrical container , the
superintendent, 1. officer of the Military Rail filler of which is normally TNT, used in
way Service who supervises and directs the deep cavitized projecties to fill void be
operation of a division of which he is in tween ordinary fuze and booster combi
immediate charge ; 2 . title of chief port natio n and bursting charge.
terminal operations division and / or port supplemental civilian supplies, civilian sup
transportation division of a major or plies, provided during the military period ,
medium port headquarters ; 3 . commanding which are not considered essential and
general of the United States Military which are financed and programmed
Academy. through civilian agencies if approved by
supernumerary, soldier in excess of the num the theater commander.
· ber authorized for need for a 'given duty . supplementary code, code used in conjunction
He is held in reserve as a replacement. I with another code containing second, or
 SR 320– 5 – 1
287 . sup

subsidiary meanings, or special categories class VA , ammunition used exclusively by

ma
of meanings, such as geographical terms, the Air Force. Examples: bombs, air
the use of which is normally indicated by dropped mines, and aircraft rockets.
a special code group. supply, procurement, distribution , mainte
supplementary firing position , firing position nance, and salvage of supplies. In Army
assigned to a unit or weapon for firing on usage, also includes determination of kind
targets that cannot be reached from the and quantity of supplies .
primary firing position or alternate firing supply , consumer phase that phase of mili
position . tary supply which extends from receipt
supplementary positions. See supplementary of finished supplies through issue to
firing position . military users.
supply , producer phase- that phase of mili
supplementary target, target other than the
tary supply which extends from determi
original target assigned to a gun or bat nation of procurement schedules to ac
tery It is a target on which fire is deliv
ered when the original targets have been ceptance of finished supplies by the
destroyed or when it is impossible to departments . See supplies.
deliver effective fire on them . supply and evacuation section , staff subdivision
that prepares and carries out policies
supplies, all items necessary for the equip
ment, maintenance , and operation of a
established for the supply, evacuation , and
military command , including food , cloth
transportation of personnel and materiel
ing, equipment, arms, ammunition , fuel, belonging to a command ,
forage , materials , and machinery of all supply arms and services. See service.
kind.
| supply control, as related to military supplies,
class I , those articles which are consumed equipment and material, it is the process
by personnel or animals at an approxi
by which , through a system of reports ,
mately uniform rate irrespective of local computations, and evaluations, all data
changes in combat or terrain conditions. pertaining to an item of supply is assem
Examples: rations and forage . bled, and culminates in the balancing of
class II, supplies and equipment for which all demands for the item against all
allowances are established by T / 0 & E , assets of the item , resulting in definitive
T /E , T/ A, Equipment Modification supply action leading to either budget
Lists, or other lists or letter which pre estimates and procurement, disposal or
scribes specific allowances for a unit or allocation .
for an individual. Examples : clothing ,
weapons, and mechanics ' tools. supply control system , method for integrating
class IIA , Air Force supplies and equip by time period , the total supply and de
ment for which allowances are estab mand, procurement scheduling, distribu
tion planning, maintenance and repair ,
lished by T / 0 & E , T / E , and T / A , or pub
lications to which these tables refer ; disposal of surpluses and other supply
and which are not included in classes II, functions ; designed to provide a syste
IV , or IVA . Examples : aircraft, flying matic means for maintaining the best pos
equipment, ( i. e., flying jackets, flak sible balance between total supply and de
suits and helmets , trousers, and boots ) . mand , assure timely provision of needed
class III, fuels and lubricants for all pur materiel, prevent the accumulation of ex
poses, except for operating aircraft, cess stocks, and determine quantities of
medicinal products , or for use in weap total stock on hand which are available
ons such as ffame throwers . Examples : for redistribution or disposal. The sys
petroleum products such as gasoline, tem requires that all essential data con
kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, lubricating cerning the supply and demand status of
oil and greases ; and solid fuels such as an item be compiled, kept up to date, and
coal, coke, and wood . consolidated in a central location in a form
class IV , supplies and equipment except which will provide the maximum utiliza
tion by those charged with responsibility
Air Force supplies for which allowances
are not prescribed or which are not for performing or supervising the supply
otherwise classified . Examples: con functions.
struction and fortification materials . supply credit, assignment to an organization ,
class IVA, Air Force supplies and equip and subject to the organization command
ment, for which allowances are not pre er's call of a definite quantity of supply,
scribed or which are not otherwise clas services or personnel for a prescribed pe
sified , riod of time and against which requisitions
class V , ammunition , explosives, and chem are to be applied .
ical agents (except Air Forces class VA supply economy, the practice of conservation
supplies ) . of material by every individual in the
SR 320– 5– 1
sup
Armed Forces. It is developed through
training and practice until it becomes
habit . It includes conservation , mainte
nance, safeguarding , recovery, repair and
salvage of food, fuel, clothing , weapons,
transport, and all other material.
supply manifest, is an ocean shipping docu
ment that contains information required by
supply agencies and consists of : ( 1 ) trans
portation manifest (see transportation
manifest) ; ( 2 ) detail of manifest which is
a compilation of full copies of the shipping
documents , listing by item the contents of
each separate shipment aboard the vessel.
The shipping documents are compiled from
the Department of the Army or vendor ' s
shipping documents or theater shipping
document, as the case may be.
supply officer , staff officer in a regiment, bat
talion or similar unit who procures, stores,
and issues the supplies needed by his unit.
supply point, general term to describe any
point where supplies are issued ; for ex
ample, a depot, railhead, truckhead, air
head, navigation head, or distributing
point.
supply point distribution , method of supply in
the field in which the component units of
a larger organization send transportation
to a supply point maintained by the or
ganization . An alternate method is unit
distribution , in which the organization
delivers to the units .
supply replacement factors and consumption
rates, certain terms used in connection with
these subjects are
actuarialmethod of computing a replacement
factor - development of a rate of retire
ment for each age period of the life span
of the item , through the use of standard
survival curves. These retirement rates
are then weighted by the age distribu
tion of the items in use to obtain one
weighted replacement factor for a future
period of time. The replacement factor
for each future period will vary in ac
cordance with the age distribution of the
property in use for each of the future
periods. supply sergeant, noncommissioned officer who
age grouping - arrangement of items as obtains, stores, and delivers supplies to his
to use age for the purpose of reflecting
rates of replacement that will be in
direct ratio to the use age of the item .
consumable item - item that is normally ex
pended or used up beyond recovery in
the use for which it was designed or in
tended . A subclassification of a con - |
sumable item is an expendable -recover
able item . An example of this type item
is an automotive spare part . When in
stalled, a part is ordinarily considered
consumed but may, upon cannibalization
288
of the end item , be recovered, reclaimed ,
and reissued.
expectant life of an item - average of the
ages when the units probably will be
retired from service.
long life item - item whose estimated aver
age service life is five years or more.
service life - use age of the unit at the time
of retirement.
short life item - item whose estimated aver
age service life is less than five years.
straight line method of computing replace
ment factors - divide the replacement is
sues of an item , made during a given
period of time, by the average quantity
of the item in use during that period .
This method is particularly applicable
when the age distribution of a group of
items has become sufficiently stabilized
so that the same percent of an item is
replaced during each period of time.
This percentage should equal the re
placement factor period divided by the
average life of the item .
survivor curves - show the number of units
of a given item which are surviving in
service at given ages. The abscissa is
measured in years or other suitable time
or service units. The ordinates give,
at any particular age, the percentage or
the actual number of units which are
yet surviving in service.
stub survivor curve - is an incomplete sur
vivor curve ; that is , one which does not
extend to zero percent surviving because
of incomplete data .
use age period of time the unit has been
in service or in the hands of using
activities .
supply reserves . See reserve supplies .
supply road, traffic route, such as a road or
highway, over which supplies are delivered
to fighting units. A road used to supply
an element or a unit that is so located as
to need a separate road is described as
the principal or main supply road for that
element or unit .
unit. He is responsible to the unit supply
officer.
I supply by requisition , system by which all
supplies required to meet the needs of
units, activities, or forces are supplied on
the basis of requisitions initiated by the
using agency.
support , 1. assist or protect another element
or unit in combat ; 2 . the assistance or
protection given by one element or unit to
another ; for example , artillery fire used
to assist or protect infantry ; 3 . unit which
 SR 320–5 – 1
289 sur

helps another unit in battle. Aviation , | supporting range, that distance within which
artillery, or naval gunfire may be used as effective fires can be delivered by avail
a support for infantry ; 4. part of a small · able weapons. ,
unit initially withheld from the action for supporting unit, unit that acts with , and as
employment at a decisive moment. The sists or protects, another unit , but that
reserve of a company in the attack or does not act under the orders of the com
defense. mander of the protected unit, of which it
support cargo, all supplies and equipment is not an organic part.
necessary to establish and maintain Army supporting weapon , any weapon used to as
personnel in ovesea bases, including cargo sist or protect a unit of which it is not
for approved Department of the Army op an organic part.
erational development and construction support roller , a roller wheel used to hold up
projects. and carry the upper portion of the track
support craft, naval craft designed for the to the idler or driving sprocket.
employment of rockets, mortars, and auto - suprapermafrost, ground water above the per
matic weapons at close range from sea mafrost table.
ward, both in support of an assault against suprapermafrost layer , thickness of ground
enemy-held beaches and in the continua above the permafrost , consisting of active
tion of the attack . layer , talik , and also the pereletok, wher
support echelon , 1. those elements that fur - 1 ever present.
nish logistical assistance to combat units ; surface burst (atomic ) , atomic missile burst
2 . those units that support by fire the at an elevation above ground such that the
commander's plan of maneuver. fireball touches the ground.
supported flank , flank of a command that is surface danger area, an area on the ground
or water which is made dangerous to
assisted and protected in attack and / or
defense by supporting units, as contrasted
personnel and material by missiles.
with unsupported or open flanks, which surface line, telephone or telegraph line that
have no protection . is laid on the ground hastily during the
early stages of attack or defense. In an
supporting artillery, artillery which executes organized area, surface lines are replaced
fire missions in support of a specific unit, by more permanent installations.
usually infantry , but remains under the
surface mission , the mission of antiaircraft
command of the next higher artillery
commander. -
artillery to attack ground or naval targets.
surface of rupture , area on the surface of the
supporting distance , 1. distance between two ground that is broken up by the explosion
units that can be traveled in time for one of an underground charge.
* to come to the aid of the other ; 2 . for
surface shelter, shelter built entirely above
small infantry units, the supporting dis
ground . A surface shelter differs from a
tance may also be considered the distance
cut-and -cover shelter , which is a pit that
between them which can be effectively cov
has an overhead cover.
ered by their fire.
surficial swellings, swelling of ground, usually
support( ing ) fire, fire delivered by supporting of small magnitude (5 - 10cm ) caused by
units to assist or protect a unit in com the freezing of meteoric waters which
bat ; supporting fire. penetrate to a small depth below the
close supporting ( ing) fire - fire placed on surface .
enemy troops, weapons, or positions surgeon , senior medical officer in charge of
which , because of their proximity , pre
the medical detachment or unit of a mili
sent the most immediate and serious tary organization or station . He is usu
threat to the supported unit. ally a staff officer, and he advises the
deep supporting ( ing) fire - fire directed on commander on medical matters .
objectives not in the immediate vicinity
of our forces, for neutralizing or de surgical hospital, mobile medical unit , at
tached to an army, that provides special
stroying enemy reserves and weapons, |
and interfering with enemy command , facilities for giving immediate surgical
aid to men wounded in combat.
supply, communications, and observa
tions, surgical service, professional service of a mili
direct support( ing ) fire - fire delivered in tary medical unit whose sections handle
support of a particular subdivision of al patients diagnosed in the various fields of
unit, as opposed to general support (ing ) | surgery.
fire, which is delivered in support of a surgical team , component of a professional
unit as a whole . services unit ; also a team used to aug
SR 320 –5 –1
sur 290
ment the surgical staff of any hospital to uncertain ; also an accurately located posi
which it is attached . tion concerning which there is doubt as
surplus installation , one which has been de to whether it is occupied, or unoccupied ,
termined to be no longer necessary to ful or a dummy position.
fill the requirements of the Department suspend, deprive an officer of some of the
of the Army. privileges of his rank , such as sitting as
surplus property , excess property not required a member of a court-martial, selecting
for the needs and the discharge of the quarters, or exercising command , as a
responsibilities of all Federal agencies . punishment for some offense . Suspending
surveillance, 1 . continuous observation of an an officer does not deprive him of his right
to promotion .
area or of gunfire ; 2. observation , inspec-:|
tion , investigation , test , study, and classi suspension , 1. act of suspending an officer as
fication of ammunition , ammunition com a punishment for an offense ; or the act of
ponents, and explosives in movement, stor suspending the execution , in whole or
age, and use with respect to degree of part, of the sentence of a court -martial ;
serviceability and rate of deterioration ; 2 . mechanical linkage which provides
3 . covert observation of an individual, a sprung or flexible support between the
place, or an activity. ground contacting members of a vehicle
surveillance radar, an antiaircraft artillery and the chassis or hull ; 3 . finely divided
radar with the normal functions of main particles floating in a fluid .
taining a continuous air watch over an suspension of arms, short truce arranged by
area of land or water of primary signifi local commanders for a special purpose,
cance to the antiaircraft defenses, and such as to collect the wounded , to bury
supplying to the antiaircraft artillery de the dead, or to arrange for an exchange
fense information on all aerial targets of prisoners.
with sufficient accuracy to localize them suspension of flying, the withdrawal of an in
to a degree that will permit transference dividual' s authority to participate in regu
to other more accurate radars of the anti lar and frequent aerial flights.
aircraft defenses and at a sufficiently long suspension of vouchers, action taken by the
range to enable the outermost firing ele General Accounting Office in withholding
ments to engage the targets at maximum credit for a voucher in the accounts of a
range. disbursing officer because of doubt regard
surveillant, a person whose duty it is to ob ing the legality of the payment, lack of
serve the actions of other individuals . supporting papers or other administrative
survey, 1. determination and delineation of omission, and technicalities.
form , extent, and position or portions of suspension ribbon , distinctively colored cloth
the earth 's surface, accomplished by meas strip by which a metal pendant is sus
uring linear and angular distances and the pended from a fastening device.
application of the principles of triangula suspension wheel, wheels on the horizontal
tion ; 2 . See report of survey. volute type suspension system , replacing
survey control, 1. location by survey of a the bogie wheels on some tanks. Suspen
point or series of points based on an as sion wheels support the weight of the
sumed location of the starting point (as vehicle and roll on the inner side of the
sumed survey control) or true location track .
of a starting point (true survey control) ; sustained rate of fire , actual rate of fire that
2 . system of located points and known a weapon can continue to deliver for an
directions resulting from survey opera indefinite length of time without seriously
tions. overheating .
survey control point, a survey station used to sustaining power, power to keep going ; power
coordinate survey between echelons ; usu - l to hold up against the enemy.
ally given by a higher echelon to a lower. swear in , to administer an oath of enlistment
( The x , y, and z coordinates are known. ) or an oath of office.
survey information center, a place where sur sweating, collecting drops of moisture . Gun
vey data are collected , correlated, and bores usually sweat after firing.
made available to subordinate units.
sweep, 1. swift flight of a formation of com
surveying officer, officer authorized to make an bat airplanes over enemy territory ; 2.
inquiry and fix responsibility for damage, cover a wide area with gunfire ; 3. trace
destruction , or loss (not due to fair wear produced on the screen of a cathode ray
and tear ) of Government property. tube by linear deflection of the electron
suspect battery, hostile battery whose exist- . beam ; time base ; base line ; 4 . drag a body
ence is known but accuracy of location is of water to find and remove or explode
 SR 320– 5 – 1
291 sys

mines ; 5 . pass a mine detector over an | sympathetic detonation , explosion caused by

area to detect any mines that may be
contained therein .
sweeping fire, fire especially from automatic
weapons, that shifts gradually in eleva
tion or direction ,
swinging the compass, correcting and record
ing the error of a compass. This is done
after the compass has been installed and
is ready for use.
swinging traverse, type of fire used against
dense troop formations moving toward a
machine gun position or rapidly moving
targets ; the traversing clamp is loosened
so that a gunner makes rapid changes by
exerting pressure against the pistol-grip .
switch fire, shift fire from one target to
another .
switching , the moving of cars from one place
• to another for classification and /or place
ment for loading and unloading.
switching central, installation in a wire sys
tem in which switching equipment is used | synchronize, make two or more instruments ,
to interconnect telegraph , teletype , or tele -
the force of another explosion nearby.
synchro , self-synchronous device used in fire
control equipment, which converts me
chanical angular position data into an
electrical signal, or vice versa . Also
known as selsyn ; self -synchronous unit ;
autosyn ; and mag -slip (British ) .
synchro -differential, synchro which positions
its shaft in accordance with the sum or
difference of electrical signals from two
synchrotransmitters .
synchronization , 1 . adjustment of two or more
instruments, mechanisms, or parts so that
they operate simultaneously at the same
rate or in harmony ; 2 . adjustment of
pointers on two instruments so that they
show the same reading at any time ; 3 .
adjustment of a bomb sight in relation to
the altitude, speed , and drift of an air
craft so that the target appears to be
stationary , centered on the cross hairs.
mechanisms, or parts of a mechanism op

phone circuits. erate simultaneously at the same rate or

switch position , defensive position diagonal in harmony, as, for instance, to time a
machine gun on an aircraft so that the
to , and connecting, successive defensive
bullets pass between the rotating blades of
positions that are parallel to the front. the propeller.
switch trench, trench diagonal to , and con synchro-receivers, synchro which positions its
necting, successive trenches that are par shaft in accordance with electrical signals
allel to the front. from a synchro -transmitter.
swivel, 1 . device on a gun, machine, etc., that synchroscope, device for checking the timing
allows one part to turn while other parts of the distributor on a gasoline engine.
remain stationary ; 2 . hinged hook on the
muzzle end of the handguard of a rifle by
synchro- transformer, synchro that produces
an electrical signal proportional to the
means of which several rifles can be fas
tened together to form a stack . In this difference between its shaft position and
the shaft position of a synchro-transmit
meaning, usually called stacking swivel ;
ter. -
3 . hinged hook on the underside of the
butt stock and on the underside of the synchro-transmitter , synchro that transmits
forearm of a rifle through which the gun an electrical signal in accordance with its
sling loop is passed . shaft position .
swivel gun , gun mounted on a pedestal so synoptic situation , atmospheric conditions ex
that it can be turned from side to side or isting at a given time over an extended
up and down. region , the data for which are obtained
simultaneously from a widely distributed
syllabary , section of a code in which the plain network of observation stations. The
elements are letters , combinations of let
data obtained are normally used for
ters, or syllables ; spelling table . It is pro
vided for spelling out words or proper weather forecasting purposes.
names not present in the vocabulary . synthesis (intelligence ), examining and com
bining of processed information with other
symbol, sign , letter, or numeral used to sig
For exam information and intelligence for final in
nify or stand for something .
ple, a letter or number on munitions to terpretation .
give their type, a sign on a military map synthetic , pertaining to cryptographic mate
such as a contour line, or a letter used to rial locally constructed from previously
represent a factor in firing data are sym issued material,
bols. systematic error, repeated error due to faulty
symbolic form , conventions of arrangement adjustment of an instrument or to a defect
used by international agreement for trans in it. Systematic errors are those which
mitting weather information in order to remain the same, while accidental errors,
conserve time and expense. due to mechanical or other variations,
SR 320 _ 5 _ 1
sys
change from one time to the next. Also
called instrumental error. See center of
burst error.
systemic poison . See blood and nerve poison. |
tabard , silk banner attached to a bugle or
trumpet.
table of allowance , a table which prescribes
the authorization of equipment for units
and activities organized under table of
distribution ; includes clothing and indi 1
vidual equipment ; training equipment, ad
ministrative equipment for use at installa
tions ; and expendable supplies. · · sory personnel, and which must be aug
table of distribution , a table which prescribes
the organizational structure and personnel
of a military unit to perform a specific
mission for which there is no appropriate
table of, organization and equipment.
table of distribution augmentations, table
which authorizes the spaces required to ex
pand existing or new table of distribution
units to mobilization strength . -
table of distribution unit, unit organized from
personnel authorized by personnel allot
ment voucher for overhead or functional
duties, and for which no T / O & E is pre
scribed .
table of organization and equipment, a table
which prescribes the normal mission , or
ganizational structure, and personnel and
equipment authorization for a military
unit. Some of the types are
fixed table of organization and equipment - tachistoscope, a slide projector coupled to a
a table which prescribes a fixed unit com -
position of organic personnel and equip - 1
ment.
flexible table of organization and equip-
ment - a table which provides two or
more type organizations ; the organiza
tion selected for use is based upon the
mission to be accomplished , the capacity
of the unit, or variation in workload.
A flexible unit normally consists of a
headquarters element to which varied re
lated units are assigned or attached .
standard table of organization and equip
ment — a table which operational experi.
ence has proved to be sound and which
is intended for general use throughout
the Army.
old standard table of organization and equip
ment - a former standard table with a re
vised counterpart of the same number
which does not supersede the former
table .
special table of organization and equipment
a table which is authorized for a unit or
units operating under special conditions force, army, or amphibious force level.
which cannot be met with a standard tactical air control group , 1 . (landbased ) flex
table .
292
system indicator, a group of symbols indicat
ing which specific cryptosystem was used
to encrypt the message. It may also in
dicate the classification of the message.
tentative table of organization and equip
ment- a table which is prescribed for a
unit, the organization of which is con
sidered to be experimental for personnel,
equipment, or both .
type B table of organization and equipment
a table which prescribes equipment and
minimum , specialized , and / or supervi
mented by additional personnel, other
than United States military, to perform
themission assigned by the T / O & E .
table of organization and equipment appen
dix - appendixes to T / 0 & E 's prescribe
the changes in personnel or equipment,
or both , to adapt a standard organiza
tion for varied climatic or specialized
operations, i. e ., arctic , jungle, or moun
tain .
table of organization and equipment augmenta
tions, an increase of personnel and /or
equipment applicable to a specific table
or tables occasioned by variations of the
normal mission or workload of that organi
zation not Army wide in scope.
table of organization unit , unit regularly con
stituted and activated in accordance with
an approved table of organization or table
of organization and equipment.
between -the-lens camera shutter, used to
train a wider eye span in individuals .
tachometer, instrument which measures in
'revolutions per minute the rate at which
any machine or a part of a machine,
especially the crankshaft of an engine
turns.
tactical, pertaining to the employment of
units in combat.
tactical air command , in air force usage, ( 1 )
a general term applied to an air organiza
tion designed to conduct offensive and
defensive air operations independently or
in conjunction with an army group , (2 )
a designation of one of the subordinate
commands of the Air Force. See command.
tactical air control center, principal air opera
tions installation ( land or ship -based )
from which all aircraft and air warning
functions of a tactical air force are con
trolled . The tactical air control center is
the operational component of the tactical
air control group operating at tactical air
ible administrative and tactical component
 SR 320–5– 1
293 | tac

of a tactical air force which provides air - | tactical control radar, antiaircraft artillery
craft control and warning functions ashore | radar of essentially the same inherent
for offensive and defensive missions within capabilities as the target acquisition
the tactical air force area of responsibil radar (physically it may be the same type
ity ; 2 . ( ship -based ) administrative and set ) but whose function is chiefly that of
tactical component ( naval) of an amphibi providing tactical information for the
ous force which provides aircraft control control of elements of the antiaircraft
and warning facilities afloat for offensive artillery defenses in battle .
and defensive missions within the tactical tactical defensive, defensive action in a par
air command area of responsibility . ticular combat operation , as opposed to
tactical air controller, officer in charge of all strategic defensive, which refers to the
operations of the tactical control center. broad, general defensive plans of a nation
He is responsible to the tactical air com - | at war.
mander for the control of all aircraft and tactical element, any unit, or part of a unit
air warning facilities within his area of taking part in a combat operation .
responsibility .
tactical employment, use of something in com
tactical air control party , subordinate opera bat operations ; way in which something is
tional components of the landbased tacti used in combat operations, as the tactical
cal air control group designed for the con employment of a rifle company.
trol of aircraft from forward observation
posts. The tactical air control party oper
tactical exercise, practice, such as maneuvers
or map problems, that deals with the use
ates at division , regimental, or battalion
level. of units and weapons in combat. ,
tactical fire control, the manner in which fire
tactical air control squadron , 1. ( landbased ) a
power is employed with regard to selection
flexible administrative and tactical com
ponent of a tactical air control group of targets, opening, suspending, or ceasing
fire, and classes of fire.
which provides the control mechanism for
a landbased tactical air control center, or tactical grouping , balanced arrangement of
a tactical air direction center , or tactical combat units and means within a command
air control parties ; 2. (ship -based ) an ad to accomplish a tactical mission . A tacti
ministrative and tactical component of cal grouping may be shown in Tables of
the tactical air control group (naval) Organization and equipment or standing
which provides the control mechanism for operating procedures, or it may be made
the ship -based tactical air direction center up for a particular operation .
or the ship-based tactical air control tactical inspection , inspection of the combat
center. efficiency of a unit, made by the com
tactical aircraft, combat aircraft , as distin mander of a large unit . Tactical inspec
guished from aircraft used for training, tions include exercises that require the
research , development, or transport. unit to solve actual combat problems.
tactical air force. maior component of a tac- | tactical locality, area of terrain which , because
tical air command , assigned to conduct of its location or features, possesses tac
tical significance in the particular circum
offensive and defensive air operations in
conjunction with an Army, an amphibious stances existing at a particular time ;
force, or smaller independent task force. defensive area .
tactical air support of ground forces, the appli- tactical map, map of large scale used for tac
cation of tactical air power for the de tical and administrative purposes.
struction or neutralization of enemy aerial tactical movement, movement of troops and
and surface activities in the battle area equipment with a tactical mission under
and the isolation of the battle area in the combat conditions when not in direct
furtherance of a ground campaign as re ground contact with the enemy. See ap
quired by the ground force commander to proach march.
achieve his mission .
tactical net, communication system used to
tactical alert net , radio net which provides a transmit combat messages.
rapid means of disseminating information
concerning imminent or actual attack . tactical obstacle, any barrier designed to hold
tactical column, contact improbable phase of enemy troops under fire .
movement to contact during which troops tactical offensive, offensive action in a par
are tactically grouped to facilitate prompt ticular combat operation as opposed to
adoption of combat formations. strategic offensive, which refers to the
tactical control, control of combat activities, broad general offensive plans of a nation
as opposed to control of supply , adminis at war.
tration , etc. | tactical operation, combat operation .
SR 320 -5 _ 1
tác 294
tactical plan , plan for a particular combat (active layer ) and the permafrost. Also
operation , exclusive of arrangements for applies to any unfrozen zones within the
supply, evacuation , maintenance, or ad permafrost as well as the unfrozen ground
ministration . beneath the permafrost.
tactical psychological warfare, psychological talker, specially trained man who relays ver
warfare employed as an integral and co bal instructions on voice radio or tele
ordinated element in support of a tactical phone circuits .
mission . : | tally, 1. count, as of incoming or outgoing
tactical reserve, fraction of a battalion , regi shipments ; 2 . form , usually the Depart
ment, or larger unit held initially under ment of the Army Shipping Document or
the control of the commander as a ma Materiel Inspection and Receiving Report
neuvering element to influence future for recording the count of incoming or out
action , going shipments . Also called tally-in and
tactical ride, exercise in which mounted offi tally -out.
cers solve problems in military operations tally - in , 1. itemized list of supplies received ;
on the ground , with imaginary troops, as 2 . process of recording, by appropriate
opposed to solving them on a map , etc. marks, the number of containers or quan
tactical training , training of troops in all tity of materiel received of an itemized
phases of combat operations including list of items included in an incoming ship
marches, security, offensive and defensive ment.
action , and withdrawals. tally -out, 1. itemized list of the items in
tactical troops , combat troops together with cluded in an issue or shipment ; 2 . process
any service troops required for their direct of recording , by appropriate marks, the
support who are organized under one com number of containers or quantity of mate
mander to operate as a unit and engage riel issued or shipped of an itemized list
the enemy in combat. of items included in an outgoing shipment.
tactical unit, organization of troops which is tandem operation , in cryptography , electri
intended to serve as a single unit in com - | cally or mechanically coupling two cipher
bat. It may include service units required machines to produce automatic decipher
for its direct support. ment simultaneous with encipherment.
tactical vehicle, vehicle designed primarily to tank, full- tracked armored vehicle usually
meet field requirements in direct connec mounting gun and automatic weapons.
tion with combat, tactical operations, and Tanks are characterized by excellent cross
the training of troops for combat. country mobility , armor protection , fire
tactical walk , exercise in which dismounted power and are capable of great shock ac
tion . Tanks are classified according to
officers solve problems in military opera
tions on the ground, with imaginary weight as light, medium , heavy, and super
troops, as opposed to solving them on a heavy.
map , etc. tank , assault, heavy tank with increased fire
tactical wire, wire entanglements used to power used by armored divisions for as
break up the attack formations of the en sault purposes.
emy and hold him in areas which can be tank car, railway car constructed exclusively
covered by intense defensive fire. for the shipment by rail of liquid cargo
in bulk .
tactics, 1 . employment of units in combat ;
2 . ordered arrangement and maneuver of tank defile , narrow place, such as a bridge or
units in relation to each other and / or to L a road through a mountain pass, that
the enemy. tanks cannot detour. A tank defile is the
tactics of fire, using fire to best advantage in most effective place to put antitank ob
combat. stacles .
forested regions
taiga , the cold, swampy , forested regions of
of tank ditch , deep ditch prepared as an obstacle
the north particularly Siberia , which be- to enemy tanks. It is usually called an
gins where the tundra leaves off, and also antitank ditch .
to like regions in Europe and South tank dozer, standard tank equipped with a
America . detachable bulldozer blade.
tail fuze, fuze located in the tail of a bomb. tank farm , an area in which two or more large
See base-detonating fuze. tanks are located and used for the stor
take arms, command to a formation of men age of supplies and equipment including
to pick up their rifles or other firearms bulk solids and liquids.
from a stack . tank recovery vehicle , full-track vehicle de
TALIK , Russian term for a layer of unfrozen signed to remove disabled or abandoned
ground between the seasonal frozen ground | vehicles from the battlefield to a collection
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
295 tar

point, the axis of advance, or a mainte - | target area, area assigned to a weapon or a
nance establishment. unit to cover by fire ; area upon which
tank storage space, space in tanks designated bombs are to be dropped from an airplane.
for the storage of supplies other than target area base-line, a base line established
petroleum products. by two observation posts for the location of
tank transporter, special purpose vehicle targets and the observation and adjust
equipped with a winch , low bed and ramps, ment of fire.
for transporting tanks. target-area-designator grid , grid system em
tank truck, truck chassis upon which is ploying numbers and letters for area desig
mounted a container for liquids, as a gaso nation of targets, numbers indicating a
line tank truck , or water tank . 1,000 -yard square, and letters indicating a
tank warning net, communication system used 200-yard square within the numbered
square.
to give warning of the approach of enemy
tanks. target area grid , simplification of the military
grid used for rapid point designation when
tape copy, copy of a message received on tape, great accuracy is not required .
printed or punched or both .
target area survey, that portion of a survey
tape relay, a method of operation whereby concerned principally with the location of
messages received in tape form may be for targets and observation posts .
warded in the same form .
target chart, large-scale map or diagram show
tape survey, steel ribbon having feet or meter ing the target or targets assigned to bomb
graduations which are used to measure dis ing planes. A target chart is one type of
tances .
aeronautical chart.
taping , target date, date on which it is desired that
horizontal, measuring distance between an action be accomplished or initiated .
two points by keeping tape in a hori- 1 target designating system , system for trans
zantal plane. mitting to one instrument the position of
slope, measuring the inclined distance be- a target which has been located by an
tween two points to computing the hori. other instrument.
zontal distance by trigonometric func
tions. target designation , indicating or describing
the location of a target in any way . For
survey , use of the survey tape to measure
the horizontal slope distance between example, by tracer bullets, pointing, or oral
description .
two points.
target detail, personnel who control targets in
taps, last bugle call at night. Taps is blown target practice and assist in keeping rec
as a signal that all unauthorized lights
ords of the accuracy of shots.
are to be put out. Taps is blown also as
last honors at military or naval funerals. target echo, radio signal reflected by an aerial
or other target and received by the radar
targ , device used with a plotting board to in - ! station which transmitted the original
dicate changing positions of the target. signal.
target , 1 . specific point, area , object or group target frame, frame used for mounting paper
of objects at which fire is directed , either targets used in target practice .
in practice or actual combat ; 2 . prepara target grid , device for converting the ob
tory command indicating that a target is server 's target locations and corrections
to be assigned ; 3. objective expressed in with respect to the observer-target line to
quality, quantity , or expediency to encour target locations and corrections with re
age efficiency ; 4 . specific object , reflecting spect to the gun -target line.
radio waves, being tracked by a radar. target indicating system , system for providing
target acquisition radar, an antiaircraft artil. a means for indicating to the tracker of
lery radar normally of lesser range capa an antiaircraft automatic weapon the di
bilities, but of greater inherent accuracy rection of approach of a suitable target, or
than that of the surveillance radar , whose the approach of a new target after engage
normal function is to acquire aerial targets ment with one target has been broken off.
either by independent search or on direc The operation of this system requires that
tion of the surveillance radar, and to trans the tracker slew his weapon in the indi
fer these targets to tracking radars . cated direction , locate his target, and begin
target analysis, examination of potential tar tracking .
gets to determine their military impor- target information center, an intelligence cen
tance, their relative priority for attack , ter set up afloat or ashore for assembly,
and the capabilities of available weapons evaluation interpretation , dissemination ,
for such attack . and coordination of target information for
SR 320 – 5 – 1
tar 296

supporting weapons, i. e ., artillery, naval | task force combat information ship , ship desig
gunfire, and air . · nated and charged with the coordination
of the inter- ship combat information cen
target length , length of a target as it appears
to an observer or gunner at the moment ter functions of the various ships in the
gun is fired . Target lengths may be used task force so that the overall combat
information available to commands will be
as units in measuring the leads.
increased . This ship is normally the flag ,
target offset, horizontal angle at the target
between a line from the target to the piece ship of the task force commander.
and a line from the target to the observa task group , subdivision of a naval task force
organized by the commander of the task
tion post.
force for the accomplishment of a specific
target plotter , man who plots the course of task related to the main task.
a moving target.
tasks, specific Army, Navy and Air tasks
target-practice projectile , shell loaded with which have to be done to implement suc
shot and sand that is of the same size, cessfully the phased concept of operations
shape, and weight as a shell actually used stemming from the basic undertakings and
in service. Some models are inert ; others the overall strategic concept. In stating
contain a smoke-puff charge. '
the tasks so much of the who , what, when ,
target of opportunity, 1 . target visible to an where, why, and how as are appropriate
observer, and against which fire has not are given . The tasks fall into two cate
been scheduled or requested . Normally a gories : ( 1) initial operations, and ( 2 ) sub
newly discovered target ; 2 . in air force sequent operations.
usage, a target chosen by an attacking task unit , subdivision of a task group organ
formation when the designated target can
ized by the commander of the task group
not be located or reached , or a target
for the accomplishment of a specific task
located by tactical air reconnaissance. related to the operations of the task group .
target range, area equipped for practice in" | task vehicles, those vehicles which are used
shooting at targets. Also called range. in the accomplishment of the primary mis
· target selector, component of both a target sion of the unit .
designation system and a target indicating
tattoo, bugle call sounded at night as a signal
system . It is an off- carriage observing that certain lights will be put out ; lights
instrument provided for the purpose of
out.
selecting an initial or new target, and it
is electrically connected to the gun mount T -base, two pieces of wood nailed together in
in such a manner as to : ( 1 ) slew the gun the shape of a T , laid down in soft ground
to the approximate azimuth and elevation as a base for the tripod of a machine gun .
of a selected target (when the selector is team , 1 . small group of men working together
a component of a target designating sys to operate a gun , radio station , or the like ;
tem ) ; and ( 2 ) give the tracker an indica 2 . military cell or detachment authorized
tion of the direction of approach of a under a composite table of organization
selected target (when the selector is a and equipment.
component of a target indicating system ) . | team track , track within a terminal area
target sheet, paper target pasted to a target from which cars are loaded or unloaded
frame to be used in rifle practice. on , to , or from trucks or wagons and
target sled, sled drawn by a cable , used to drayed to or from the warehouse of the
carry a moving target on a target range. consignor or consignee.
tarpaulin , long sheet of olive-drab canvas tear gas, war gas that causes a blinding flow
of tears, and intense , though temporary ,
usually treated to make it resistant to
moisture and chemicals , used as a protec eye irritation . Chloroacetophenone is the
tive covering ; paulin . standard tear gas.
task , 1. assignment ; an operation or mission ; technical adequacy, sufficiency of a particular
2. fire mission in gunnery or rifle fire. commodity to meet valid requirements.
task force, 1 . temporary grouping of units technical channel, method used by the chiefs
under one commander, formed for the pur of services within the limits and in the
manner prescribed by the commander to
pose of carrying out a specific operation
or mission ; 2 . semipermanent organization handle routing technical reports and in
of units under one commander for the structions not involving variations from
purpose of carrying out a continuing command policies and directives.
specific task ; 3 . major subdivision of a technical committee, a committee established
fleet or of any independent command or and maintained by the chief of each de
ganized for the accomplishment of a spe veloping agency to effect coordination
cific task . among the developing and using agencies
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
297 tel

during research , development, test, type , technical supervision , promulgation of tech

classification , and procurement activities. nical doctrine and development of inspec
technical fire control, the method or means tion procedures for determining that the
doctrines are carried out ; preparation and
employed to place accurate fire on the tar
issuance of manuals of instruction covering
get. See fire control.
utilization of tools and equipment and
technical inspection , inspection of equipment prescribing methods and layouts necessary
and weapons to determine whether it is to achieve desired standards (not to be
serviceable for continued use or whether construed as operating control of a facil
repairs are necessary . ity ) .
technical intelligence, intelligence pertaining | technical training , phase of training in which
to the principles of design and operation , emphasis is placed on the acquisition by
nomenclature, physical characteristics, the individual of knowledge and skills
performance, operational capabilities and involved in the operation of equipment and
limitations of foreign materiel and facili in the performance of duties related to
ties used by or for the support of military those civilian trades which have military
forces. In a broader sense, technical in counterparts.
telligence may also embrace the manufac - technical validity, factual soundness based
ture, storage, installation , maintenance, upon prescribed policies and known local
and operating aspects of foreign materiel factors and requirements.
and facilities, including the effects of technician , 1. enlisted person doing work re.
weather, terrain , other environmental fac quiring special training , for example , a
tors, and military action thereon, as well dental technician ; 2 . former rating for
as the nature, organization , and activities enlisted personnel doing specialized work .
of foreign agencies having functions analo
technique, method of performance of any act,
gous to those of the technical services in
especially the detailed methods used by
the United States Army. troops or commanders in performing as
technical observer, civilian technical expert , signed tasks. Technique refers to the basic
representing a commercial firm , who accom methods of using equipment and personnel.
panies troops in the field to observe and The phrase “ tactics and technique" is
report on the operation of mechanical often used to refer to the general and de
equipment or armament under field condi tailed methods used by commanders and
tions. forces in carrying out their assignments .
technical service. See service. telecommunications, any transmission, emis
technical service contracts, type of contract in sion or reception of signs, signals, writings,
images, and sounds or intelligence of any
which the contractor's civilian personnel
perform technical services for the Depart nature by wire, radio, visual or other
ment of the Army. electro-magnetic systems.
teleconference, facility whereby personnel at
technical service depot, depot which receives, headquarters may discuss or confer on
one
stores, and issues the supplies of one tech official matters with personnel at another
nical service of the Army. headquarters through an electrical trans
mission medium .
technical service excess property, is station ex
cess property or depot stocks, which is telegraphy, a system of telecommunication for
excess to over -all requirements of the the transmission of intelligence by the use
appropriate technical service ; oversea of a signal code.
command excess property not included on telephone repeater , amplifying device used to
technical service publications of lists of improve voice transmission and extend the
items required in the continental United talking range over wire circuits.
States . telephony, a system of telecommunication set
technical service procurement agency, procure up for the transmission of speech or, in
ment agency responsible for supervision of some cases, other sounds.
purchase or production of items controlled telescopic sight, gun sight equipped with a
by a technical service stock control point. telescope.
technical service stock control point, office in television reconnaissance, air reconnaissance
which records are maintained for the con conducted to supplement photographic and
trol of an entire stock of groups or sub visual reconnaissance by providing instan

groups of items of a technical service. · taneously at ground and surface installa

They may be one or more such points in tions representations of the view from an
each technical service depending on the airplane in Aight as reviewed by either
number, variety and demand for end items optical or electronic means. See radar
and spare parts normally carried in stock . I reconnaissance,
277763° - 53 — 20
SR 320 - 5- 1
tel 298
teller , military or civilian person who relays person to return to work and perform the
information about enemy and friendly air functions of the regularly established job
craft from the radar or filter board to an during his next regularly scheduled oper
information center or operations board . ating shift following the day on which
temperature controlled storage space, space in the injury or disease occurred, or on some
which the temperature is controlled within later day.
specified limits. tent, movable canvas shelter supported by
temperature gradient, difference in tempera ropes and poles.
ture between the air 6 feet above the term contract, a purchase in which the con
ground and the air 1 foot above the ground, tract is made for a definite period, and
expressed in degrees F . against which orders may be placed from
template. See templet . time to time for varying quantities, as
templet, pattern or form , such as a thin plate necessity arises.
or board , that is used as a guide or scale terminal ballistics , subdivision within ballis
for reproducing designs on other surfaces, tics which deals with effects of missiles
or for marking off graduations or distances at the target. See ballistics .
on maps, photographs, etc . terminal velocity, remaining speed of a pro
temporary appointment, an appointment to jectile at the point in the downward path
office in the United States Army without of the projectile where the projectile is
component as distinguished from appoint level with the muzzle of the gun . The
ment in a permanent component of the speed at the point of impact is called the
Army (i, e., the Regular Army, Army Re striking velocity.
serve, National Guard of the United terminated portion of contract, that portion of
States ). a terminated contract which does not re
temporary change of station , assignment or late either to completed work or material
detail on orders which directs an indi delivered and accepted under the contract
vidual or unit to proceed from permanent or to any continued portion of the contract.
station to another station for any specified termination claim , any claim or demand by a
period less than 6 months and which di prime contractor or subcontractor for com
rects an individual or unit to return to pensation arising out of the termination
permanent station at the completion of of a contract or subcontract.
the specified period. termination inventory, any materials properly
temporary custody, confinement or retention allocable to the terminated portion of a
of an accused pending final disposition of war contract, except any machinery or
the case upon appellate review . equipment subject to separate contract or
temporary duty, duty performed away from contract provision specifically governing
unit or station to which assigned. An its use or disposition .
individual on temporary duty continues to terrain , area of ground considered as to its
be administered by the organization to extent and natural features in relation to
which he is assigned or attached unas its use for a particular operation .
signed . terrain analysis , the process of interpreting a
temporary grade, grade held by military per geographical area to determine the effect
sonnel on a temporary basis . A tempo of the natural and man -made features on
rary grade continues for the period of military operations. This includes the
time specified in the order appointing to influence of weather and climate on those
such grade unless sooner terminated by features .
proper authority . | terrain appreciation. See terrain evaluation.
temporary igloo, igloo-type magazine of sheet See corridor.
metal construction ; may be earth covered . / terrain corridor.
temporary parole, a brief authorized home terrain evaluation , the evaluation and inter
visit by a prisoner when such action is pretation of an area of probable military
not inconsistent with custodial require operations to determine the effect of the
ments of the public safety. terrain on the lines of action open to
temporary rank. See temporary grade. opposing forces in this area .
in re
temporary total disability , any condition re- terrain
te exercise, exercise in which a military
sulting from disease, injury ( including situation is stated and solved on the
occupational injury ) or battle casualty ground, the troops being imaginary and
sustained by an individual ; other than the solution being in writing.
permanent total disability or permanent terrain features, a single part of the terrain
partial disability, which , in the opinion as to shape, prominence ; such as a hill,
of physician , makes it inadvisable for the river, valley, bluff , etc.
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
299 the
terrain model, a 3-dimensional graphic repre- | theater . See theater of operations.
sentation of an area , showing the con- | theater air priority number. combination of
formation of the ground, modeled to scale numbers and letters assigned by the com
and usually colored to emphasize the vari mander of an oversea theater to indicate
ous physical features. The vertical scale priority for shipment by air to that the
is usually exaggerated without severe dis ater .
tortion to convey the aspect of relief.
theater army forces, major command within
terrain return , radiation which is reflected a theater of operations, responsible for
from the ground and is returned as an administration of all army forces in the
echo to the radar set. theater, and responsible for tactical op
terrain sensing , positive sensing of a round erations of army forces when specified .
not on the observer-target line, based on theater commander , commanding general of a
a knowledge of the terrain near the target. theater of operations.
terrestrial fire, gunfire directed against a land theater control level. See theater stock level.
or water target. theater forecast of requisitions, report, sub - '
terrestrial observation. See ground observa mitted quarterly by each oversea com
tion . mand, which forecasts the quantities of
territorial personnel, all individuals who at standard stock list items which it is esti
time of entry in the military service of the mated will be requisitioned for shipment
United States Army were residents of ter from the United States during each of the
ritories or possessions of the United succeeding four calendar quarters.
States, including Alaska, Puerto Rico , | theater of operations , term used to designate
Territory of Hawaii, the Panama Canal | that portion of a theater of war necessary
Zone, and the Virgin Islands. for military operations, either offensive or
territorial units, units that are comprised pri defensive, pursuant to an assigned mis
marily of personnel from territories or sion, and for the administration incident
possessions of the United States. to such military operations ; theater limits
territories and possessions, all possessions of are usually designated by competent
the United States and all territories under authority.
the jurisdiction of the United States lo- | theater of war, that area of land, sea , and air
cated outside the continental limits of the which is, or may become, involved directly
United States. in the operations of war.
test element, one of the characters in a mes theater (or area ) reserve, personnel or sup
sage used as the basis for the authentica plies held as a reserve by a theater (or
tion of the message. area ) commander.
testing target , special target used in bore theater stock level, quantity of supplies au
sighting a gun . It has two marks sepa thorized by the Department of the Army
rated by the same distance as that be to be maintained in a theater of operations
tween the sight and the axis of the bore, as stock on hand ready for issue.
so that the gun may be pointed at one
theodolite , instrument, similar to a surveyor' s
mark and the sight at the other.
transit , by which an observer may follow
test piece, any gun which is compared with moving objects, such as : airplanes, stars,
another gun in calibration. The gun used meteorological balloons, and read their
as a basis of comparison is called the elevation and azimuth at any instant.
reference piece ; any other gun adjusted
accurately with reference to it is a test thermal regime of permafrost, a state of equi
piece. librium among all factors involved estab
lished by nature in undisturbed areas un
test station , an installation where circuits derlain by permafrost. Removal of vege
may be tested and rearranged . tation , making cuts and frills , or changing
tetrahedron , pyramid -shaped beach or anti the flow of ground water by subdrainage,
tank obstacle , generally constructed are factors that will disturb this equilib
of
structural steel shapes and steel tubing . rium along a curve which varies with time.
tetryl, sensitive explosive used especially in thermals , rising vertical air currents caused
caps and boosters to detonate less sensi by unequal pressure resulting from tem
tive explosives and as the explosive filler perature changes. Practical use is made
for 20mm high explosive projectiles. I of thermals for the maintenance of long
text, that part of a message which contains periods of flight by sail-planes.
the idea that the originator desired to be thermate, standard incendiary agent used as
communicated . See plain text; encrypted filling for incendiary munitions. Mixture
text . of thermite (iron oxide and aluminum )
 SR 320_ 5 – 1
the 300
and other oxidizing agents which burns at time correction , difference between the ad
about 4 ,300 degrees Fahrenheit. justed , zero height of burst time setting
thermit, thermite, commercial welding mix and the firing table time setting for a par
ture of iron oxide and aluminum ; used as ticular horizontal range.
an incendiary for some munitions. time distance , time required to move from one
thermojet, air duct type engine in which air point to another at a given rate of speed .
is scooped up from surrounding atmos- time fire, fire in which fuzes are set to act
phere, compressed , heated by combustion , after a fixed time interval and before
and then expanded and discharged at high impact .
velocity . time fuze, fuze that can be set to function
thermokarst, Karst-like topographic features after the elapse of a predetermined time.
produced by the melting of ground ice and There are several kinds of time fuzes, such
the subsequent settling or caving of as : powder train , mechanicaland chemical.
ground , characterized by an uneven topo . See fuze.
graphy with short ravines, sink -holes, fun - | time gap , the time interval between the tail
nels, and caverns similar to those produced of one vehicle or group of vehicles and the
in a limestone terrain by the solvent action head of the next vehicle or group of ve
of water. hicles.
thickened fuel, gasoline or a blend of gasoline time indicator , second part of a standard over
and light fuel oil with a thickener ( gelling sea address representing a scheduled period
agent) such as napalm added ; used as an for movement of water-borne shipments
incendiary fuel in flame throwers and fire from a port of embarkation .
bombs. See unthickened fuel. time interval, 1 . period of time between two
thin natural screen , natural growth left in successive observations made on a moving
• front of entrenchments and emplacements target during tracking ; 2 . interval of time
to aid in concealing them . between successive vehicles , march units ,
or columns as they move past a given
Thompson submachine gun, caliber .45 , air
point. The time is measured from the
cooled automatic weapon that can be car
instant the tail of one unit clears the
ried and operated by one man . point to the instant the head of the next
three numeral code group, set of three num unit reaches it. In this meaning, also
bers in an air -ground liaison code, com called time-gap.
municated by prescribed arrangements of time length , time required for a column , or
panels in signaling. element of a column, to pass a given point.
throat block . See choke ring. time of attack , hour at which the attack is to
throat ring . See choke ring . be launched . If a line of departure is pre
scribed , it is the hour at which the line is
thrust line, line forming the base of all co
ordinates in the thrust line system of lo to be crossed by the leading elements of
the attack .
cating the position of objects on a map . It
is a line, designated by the commander, time of delivery, time at which the addressee
and located on the map by two reference or responsible relay agency receipts for a
points or by a reference point and a di message .
rection . Somewhere on the thrust line is time of flight, elapsed time in seconds from
a base point, designated by the commander, the instant a projectile leaves the muzzle
from which all coordinates are measured . of a gun to the instant it strikes or bursts,
Points are located by giving their dis- | time of origin , time at which a message is re
tance along the thrust line forward or back leased for transmission .
of the base point and their distance per
pendicular to the thrust line. time of receipt, the time at which a receiving
tilt, angle between the camera axis and a
station completes reception of a message.
vertical through the air station . Inclina time on target, term used to describe the
tion in the direction of flight is called tip. method of firing on a target in which vari
ous artillery units so time their fire as to
time charter, lease of a vessel, for a stipulated assure all projectiles reaching the target
period of time, the customary arrange simultaneously.
ments being that the shipowner supplies
the crew , their food , and maintenance, and time space, the time allocated to a motor
keeps the ship in repair, while the char column for movement past any point on a
terer furnishes the fuel and pays port and route.
terminal charges. Time charter rates gen - time, standard civil, mean solar time based
erally are paid on the dead -weight tonnage upon the transit of the sun over a certain
of the vessel employed. specified meridian , called the time merid

301
ian , and adopted for use over a consider- 1
able area . With a few exceptions, stand
ard time is based upon a meridian which
differs by a multiple of 15 degrees from the
meridian of Greenwich. Civil time begins
at midnight.
time zones, twenty -four, fifteen -degree longi
tudinal divisions of the earth 's circum
ference, having local standard time compu
tations one hour apart.
timing, adjustment of a small arms weapon
so that it will perform each function at a
predetermined point in the cycle of opera
tion . This adjustment aids in the elimina
tion of stoppages caused by incorrect posi
tioning of functioning parts of the weapons
at a predetermined point in the cycle of
operations. Necessity for correct timing
is indicated by the fact that the cycle of
operation may be repeated several hundred
times per minute in automatic weapons.
tip , inclination of an aerial camera in the
direction of flight. Inclination perpendic
ular to the direction of fight is called tilt
or lateral tilt.
titanium tetrachloride, corrosive liquid screen
ing smoke with acrid odor with hydrolyses
in air into dense white smoke.
title, 1. long title is a descriptive name as
signed to a document or device by the
preparing agency ; 2 . short title is a short,
identifying combination of letters and /or
numbers assigned to a document or device
for purposes of brevity and / or security.
to arms, bugle call summoning all men to fall
in , under arms, without delay, at a place
set in advance.
TOG method , target-observer-gun method ;
method of pointing a gun by indirect lay.
ing , using the angle at the observer be
tween a line to the target and a line to the
gun .
tomming down, act of bracing anything from
above to hold it down.
tompion , wooden plug or cover , especially for
the muzzle of a gun , A tompion is also
used to cover the sight bracket of a gun
when the sight is not in place.
ton, unit of measurement or weight of the
following various values :
units of weight: short ton - 2 ,000 pounds ;
long ton (weight ton ) - 2 , 240 pounds ;
metric ton — 2 ,205 pounds ( 1 ,000 kilo
grams) .
units of volume: measurement ton (ship
ton ) - 40 cubic feet ; register ton - 100
cubic feet .
tonnage, expression of cubature or weight
used variously to indicate the aggregate | top carriage, upper movable part of a gun
of tons shipped , carried , handled , mined , l
SR 320 - 5 - 1
top
etc., also to indicate a ship's weight, size,
or carrying capacity as
gross register tonnage, the entire internal
cubic capacity of the ship expressed in
register tons ( 100 cubic feet to the ton ) ;
except certain spaces which are exempt
such as : peak and other tanks of water
ballast, open forecastle , bridge and poop ,
hatchway access, certain light and air
spaces, domes, the skylights, condenser,
anchor gear, steering gear, wheel house,
galley , certain cabins for passengers,
and some other spaces specified by law .
Synonymous term gross tonnage is some
times used .
net register tonnage, the tonnage of a ship
remaining after certain deductions have
been made from the gross tonnage , ex
pressed in register tons ( 100 cubic feet
to the ton ) . Among the deductions are
master's cabin , crew spaces , navigation
spaces, shaft trunks, donkey engine,
boiler , propelling power space, and other
spaces specified by law . Synonymous
term net tonnage is sometimes used .
displacement tonnage, light, the weight of
the ship expressed in long tons ( 2 ,240
pounds) , excluding the weight of the
cargo, passengers, fuel , water, stores,
dunnage, and such other items as are
necessary for use on a voyage.
displacement tonnage, loaded , the weight of
the ship including those items excluded
in determining displacement tonnage
loaded and displacement tonnage light.
deadweight tonnage , the carrying capacity
of the ship expressed in long tons. It
is the difference between displacement
tonnage loaded and displacement ton
nage light.
deadweight cargo tonnage, the cargo carry
ing capacity expressed in long tons
( 2 ,240 pounds per ton ) . It is that part
of the deadweight tonnage of the vessel
which remains after deducting the
weight of fuel, water, stores, dunnage,
and other items necessary for the voy
age. Also known as cargo carrying
capacity.
grain cubic capacity, the maximum space
available for cargo, measured in cubic
feet, the measurement being taken to
the inside of the shell plating of the
ship or to the outside of the frames and
to the top of the beams or underside of
deck plating .
bale cubic capacity , the space available for
cargo, measured in cubic feet, to the
inside of the cargo battens, on the
frames, and to the underside of the
beams.
carriage .
SR 320– 5 – 1
top 302
topographical crest, summit or highest line of tour director, an officer detailed to act as
a ridge. interpreter and aide to a foreign dignitary
topographical identification , art of identifying visiting the United States under the spon
visible and hidden terrain features on a sorship of the Department of the Defense.
photograph . tour of duty, that part of the day, or that
topographical interpretation , evaluation of period of time, during which an officer or
topography of an area shown in an aerial enlisted person is on a specified duty.
photograph . tow attachment, device installed in gliders,
topographic intelligence . See military geog two planes, and towed targets to which
raphy intelligence . tow ropes are attached before take-off ,
topographic map, map which presents relief and from which the rope can be released
or the vertical position of features in in flight.
measurable form as well as their hori. towed artillery, artillery weapons designed
zontal positions. for movement as trailed loads behind prime
movers or draft animals . Some adjust
topographic plot, representation , by means of
contour lines, of the ground relief of an ment of the weapon is necessary to place
area shown in a stereoscopic model. it in firing position .
| towed flag target, flag-shaped target towed by
topographic troops, troops whose primary an aircraft and used especially for air -to
function is to produce or reproduce maps
air target practice ; flag target. It con
or map substitutes. sists of a special fabric with metal
top secret. See classified matter. spreader bars to keep it in a vertical plane
toromatic transmission , a semiautomatic trans and flat while in flight.
mission used on some tanks ; it contains towed sleeve target, tubular, open -ended bag
a compound planetary gear train with a which fills with air and bellies out when
torque converter. towed by an aircraft in flight, used as a
torsion bar, a bar which acts as a spring, used target. Also called sleeve target.
on some tanks and gun motor carriages for towed -target firing, antiaircraft practice fire
the suspension of the vehicle and for hatch against a target towed by an aircraft.
hinges.
towing engine. See tow motor. '
total mobilization , ultimate degree of mobiliza
tion, making full use of every available tow motor, engine mounted on a tug or tow
boat which regulates the strain on the
resource.
towing hawser or cable ; towing engine.
total receipts, in the supply control system ,
all supply of an item excluding stock on town fog , an ice fog created by extremely
low temperatures (minus 50 to 65 degrees
hand. Total receipts are secured from
procurement, returned stock , assembly of fahrenheit ) , usually noticeable over more
or less densely inhabited places, because
components or other sources, including
use of substitute items provided the sub of the conflict between locally generated
warm moist air and the surrounding cold
stitute items are to be permanent issues.
air . At extremely low temperatures such
total stock on hand, in the supply control sys a fog may appear over a body of troops,
tem , all quantities of supplies available to
herd of cattle , etc.
the chiefs of technical services regardless tow target, target for antiaircraft fire or
of condition . aerial gunnery practice, drawn behind an
total supply, in the supply control system , aircraft. It may be a towed flag target or
sum of total stock on hand and total re
a towed sleeve target.
ceipts subsequent to cut-off date.
toxic gas. See casualty gas.
to the color, bugle call sounded as a salute to
toxic gas yard, unroofed space prepared for
the color, to the President, the Vice-Presi
dent, an ex -President, or a foreign chief the storage and handling of toxic gases.
magistrate. Also called to the standard. toxic warfare, warfare in which chemicals,
to the rear march , 1 . movement executed by biological agents and atomic fission prod
troops in formation, to reverse direction ucts are used to produce casualties.
of march . To the rear march is done by trace, 1. location on a map or on the ground
each man making a right about in march for a trench or other fortification ; 2 . path
ing ; 2. command to make such a move of a tracer bullet ; 3 . path of an element
ment, a head . To follow a marching column in
to the standard. See to the color. trace is to march behind it over exactly
touchdown, in amphibious operations, the the same route.
initial landing of the first elements of the tracer, 1. type of ammunition containing a
assault forces on a hostile beach . chemical composition which burns in flight,
 SR 320–5 – 1
303

Tracer is used for observation of fire, for formed by tracking an aerial target with
incendiary purposes, and for signaling. In present position data only being trans
this meaning, also called tracer ammuni mitted .
tion ; 2. specialist who makes tracings of tracking point. a point centrally located in
drawings of equipment ; 3. request to a the outline of the target as seen by the
carrier to determine the location of freight. sight operator. For aerial targets, such
tracer ammunition . See tracer. a point is the intersection of wing and
tracer control, adjustment of fire based on fuselage axes.
observation of trajectories of tracer am - tracking radar, antiaircraft artillery radar of
munition fired . the highest order of accuracy whose func
tracer control trainer, device used to train tion is to supply accurate position data
gunners in fire control, using tracer am on aerial targets chiefly for gun -laying
munition . purposes.
tracer hamp, an optical illusion in which a tracking telescope, telescope used for observ
hook or curvature appears in the tracer ing a moving target and following its path .
stream . track -laying vehicle , vehicle which travels,
tracer sensing , decision as to the location of a upon two endless tracks, one on each side
projectile relative to the target, obtained of the machine. A track -laying vehicle
through tracer observation . has high mobility and can maneuver , is
usually armed and frequently armored ,
tracer stream , the path of a series of tracer and is intended for tactical use. Tanks
bullets or projectiles. are one type of track -laying vehicle .
tracing paper resection , method of resection
esection track off, deliberate underestimation or over
in which an observer ' s position on a map estimation of the predicted path of a tar
with reference to other known points may get, in order to bring about an eventual
be located by using tracing paper on which intersection of the line of fire with the
the location of the observer ' s position has target.
been indicated with relation to the known
track wheels, wheels which perform the same
points on the ground by lines and angles.
The tracing paper is placed over the map function as suspension wheels on some
and moved until each line passes through tanks. See suspension wheel.
the map location of the known point on tractor, wheeled or tracklaying vehicle de
which it was drawn . The observer's posi- signed to tow by means of pintle hook or
tion is pricked through the tracing paper coupling device. See tractor truck .
at the intersection of the lines ; tracing tractor group, term sometimes used to desig .
paper method. nate a group of lanäing ships in an am
phibious operation which carries the am
track , 1 . to observe and mark on a chart the
successive positions of a moving target ; phibian vehicles of the landing force.
2 . to keep a gun properly aimed or to point tractor-trailer train , series of trailers con
a target-locating instrument continuously nected by couplers and drawn by a tractor.
at a moving target ; 3. actual path of an Tractor-trailer trains are used in storage
aircraft above, or a ship on, the surface warehouses for moving supplies and equip
of the earth . The course is the path which ment.
is planned ; the track is the path which tractor truck , vehicle designed to tow a semi
is actually taken ; 4 . to follow or pursue trailer by means of a fifth wheel attach
an enemy ; 5 . one of the two endless belts | ment.
on which a full-track or half-track vehicle
trafficability , a measure of the ability of the
runs ; 6 . metal part forming a path for
soil (or other terrain surface ) to support
a moving object ; for example , the track
around the inside of a vehicle for moving foot troops, animals, vehicles , or aircraft
during various seasons.
a mounted machine gun .
traffic analysis, analysis of the external char
tracker, an instrument, equipped with tele acteristics of signal communications and
scopes, used to continuously observe the related materials for the purpose of obtain
present position of a moving target. Em ing information concerning the organiza
ployed with a radar, which is used for tion and operation of a communication sys
slant range measurement, the tracker fur tem . This information is used as an aid
nishes the elements of present position
to cryptanalysis, as a basis for drawing
data required by the computer. One of deductions and inferences of value as in
the components of a director . telligence in the absence of a specific
tracker test, the overall check of the orienta knowledge of the contents of the message,
tion and functioning of materiel of an anti and as a guide to efficient intercept opera
aircraft artillery gun battery. It is per tion .
SR 320– 5 – 1
tra 304
traffic association , in cryptography, associa - | traffic security , in communications, sum of all
tion of the low of a particular type of measures taken to reduce the amount and
traffic with the geographical points of nature of information obtainable by unau
origin and destination . thorized persons through traffic analysis.
traffic bottle neck , section of travelled road - traffic survey , study of the basic character
way having greater traffic density, or istics of the behaviour of vehicular traffic
smaller traffic capacity than that of the and of the use of traffic control equipment,
roadway or roadways leading thereto . in order to obtain facts for improving
traffic capacity . See highway capacity. traffic control procedures .
traffic circulation map , map showing traffic traffic volume, the number of vehicles, in all
routes and the measures for traffic regula directions and on all lanes, that pass a
tion . It indicates the roads certain classes given point on the roadway within a stated
of traffic may use, the location of traffic period of time. See traffic flow .
control stations, and the directions in trail, 1 . rear part of a gun carriage which
which traffic may move. Also called cir connects the piece with a limber or trac
culation map. tor. When the gun is unlimbered , the
traffic circulation plan , in highway operations, trail rests on the ground and stabilizes
a plan detailing the use to be made of the the piece in firing position ; 2. series of
transportation network in order to effect bombs dropped one after the other, in
the traffic regulation . It usually includes stead of in a group ; 3 . narrow path suit
circulation maps. able for the passage of foot troops, pack
traffic (communication ) , all transmitted and animals and light weapon -carrying ve
received messages. hicles ; 4 . at trail is a preparatory com
traffic control. See highway traffic control. mand to troops to march with rifles in
the position of trail arms ; 5. those ve
traffic control post. See highway traffic con hicles at the end of the column used for
trol post. control, maintenance or aid such as a
traffic density , number of vehicles per unit wrecker for repair or towing, or an am
length of roadway. bulance for emergency assistance and
transporting casualties .
traffic diagram , chart showing the actual
number of telephone lines between tele - trail arms, 1. position in the manual of the
phone exchanges and telephones . rifle in which the rifle is carried at an
traffic flow , the number of vehicles that pass angle , so that the right hand grasps the
a given point in a given period of time, barrel and the butt is nearly touching the
moving in one direction. See traffic ground ; 2. command to take this position .
volume. trail bridge. See trail ferry.
traffic headquarters, headquarters exercising trailer, 1. vehicle designed to be towed and
highway traffic regulation which is plan provided with a suitable drawbar or ton
ning, routing, scheduling, and directing gue for attachment to a pintle or other
the actual use of the highways by vehicles, suitable coupling mounted on the towing
personnel afoot (including troops, refu vehicle ; 2 . platform mounted on four
gees , and other civilians) , and animals , to wheels and equipped with couplers. Trail
utilize highway transportation facilities ers of this type are made up as trains to
and equipment, most effectively, in ac be towed by a tractor , for moving supplies,
cordance with assigned tasks. etc. See tractor- trailer train .
traffic line. See light line. trail ferry, raft attached to a cable running
traffic map , map used in planning and regu across a stream . A trail ferry is attached
lating the flow of traffic . It includes to the cable so that it can be set at a
routes, road data , the direction of move slant and use the force of the current for
ment, and the amount of traffic moving . power.

traffic order , set of instructions to a moving
unit regarding traffic regulations and di
rections.
traffic patrol, man or small group of men |
mounted in a truck or on motorcycle (s ), trail party, detail of men commanded by the
having the duty of moving back and forth
along a route to supervise traffic and en
force regulations.
traffic scheduling, time apportionment of road
way used for road traffic movements.
trail officer, officer who travels at the rear of
a convoy or column to aid in organiza
tional control. He may also be the trail
maintenance officer.
trail officer , moving at the rear of a column
or march unit.
trail support, log or other object placed under
a trail spade of an artillery piece to pro
vide additional resistance to recoil.
 SR 320 - 5 - 1
305 tra
train , 1 . service force or group of service ele- | training film , sound motion picture dealing
ments which provide logistical support : I with approved Department of the Army
e . g ., the vehicles and operating personnel doctrine and produced for use in military
which furnish supply , evacuation , and training .
maintenance services to a land unit ; 2 . training grenade. See practice grenade.
point a gun in direction. training literature , that body of writings pub
trainasium structure made of metal bars, used lished for the primary purpose of inform
for physical exercises designed to develop ing all concerned as to doctrine, tactics ,
the muscular coordination of students ; techniques, and procedures adopted for use
metal trainer. The bars cross each other in training individuals and units of the
to form a network of tunnels and ladders. United States Army. Training literature
train bivouac, temporary camp for the vehicles is grouped into two classes ; official train
and personnel of a unit train . ing literature, consisting of field manuals ,
trainee, 1 . anyone undergoing training ; 2 . technicalmanuals , training circulars, tech
classification for an enlisted person under nical bulletins and pamphlets, all pub
going basic training before being assigned . lished as Department of the Army docu
ments ; unofficial training literature, such
training aid , 1. term used generally to describe
any material, device, or installation espe as special texts, instructor notes, etc.,
cially prepared to increase instructional published as service school documents .
efficiency ; 2 . training aids are audio visual training management, planning and direction
aids and include motion picture films and of training to accomplish the training
film strips, recordings, graphic aids mission , in the time and with the means
available.
(photos, slides, Department of the Army
Graphic Training Aids, charts and post- training memorandum , document issued by a
ers) , three-dimensional aids (devices, mod commander giving permanent or semiper
els, terrain boards, kits and synthetic manent instructions regarding training .
trainers ) . Training aids should be dis- training munitions, standard equipment and
tinguished from items of training equip ammunition specially designed for, and
ment and training facilities. used in , training .
training airplane, small, sturdy aircraft used training order , set of instructions issued by a
to train flyers. commander regarding the training of per
training attachment, attachment of a unit or sonnel.
individuals to another unit for the purpose training program , general outline for the
of providing the individuals or the unit training of a unit over a given period. The
with appropriate training and / or training training schedule is developed from the
supervision . training program .
training camp, military establishment
nt used
used training projectile, projectile used in instruc
only for giving instruction , for example , tion and drill , often one that contains no
one used in peacetime for training Reserve explosive. Some training projectiles may
Officers. be used more than once.
training canister, special canister used in gas training publications, that printed or repro
måsks for training purposes only. It does duced narrative material utilized by ele
not protect against all chemical agents, ments of the United States Army for the
and is not used in the service gas mask . purpose of training individuals or units.
training center, military installation used in The term training publications is an over
the training of personnel. all term which includes : training litera
training cycle, period of time required to proc ture, both official and unofficial ; Army
ess an individual into a training installa training programs; Army training tests ;
tion, complete the prescribed training , and subject schedules ; programs of instruc
process him out of the installation . tions ; etc.
training equipment, items which can be used training schedule, detailed outline of the
as aids to training such as blackboards, training for a unit, including text refer
chart easels , projection and sound equip ences for each day and instructions as to
ment, practice rounds, training equipment what is to be done, who is to do it, when
listed in T / A 's and T / O & E 's. See and where it is to be done, and the uniform
training facilities ; training aid . and equipment required.
training facilities, permanent and semiperma- training stick , light pole with a 6 - inch ring at
nent aids to training such as ranges, ob the end, used in giving instruction in the
stacle courses and all specially designed use of the bayonet. The instructor holds
training areas. See training equipment ; the stick in various positions at which the
training aid . student may aim .
SR 320 –5 – 1
tra 306
training unit , an Army Reserve unit composed ,
of officers and enlisted personnel of the
active Reserve not assigned to T / O & E or
T / D units, for individual training and
administration .
train telephone, instruments installed in cab
of locomotive and caboose of a train ,
utilized for communication purposes be
tween engineer and conductor in rear of
train or conductor to engineer . Further,
communication may be established between
engineer of train and wayside tower or |
dispatcher. Instrument in caboose may
also be portable in order that it may be
removed and carried by trainman along8 | transient objective, temporary structures
length of train side to establish commu
nication with head end.
trajectory, path of a projectile, missle or bomb transients, 1. ships or craft stopping tempo
in flight.
trajectory chart, diagram of a side view of the
paths of projectiles fired at various eleva
tions, under standard conditions. The tra
jectory chart is different for different guns,
projectiles, and fuzes.
trampoline trainer , rectangle of canvas
stretched tight on a metal frame, on which
a student is able to bound and rebound
when practicing body control and flips in
the air .
transceiver , combination radio transmitter
and receiver.
transcription . 1. rewriting or recording of
text ; 2 . process in a cryptographic trans
position system of removing the text from
a matrix or grid by a method or route
different from that used in inscription .
transfer, relief from assignment in a basic
branch concurrent with assignment to
bran
ch .
another basic branch .
transfer appropriation , that portion of an ap transmissi
propriation transferred from one Federal
agency having primary administration to
another Federal agency for actual admin
istration and obligation.
transfer area , in an amphibious operation , the
water area in which the transfer of troops
and supplies from landing boats to am
phibian vehicles is effected .
transfer center , activity established to effect
the transfer of personnel from the military | transmission security . that component of com .
service .
transfer limit, maximum difference in direc
tion and range from the location of a check
point, within which limits corrections com -
puted for the check points are assumed to
be sufficiently accurate to warrant applica
tion to any target, justifying its attack by
a transfer of fire.
transfer of fire, 1 . shifting of fire from one
target to another, applying the corrections
for the first target to the data for the sec
ond target. In this meaning, sometimes
called transfer ; 2 . fire on a target, based on
an adjustment on a point whose location
in respect to the target is known.
transfer order , order by the Secretary of De
fense to the Secretary of the Army, Secre
tary of the Navy and /or Secretary of the
Air Force generally transferring certain
functions, powers, and duties from one to
the other.
transfer point, point at which control over
railway trains, motor convoys, or rein
forcements passes from one commander to
another.
and
military installations, considered as pos
sible bombing targets .
rarily at a post, station , airbase or port to
which they are not assigned or attached ,
and having destinations elsewhere : 2. a
category of personnel other than students,
trainees , patients and prisoners not charge
able to an organization , authorization , al
lowance, or complement. Included in this
category are replacements awaiting ship
ment or en route to or from overseas, or
replacements awaiting assignment in the
continental United States, or personnel
in process of separation from the service .
transient target, moving target that remains
within observing or firing distance for such
a short period that it affords little time for
deliberate adjustment and fire against it.
Transient targets may be aircraft, vehicles ,
ships, marching troops, etc. Usually called
fleeting target.
transit shed , building at a port designated for
the handling of material received or
shipped by water.
on medium analysis , in crypto -com
munication , study of the medium of trans
mission in a search for characteristics of
value in revealing information .
transmission medium security , in crypto - com
munication , all measures taken to reduce
the amount and kinds of information
which the enemy can derive from a study
of characteristics of the medium of trans
mission .
munication security which results from all
measures designed to protect transmissions
from interception and traffic analysis.
transponder, a transceiver unit capable of ac
cepting the challenge of an interrogator
and transmitting an appropriate reply for
the purpose of identification .
transport, ship primarily used to transport
personnel. As used in the army, this term
includes ships whether used to carry pas
sengers or cargo .
 SR 320–5 – 1
307 tra

transport aircraft, aircraft which are specially ger transportation to personnel performing
designed for transportation of troops and official travel at the expense of the gov
supplies . They include gliders, assault ernment.
aircraft , and medium and heavy troop car- | transportation service number (TS) , route or
rier aircraft. der number required by Army freight ship
transport area, sea area designated as station ping agencies prior to the movement of
area for transports. domestic carload and equivalent freight
transportation , movement of persons and traffic, and certain exceptions.
things and the means of accomplishing transportation unit, quantity of supplies or
that movement. equipment covered by a single shipping
transportation aisle. See aisle. document. It consists of a carload, truck
transportation and telecommunications intelli load , less-than -carload, less-than -truck
gence, that component of strategic intelli load , express, or air express shipment, or
gence which deals with the transportation one parcel post package . In certain cases,
and telecommunication systems of foreign it may consist of an entire shipment by
lighter.
nations.
transportation Corps release number , number transportation zone, specified area within
used to identify and release separate ship Con US established to facilitate certain
ments of one or more carloads or equiva traffic management functions and such
other Transportation Corps functions as
lent thereof for movement from the point |
of origin to a port of embarkation for sub directed by the Chief of Transportation .
sequent shipment overseas and includes | transport division , attack transports and at
the route or method by which shipment tack cargo ships required to carry per
will be made. sonnel, supplies, and equipment of one
transportation in kind, transportation pro regimental combat team .
vided by the government without cost to transport group , subdivision of an attack
the traveler , including transportation by force consisting of amphibious assault
government aircraft, vessel or vehicle and shipping and, when attached , its protec
the furnishing of transportation requests tive and service units, organized for the
or similar means for procurement of trans purpose of embarking, transporting, and
portation and accommodations via com landing troops, equipment and supplies of
mercial carriers. the landing force.
transportation manifest, is an ocean shipping transport quartermaster. See embarkation offi
document that contains information re- cer.
quired by transportation agencies and will transport squadron , two or more transport
consist of two parts : ( 1 ) Army Ocean I divisions organized to carry a reinforced
Manifest sheets (DA Form 55 – 49-series or infantry division .
55 - 149-series ) which comprise a brief | transport vehicle, vehicle primarily intended
enumeration of the vessel cargo by separate
for personnel and cargo carrying, exclud
shipments, arranged by Technical Service ing combat vehicles.
or other consignee order for each port
of discharge. ( 2 ) Manifest recapitula transport wagon , vehicles employed in the
tion composed of Army Ocean Manifest Re transporting of heavy field artillery be
capitulation (DA Form 55 - 50 -series ) and tween points of emplacement.
summary of cargo, which together consti transposition cipher, cipher system in which
tute a summarization of cargo by port of the plain text of a message is encrypted by
discharge and type of cargo for each tech a transposition system .
nical service or other consignee . transposition error, in cryptography, error
transportation officer, commissioned officer, I arising from the exchange of position of
usually of the Transportation Corps, or a textual elements without a change in their
properly qualified civilian , appointed by an | identities .
installation commander, and assigned to transposition -mixed alphabet, crytographic al
supervise transportation activities. phabet constructed by applying a form of
transportation order , 1. order directing move transposition to either a standard or a
ment of troops or equipment ; 2. authority mixed sequence .
for an ammunition supply installation to transposition system , cipher system in which
issue a quantity of ammunition to a desig the elements of plain text whether indiv
nated organization and for the organiza ual letters, groups of letters, syllables,
tion to draw the ammunition from the words, phrases, sentences , or code groups
ammunition supply installation . or their components undergo some change
transportation request, official order on a in their relative positions without a change
transportation company to furnish passen - in their identities.
 SR 320- 5 - 1
tra 308
· transshipment area , area where troops are treason , crime of making war on one's own
debarked and /or cargo is unloaded for country or of assisting its enemies.
rearrangement, reloading, and reshipment. | trench , narrow ditch with an embankment
transverse mercator grid , universal. See uni for the protection of men while firing or
versal transverse mercator grid . moving from one part of the position to
transverse mercator projection , a map projec another.
tion which in mathematical principle is trench boards, flooring used in trenches. ,
identical to the mercator projection ex - l trench
trench knife
knife, knife with aa double -edged steel
knife with
cept that the surface on which the merid blade about eight inches long , used in close
ians and parallels are developed is rotated combat.
( transversed ) 90 in azimuth . Unlike the
trench shelter, any of the various types of
mercator projection , the meridians and shelters constructed in trenches.
parallels are curved except for the equator
and central meridian. triage, process of sorting sick and wounded
on the basis of the urgency and type of
trap mine, mine designed to explode unex
pectedly when enemy personnel attempt to
condition presented , so that they can be
properly routed to medical installations
move an object. appropriately situated and equipped for
travel allowance, reimbursement as indicated their care.
by travel orders for expenses incurred trial balance, a totaled list of the debit and
while traveling under orders issued by
credit balances of the accounts in a ledger.
competent authority.
trial counsel, officer appointed for each gen
travel orders, orders directing the change of eral or special court-martial who prose
place of an individual or group not part cutes in the name of the United States, and
of a troop movement. under the direction of the court, prepares
traverse, 1. turn a gun to the right or left on the record of its proceedings.
its mount : 2 . movement to right or left on
trial elevation , in terrestrial fire, the eleva
a pivot or mount, usually of a gun , but
sometimes of a piece of machinery : 3 . pos tion at which fire for effect is begun .
sible movement of a gun on its mount to trial fire, deliberate gunfire laid on a fixed
right or left. measured as an angle : 4. 1 point or target to determine the corrections
in surveving or navigation . a series of for firing data . Trial fire is used to pre
straight lines running from point to point. I pare for fire for effect. See registration fire.
the distances and angles being accurately trial shot, shot fired during trial fire.
known ; 5. projecting mount, or mask of | trial shot point, fixed point at which trial fire
earth or concrete, protecting a trench , em is directed.
placement, or other fortification from en
triangle exercise, form of target practice with
filade fire. the rifle, in which the rifleman fires three
traverser station , any one of the points of a shots, making three holes as close together
consecutive survey . The location of one
in the target as possible .
station in relation to the other stations in
a traverse is known by measuring the triangulation , method of surveying in which
azimuth or bearing of each station and the the locations of the different terrain fea
tures are found by a system of triangles ,
relative distance between stations. each of whose base lines is established
traversing and searching fire , gunfire intended accurately as to location and length . As
to cover thoroughly a whole area . In locations of new points are determined ,
traversing and searching fire the gun is new base lines are established , and the
gradually traversed in one direction , then locations of other points are determined
the elevation is increased and the gun is
traversed in the opposite direction , and
from them .
triangulation station , a permanently marked
so on .
point whose coordinates are accurately
traversing fire, fire distributed in width by
known from the precise surveys, such as
successive horizontal changes in direction
of fire of the weapon . See swinging those of the Coast and Geodetic Survey.
traverse. tribrach , a universal mounting device for all
traversing mechanism , mechanism by wbich a Engineer surveying instruments and acces
sories which are mounted on tripods and
gun or other device can be turned in a
have a standard base.
horizontal plane.
treadway, one of the two tracks forming the trick , 1. graduation mark on a lens or reticle ;
roadway in some kinds of bridges. 2. tour of duty, period which one is on
treadway bridge, bridge whose roadway is duty. Also called watch .
formed by two tracks or treadways. I trigger actuator. See actuator.
 SR 320– 5 – 1
309 tro

trigger motor, motor on certain types of au - | troop age, age bracket within which an officer
tomatic guns, having the same function as of a given grade, if otherwise qualified , can
the trigger on a rifle. be assigned to duty with troop units of the
trigger puil, resistance offered by the trigger field forces.
of a rifle or other weapon ; force which troop basis , a list of military units and indi
must be exerted to pull the trigger . viduals required for the performance of a
trigger squeeze, proper method of firing a rifle particular mission , by numbers , organiza
or similar weapon in which the trigger is tion , equipment, deployment and types of
personnel.
not pulled , but squeezed gradually by an
independent action of the forefinger . troop basis accounting , method of recording
trig list, a list published by certain Army in the strength of the Army in accordance
stallations which includes essential infor with its division into major forces and
mation of accurately located survey points . Army-wide activities, subdivided into arms
and services and further subdivided into
trigonometric leveling , a method of determin types of units and allotments of personnel.
ing the difference of elevation between two
These categories are determined by the De
points, by using the principles of triangula partment of the Army General Staff and
tion and trigonometric calculations. are subject to change as the requirements
triliteral frequency distribution , in cryptogra and missions of the Army are changed .
phy distribution of the characters of text troop carrier aircraft, heavy, medium and
in sets of threes which will show each
light assault types of aircraft which are
character with its two preceding char
primarily designed for the air movement of
acters, or each character with its two
armed forces and materiel.
succeeding characters, or each character
with one preceding and one succeeding troop carrier units, those air units which are
organized , equipped , and trained primarily
character.
to transport troops, equipment, and sup
tri-metrogon , method of aerial photography plies by air into combat, and to evacuate
whereby three photographs are taken si
casualties, troops, and materiel.
multaneously , one vertical and two high
obliques, in a direction at right angles to troop class patient, ambulant patient who re
the line of flight. The obliques are taken quires little medical care while en route
at an angle of 60 degrees from the vertical during evacuation .
and sidelap the vertical photograph . troop commander, in transportation opera
These give composites from horizon to tions, the commanding officer or senior
horizon , overlapping in the line of fight. noncommissioned officer of the troop being
trimonite, high explosive used as a substitute transported , as distinguished from the
for trinitrotoluene as a bursting charge. commander of the transport convoying the
Trimonite is a mixture of picric acid and troops.
mononitronaphthalene. troop information and education center, the
trinitrophenol. See picric acid . location at which information and educa
trinitrotoluene, high explosive widely used as
tion activities are frequently centered . It
may vary with the size of the unit , and
explosive filler in projectiles and by en physical facilities available , from the In
gineers ; trinitrotoluol.
formation and Education Display Board
trinitrotoluol. See trinitrotoluene. in the dayroom of the company or detach
trip , 1 . release a lever or set free a mecha ment to the larger center at which are
nism ; 2 . part of the mechanism of some located the principal information and edu
firearms, released by the action of the cation activities of the post , camp, or
trigger. station . Its physical arrangements may
trip charter. See voyage charter. include the Army Education Center,
tripod mount, three- legged base for a machine | troop information hour, a training period con
gun , weapon or instrument. ducted a minimum of one undivided hour
weekly on duty time for the purpose of
trip -wire, 1. wire stretched near the ground to
informing personnel of the Army on cer
trip foot troops ; 2 . low outer wire of a
tain matters of significance in connection
double-apron fence or low wire entangle
with their service duties, in order that
ment ; 3. wire attached to an antitank or
they may evaluate and understand their
antipersonnel mine. Movement of the wire | responsibilities as members of the Armed
may cause detonation of the mine. Forces and as citizens.
triton block , block of pressed trinitrotoluene, troop information program , that part of train
used for demolition purposes. ing designed to inform personnel of the
troop, cavalry unit of comparable size to the Army on certain matters of significance in
infantry company . connection with their service duties, and
 SR 320– 5 – 1
tro 310
to afford appropriate sources of general | truckhead . See railhead.
information in order that they may evalu truckmaster, noncommissioned officer in
ate and understand their responsibilities charge of a group of trucks and their
as members of the Armed Forces and as personnel.
citizens.
true azimuth , azimuth measured from true
troop leading procedure, the logical sequence north .
of action which a leader follows while pre
paring and executing an assigned mission ,
true control, a system of common control
originating from a point whose true coor
making the best use of his time, facilities, dinates are known and from which a true
and personnel.
direction is known .
troop list, a list of military forces by unit and true copy , transcript, word for word , of any
individuals that are required for a given
task. An approved troop list constitutes military document ; authentication as a
· correct and accurate duplicate by an officer
a troop basis .
or by some other person authorized by
troop movement, transportation or movement regulations.
of troops from one place to another by any I true course, course of an aircraft . tank or
means.
vessel as indicated by the horizontal angle
troop movement commander, the senior indi between the true north -south line and the
vidual in charge of troops moving by rail, direction of motion .
bus, or air . Responsible for the safe and
true north , direction of the geographic north
orderly movement of military personnel
pole from any point on the earth ' s surface ;
and impedimenta under his command. Re
sponsibility commences at the home sta geographic north.
tion and terminates upon delivery of true origin , geographic intersection of a
personnel and impedimenta to the com meridian and parallel upon which grid
manding officer of the new station . references are based.
troop program , the planning blueprint of the trunk circuit, main telephone line or set of
Army, which defines the projected size, lines connecting two switchboards.
structure, and deployment of the Depart- | trunnion , 1. one of the two pivots supporting
ment for use in budgetary, logistical, train a piece of artillery on its carriage and
ing , organizational, and personnel plan forming the horizontal axis about which
ning. the barrel rotates when it is elevated ; 2 .
troops, collective term for uniformed military one of the two supporting pivots for hold
personnel (usually not applicable to sailors ing an instrument on its mount.
afloat) . trust fund , fund held by the United States as
troop school, Army authorized course of in trustee into which are deposited various
struction for officers and / or enlisted per receipts of the government and from which
are expended sums in accordance with the
sonnel within an organization .
specific purposes of the trust.
troop train , railroad train being used exclu tube, main part of a gun , the cylindrical
sively to carry troops. piece of metal surrounding the bore. Tube
troop unit, any organization of soldiers. is frequently used in referring to artillery
any item
trophy of war, any item of captured enemy
of contured enemy weapons, and barrel is more frequently
equipment retention of which by its cap used in referring to small arms.
tors is not prohibited by international law , I tubular box trail. See box trail.
Federal law , or current Army Regulations. tug , 1. airplanes used to tow other aircraft ;
tropicalization , preparation of materiel' to 2 . small ground vehicle used to move air
limit infiltration of moisture into critical craft on the ground ; 5 . power vessel used
parts of equipment and to kill and dis for towing.
courage fungiferous growths, thereby per - tundra, the level or undulating treeless plains
mitting storage and use in tropical regions. characteristic of northern arctic regions in
truce, agreement by both sides to stop fight both hemispheres. Generally the tundras
ing temporarily, for some special reason , mark the limit of arborscent vegetation ,
such as to discuss terms of surrender. A but support a dense growth of grasses,
truce is generally local. A truce between mosses, lichens and shrubs.
whole nations is called an armistice. turbo -jet, jet motor containing an air com
truck . 1 . vehicle designed primarily for the pressor driven by a turbine activated by
transportation of either cargo or person the exhaust gases.
nel ; 2 . target designation term , used by turn , 1. move around the side of the enemy
tank commanders to designate any un an attack him from the rear or flank ; 2 .
armored vehicle, maneuver by which an aircraft or truck

311
changes direction ; 3. drill movement by |
which a formation changes fronts.
turn -around , in highway transport operations
the round trip from origin . It may be
expressed in mileage or time. When ex
pressed as turn -around time it includes
loading time plus forward haul plus un
loading time plus return trip .
turning movement, an envelopment in which
the main attack passes around the enemy's
forces to strike at a vital objective deep
in the hostile rear ; the enveloping force
seeks to avoid a major involvement with
the enemy forces while en route to a
position from which to launch its attack
against the objective .
Turn -in Slip , a form used in local turn in of
excess or unserviceable property . Not
used where rail or water shipments are
involved .
turnover, in supply operations, relationship
between the rate at which an item is
shipped and the quantity on hand .
turret, dome-shaped or cylindrical armored
structure containing one or more guns lo
cated on forts , warships, airplanes, and
tanks. Most turrets are built so that they
can be revolved .
turret defilade, condition in which a tank , in
cluding its turret , is hidden from the en
emy by an intervening hill or other mask.
turret gun , gun mounted in a turret .
turret mount, mount for a gun placed in a
turret.
turret traversing mechanism , device for revolv
ing a gun turret.
twenty- five percent rectangle , a rectangle eight
probable deflection errors wide and one
range probable error deep within which
will fall twenty- five percent of a large
number of shots fired with the same set two-station magnitude spotting , system for ob
ting . One range limit of this rectangle is
the center of impact of a large number of
shots fired with the same setting. There
are two twenty - five percent rectangles, one
on either side of the center of impact .
These two rectangles form the fifty percent two-station method . See horizontal base line
rectangle.
twilight (morning and evening ), period of solar type B unit, a unit organized with minimum ,
illumination prior to sunrise or after sun
set .
astronomical, that period during which the
sun travels from a position 18 degrees
below the horizon to its position at sun
rise ; that period during which the sun type equipment method load , method designed
travels from its position at sunset to a
position 18 degrees below the horizon .
Astronomical twilight covers a period
from virtual darkness to sunrise and
from sunset to virtual darkness.
SR 320 - 5 - 1
typ
nautical, that period during which the sun
travels from a position 12 degrees below
the horizon to its position at sunrise ;
that period during which the sun travels
from its position at sunset to a position
12 degrees below the horizon. This is a
period when general outlines may be
visible, although the horizon probably
cannot be distinguished. See first light.
civil, that period during which the sun
travels from a position 6 degrees below
the horizon to its position at sunrise ;
that period during which the sun travels
from its position at sunset to a position
6 degrees below the horizon . This is a
period when ordinary outdoor opera
tions are difficult without artificial
light, although there will be ample light
to make possible large scale operations.
See dusk ; dawn.
twist, inclination of the spiral grooves to the
axis of the bore of a weapon . The degree
of twist is a determining factor in the
speed of rotation of the bullet.
two-element differential, characteristic incor
porated in certain codes in which the
groups differ from one another by a mini
mum of two elements, either in the identity
or the positions occupied . When the ele
ments are letters, the characteristic is
called a two-letter differential ; when the
elements are digits, it is called a two -figure
differential.
two -part code, randomized code, consisting of
an encoding section in which the plain text
groups are arranged in an alphabetical or
other significant order, accompanied by
their code groups arranged in a nonalpha
betical or random order, and a decoding
section in which the code groups are ar
ranged in alphabetical or numerical order
and are accompanied by their meanings as
given in the encoding section .
serving and locating the striking point of
a projectile with respect to the target. In
two-station magnitude spotting, two ob
serving stations, one at each end of a
horizontal base line, are used .
method .
specialized and / or supervisory personnel
and which must be augmented with addi
tional personnel, other than U . S . military,
to peform the mission assigned by the
T / O & E.
for use by staff planners at division and
higher levels ; provides a rapid method of
determining aircraft requirements for gen
eral planning purposes ; the critical factor
is that the number of vehicles and towed
SR 320 – 5 – 1
typ 312

weapons to be transported largely deter
mines the number of airplanes required for
a unit.
type load , in airborne usage, a typical ar
rangement of personnel and cargo within
U
maximum load limits and center of gravity
for safe flight ; used to compute aircraft
requirements for units the size of a regi
ment or smaller and furnishes exact and
detailed information on loading.

ultimate load, in airborne usage, the maximum , nomic warfare, sabotage, antisabotage,
force which a cargo tiedown fitting will evacuation , evasion, and escape, subversion
sustain . For example, if a 1,000 pound against hostile states ; assistance to re
object is lashed to a 1,000 pound fitting sistance movements, guerrillas and refugee
liberation groups ; and the organization
(ultimate load ), the fitting will not sustain
any additional force which the object may and conduct of guerrilla warfare.
exert.
uncover, 1. remove hat, cap , or helmet ; 2 .
ultimatum , the final conditions or terms move certain designated soldiers of a for
offered by either of the parties in a diplo mation to either side in order to get more
matic negotiation . space between individuals . In physical
umpire, officer who observes and judges field , training, at the command " UNCOVER ,”
air or training maneuvers according to each even -numbered (or odd -numbered ) in
established rules . dividual makes a side-wise jump ; 3. com
unarmed , 1. kept from exploding by some me mand to move in this manner ; 4 . expose
chanical device that neutralizes the fuze ; or leave unprotected by movement or
maneuver.
2 . without weapons.
uncovered movement, a movement made when
unarmed defense, self defense of an unarmed
man against an armed opponent or against inadequate security is provided by other
friendly forces.
an unarmed opponent by compelling him to
use his strength to his own disadvantage . under arms, bearing arms ; especially , with
Unarmed defense is commonly referred to arms in hand, or with a small-armsweapon
as judo. or with equipment such as a cartridge belt,
unauthorized belligerents , men or units not holster, or automatic rifle belt, attached
recognized as lawful combatants under the to the person .
rules of land warfare, and so not entitled undercarriage, 1. fixed or movable base on
to be treated as prisoners of war if cap which the top carriage of a gun or weapon
tured . moves ; 2 . main landing gear of an air
unauthorized item , 1. item which is not craft ; that portion of the landing gear
authorized for procurement, storage and that supports an aircraft. The undercar
issue by a technical service ; 2. item auth riage includes the wheels, floats , or other
orized for procurement, storage, and issue main structural support of the aircraft.
by a technical service, in the hands of an In this meaning, also called main landing
individual unit, organization , or installa gear. In both meanings, also called
tion , but not authorized by applicable chassis.
T / O & E , T / E , and T / A , or Equipment | Under Secretary of the Army, officialappointed
Modification Lists. Such items may be from civil life by the President, with the
those in quantities excess to those author consent of the Senate , to perform such
ized or may be of types not authorized . duties as may be prescribed by the Secre
uncase, remove from a container ; particu tary of the Army and next above the
larly to unfurl a flag. Assistant Secretaries of the Army.
unclaimed freight, freight which has not been underwater demolition , destruction or neu
called for by the consignee or owner. tralization of underwater obstacles (near a
uncommitted unit, T / O unit which at the landing beach ) which can affect the ap
moment is not committed . See committed proach of landing craft. The destruction
unit. is normally accomplished by underwater
unconditional surrender, an agreement where demolition teams.
by one party capitulates all within his underwater demolition team , naval unit organ
command to the enemy in accordance with ized and equipped to perform beach recon
whatever terms the enemy may dictate. naissance and underwater demolition mis
uncontrolled mosaic, mosaic made without the sions in an amphibious operation .
check of scale or position which would be underwater obstacle , natural or artificial ob
given by a framework of control points. I stacle located to seaward of the highwater
unconventional warfare, a general term which line, and wholly or partly submerged ,
includes psychological, political, and eco - l which acts as a barrier or obstruction to

313
the passage of ships, landing ships, craft, | Union Jack , flag hoisted at the bow of a ship
vehicles, or torpedoes. See beach obstacle .
undesirable discharge, form of discharge given
a soldier under conditions other than hon
orable , usually given for misconduct,
fraud, undesirable habits or traits of
character , etc.
unequal section charge, a propelling charge in
separate-loading or semi- fixed ammunition ,
divided into a number of unequal incre
ments.
unevacuable, incapable of being removed ,
especially during a retirement or with
drawal.
unexploded bomb, bomb, dropped from air
craft, which fails to explode on impact or
immediately thereafter . It is considered
to be a delayed -action bomb until the con
trary is proved . unit assemblage, that portion of the author
unified command, that command organization
in which a joint force operates as a single
command unit under an officer specifically
assigned to the command thereof by higher
authority. The authority and responsi
bility of the designated commander with
respect to his joint force is as specified by
the appointing authority . The commander
exercises command through the com
manders of the Army, Navy, and Air Force
components assigned or attached to his
joint force , or through the commander of
task forces formed by himself.
unified logistic support, provision of logistic
support to two or more of the military
services, or their elements, by a single
agency or service, by any appropriate
method ( e . g ., joint, common or cross
servic
uniform , prescribed dress of a member of a
military force ; in particular, those articles
of clothing, equipment and accessories
prescribed by Army Regulations for mili
tary wear.
uniform allowance, money allowances author
ized to be paid to certain military per
sonnel for the purchase of uniforms.
Unform Code of Military Justice, code of laws
governing the conduct of all persons in the
armed forces or subject to military law .
The Code defines punishable offenses and
prescribes the composition and procedure
of courts-martial.
unilateral observation , observation of fire from
one station only .
uniliteral frequency distribution , cryptanalysis,
tabulation showing the frequency of indi
vidual characters of text.
unimproved area, open area which is in use
for the storage of supplies but which has
not been surfaced for storage purposes.
277763° —- 53 — 21
SR 320– 5 – 1
when it is anchored or docked . The union
jack has 48 stars on a blue field . Also
called jack .
unit, 1. any military element whose structure
is prescribed by competent authority such
as a table of organization and equipment ;
specifically , part of an organization ; 2 .
an organizational title of a subdivision of
a group in a task force ; 3 . a standard or
basic quantity in which an item of supply
is divided , issued , or used . In this mean
ing also called unit of issue. See organi
zation .
unit air supply , supply which is delivered
directly to forces on the airhead by free
drop , parachute or glider , after landings
have been effected but before landing air
fields are available .
ized equipment of a mobile organization
stored or issued as a unit, such as equip
ment for an evacuation hospital or a
regimental dispensary.
unit assembly , assemblage of machine parts
which constitutes a complete auxiliary
part of an end item , and which performs
a specific auxiliary function , and which
may be removed from the parent item with
out itself being disassembled.
unit award , recognition given to units for
certain acts, services, or skills . Four types
are in current use as follows : Unit decora
tions, Infantry streamers, campaign
streamers and silver bands, and War Serv
ice streamers. See award ; decoration .
unit categories, units are divided into three
categories as follows :
Category 1 Units _ Unit organized under
T / O & E whose mission includes the seiz
ing and holding of ground, in addition
to that of destroying the enemy, and
its corresponding headquarters and
service companies, together with a unit
whose mission includes destruction of
the enemy in support of, or assistance
to, the ground gaining troops by fire or
other tactical support . Unit operates
habitually in the forward portion of the
active combat area .
Category II Units - Unit organized under
T / 0 & E whose mission includes support
and assistance of a nontactical nature
to category I units in the forward active
portion of the combat area . It is found
habitually forward of the army rear
boundary and is normally assigned to
division , corps, or army.
Category III Units - Unit organized under
T / O & E whose mission includes service
and operations in support of a combat
area and the opertaing agencies of a
communication zone. The Unit is found
SR 320 – 5 – 1
uni 314
normally in the communication zone or | Army" has been used in statutes to mean
along the lines of communication lead the Regular Army. It will not be so used
ing thereto, to include the continental except with specific reference to such
United States. statutes.
unit CBR noncommissioned officer , specially United States Defense Command, military or
trained noncommissioned officer of unit ganization for defense of the United States,
smaller than division who , in addition to composed of elements of Army, Navy , and
his other duties, aids unit CBR officer and Air Force, commanded by the United States
acts in his capacity at lower levels . Defense Commander, who may be an officer
unit censor, commissioned officer or warrant of any of the Armed Forces and who is
appointed either by the President of the
officer of a company, battery or similar
unit who performs units censorship. United States or by the Joint Chiefs of
Staff acting on authority granted by the
unit censorship, type of military censorship
performed by officers of a company , bat President of the United States.
tery , or similar unit on the communications | United States Government bill of lading, is the
of enlisted personnel assigned or attached primary instrument by which Federal
to that unit. agencies procure transportation of prop
erty by commercial carriers in the United
unit citation. See unit award . States , Canada , and Alaska . Transpor
unit decoration . See unit award . tation charges due by the Department of
unit distribution , method of supply in the field Defense to commercial carriers by rail,
in which an organization on a higher level highway, water and air are satisfied
of command (such as an army ) delivers through the use of Government bills of lad
the supplies to its component units. An ing . See shipping document.
alternate method is supply point distribu - | United States Government Life Insurance, gov
tion in which the component units send ernment insurance issued between 6 Oc
their tr: nsportation to the supply point tober 1917 and 25 April 1951, to persons
maintained by the larger organization . who were on active duty from 6 October
United States Armed Forces , term used to de 1917 to 2 July 1921 in the military or
note collectively only the regular com naval forces of the United States, who
ponents of the Army, Navy , Air Force, applied for or were eligible to apply for
Marine Corps, and Coast Guard . The government insurance. See National Serv
term Armed Forces of the United States ice Life Insurance ; gratuitous indemnity .
is used to denote collectively all compo United States Military Academy Preparatory
nents of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Training Program , preparatory training at
Corps, and Coast Guard. selected schools for officers,warrant officers
United States Armed Forces Institute, an and enlisted men on active duty who hold
agency of the Department of Defense es letters of appointment issued by the De
tablished to provide off-duty education fa partment of the Army for possible admis
cilities and services to personnel of the sion to the United States Military Acad
United States Armed Forces. em y.
United States Army or Army of the United unit general cargo , hold -stowed cargo organ
States, these terms mean the Army orically belonging to individual units .
Armies referred to in the Constitution of unitized load, a unitized load consists of a
the United States , less that part estab single item , or a number of items packaged ,
lished by law as the United States Air packed , or arranged in a specified manner
Force. The term “ United States Army" and capable of being handled as a unit .
will be used in preference to the term Unitization may be accomplished by plac
“ Army of the United States." The United ing the item or items in a container, or by
States Army includes the Regular Army, banding them securely together. A unit
the National Guard of the United States, ized load when placed on a pallet and
and the Army Reserve ; all persons ap fastened thereto, may further be referred
pointed , enlisted , or inducted in those com to as a palletized load.
ponents ; all persons appointed , enlisted , or
inducted in the Army without specification unit journal, log book or chronological record
of component ; and all persons serving in of events kept by a unit or staff section .
the Army under call or conscription under | unit loading. See combat loading.
any provision of law , including members unit loading officer, an officer detailed from
of the National Guard of the States, Ter the troop unit to be loaded on a particular
ritories, and the District of Columbia , ship . He plans and supervises the loading
when in the service of the United States and unloading of troops, equipment, and
pursuant to call as provided by law . In supplies for an amphibious operation . He
certain instances, however , “ United States coordinates with the embarkation officer
 SR 320– 5– 1
315 uno

in all plans and loading details for the trains are classified as combat trains (or
ship. A trains) and field trains (or B trains)
unit marking , shipment number and following depending upon whether or not they are
letter or letters, assigned in a movement required for immediate support of the
order as a marking to identify supplies combat elements. .
or equipment for a particular unit. See unit training , phase of military training in
force marking . which emphasis is placed upon training in
unit mile , amount of gasoline and oll required dividuals to function as members of a team
to move all vehicles of a unit a distance of or unit . This training, which usually fol
one mile . lows individual training (basic , technical
unit of equipment, container and its contents, or specialist ) , is usually conducted in the
authorized in T / A ' s, for issue for a special field under conditions which the unit
purpose , such as shoe repair outfit, or a would be likely to encounter in combat.
medical and surgical chest . unit training center , military installation op
unit of error, arbitrary measure , based on a erated primarily for the training of units.
mathematical formula , used to state the unit training cycle , the time provided in the
accuracy of a range finder . unit training program from the start of
basic individual training until the comple
unit of issue, standard or basic quantity in
which an item of supply is issued . tion of the field exercise and maneuver
phase in the case of units participating
unit of measure . See unit. in maneuvers, or until the end of unit
unit personnel and tonnage table, table show training for those units that do not par
ing total personnel and cubic measure ticipate in maneuvers.
ments and weights of each class of mate I unit training program . plan for training a
rial, and number , size, and weight of each command over a considerable period of
type of vehicle to be embarked by a combat time.
unit .
unit training schedule , detailed outline of the
unit plan , plan for the operations of a par
ticular unit , prepared by the commander
training for a unit, including text refer
ences for each day and instructions as to
of the unit in accordance with the decision
what is to be done, who is to do it, when
and orders of the next higher commander. and where it is to be done, and the uniform
unit procurement cost, the net basic cost paid and equipment required .
or estimated to be paid for a unit of a
universal time. See Greenwich Civil Time.
particular item including, where applica
ble, the cost of Government furnished universal transverse mercator grid , military
property and the cost of manufacturing grid system in which a grid network is
operations performed at Government applied to transverse mercator projections
owned facilities. of zones of the earth 's surface covering to
80 degrees north and south latitude , 6
unit production cycle , the complete production
degrees of longitude wide, with one degree
time for a unit from the time the long- lead of overlap ; one- half degree each side.
time school students enter basic training Authorized by the Department of the Army
until the unit is fully trained to accom
for all military maps to replace the World
plish its mission and ready for shipment
Polyconic Grid.
from the continental United States . ..
unliquidated obligation , that portion of an
unit replacement, method of repair in which obligation for which expenditures are yet
a defective, worn , or damaged group of to be made.
parts of a weapon or other equipment is unmask , make a tactical maneuver so as to
replaced by a complete new group of parts. get out of the way and leave a clear field
unit report, combined intelligence and opera of fire open for friendly troops.
tions report submitted by a combat unit to
a higher headquarters. unmilitary , not military in character ; not in
accordance with military custom or regu
unit reserves, prescribed quantities of sup lations.
plies carried by a unit as a reserve to cover | unnumbered hospital. fixed hospital designed
emergencies .
normally for operation in the continental
unit staff . See general staff. United States or any of its possessions .
unit train , 1. transportation and services, op All such hospitals are assigned names such
erating under immediate orders of the unit as U . S . Army Hospital, Fort Belvoir, or
commander, and primarily concerned with in case of a general type hospital, Letter
supply, evacuation and maintenance ; 2 . man Army Hospital.
train of a unit below the division level. | unobligated balance, that portion of a budge
In this meaning, armored division unit ! tary authorization which has not been
SR 320 – 5 – 1
unr 316
obligated , as related to appropriations, ap- up (so much ) , artillery fire command, a term
portionments, allocations, and allotments. used to indicate that site must be increased
unrestricted areas, all areas occupied byl by ( so many ) mils . See down.
friendly forces which have not been specifi- upwind, direction from which the wind is
cally designated as “ Restricted Areas" and blowing ; windward .
over which friendly aircraft have freedom
urgent. See message precedence.
of operation subject to avoidance of Hos usable rate of fire , normal rate of fire of a gun
tile Acts .
in actual use, measured in units of shots
unseen fire, fire which is continuously aimed per minute. The usable rate of fire is
at the future position of an aircraft, the considerably less than a gun 's maximum
aim being derived from radar sources. rate of fire, which is a theoretical value
unsentenced prisoner , any prisoner other than based on the purely mechanical operation
a sentenced prisoner or prisoner of war. of a weapon .
unserviceable supplies, 1. all supplies which USAR school, a training medium which is
require repair , reprocessing, or modifica primarily designed to give branch instruc
tion prior to being included in stock on tion to individuals not assigned to units,
hand ready for issue ; 2 . quantities that who are in the Ready Reserve or in an
cannot be used because they are obsolete , active status in the Standby Reserve . The
worn , damaged , or otherwise not suited staff and faculty of each school are or
ganized as a T / D Troop Program Unit
for the purpose intended.
(USAR school) and are designated by
unthickened fuel, blend of gasoline and light location . For example , USAR School,
fuel oils or lubricating oils used as an Allentown, Pennsylvania .
incendiary fuel in portable and small
duser (service) test, test of materiel normally
mechanized flame throwers. See thickened
fuel. conducted by a using agency to determine
the suitability of the materiel for service
up , 1. fire correction in time fire used by an use .
observer to indicate that an increase in
utilidor , an insulated conduit for water,
the height of burst of (so many ) yards is steam , electricity, telephone wires, or
desired ; 2 . in an initial fire message (artil
sewerage.
lery ) , a term used to indicate that the
target is ( so many ) yards higher in alti- | utility railway, railroad for general use, not
tude than the base point or other point classified as a military railway. See rail
which has been used as a reference point way, military utility .
for the target' s location ; 3. in a fire com - utility repairman , soldier trained in the ele .
mand (artillery ) , a term used to indicate mentary principles and skills of carpentry,
that site must be decreased by (so many ) sheet-metal working , electric devices, and
mils. See down ; 4 . term in a fire command mechanics. This training varies accord
to adjust fire of mortars to announce that ing to the mobilization training program
the tube is to be raised by ( so many) turns. I of the service to which he belongs.

vacancy , authorized position which exists, but | vane, 1. small propeller which rotates and
is either unoccupied or is occupied by an arms the fuze, when an aerial bomb is
officer or noncommissioned officer of a dropped ; 2 . lengthwise partition in a
grade lower than the authorized one. chemical projectile which makes the con
vacant space, that part of net usable space. tained liquid rotate with the casing. This
which is not occupied. is necessary for accuracy in flight.
validation , the process of determining the ex variable time fuze. See proximity fuze.
tent to which a test or other variable meas- variants , two or more cipher or code symbols
ures what it is supposed to measure. The which have the same plain equivalent ;
correlation of the variable with a criterion variants.
is usually the method used . variant values ; two or more cipher or code
validity, technical, factual soundness based symbols which have the same plain equiva
upon prescribed policies and known local lent ; variants,
factors and requirements . variation , angular difference between mag
value, in cryptography, plain text equivalent netic north and true north measured east
or meaning of a code group . or west from true north . See declination .
value change, an occurrence not resulting vault storage space, storage space in a spe
from an agreement and affecting one or cially constructed nonportable fireproof
more assets of an organization . structure for storage of material requiring
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
317 ver

maximum protection against pilferage or large scale , photograph with a scale of

destruction . 1 : 2 ,000 to 1 : 10,000, showing great
V -Device, metallic V -shaped device denoting detail ,
award of Bronze Star Medal for heroism medium scale , photograph with a scale of
(valor ) . 1 : 10 ,000 to 1 : 20,000 , showing suffi
vehicle, any item of equipment (except air cient detail for ordinary intelligence and
counter -battery purposes.
craft ) mounted on wheels , tracks, runners,
small scale, photograph with a scale of
rollers, or any combination thereof, and
1 : 20,000 or smaller, covering a large
which may or may not be self-powered ,
including capable of operating on both area but showing comparatively little
detail,
land and water .
vehicle availability, the number or percentage vertical control, 1 . a system of geographic
of task vehicles available (usually per points whose altitudes are accurately
company) for operational purposes at a known, used in constructing a map or
given time. chart ; 2. any one of various methods used
to determine elevation of points in survey
vehicle collecting point, a collecting point or
ing. The method to be used depends upon
maintenance area established to receive, the accuracy required .
repair , and /or evacuate disabled vehicles.
vehicle, combat, an armored vehicle from vertical control operator, individual at the bat
which the crew fights. Armor protection talion fire direction center who determines
or armament mounted as supplemental angles of site for the various batteries and
equipment on general purpose, special determines the proper command for site to
be announced when required . The chart of
equipment, or special purpose vehicles will
the vertical control operator is identical
not change the classification of such
with that of the horizontal control opera
vehicles to combat vehicles .
tor, whose duties the vertical control oper
vehicle debarkation priority table, consolidated ator must be prepared to perform at any
list of all vehicles of a command listed by time. See horizontal control operator.
priority of unloading in accordance with
the tactical scheme, and in addition show vertical deviation, in antiaircraft artillery , the
ing the type, cubic feet, and number of distance between the target and the point
containers of cargo loaded on each vehicle , of burst in the plane normal to the line of
and the stowage place of each vehicle. position along a line perpendicular to the
lateral deviation .
vehicle density . See traffic density.
| vertical digraph , in cryptography, pair of let
vehicle park. See motor park .
vehicular firing , shooting from
ters written or lying one under the other
an open or in columns.
turreted vehicle.
vertical envelopment, envelopment of the
vehicular station , radio station installed in a
enemy from the air ; tactical maneuver in
vehicle and able to operate with the vehicle which airborne troops attack the rear and
in motion . flanks of a force, in effect cutting it off or
verification fire, preparatory fire to test the encircling it.
mechanical adjustment of guns and fire
· control equipment, and to measure the vertical interval, 1. difference in elevation rep
accuracy of corrections determined by cal resented by each contour line on a map .
The vertical interval is given as part of
ibration and trial fire.
the scale of the map . In this meaning ,
'verify, to check the meaning of the message usually called contour interval ; 2 . space
text to insure that the phraseology conveys between two altitudes in which pursuit
the exact intention of the originator. To aircraft search for the enemy.
check the encryption to insure that the
proper cryptographic aids have been em vertical jump, angle measuring the vertical
ployed and that the encryption is properly . distance the muzzle of a gun shifts between
done. the instant of firing and the instant the
projectile clears the bore. The horizontal
vernier , a short auxiliary scale placed along
side the graduated scale of an instrument
equivalent of vertical jump is called lateral
by means of which fractional parts of the jump.
least division of the scale may be read. vertical loading , type of loading whereby
vertical aerial photograph , aerial photograph items of like character are loaded in ver
made with a camera the optical axis of tical layers through the hold or holds of a
which is approximately vertical to the ship , so that selected items are available
earth 's surface, or the film of which is as at any stage of the unloading.
nearly horizontal as is practicable. See vertical photograph. See vertical aerial pho
pinpoint photograph . tograph .
SR 320 – 5 – 1
ver 318
vertical probable error, the product of the victory medals, medals awarded to all person
range probable error and the slope of fall. nel who served in the armed forces of the
Values for the range probable error and United States during World Wars I or II.
the slope of fall are given in the firing | video amplifier , a circuit capable of amplifying
tables. When fire is directed against a a very wide range of frequencies, including
vertical plane, the dispersion in this plane and exceeding the audio band of fre
follows the same laws as dispersion in a quencies.
horizontal plane. The shots form a ver Vigenere table, cipher square commonly
tical dispersion pattern and the vertical at
probable error is one -eighth the height of tributed in cryptographic literature to the
French cryptographer Vigenere , consisting
the pattern .
of a square having the normal sequence at
vertical target , target for hand grenade prac the top (or bottom ) and at the left (or
tice , representing windows at various right) , with cyclic permutations of the
heights from the ground. normal sequence forming the successive
Very light, colored signal flare fired from a rows (or columns ) within the square. The
special pistol ; Very signal light. term is sometimes applied to a square ex
hibiting such symmetry but with a mixed
very long-range radar, equipment whose maxi.
mum range on a reflecting target of one sequence.
square meter normal to the signal path ex visibility , visibility (visual range) in a defi
ceeds 800 miles, provided line -of-sight nite direction is the maximum distance to
which prominent suitable objects such as
exists between the target and the radar.
See long-range radar. trees, houses, etc., located in that direction
and viewed against the horizon sky, are
Very pistol, special pistol used to fre colored visible to an observer of normal eyesight
signal flares. under existing conditions of atmosphere,
very short range radar, equipment whose range light, etc. For an object to be regarded as
on a reflecting target of one square meter visible , it must be recognized by the ob
normal to the signal path is less than 50 server, who has previous knowledge of its
miles, provided line-of-sight exists between character from having seen it on occasions
the target and the radar. See short-range | when the atmosphere was clear.
radar.
visibility chart, map or photograph showing
Very signal light. See Very light. which areas can be seen , and which can
vesicant. See blister gas. not be seen , from a given observation
point.
vesicant detector crayon . See detector crayon. | visible writing, in cryptography , writing in
vesicant detector paint. See detector paint. I which the characters are inscribed with
veterinarian, senior veterinary officer of an ordinary writing materials and can be
organization in charge of all veterinary seen with the naked eye.
personnel and activities within it. vision slit, any narrow opening or slit in
armor through which to look, especially
veterinary dispensary, establishment providing
one in a tank or other armored vehicle .
for the care and treatment of animals not
requiring hospitalization . visiting correspondent, journalist, writer ,
radio correspondent, or photographer who
veterinary food inspection , inspection of foods is given authority by the Secretary of the
of animal origin to determine quality , Army or the commander in chief to visit a
soundness, and fitness for human consump field of operations and to publish his ma
tion ; conducted by officers of the Veter terial only after his visit ends. He is not
inary Corps and specially trained enlisted attached to a headquarters and does not
personnel prior to and subsequent to wear a uniform . Accredited correspond
purchase. ents differ from visiting correspondents, in
veterinary sick call, routine inspection and that they are permitted to carry on their
treatment of sick animals assembled daily work in a theater of operations or a base
at a veterinary dispensary or station command, are attached to a headquarters,
hospital. and wear an officer 's uniform without in
veterinary station hospital, permanent ani signia .
See accredited correspondent.
mal hospital established at a military sta - visit of courtesy , formal visit paid by one offi
tion and designed to serve only the needs cer to another in conformity with military
of that station . customs.
Vice Chief of Staff , principal advisor and as visual classification test, intelligence test given
sistant to the Chief of Staff, United States at induction centers to men who do not
Army, who acts for the Chief of Staff in his speak English and to men who cannot
absence. read .
 SR 320- 5 - 1
319 war

visual communication , any communication by or extensible in the direction of the axis

visible signs ; messages sent by flags, of the coil, in which direction its elastic
lights , panels, fireworks, motions of the force is exerted .
arms, movement of the wings of an air - | vomiting gas, chemical agent that causes
craft , etc. coughing , sneezing , pain in nose and
visual elevation, distance above the target at throat, nasal discharge , sometimes tears,
which the white tracer streak from a ma often followed by headache and may even
chine gun must appear, in order to allow cause vomiting ; formerly called frritant
for the drop in the trajectory . smoke or sternutator. Adamsite is an
visual fire control, technical control of some example of a vomiting gas.
artillery fire using an optical tracking | voucher, a document which evidences the
instrument. propriety, nature, and amount of trans
visual flight, flight in which the flight path actions and usually indicates the accounts
and altitude of the aircraft are controlled in which they are to be recorded .
by visual reference to the ground, water, voyage charter, lease of a vessel for a stip
or clouds. ulated voyage, which may be single or
vital area , any installation , air , ground, or round trip , under the terms of which the
port whose destruction or damage by en vessel is operated by the shipowner with
emy action would have an adverse effect the charterer paying for hire of the vessel
on military operations. on the basis of the unit of cargo carried ,
vocational training fund, funds established at such as a ton , bushel, or any other agreed
disciplinary barracks for the purpose of unit .
furthering vocational and rehabilitative V -ring , inner circle of the bull's eye used to
training. decide a tie score in a rifle match without
changing the total score . A hit within
volley, 1. method of artillery firing in which
each piece fires the specified number of this “ V ” ring is designated as a “ V - five" .
rounds without any attempt to synchro- vulnerabilities, in strategic intelligence, the
nize with the other pieces. See salvo fire ; susceptibility of a foreign nation to any
2 . burst of fire, especially a salute fired by action by any means in peace or war
a detachment of riflemen . through which its war potential may be
volley bombing , simultaneous or nearly simul reduced , or its will to fight diminished .
taneous release of a number of bombs. vulnerable area , a vital area or other im
volley fire, artillery fire in which each piece portant area which requires air defenses.
fires a specified number of rounds without It is susceptible to less accurate forms of
regard to the other pieces and as fast as attack than a vulnerable point. .
accuracy will permit. vulnerable point, an important point which
volute spring, a spring formed of a conically requires air defenses ; normally of such a
spiral coil of plate, rod, or wire, extended size as to necessitate precision attack .

waiver, any official release from obligation ; chine shop or other special purpose ; par
in particular , a release from the necessity ticularly adapted for use in arctic regions.
of meeting rigid physical requirements for
military service , often granted when ex
war chevron . See war service chevron .
perience or general physical condition com - war crime, violation by an individual or an
pensates for a minor physical defect. I organization of the accepted laws and cus
walking wounded , sick or wounded person who toms of war.
can walk from the place where he became war diary, log or daily account of events, kept
a casualty to the place where he can re by an organization in campaign .
ceive medical treatment ; ambulant case. warehouse , building designed for storage pur
wallow course, wide trench filled with a de
poses and constructed with roof and com
contaminating chemical, usually chlori plete side and end walls . May be one story
nated lime mixed with mud . Vehicles that or more, built at ground level or elevated
have come in contact with chemical agents to car or truck height. Presence or absence
are driven or wallowed through this trench of outside loading platforms has no bearing
so that they can be freed from the agents. on the classification .
Also called mud lime slurry course .
wanigan , house or shelter, usually mounted warsimulated
game, training exercise in which war is
on a map or sand table .
on e vehicle or sled , which may be placed
on the ground . Used for either sleeping, war gas , toxic or irritant chemical agent, ir
cooking and eating, storage, first aid , ma- respective of its physical state.
 SR 320–5 – 1
war 320
warhead , portion of a missile ultimately use between 1917 and 1920. A gold colored
ful against military targets ; normally fuze, chevron was awarded for each full six
casing, explosive and/or chemical or in months of service ; a blue colored chevron
cendiary agents, etc. was awarded for three months service or
less.
warning district . See air raid warning district .
warning net, any system of observation posts washing soda , white, powdery , mildly alkaline
linked together by a communication sys chemical that is an inexpensive although
tem to give mutual warning of enemy rather slow -acting decontaminant. It very
movement ; in particular, a group of radio effectively removes chlorodeetophenone. It
sets tuned to the same frequency so that is sodium carbonate ; also known as soda
all units will hear a warning sent out by ash , sal soda, and laundry soda.
any one. watch my burst , method used for designating
warning order, preliminary notice of an order targets to tank crews.
or action which is to follow . It is designed water bag . See water -sterilizing bag.
to give subordinates time to make neces
sary preparations. water box . See water chest.
warning signal, any signal agreed upon to water chest , box containing water for a water
give warning of the approach or presence cooled machine gun ; water box .
of the enemy. water discipline, rigid control of the amount
war of movement, mobile warfare in which the and rate of consumption of water , and of
opposing sides seek to seize and hold the the sources of all water consumed .
initiative by the use of maneuver, organ
ization of fire, and utilization of terrain , as water jacket, casing designed to hold water
contrasted with war of position or position for cooling, built around a device or mecha
warfare, in which the defensive is confined nism that becomes heated in operation ; the
mainly to fixed positions. Also called mo casing about the barrel of a water-cooled
machine gun .
bile warfare.
war of position , warfare in which the defen - / waterline, 1 . line where the surface of still
sive is confined mainly to fixed positions. water touches the side of a ship ; 2. aim a
The defense is aimed chiefly at keeping the seacoast artillery gun at some point on the
enemy out of strategic areas and at forc waterline of a target.
ing him to exhaust his combat power in water point, place in the field from which
assaults against well-established positions. water is distributed to various units. It
Also called position warfare. may be located at a natural source or at a
war plan , a plan for the conduct of a war. storage place for water brought by tank car
Normally used in the sense of an allied or or pipe line. Water points are organized
combined war plan , a national defense war and operated by engineer troops.
plan , or a supporting Army, Navy or Air water sky, dark patches or streaks on the
Force war plan for the conduct of war on clouds due to the reflection of leads and
the national scale. An overall plan usually
polynias, or a uniform black due to an
made up of a number of campaign plans. open sea in the vicinity of large areas of
warrant, 1 . official certificate of appointment ice or snow covered -land. Details of the
issued to military personnel below the arrangement of the ice can be seen clearly
rank of commissioned officers ; 2 . official when low stratus clouds are present. See
document, issued pursuant to law , upon the sky map.
basis ofwhich monies are authorized either water sterilizing bag, heavy canvas or rub
to be covered into or to be withdrawn from berized cloth bag for distributing disin .
the Treasury of the United States ; 3 . a fected water for use of troops ; water bag .
writ or precept from a competent authority Formerly called lyster bag.
in pursuance of law , directing the doing of
an act, and addressed to an officer or per water supply point. See water point.
son competent to do the act. water tank truck. See tank truck .
war reserves. See reserve supplies. waterway division , major administrative sub
war room , a room at a headquarters where division of a military waterway system ,
current information is maintained on situ comparable to a railway division in a mili
ation maps or charts together with such tary railway system .
other pertinent data asmay be desired. It waterway grand division , group of waterway
is primarily an orientation , briefing, and divisions under a general superintendent
conference room . in a military waterway system , comparable
· War Service Chevron , cloth V -shaped device to a railway grand division in a military
denoting service in a theater of operations railway system .
 SR 320 - 5 - 1
321 whi
wave, one of a series of advancing or attack - 1 may be a forecast, a daily summary , or a
ing lines of troops, vehicles, landing boats, special announcement.
or aircraft. weather observer, person who makes detailed
wave length , a wave length is the distance observations of atmospheric pressure, tem
traveled in one period or cycle by a pe perature, humidity , visibility, and ceiling
riodic disturbance. It is the distance customarily made in a weather station .
between corresponding phases of two con He helps make weather maps, and is
secutive waves or wave train . A wave familiar with the use of meteorological
length is the quotient of velocity and instruments .
frequency. weather officer, trained meteorologist in com
waybill, form , used by common carrier, cov- || mand of a weather station or section .
ering and usually accompanying a ship - weather station , meteorological station ; sta
ment of freight, showing the forwarding tion at which the weather is observed and
and receiving stations, the names and ad forecast.
dresses of consignor and consignee, the wedge, 1. See wedge formation ; 2. retainer to
car initials and number, the routing, the
description and weight of the commodity ,
hold track pins in the proper position .
instructions for special services, the wedge formation , tactical formation in the
freight rate, total charges, advances for form of a V with the point toward the
previous services and any amount prepaid . enemy ; formation with elements in echelon
to the right and left rear ; wedge. A
way station , telegraph or teletypewriter con wedge formation is a formation in which
nected to a line between and in series with the elements to the rear and sides are
other telegraph or teletypewriter stations. protected by the advance elements.
weapon , any instrument of combat ; any im weight ton , as used in Army marine opera
plement, such as a gun , bayonet, grenade,
tions, long ton ( 2 ,240 pounds ) .
etc ., used to inflict injury on enemy per
sonnel or materiel. welfare funds, those nonappropriated funds
established and maintained from income
weapons carrier. See weapons carrier truck . derived from revenue-producing activities ,
weapons carrier truck , truck designed to trans voluntary contributions and from other
port light loads or weapons, tools or equip authorized sources. These funds are used
ment, and personnel weapons carrier. to provide welfare facilities and welfare
wear tables, those tables indicating the de services for the primary benefit of enlisted
crease of muzzle velocity expected as the personnel and incidental benefit of officers ;
result of firing a certain number of equiva and under the provisions of SR 210 – 100 – 1,
lent rounds. Although particular tubes for civilian employees. Welfare funds also
may vary considerably from the wear rate may be established for prisoners in United
indicated in such tables , the tables may States disciplinary barracks.
be used to correct calibration data between wet storage, storage, of ships or other float
periods of calibration . ing equipment, afloat.
weather central, an organization which col- wet stowage, method of stowing major caliber
lects , collates, evaluates, and broadcasts ammunition in combat vehicles by placing
meteorological information in such man it in racks surrounded by noninflammable
ner that it becomes a principal source of liquid, to reduce ammunition fire hazards.
such information for a given area . wheel base , distance between the center of
Weather centrals are designated as Army, the hubs of the front and rear wheels. In
Navy, Joint, etc., according to the author vehicles equipped with bogie axles , the
ity which establishes them . distance between the center of the hubs
weather code, pro forma code used for describ of the front wheels and a vertical line
ing weather conditions. equi-distant from the centers of the hubs
weather forecast , a prediction of weather con of the center and rear wheels .
ditions for the future ; long range, a pre- wheeled vehicle, vehicle mounted on wheels
diction for a period longer than 48 hours ; as opposed to a full or partial track -laying
medium range, a prediction for a period vehicle .
between 12 and 48 hours ; short range, a white discharge. See honorable discharge.
prediction for a period of approximately 12
hours. white phosphorus, yellow , waxy solid which
ignites spontaneously when exposed to air .
weather map, chart on which current weather It is used as a filling for various projec
conditions are recorded . tiles as a smoke-producing agent and has
weather message, message telling about the an incendiary effect. White phosphorus
weather, issued by a weather station . It may be mixed with a xylene solution of
SR 320-5- 1
wid 322
synthetic rubber to form plasticized white ing, or taking off , from a field ; 3 . mete
phosphorus. orological instrument used to indicate in
wide-angle photograph, aerial photograph stantaneous wind directions on a dial scale
taken with a camera which has a wide located at some distance from a precision
angle lens that will photograph a cone of wind vane.
approximately 90 degrees. wind drift, 1. shift in the apparent position
width , space from side to side of any forma of a sound source or target observed by
tion or position , including the units farth sound apparatus. Wind drift is caused by
est to the right and left. the effect of wind on sound waves which
width of sheaf, lateral interval between flank changes their direction and increases or
bursts or impacts. decreases sound lag ; 2 . amount of drift
experienced by parachutists and supplies
wilco, word used to report that a radiotele dropped by parachute .
phone or telephone order has been received
and will be carried out. It stands for wind-fire angle, horizontal angle measured
“ Your last message (or message indicated ) clockwise from the plane of fire to the
received , understood , and will be complied direction from which the ballistic wind is
with .” blowing. The wind -fire angle is found by
subtracting the azimuth of the plane uf
wild shot, shot which is completely out of fire from the wind azimuth .
the normal pattern of dispersion ; shot
whose impact is more than four probable wind gage, scale for adjusting a sight to al
low for the effect
errors , and more than six firing table prob of the wind on a projec
able errors from the center of impact. tile in flight. Also called wind -gage scale .
windage, 1. influence of the wind in deflecting wind gage rule , simple practical rule used to
a projectile from its course ; 2. amount of allow for wind in firing the M1 or M1903
sight deflection necessary to allow for the rifle. The rule is : four clicks, or one
point of windage , moves the impact of the
action of wind on a projectile in flight.
bullet four inches for each 100 yards of
windage scale , scale for adjusting a sight to range.
allow for the effect of the wind on a bullet
window , strips of tinfoil, metal, wire, or bars
in flight. Also called wind gage. usually dropped from planes or expelled
windchill, the combined cooling effect of wind
from shells or rockets as a radar counter
and air temperature on heated bodies. measure.
The windchill is expressed in kilogram
calories per square meter per hour. wind resolving mechanism , device similar to a
wind component indicator, which is
wind component indicator, device which me mounted on a deflection board or is part
chanically determines the range and de
of a computor . It mechanically deter
flection components of the computed wind mines the range and deflection components
that is equivalent to all true winds en
of the ballistic wind.
countered by a projectile in flight.
wind cone, cone-shaped fabric sleeve which wind rule, simple practical rule for estimat
bellies out and pivots to show the direction ing the approximate correction needed to
of the wind ; wind sock . compensate for a wind of known velocity.
The rule is : the range in hundreds of
wind correction, any adjustment which must
be made to allow for the effect of wind ; yards multiplied by the velocity of the
wind and divided by a constant for a
especially, the adjustments to correct for given type of gun equals the number of
the effect on a projectile in flight, on sound
quarter points, or clicks, to allow for a
received by sound ranging instruments, right angle cross wind . The constant for
and on an aircraft flown by dead reckon the M1 or M1903 rifle is 10 .
ing navigation .
windshield , 1. cap of light metal placed over
wind corrector, mechanical device which com
putes the correction necessary for the ef the point or head of a projectile to in
fect of wind , used in sound ranging and crease its efficiency by streamlining it ; 2 .
any glass or plastic wind guard in an air
artillery fire control.
craft or vehicle ; especially , the one in
wind deflection , deflection caused by the in
fluence of wind on the course of a projec
front of the pilot or driver.
tile in flight. wind sock. See wind cone.
wind direction , the direction from which the wind tie, large T -shaped weather vane lo
wind is blowing , expressed in azimuth . cated on or near a landing field to show
wind-direction indicator, 1. device for indicat the direction of the wind or direction of
ing the direction of the wind ; 2 . mechani the traffic pattern around the field .
cal weather vane to indicate the direction wind tunnel, an apparatus producing a con
of the wind to pilots of aircraft approach - t trolled wind or air stream in which objects
 SR 320–5– 1
323 wor

can be placed for investigating the air flow | wire telegraphy, telegraph communication by
about them and the aerodynamic forces code over a wire circuit.
exerted on them . wire telephony, telephone communication by
wind vane, any device used to show which voice over a wire circuit .
direction the wind is blowing ; partic withdrawal, retrograde movement in which a
ularly, a meteorological precision device force breaks contact with the enemy ex
used to measure wind direction . cept for security and reconnaissance forces.
windward , toward the wind ; i. e ., against it , withdrawal from action, a maneuver whereby
or in the direction from which it is coming . a force disengages from the enemy force
wing officer , an officer on the supervisor of and moves to the rear in accordance with
prisoners' staff of a maximum security in the will of the commander. Contact must
stallation who is responsible for the effi be maintained by reconnaissance or secu
cient operation of that part of the installa rity forces .
tion known as a “ wing."
| Women 's Army Corps, branch of the Army
wing photograph, one of the oblique aerial comprised of women for noncombatant
photographs taken by a multi- lens camera . |
service.
The wing photographs fit together around
a vertical aerial photograph in the center Women 's Army Corps Reserve, section of the
to form a composite aerial photograph. Army Reserve consisting of women for non
combatant service .
wing signal, signal made by moving the wings
of an airplane. Women 's Army Corps Service Medal, service
winterization , preparation of materiel, to per medal denoting service in both the Wom
mit storage and operation in frigid regions, en 's Army Auxiliary Corps and the Wom
by such means as insulation against cold , en 's Army Corps .
addition of heating elements, changes in work clothing , clothing worn by Army person
lubricants, and changes in dimensional nel for field work or fatigue duty ; (for
clearances of parts to a point where oper merly called fatigues or fatigue clothing .)
ation at extremely low temperature is rea
Women 's Medical Specialist Corps, a corps of
sonably efficient.
the Army Medical Service comprised of fe
wire chief, the noncommissioned officer in male commissioned officers consisting of
charge of the installation , maintenance,
and supervision of short locals, the switch dietitians, physical therapists and occupa
board and auxiliary equipment at the divi tional therapists.
sion and higher headquarters. See con - | Women 's Medical Specialist Corps Reserve, sec
struction chief. tion of the Army Reserve comprised of
wire communication , communication by tele female commissioned officers consisting of
phone, telegraph , teletypewriter, or any dietitians, physical therapists and occupa
other means of communication employing tional therapists.
a metallic circuit between the transmitting working fund allotment, one established
and receiving instruments . through an advance payment under the
wire entanglement, obstacle of barbed wire. A provisions of section 601 of the Economy
wire entanglement is used to hold the en Act (31 U . S . Code 636 ) , usually from
emy to areas that can be covered by gun an appropriation , to another agency or
fire, and to delay or prevent an assault. subdivision thereof, for the furnishing of
wire head, forward limit of telephone or tele supplies, materials , or services.
graph communication in a command . working quarantine, limitation of freedom of
wire net, telephone communication system . movement of such susceptible persons or
wire pike, 9 -foot pole with hooks and roller animals as have been exposed to a com
attached to one end , used to facilitate lay municable disease, for a period of time
ing and picking up field wire. equal to the longest usual incubation pe
wire roll, antimechanized barrier consisting riods of the disease to which they have
of a roll of steel wire wound in a continu been exposed. Regular duties are per
ous spiral which becomes entangled in ,
formed but measures are taken to prevent
the spread of diseases. Working quaran
and jams, the propelling wheels or tracks
tine differs from absolute quarantine.
of a vehicle. A wire roll is similar to a
concertina. work order, official form issued by a repair
wire sergeant, the noncommissioned officer in shop office authorizing the performance of
charge of the installation , maintenance, certain work . A work order bears all nec
and supervision of trunk and local wire essary information concerning the job ,
circuits, switchboards, and auxiliary equip and is filed as a complete record upon com
ment at headquarters below division level. I pletion of the work .
 SR 320 – 5 – 1
: wor 324
works, fortifications. World War II Victory Medal, service medal
work sheet, record of information and data denoting service between 1941 and 1946.
relating to the staff section concerned , kept See Honorable Service Lapel Button .
by each unit staff officer of a commcommand
and wound , injury to a person or animal, espe
during an operation . cially one caused by violence ; a trauma
tism .
work uniform , clothes made of herringbone
twill or other suitable material worn by Wound Chevron , gold -colored cloth design
personnel in the Army for field work in shaped like a V , to indicate wounds re
connection with military training or when ceived in action in World War I. It is
worn with its point down, on the lower
prescribed ; formerly called fatigue dress, part of the right sleeve.
fatigues.
wounded. See battle casualties.
world polyconic grid , military grid system in slightly wounded, casualty that is a sitting
which a grid network is applied to poly
or a walking case.
conic projections of zones of the earth 's
surface covering 9 degrees of longitude
seriously wounded , stretcher case .
with 1 degree of overlap between zones, wrapper indorsement, informal means of ob
and extending to 72 degrees north and taining information required for the prep
south latitude. aration or replies to basic communication .
wrecker . See wrecker truck .
World War I Victory Lapel Button , metallic | wrecker truck , truck containing a boom , crane
button device denoting award of World or other device for salvaging wrecked or
War I Victory Medal, bronze for normal disabled vehicles ; wrecker.
service, silver if recipient was wounded .
writer, in communications procedure , person
World War I Victory Model, service medal who actually prepares and signs the mes
denoting service between 1917 and 1920 . sage blank . The writer may be the origi
See battle clasp, service clasp, service star, nator or his officially designated represen
World War I Victory Lapel Button . tative.

X -axis , 1. horizontal axis in a system of rec- l system . Distances to the right, or east,
tangular coordinates ; that line on which are positive ; distances to the left, or west,
distances to the right or left ( east or west) are negative.
of a reference line are marked , especially
on a map , chart, or graph ; 2 . horizontal X -line, one of the parallel lines extending
line imagined to pass through the target at from west to east in the military grid sys
right angles to the line connecting gun and tem of a military map. The distance be
target. tween two of these lines usually represents
X -coordinate, distance of a point to the right, 1,000 yards (meters) .
or east, or to the left, or west, of a line | X -ray service, professional service of a mili
where a measurement of distance begins, tary medical unit equipped to perform
in a system of rectangular coordinates. X -ray examinations and in some cases to
The line of origin is the Y -axis of the give radiation therapy .
Y

yards error, error in firing data expressed in
yards ; linear deviation from the target of
a point of impact , measured in terms of
yards. Yards error differs from the mils
error, which is an expression of error meas
ured in mils, of angular difference .
yard track , track , within the limits of a yard,
used exclusively to effect switching service,
provide storage of cars and serve other ter
minal purposes. Track extending through
the yards, used as part of the main track ,
although used incidentally for switching !
movements, is not classed as yard track.
Y -axis, 1. vertical axis in a system of rec
tangular coordinates ; that line on which
distances above or below (north or south )
of a reference line are marked , especially yoeman , petty officer in the Navy or Coast
on a map, chart, or graph ; 2. line imagined
to pass from the gun through the target ,
perpendicular to the imaginary horizontal
X -axis which crosses it at that point.
Y -azimuth , clockwise angle from grid north
to a given direction . Often called grid
azimuth .
Y - coordinate, distance of a point above, or to
the north , or below , or to the south , of a
line where a measurement of distance be
gins, in a system of rectangular coordi
nates. The point of origin is the X -axis of
the system . Distances above, or to the
north , of the X -axis are positive ; distances
below , or to the south , of the X -axis are
negative .
Guard who performs clerical duties .

325
Y -gun, two-barreled , antisubmarine gun ,
shaped like the letter Y , used to throw
depth charges to either side of the stern of
the vessel on which the gun is mounted.
Y -line, one of the parallel lines extending
from north to south in the military grid
Z
zenith , point directly overhead . The zenith |
is the opposite of the nadir .
zero, 1 . sight setting for both elevation and
windage for any particular range which
will cause the bullet to strike the center
of the target on a normal day under favor
able light conditions with no wind blow
ing ; 2. adjust any instrument or apparatus
to a zero point or to an arbitrary reading
from which all other readings are to be
measured .
zero beat, method of alineing radio appara
tuses to the same frequency.
zero deflection , adjustment of a sight exactly
parallel to the axis of the bore of the gun
to which it is attached .
zero height of burst, condition obtained when
rounds fired with the same fuze setting and
the same quadrant elevation result in an
equal number of airs and grazes.
zero hour, hour set for an attack or other
operation to begin . Also called H -hour.
zero-in , adjust the sight settings of a rifle by
calibrated firing of a standard range.
zeroize, restore cryptographic elements of a
cipher machine to a fixed original position .
zero length launcher, launcher which supports
the missile in the desired attitude prior to
ignition , but which exercises no control on
the direction of the missile's travel after
ignition .
zero point, the location of the center of a
burst of an atomic missile at the instant of
detonation . The zero point may be in the
air, or on or beneath the surface of land
or water , dependent upon the type of
burst, and it is thus to be distinguished
from ground zero ( q. v.) or surface zero.
zone, 1. any tactical area of importance, gen
erally parallel to the front, such as a for
tified area , a defensive position , a combat
zone, traffic control zone, etc. ; 2. strip of
several bands or belts of wire entangle
ments placed in depth ; 3 . area in which
projectiles will fall when a given propelling
charge is used and the elevation is varied !
SR 320 _5 - 1
zon
system of a military map. The distance
between two of these lines usually repre
sents 1 ,000 yards (meters ) .
Y -north , the north direction of a Y line on a
map or firing chart.
between the minimum and the maximum ;
4 . See transportation zone.
zone defense, defense from several successive
battle positions, more or less completely
organized.
zone fire, a method of fire normally used
when a single battery is firing on a target
in which three different ranges usually
fifty yards apart are fired in order to give
coverage in depth .
zone in depth , section limited by two lines
running parallel to the front.
zone in width , section limited by two lines
running perpendicular to the front.
zone of action , tactical subdivision of a larger
area the responsibility for which is as
signed to a tactical unit ; generally applied
to offensive action .
zone of dispersion , area over which shots
scatter when fired with the same sight
setting .
zone of fire, area within which a particular
unit delivers, or is prepared to deliver fire.
normal zone of fire, area within the zone of
fire for which an artillery unit is nor
mally responsible and within which its
fire is normally directed . See sup
port(ing ) fire.
contingent zone of fire, area within the
zone of fire, other than the normal zone ,
within which an artillery unit may be
called upon to fire under certain contin
gencies.
zone of interior, that part of territory in a
theater of war not included in the theater
of operations.
zone transportation office, a ConUS field
agency which performs traffic management
and other functions as assigned by the
Chief of Transportation . It is composed
of a zone headquarters with any or all
of the following subagencies : district
transportation office, port agencies, hold
ing and reconsignment points, freight con
solidating agencies, freight distributing
agencies, reservation bureaus, and railroad
ground storage yards.
 I
APPENDIX

og
.OF
TABLE
GRADES
COMPARATIVE

Army Navy Force

Air Corps
Marine Guard
Coast
SR 320 – 5 – 1

General
ofadmiral
.Fleet
Army
-the Force
Air
the
of
-General
equivalent
).(N o
-
General -Admiral General General
.- .Admiral

25626
Vice
-Vadmiral
ice
general
ieutenant
.general
LLieutenant
ieutenant
RUHMajor
.-Madmiral
general
Major ajor
general
- ear .
admiral
Rear
L.H-Radmiral
C ear
ommodore
general
rigadier
BBrigadier
Colonel
.- Captain
- Colonel
.- Colonel
.- Capta
. in
Lieut
.-colone
Commenant
lander colonel
Lieutenant
Commander
.-Lieutenant
colonel
.-.
-Major Lieutenant
commander
-.Major . jor
-Ma .
commander
Lieutenant
-
Captain Lieutenant
.- .-
Captain Captain
.- .
Lieutenant
First
lieutenant
. )FLieutenant
-grade
lieutenant
unior
(jFirst
.irst
lieutenant (junior
).Lieutenant
grade
E-Second
. nsign
lieutenant .-|Slieutenant
econd
lieutenant
ESecond
nsign
326

-warrant
officer
warrant
Chief
|Commission
warrant
ommissio
.
officer .
officer .officer
War
joffi ran
cer
, unio r t ,j.Wunior
-Warrant
officer
Warrant
arrant
.
grade .
grade
Cadet
- )-C(NMidshipma
.equivalent
cadet
Aadet
viation
o n
.Chief
officer
pettyaster
sergeant
Master
M-petty
-.sergeant
sergeant
Master
sergeant
Technical
-class
.officer
first
-classechnical
,fPTSergeant
class etty
,fPirst
.|officer
irst
etty
.Sergeant Petty
taff
class
econd
sergeant
ssergeant
econd
P,.officer
etty
S-officer
-.Corporal officer
S,fAPetty
.-class
tirst hird
ergeant
irman ,tclass
officer
.Petty
hird
first
SPrivate
C,sAafclass
.-class
ireman
orporal
econd
irman
eaman fireman
,aSeaman
irman
,
man
construction ,constructi
man
, ospital
hstewardsman ,hospital
stewardsma
.,dental
man .,dental
man
 Stanford University Libraries

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