Introduction:

In some other school they have a lot of apparatus that students can use in

performing an experiment. We the students encounter a lot of problems when it comes

in experimentation because our school don’t have the apparatus has other school have.

So, we the researchers conduct a research of some apparatus that we can contribute to

our laboratory room so that the next generation of engineering will have an apparatus

that they can use in performing an experiment.

In the help of internet we the researchers decide to propose a Flow meter

measurement device. This apparatus are designed to operate together with a basic

water supply. This enables the students to easily familiarize themselves with a typical

method of reading the flow meter of an incompressible fluid.

This research will allow the students to compare the rate of flow of fluid running

to the pipe between different diameter sizes of pipes. The data obtained in this research

can be further used to understand more about the flowmeter.

Other features of the flowmeter apparatus append a 1.5 – 2 meters pipe with a

pressure.

This feature allows the students to calculate the total head loss of when the fluids

flow to this specific pipe.

 In short, the apparatus allows the following experiment to be carried out:

A) A comparison of flowrate of fluid at different diameter of pipe.

B) Determination of total head loss of fluid flow through a given length of the

pipe.

Objectives:

The objective of this research is to aim:

 To learn more about this apparatus.

 To determine the flow rate of the fluid flowing to the pipes with a given motor

power.

 To compare the flow rate of fluid between different diameter of pipes.

 To apply all knowledge in this apparatus and to know how it works in actual.

Statement of problems:

This study will conduct to find an easy way to know the measurement of flowrate

of the fluid. Specially, it sought to answer the following questions:

A) Is the pressure and flowrate of fluid will change if the diameters are not the

same?

B) Is a 1 horsepower motor has a capability of delivering of fluids in a given

pressure?

C) Is the apparatus environmentally friendly?

Theoretical framework:

Significant of study:

In this study it serve useful idea to the students, especially when they are

performing an experiment. They easily calibrate the comparative study made between

the readings of a device.

And their instructor can easily discuss how it works, how liquid flow meters

device use. Hence, it is important to calibrate such devices so that an accurate and a

precise reading are eventually obtained.

Scope and Limitation study:

This study aims to build an apparatus that students can use in performing

an experiment, that use a motor, pipes, gauge and water as a raw material. The figure

of this apparatus are further more explained in chapter 3.

Definition of terms:

The following are defined operationally in order to provide the readers an

apparent information and ideas in this study:

 AC motor - is an electric motor driven by alternating current (AC). The AC

motor commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stator having coils

supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an

inside rotor attached to the output shaft producing a second rotating magnetic

field.
 Pvc pipe blue - PVC comes in two basic forms: rigid (sometimes abbreviated as

RPVC) and flexible. The rigid form of PVC is used in construction for pipe and in

profile applications such as doors and windows. It is also used in making bottles,

non-food packaging, and cards (such as bank or membership cards). It can be

made softer and more flexible by the addition of plasticizers, the most widely

used being phthalates. In this form, it is also used in plumbing, electrical cable

insulation, imitation leather, flooring, signage, phonograph records, inflatable

products, and many applications where it replaces rubber. With cotton or linen, it

is used to make canvas. Pure polyvinyl chloride is a white, brittle solid. It is

insoluble in alcohol but slightly soluble in tetrahydrofuran.

 Air pressure gauge - a gauge for measuring air pressure a comparator in which

the rate of escape of air between the surface under test (as that of a gun bore)

and one of known curvature nearly fitting it (as that of a spindle inserted in the

bore) is used as a measure of the difference between the two.

 Water pressure gauge - instrument for measuring the condition of a fluid (liquid

or gas) that is specified by the force that the fluid would exert, when at rest, on a

unit area, such as pounds per square inch or newton per square centimetre.

 Flow rate - is the speed at which fluid in a pipe moves, or the speed at which it

moves from a reservoir into a wellbore.

Related Studies:

We conduct a review about our study. Taken from various sources according to

its concept.

Flow Accuracy Certificate for Teledyne Isco LaserFlow:

The Teledyne Isco Laser Flow flow meter was tested over the course of five days

at the Alden Research Laboratory, Inc. (Alden). It was verified calibrated using standard

test procedures in QMSM-01 Revision 5. The flow meters performance is presented in

graphical format in this document. Each meter under test (MUT) was installed in one of

the four test lines in the Hooper Low Reynolds Number Facility, which is shown in

Figures 1 and 2. Water is provided from a 40" penstock from the laboratory head pond

at a head of about 18 feet. Electrically driven centrifugal pumps provide a maximum

head of about 140 ft and a maximum flow of 6,000 GPM in Lines 1 and 2. Centrifugal

pumps provide a maximum head of about 170 ft and a maximum flow of 1,200 GPM in

Line 4. The Gravimetric Method is used to measure flow in Lines 1, 2 and 4. In Line 3

the penstock from the main laboratory pond provides a gross gravity head of

approximately 28 feet and a Master Venturi is used to measure flow with maximum flow

of 35,000 GPM. When flows need to be lower than 2,000 GPM in Line 3, an 8” Venturi

is installed in Line 1 and then piped into line 3. The detailed piping arrangement,

immediately upstream and downstream of the flow element, including all significant

fittings and pipe lengths, is shown in Figures 1 and 2. Careful attention was given to

align the flow element with the test line piping and to assure no gaskets between

flanged sections protruded into the flow. Vents were provided at critical locations of the

test line to purge the system of air.

 Teledyne Isco’s personnel installed the equipment using a tee in the piping for

access. A combination of the upstream and downstream control valves were used to set

the desired flow rates and water levels. For accuracy testing, after the system was

allowed to stabilize, typically two to five average readings with a two minute duration

were recorded by a computer based data acquisition system to determine flow and level

for Alden's data. The test equipment was set to log averages of depth and flow with a

time stamp. Alden's time of day was provided to the manufacturers so that the data was

correlated correctly. The average Master Venturi flow, water level, and water

temperature were recorded on a data sheet. The control valves were then adjusted to

the next flow and the procedure repeated.

The Master Venturi and 8" by 4" Venturi flow meter output was recorded by one

of several “Smart” differential pressure transmitters having ranges of 25" Wa t e r C o l u

m n ( W C ) , 250" WC, and 1000" WC. Each transmitter was calibrated with a

pneumatic or a hydraulic dead weight tester having an accuracy of 0.02% of reading.

Transmitter signals were recorded by a PC based data acquisition system having a 16

bit A to D board. Transmitter calibrations were conducted with the PC system such that

an end to end calibration was achieved. Transmitter output was read at a rate of about

34 Hz for each test run (flow) and averaged to obtain a precise differential head. Similar

transmitters with a ranges of 25" and 250" WC was used to measure the water level in

the pipe using a pressure tap at the bottom of the pipe just upstream of the tee and a

reference water level. The level and Venturi meter outputs were measured and

averaged simultaneously.
High Accuracy Pump Station Flow Monitoring:

Middelfart Spildevand as is responsible for operation, service and maintenance

of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP’s) and urban collection systems in the

municipality of Middelfart in Denmark. This includes 7 WWTP’s, 750 km of pipeline and

231 pump stations, treating 1.8 million m3 of wastewater yearly. Due to capacity issues

in the existing network and to secure the network for future climate induced increases in

urban drainage, investments are being made for conversion of the combined sewer

system to a separated system. The municipality also wants to build the new system so

that wastewater is routed around the city, rather than through it. This represents 2 km of

additional new pipeline. Accurate hydraulic modeling is crucial to select correct pipe

dimensions for the new system. To calibrate the models, flow data from dry weather

conditions is needed from key points in the existing network.

Traditionally, pump station construction does not take flow monitoring needs into

account. The location where Middelfart Spildevand needed dry weather flow data is one

such case. The only possible location for a flow meter was 2 pipe diameters

downstream of a tee-section leading out from a pump. Difficult hydraulic conditions due

to limited straight runs of piping causing turbulence and entrained air, limiting the

capabilities of traditional measurement technology such as electromagnetic flow meters

and clamp-on transit time flow meters. The cost to reconstruct the pump station in order

to accommodate flow monitoring needs is very high.

Teledyne Isco’s dealer in Denmark, Hans Buch A/S, was approached by

consultant company Grontmij | Carl Bro A/S; they suggested the ADFM Hot Tap as a

solution for this challenging site condition. The ADFM Hot Tap Pulsed Doppler
technology allows accurate measurement of flow rate in large pipes up to 2.7 meters in

diameter. The Hot Tap can be inserted into pressurized lines up to 20 BAR, without

disrupting flow, through a standard 2" corporation stop or tap. It installs near bends,

pumps, and tees, and still yields reliable data. The four (4) velocity sensors at the end of

the ADFM Hot Tap shaft emit short pulses (pings) along narrow acoustic beams

pointing both upstream and downstream in the flow. Each sensor precisely measures

velocity at multiple level points (bins). One measurement can consist of hundreds of

pings, yielding thousands of velocity data points throughout the water column. The

measurements are then used to determine the flow pattern over the entire flow cross-

section, creating a true velocity profile. Since the flow pattern and measured velocity

distribution are independent of each other, the ADFM Pro20’s advanced flow algorithms

automatically adapt to changing hydraulic conditions. It removes the need for in-situ

calibration and ensures accurate flow rate measurement even in difficult flow conditions

including turbulence, entrained air, non-uniform flow, back water, high velocity, near

zero or zero velocity and reverse flow.

Ventura County Stormwater Monitoring:

The expansion of the monitoring program necessitated a close examination of

the cost impact of several manual tasks, where automation previously could not have

been justified. These included site trips for icing samplers, program adjustments, data

collection, and battery checks. Other areas of concern included the expense of a 120

VAC infrastructure (for sample refrigeration), unknown site status, false starts due to

rapidly changing weather conditions, and vandalism. Even with the expansion of the
program, VCWPD decided to keep operations in-house in order to keep staff fully

trained and familiar with system design and equipment maintenance. With this in mind,

it was decided that the water monitoring and data management equipment would be

purchased from Teledyne Isco, by virtue of its relatively straightforward design and

operation, as well as reliable customer service and technical support.

At each monitoring site, the appropriate type of Isco flow technology is installed.

This may be a 4230 Bubbler, 4210 Ultrasonic, or 4250 Area Velocity flow meter,

depending on the site, and in some cases a 674 rain gauge. Isco automatic water

samplers collect representative flow weighted composite samples based on flow and/or

rainfall data transmitted from the meters to Isco 2105 interface modules. AC-powered

sites utilize 6712FR refrigerated samplers, while solar-powered sites combine the

portable 6712 sampler with DC-powered refrigerators. Equipped with CDMA cellular

communication, the 2105 interface module serves as a central hub for sampler control

and data transfer, pushing rainfall, water level and flow, battery voltage, and sample

count data to a database stored on the county’s SQL server running Isco’s Flowlink®

data management software. Through the dedicated Website, VCWPD staff can now

remotely track site conditions and equipment status, view any site data from anywhere

in near real-time, and make changes to the sampling program as conditions evolve

before and throughout the storm. Additionally, the 2105 will issue text alarms if battery

voltage becomes insufficient, or if a large flow occurs during dry weather.

Wastewater Treatment Plant Influent Flow Monitoring:

The Al-Ansab Waste Water Treatment Plant has a capacity of 53,000 m³/day and

is part of one of the largest engineering projects in the field of reusable treated

wastewater for irrigation. It is located in the capital of Oman – Muscat, with a population

of around 800,000 inhabitants. The Oman Wastewater Services Company, Haya Water,

has been awarded the contract to develop, design, implement, operate, and maintain

the wastewater facilities in Muscat Governorate. The wastewater is transported via tank

trucks to the WWTP and pumped into Channel 1. Inlet channel flow is measured using

flumes. During increased tank truck traffic, the flumes are frequently submerged making

the flow unmeasurable. Additional capacity pipes have been routed around the flumes

directly into Channel 1 to help alleviate this issue.

There were several factors that made obtaining an accurate flow measurement

challenging. These challenges included: submerged flume conditions with additional

capacity lines bypassing the flume, sludge buildup at the bottom of the channel, surface

turbulences at low and high levels, and varying flows. All of these contribute to real site

challenges in terms of long term and accurate flow measurement. The LaserFlow

sensor was installed in Channel 1 downstream from the flume to measure combined

flow from truck discharge and additional capacity pipes. Using an ultrasonic level sensor

to measure the level, the subsurface point from which to measure velocity is

determined. The sensor focuses its laser beam at this point and measures the

frequency shift of the returned light (Doppler shifting). Doppler shifting of the returned

light is proportionate to velocity and serves as an excellent velocity measurement

method. Additionally, the LaserFlow sensor can take velocity measurements at up to

fifteen subsurface measurement points. Being able to measure at multiple points

minimizes the effects of turbulence and eliminates the need for manual profiling. By

producing a level measurement and an exceptionally accurate mean velocity reading,

Laser Flow renders some of the most accurate area velocity results in the industry. The

ability to handle surface turbulences and sludge buildup was critical in the decision to

use the Laser Flow sensor. Moreover, the advanced non-contact technology and

certified performance played a significant role in the decision process.