Assignment Zoology 2nd Report

Submitted by Khawar Hussain

Roll no 5073
Submitted to Mam Hira Rafique
Class BS (HONS) Chemistry
Semester 2nd
Department Chemistry

University of okara
Circulatory system
The process in which blood circulates from heart to body and then body to heart is called
circulatory system. Deoxygenated blood move from body to heart and then enter into lungs
where is got oxygen and becomes oxygenated and then is transferred to the other parts of the
body.

Role of circulatory system

Circulatory system consist of heart and blood vessels. The function of circulatory system is to
provide oxygen and nutrients to all parts of body via blood and removing unwanted things from
the body.

Topic
Circulatory system of birds and fishes
 Birds circulatory system
Heart of birds
The heart of birds also consist of four chambers. In the heart of birds oxygenated blood is
separated from deoxygenated blood. Blood circulate from right ventricle to lungs and from left
ventricle to other parts of the body. The walls of left ventricle are thick and muscular. Birds also
have closed circulatory system.

Histology of birds heart

the heart of birds have three layers the outer layer is made of mesothelial cells. central layer is
myocardium it comprises the most area of the heart. Middle layer is composed of myocytes.
Inner layer is made up of connective tissues.

Location of heart
Heart is present in the cranial part of the body in the area of thoracoabdomidal cavity. Its long
axis are more towards right side of the body.

Blood vessels
Blood moves from body to heart and heart to body through blood vessels.

Arteries
Arteries carry blood from heart to all parts of the body. Arteries carry oxygenated blood.

Veins
Veins are the blood vessels which bring blood from body parts towards heart. Veins carry
deoxygenated blood.

Capillaries
It help in the movement of useful materials from blood into the body. Capillaries also help in the
removal of waste material and exchange it between blood and body.

Supply of blood to heart

Coronary artery brings the blood to heart it divides from aorta. Nervous system control the
pumping of blood from heart.

Most efficient circulatory system

In birds the heart is fully filled while in the mammals heart is not fully filled. Due to this the
heart of bloods is pumped more strongly and more oxygen is produced so it works more
efficiently .

Cardiovascular system of birds

Cardiovascular system of birds is very strong. It is very helpful for metabolism during flight. It
provide oxygen to the body and also help in regulating body temperature.
Heart and blood vessels also help in movement of
1. Nutrients
2. Oxygen
3. Carbon dioxide
4. Hormones
5. Heat

Major arteries in blood circulatory system of birds

Carotids
Move blood to head and brain parts. Brachial Move blood to wings.

Pectorals move blood to pectoral. Pulmonary artery Deliver blood to lungs.

Celiac Deliver blood to upper area of abdomen. Renal Transfer blood towards kidney.
Femorals Transfer blood to legs. Caudal Move blood to tails.
Posterior mesenteric Transfer blood to many other organs.
 Circulatory system of fishes
Circulatory system of birds consist of blood vessels and heart. Veins and arteries are arising from
the heart. Arteries and veins carry blood to and from the heart. Fishes have less blood in the body
as compared to mammals. Blood comprises only 3 to 8 percent of the total body weight. Hagfish
has slightly greater amount about 8 to 20 percent of the body weight.

Composition of blood in fishes

Blood of fishes is composed of plasma and many other kind of cells. Plasma is mainly composed
of water with different kind of ions like (Na+, Ca 2+, K+) with many kind of other molecules e.g.
urea, fatty acids, sugars etc. spleen and epigonal organ are present closer to throat. Blood cells
are produced in spleen.

Heart of fishes
heart of fishes is not four chambered like mammals. Fishes have two chambers in the heart.
Fishes have one atrium(atrium receives blood) and one ventricle(ventricle pumps blood).

Blood vessels
Blood cells mainly contain plasma and red blood cells. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin
which binds with oxygen. White blood cells regulate the immune system of fishes. Blood vessels
move blood to entire body. Arteries carry blood from to gills to the rest of body. Veins bring the
blood back to the heart.

Blood circulation in fishes

In fishes the blood circulate and pumped by heart during every cycle. Blood which leaves the
heart circulate in clockwise direction and distributed to all parts of the body. Arteries are uniform
in the in birds and transfer blood to all body parts.

Cardiovascular system of fish

Cardiovascular system includes heart, veins, arteries, capillaries. Capillaries are small vessels
they form a network. Capillaries have thin wall which help in diffusion. Capillaries help in
movement of material from blood into body cells. At the same time carbon dioxide and waste
material is also removed from the body.

Arteries Capillaries and Veins

Capillaries contain deoxygenated blood. Capillaries put this deoxygenated blood into venules.
Venules put this into large vein then blood moves to collection chamber. Then blood paas
through thin layer of atrium.
Atrium produce contractions and blood is moved into ventricle. Ventricle has thick layer and is
rich in cardiac muscles. It produces some pressure to move blood through the entire body.

Gills
Gills are important organs in circulatory system of fishes. Gills also help in respiration ( taking in
oxygen and removing carbon dioxide).