Law of Cosines

In a triangle ABC,

and analogous equations hold for and .

Median formula
This is also called the length of the median formula. Let AM be a median in triangle ABC.

Then

Minimal Polynomial

We call a polynomial p(x) with integer coefficients irreducible if p(x) cannot be written as a

product of two polynomials with integer coefficients neither of which is a constant. Suppose

that the number is a root of a polynomial q(x) with integer coefficients. Among all

polynomials with integer coefficients with leading coefficient 1 (i.e., monic polynomials with

integer coefficients) that have as a root, there is one of smallest degree. This polynomial is

the minimal polynomial of Let p(x) denote this polynomial. Then p(x) is irreducible, and

for any other polynomial q(x) with integer coefficients such that the polynomial p(x)

divides q(x); that is, q(x) = p(x)h(x) for some polynomial h(x) with integer coefficients.

Orthocenter of a Triangle

The point of intersection of the altitudes.

Periodic Function

A function f (x) is periodic with period T > 0 if T is the smallest positive real number for which
for all x.

Pigeonhole Principle

If n objects are distributed among k < n boxes, some box contains at least two objects.

Power Mean Inequality

Let be any positive numbers for which For positive

numbers we define

where t is a non-zero real number. Then

for

Rearrangement Inequality

Let be real numbers, and let be any

permutations of Then

with equality if and only if or

Root Mean Square–Arithmetic Mean Inequality

For positive numbers

The inequality is a special case of the power mean inequality.

Schur’s Inequality

Let x, y, z be non-negative real numbers. Then for any r > 0,

Equality holds if and only if x = y = z or if two of x, y, z are equal and the third is equal to 0.

The proof of the inequality is rather simple. Because the inequality is symmetric in the three

variables, we may assume without loss of generality that Then the given inequality

may be rewritten as

and every term on the left-hand side is clearly nonnegative. The first term is positive if x > y,

so equality requires x = y, as well as which gives either or

Sector

The region enclosed by a circle and two radii of the circle.

Stewart’s Theorem

In a triangle ABC with cevian AD, write a = |BC|, b = |CA|, c = |AB|, m = |BD|, n = |DC|,

and d = |AD|. Then

This formula can be used to express the lengths of the altitudes and angle bisectors of a

triangle in terms of its side lengths.

Trigonometric Identities

• Addition and Subtraction Formulas:

• Double-Angle Formulas:

• Triple-Angle Formulas:

• Half-Angle Formulas:

• Sum-to-Product Formulas:
 • Difference-to-Product Formulas:

• Product-to-Sum Formulas:

Viète’s Theorem

Let be the roots of polynomial

where and Let be the sum of the products of the taken k at a

time. Then

that is,

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