Note:This graph shown completes 1 cycle

6.2832
3.1416
Vp (Peak Value)
x(t)
(+) VM f(x)=sin wt
VRMS w= 2 π f
f = 50Hz or 50 cycles/sec

1.0000
VAVE

Vp
T= 1/f
Area
0.7071
0.6366

270° t

Vp-p
2.0000
0° 45° d0 π2 2π
180°
ᴓ

90° 360°
0.7854

VRMS=VP (sin wt) Vp = Peak Value

VRMS=VP (sin ᴓ) Vp-p = Peak to Peak

(-) d 0 = instantaneous rate of change 1.5708

3.1416 3.1416
T
6.2832
stands for Root Mean Square, and is a way of expressing an AC quantity of voltage or current in terms functionally equivalent to DC.
value is the effective value of a varying voltage or current. It is the equivalent steady DC (constant) value which gives the same effect.
AC voltmeters and ammeters show the RMS value of the voltage or current.
The average voltage (or current) of a periodic waveform whether it is a sine wave, square wave or triangular waveform is defined as: “the quotient of the area under the waveform with respect to time (t)”
Mean or average value of alternating current is that value of steady current which sends the same amount of charge through a circuit in a certain time interval as is sent by an alternating current through the same circuit in the same time interval.

Root-Mean-Square Voltage (Vrms) Average Voltage (Vavg)

VRMS 2= VP sin ᴓ 2
VRMS = VP sin ᴓ V AVE = VP sin ᴓ
2 2 2 V AVE = VP sin ᴓ dᴓ
VRMS = VP sin ᴓ dᴓ limit-- 0 to π Period T π
2 2 π 2 V AVE =VP sin ᴓ dᴓ
VRMS =VP sin ᴓ dᴓ Under the sinusoidal half wave of the curve 0 to π 0
π
0
π π
2 2 π V AVE = VP cos ᴓ dᴓ
VRMS = VP 1-cos 2ᴓ dᴓ 0
π 0

2 2
2
π V AVE = VπP cos ᴓ
VRMS = VP ᴓ -sin 2ᴓ 0

π V AVE = VP cos cos 0

0
2
2 2 π
VRMS = VP ᴓ -sin 2x π - 0-sin 2x0
2π 2 2 V AVE = VP
π 1+1
2 2 2
VRMS = VP π- 0 - 0+0 = VP - 0 - 0+0
2π 2 2 2π VAVE : 2VP
π = 0.6366VP = Area of under the curve
2 2 2 π
VRMS = VP π == VP
π 2 2
2 2 2
VRMS = VP = VP
2 2

VRMS : VP = 0.7071 VP
2
Prepare by: Engr. Wilson Fernandez
Form Factor: VRMS = 0.6366
0.7071
= 1.11
VAVE engr_wilson@yahoo.com